Journal articles: 'Women guerrillas Nepal Attitudes'

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Jain, Bandana Kumari. "Employment Empowering Women: An Experience of Nepal." Tribhuvan University Journal 35, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 116–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/tuj.v35i2.36196.

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The study aims to examine the association between employment and the empowerment of Nepali currently married women. It harnesses women’s employment status and their empowerment; in terms of ‘household decision making’, ‘attitudes towards wife-beating’, and ownership of the house/land’ with the help of the Nepal Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) 2016 data set. Married women’s employment exhibits a significant association (0.05) with their socio-demographic characteristics, and empowerment variables as well. The employment status of married women influences their household decision-making, and attitudes towards wife-beating. The study adheres to the belief that employment accelerates women’s empowerment, still, it is complex to determine the strength of the relationship in between. Thus, based on the findings of the study, other variables and empowerment indicators are to be considered and analyzed further for concrete insights. So, employment cannot be assumed as a mere engine and an only instrument for empowering women.

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Raj Thapa, Naba. "Women's autonomy and antenatal care utilization in Nepal: A study from Nepal demographic and health survey 2016." MOJ Women's Health 8, no. 4 (2019): 261–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/mojwh.2019.08.00248.

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Nepal has made remarkable progress in reduction of maternal mortality but utilization of maternal health services is below the acceptance level. This study seeks to examine the effect of women's autonomy on the utilization ANC services in Nepal. Data is taken from the 2016 Nepal Demographic and Health Survey. A total of 3,998 women age 15-49 who had given birth in the 5 year preceding the survey. Logistic regression analysis is performed to examine the effects of women's autonomy on the use of ANC. The results of Model I revealed that women's decision making autonomy and attitudes towards wife beating are significantly associated with at least four ANC visits. When women's autonomy variables and other socio-demographic variables are taken into consideration, women decision making autonomy and attitudes towards wife beating are not significant association with at least four ANC visits. To improve maternal health care, the interventions are needed to target women of low autonomy, less educated and from low wealth quintile.

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Mishra, Indira. "Masculinity and Advertisements: The Case of Nepal Television." Crossing the Border: International Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 1, no. 1 (May 23, 2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ctbijis.v1i1.10463.

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The article explores the television commercials broadcasted by the Nepal Television (NTV) that have male roles to analyze how masculinity is presented in them. In Nepal, studies of men and masculinities remain a rare compared with studies of women and femininity. It is essential to analyze the representation of masculinity to understand men’s experiences, attitudes, beliefs and practices, not only to challenge men’s superiority over females, but also to create gender equality. ! e aim of this article then is to study how a hegemonic masculinity is represented and constructed within NTV commercials. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ctbijis.v1i1.10463 Crossing the Border: International Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies Vol.1(1) 2013; 1-10

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Hald, Simone Christensen, and Ditte Aagaard Sondergaard. "A gap between Law and Practice: A Community’s Perception of Unmarried Women’s Abortion Options in Nepal." Health Prospect 12, no. 2 (February 17, 2014): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hprospect.v12i2.9869.

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Background In 2002, the Nepalese abortion law went from being highly restrictive to fully liberal. This study aimed to explore a local community’s perception of the situation for unmarried Nepalese women wanting to practice their legal right to abortion.Methods The study comprised a cross-sectional survey and in-depth interviews with men and women above the age of 16 years living in the Makwanpur District, Nepal. The final data included 55 questionnaires and 16 interviews. The questionnaire data was univariate analysed, while a condensation of meaning analysis was carried out on the interviews.Results The overall awareness of abortion being legal was high, although the extent of knowledge of the specific legal grounds varied. Unmarried women were believed to have access to abortion services, although they risked stigmatisation due to their marital status. The community attitude towards these women having abortions was very negative, hence it differed from the legal acceptance of all women having the right to abortion. This was explained by societal norms on premarital sexual activity. Generally, the participants felt that changing attitudes would be difficult but possible over time.Conclusion A considerable gap exists between the legal acceptance of abortion and community attitudes when it comes to unmarried women as this group encounters barriers when wanting to practice their right. Therefore, these barriers need to be addressed to allow unmarried Nepalese women access to safe abortion services without the risk of being stigmatised.One possible alternative is educational initiatives such as disseminating information vigorously through mass media to create awareness.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hprospect.v12i2.9869 Health Prospect Vol.12(2) 2013: 24-30

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Acharya, Devaraj, Ramesh Adhikari, and Komal Badal. "Determinants of Discriminatory Attitudes Towards People Living with HIV Among Women of Reproductive Age in Nepal: A Trend Analysis From National Surveys." Journal of Population and Social Studies 30 (February 25, 2022): 391–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.25133/jpssv302022.023.

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This study examines the effect of education and mass media on discriminatory attitudes towards people living with HIV (PLHIV) among women in Nepal. Data were drawn from the Nepal Demographic and Health Surveys 2006, 2011, and 2016 and covered 36,329 women of reproductive age (WRA) 15–49 years. An example of discriminatory attitude towards PLHIV is not wanting to buy fresh vegetables from a shopkeeper or vendor if an individual knew that the seller had HIV. Discriminatory attitude toward PLHIV has increased significantly over time (27.3% in 2006 to 29.7% in 2011 and 34.2% in 2016) among the WRA. Women who had no education and only primary education were 23% (aOR = 1.23, 95% CI 1.13–1.34) and 46% (aOR = 1.46, 95% CI 1.35–1.58) more likely to be affected by discriminatory attitudes, respectively, than those who had secondary or above education. Similarly, women who did not read newspapers were about five times more likely (aOR = 4.91, 95% CI 2.65–9.10) to develop a discriminatory attitude towards PLHIV than those who read newspapers almost every day. A similar trend was observed in exposure to television as well. This study illuminated the significance of women’s education and media exposure in minimizing the discriminatory attitude towards PLHIV. A new intervention is needed since existing interventions could not reduce the discriminatory attitude towards PLHIV.

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Joshi, R. G., D. R. Shakya, P. M. Shyangwa, and B. Pradhan. "Co-morbidity in women with alcohol dependence syndrome (ADS) in Eastern Nepal." Journal of Psychiatrists' Association of Nepal 5, no. 1 (September 29, 2017): 18–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jpan.v5i1.18326.

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Introduction: Women with ADS may have psychiatric comorbidites along with physical comorbidities. Societal attitudes towards women and alcohol are barriers to the detection and treatment of their alcohol related problems.Objective: To explore the magnitude of co-morbidity among women with ADS in Eastern Nepal.Method: This is a hospital based cross-sectional study of women with ADS. Those who scored two or more than two in T-ACE questionnaire were enrolled. The diagnosis was made according to ICD-10 criteria. Consultation with concerned physician was done to assess physical condition.Result: Fifty one patients with ADS were enrolled. Among them, 21.6% had no comorbidity, 52.9% had single co-morbidity (psychiatric or physical) and 25.5% had both psychiatric and physical co-morbidity. In psychiatric comorbidity, mood disorder in 35.29% was the commonest followed by nicotine use in 26.47%. Among mood disorders 83.3% had depression. In physical comorbidity, disease of gastrointestinal tract and hepatobiliary system in 50.9% was the commonest followed by hypertension in 11.5%.Conclusion: : Psychiatric as well as physical co-morbidities are common in women with ADS. The finding points to the importance of exploring comorbidities and their optimal treatment.

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Ali, Parveen, and Roger Watson. "Spousal Violence: A Mokken Scaling Analysis of Attitudes of South Asian Men and Women." Violence and Victims 35, no. 5 (October 1, 2020): 656–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/vv-d-18-00043.

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Attitudes toward intimate partner violence (IPV) are usually explored by asking participants to respond to some statements describing various instances or situations. Currently, we do not know if responses to such questions or statements are random, leading to a total score which is hard to compare between respondents, or in a hierarchical manner which makes such comparison much more meaningful. The study was conducted to explore the structure of an “attitudes to intimate partner” violence scale used in the Demographic and Health Surveys Program (DHS), for a hierarchy of items according to the criteria of Mokken scaling. Secondary analyses of the data related to attitudes to IPV of South Asian men and women, collected by the DHS from Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Maldives, and Nepal between 2006 and 2014. A strong Mokken scale was apparent in the data with IPV by men being most justified in cases where the wife neglected the children and least endorsed in the case of refusing to have sex. Men and women endorsed the items in the same order, but some inter country differences were apparent.

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Cheoun, Mee-Lang, Jongho Heo, and Woong-Han Kim. "Antimicrobial Resistance: KAP of Healthcare Professionals at a Tertiary-Level Hospital in Nepal." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 19 (September 24, 2021): 10062. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910062.

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Although increasing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a substantial threat worldwide, low- and middle-income countries, including Nepal, are especially vulnerable. It is also known that healthcare providers (HCPs) are the major determinants of antimicrobial misuse. A cross-sectional, self-administered survey was conducted among 160 HCPs to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of Nepali HCPs regarding AMR and its use. Descriptive statistics and nonparametric tests were performed to evaluate KAP dimensions and investigate subgroup differences. HCPs scored higher on theoretical than practical knowledge. Regarding practical knowledge, men scored higher than women (p < 0.01), and physicians scored higher than nurses (p < 0.001). Participants aged < 25 years scored lower on practical knowledge than older participants (p < 0.001), while those with <3 years work experience scored lower than those with >6 years (p < 0.05). Participants from the medical department scored higher on practical knowledge than those from the surgical department (p < 0.01). AMR control was more accepted in the medical than in the surgical department (p < 0.001). Regarding practices, women and nurses scored higher than men (p < 0.001) and physicians (p < 0.01), respectively. An educational intervention that is tailored to the sociodemographic and professional characteristics of HCPs is necessary to reduce the gap between theoretical and practical knowledge and improve their attitudes and practices.

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Thapa, Shyam. "Nepal’s Family Planning Program has Come a Long Way: A Conversation with Dr. Badri Raj Pande." Europasian Journal of Medical Sciences 4 (December 27, 2022): 18–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.46405/ejms.v4i0.453.

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It has been nearly six decades since Nepal introduced a family planning program.1,2 At present, the average number of children that a woman in Nepal has is just two, which is defined as a ‘replacement level’ of fertility (that is, two offspring to replace the couple themselves).3 In contrast, about fifty-years ago (in the mid-1970s), the average was more than six children for a married woman in Nepal.4,5 This change in reproductive behavior (certainly influenced by attitudes towards smaller family size) should be considered a ‘reproductive revolution’ in an essentially patriarchal and patrilocal society like Nepal – a transition several other countries have experienced in recent decades as well.6,7 This reproductive revolution is driven principally by the adaption of modern methods of contraception. In 1966, Nepal became one of only a handful of countries where family planning was officially adopted as a ‘fundamental human right and a policy tool in long-range national planning’.1 Sterilization (mainly female sterilization) has been the principal method of fertility control.8,9 At present, more than 50% of married women in Nepal use some form of contraception.8 By all measures, the country’s family planning program must be considered a success. In more recent years however, other factors including abortion and rising age of marriage, as well as male-selected out-migration, have also contributed to the further decline in fertility.10-14

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Ashworth, Henry C., Thomas L. Roux, and Conor J. Buggy. "Healthcare accessibility in the rural plains (terai) of Nepal: physical factors and associated attitudes of the local population." International Health 11, no. 6 (March 21, 2019): 528–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/inthealth/ihz008.

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Abstract Background While access to healthcare has been a focus of international development, populations around the world continue to lack proper access to care. Identifying at-risk demographic groups can help advance efforts both regionally and internationally. There are only a small number of studies that previously have assessed physical barriers and attitudes in Nepal. Methods This study assessed the factors and attitudes associated with healthcare accessibility in a rural population outside of Lumbini, Nepal. This descriptive cross-sectional study used a volunteer-sampling approach to collect 585 questionnaire responses from the area formerly known as the Madhuwani Village Development Committee. Results The study found that the population was more likely to access private care than public, and reported longer times to access a hospital than the national average. Across almost all findings, those with lower than a secondary education had significantly larger barriers, lower satisfaction and higher reported difficulty in accessing healthcare. Females were shown to have significantly larger transportation barriers in accessing care and lower satisfaction compared with males. Conclusions Results identify women and the less-educated as having larger barriers to accessing healthcare. Further research should focus on how inequities in access affect health outcomes among these identified vulnerable groups.

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Hanson, Jonathan H., Maurice Schutgens, Rinzin P. Lama, Achyut Aryal, and Maheshwar Dhakal. "Local attitudes to the proposed translocation of blue sheep Pseudois nayaur to Sagarmatha National Park, Nepal." Oryx 54, no. 3 (November 5, 2018): 344–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605318000157.

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AbstractTranslocations are an important tool for the conservation of biodiversity, but although ecological feasibility studies are frequently conducted prior to implementation, social feasibility studies that consider how local communities perceive such projects are less common. The translocation of blue sheep Pseudois nayaur to Sagarmatha National Park, Nepal, has been proposed, to reduce livestock depredation by snow leopards Panthera uncia by providing an alternative prey base in addition to the small population of Himalayan thar Hemitragus jemlahicus. This study used systematic sampling, a quantitative questionnaire and qualitative interviews within the Park to provide data on the social viability of the proposed translocation. Quantitative analysis revealed moderate levels of support but qualitative analysis suggested that there are significant concerns about the proposal. In addition, multiple regression analysis found that women and livestock owners were significantly less supportive, although the model had low explanatory power. Potential crop damage and competition for forage were frequently cited as concerns, especially amongst those with a high level of dependence on natural resources. Given the mixed response to the proposed translocation of blue sheep to the Everest region, alleviating the reservations of local residents is likely to be key to any further consultation, planning or implementation.

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Sapkota, Keshab Raj. "Participation and Challenges Faced by The women's Elected in Local Level Government at Bharatpur Metropolitan City, Chitwan, Nepal." BMC Journal of Scientific Research 2, no. 1 (December 1, 2018): 68–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/bmcjsr.v2i1.42733.

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The study aimed to find out the women’s representation at the local governance level. The paper is a qualitative analysis of participation and challenges of women in local Government in Chitwan, Nepal. This study explored the factors that facilitate women’s access to political and participation in local level governments. This study was based on Interview methods, focus group discussion and key informant interview. The primary information was collected from the 61 elected women who told the story of their journey to political participation and present status at different local level governments. This study was limited within only one Bharatpur Metropolitan City of Chitwan, Nepal. Majority of women lack resources and knowledge of their rights, have to face corrupt political culture and double burden of family role that restrict their effective participation in political processes. Inclusion Policy is the good practices that help advance women’s representation at the local level. The role of family and political parties help in supporting women’s engagement in local politics. The factors to women's political participation that they are mainly linked to low levels of female literacy and training, traditional gender roles and stereotypes, low self-esteem. Women are subject to strong discrimination coming from deeply rooted patriarchal attitudes and practices. There is a widespread belief that the public space is not meant for women and that by nature they cannot be good leaders. These perceptions are stronger in local level politics, making it hard for women to contest and take up leadership positions. The women's participation in local level government has been done to reduce or improve barriers and to analyze the political empowerment of women .

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K.C., Dipendra Bahadur. "Deuki Pratha in Nepal: Problems and Changing Beliefs." Tribhuvan University Journal 35, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 89–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/tuj.v35i2.36194.

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In the far-western region of Nepal, particularly, in Doti, Baitadi and Dadeldhura, deuki pratha has been practiced as a long established tradition. However, Deuki pratha is considered illegal in Nepal. Deukis are offered to different deities by parents or others (wealthier couples). The reason behind deuki pratha rests on the belief that one’s family gets protection and good favour from the gods. Once offered as Deuki, the girl is not allowed to get married and is devoid of the family support. The major duty of Deuki is to serve the goddess and temple such as cleaning and looking after the temple. The study was conducted in Melauli Municipality of Baitadi district in Sudurpaschim province. This paper aims to highlight the social issues due to deuki in the study area. The study aimed to understand the socio-cultural beliefs of deuki tradition in the changing social and cultural contexts from the gender perspective and development. The study was based primarily on qualitative methods. The study revealed that deuki tradition is still practiced, though it is reported to be declined in the recent years. Unlike in the past, with the growing awareness by the joint efforts of government and non-government organizations' agencies, practice of Deuki has declined to a great extent but not abolished yet. There was mixed reaction regarding beliefs upon Deuki tradition among the locals. The study found that Deuki women who had been offered to the deity was unknowingly been isolated, when still as a girl and abused from the society as these came at the cost of personal and social life of women. With the growing awareness, and changing society, the locals and the followers of deuki pratha seem to welcome the changes and attitudes towards deuki pratha. However, the social and economic life styles of deukis are at stake. Though, some deukis own some private property, due to the lack of emotional and social support are bound to live forbidden and isolated life. Unlike, in the past, where deukis received reverence and importance, the perception towards deukis has worsened in the study area often belittled as prostitution and the disgrace to the society.

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Sathian, Brijesh, MG Ramesh Babu, Edwin R. Van Teijlingen, Indrajit Banerjee, Bedanta Roy, Supram Hosuru Subramanya, Elayedath Rajesh, and Suresh Devkota. "Ethnic Variations in Perception of Human Papillomavirus and its Vaccination among Young Women in Nepal." Nepal Journal of Epidemiology 7, no. 1 (July 13, 2017): 647–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nje.v7i1.17757.

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Background: The Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is strongly associated with cervical and other cancers. In women, cervical cancer is the third most common cancer. HPV infection can be largely prevented through vaccination of (adolescent) girls. At the same time, Nepal is a low-income country experiencing a cultural change in attitudes towards sex and sexual behaviour. However, in the adolescent population knowledge about HPV, factors associated with an increased risk of HPV and the existence of the vaccination is often low.Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study with female students enrolled in health and non-health science courses in Pokhara, Nepal. The questionnaire included demographic details, knowledge and attitude questions related to HPV, associated risk behaviour and its vaccination. Descriptive statistics, including Chi-Square test, were used to identify statistically significant relationships. Ethical approval was granted by the relevant authority in Nepal.Results: Hindu religion (75.0 %; 95% CI: 70.9, 78.6) and Newari caste (75.5%; CI: 61.1, 86.7) were more aware about HPV, HPV vaccination. Hindus religion (55.6%; 95% CI: 51.2, 60.0) and Dalit caste (61.6%, 95% CI: 53.3, 69.4) more willing to be vaccinated than other religions and other castes, respectively. Not unsurprisingly, students on health-related courses had a greater awareness of HPV, HPV vaccination and were more willing to be vaccinated than students on other courses. Similar patterns of association arose for knowledge related to those sexually active at an early age; HPV risk and multiple sex partners; and fact that condoms cannot fully prevent the transmission of HPV.Conclusion: Knowledge about the link between HPV and (a) early sexual initiation, (b) having multiple sexual partners, and (c) the limited protection of condoms and other birth control measures was poor in our study compared to similar research conducted in other parts of the world. One key implication is the need for education campaigns in Nepal to educate young women and their parents about HPV, its risk factors and the benefits of vaccination.

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Shrestha, Gambhir, Rashmi Mulmi, Prabin Phuyal, Rahul Kumar Thakur, and Bhola Siwakoti. "Experiences of cervical cancer survivors in Chitwan, Nepal: A qualitative study." PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (November 5, 2020): e0234834. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0234834.

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Introduction Cervical cancer is a global leading cause of morbidity and mortality. The majority of cervical cancer deaths occur in developing countries including Nepal. Though knowledge of cervical cancer is an important determinant of women’s participation in prevention and screening for cervical cancer, little is known about this topic in Nepal. This study explores the experiences of cervical cancer survivors and assesses the attitude of family and community towards it and stigma related to this disease in Bharatpur, Nepal. Methods The study design was qualitative methods involving two focus-group discussions. A total of 17 cervical cancer survivors, who have completed two years of cancer treatment were selected purposively from Chitwan. All qualitative data were transcribed and translated into English and were thematically analyzed. Results The majority of the participants had scant knowledge about cervical cancer, its causative agent, showed less cervical cancer screening, delayed healthcare-seeking behavior despite having persistent symptoms before the diagnosis. The main reasons identified for not uptaking the cervical screening methods were an embarrassment and having no symptoms at all. Most of them endured social stigma related to cervical cancer in the form of physical isolation and verbal abuse. Conclusions There is an urgent need for interventions to make women and the public aware of cervical cancer and launch effective health education campaigns, policies for cervical cancer prevention programs. This implementation can save the lives of hundreds of women and help them avoid going through all the negative experiences related to cervical cancer. More studies are required to gain the perspectives, knowledge, experiences, and attitudes of cervical cancer survivors to add to the research.

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Nepal, Benju, Bibekti Nepal, Bandana Gurung Sharma, Chandika Pandit, and Rajju Hachhethu. "Knowledge, attitude and practice towards COVID-19 among pregnant women in a tertiary hospital in Pokhara, Nepal." Journal of Gandaki Medical College-Nepal 15, no. 2 (December 31, 2022): 155–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jgmcn.v15i2.43884.

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Introduction: The study was done to find out the knowledge, attitude, and practice of pregnant women towards COVID-19 in tertiary hospital of Pokhara, Nepal. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out among 385 pregnant women attending antenatal clinics of Gandaki Medical College starting from May 2021 to July 2021, by using self- administered questionnaire. The data was analyzed using statistical package for the social sciences version 21.0 and descriptive statistics were computed. Results: More than four‐fifths respondents were aware about COVID‐19. Half of them thought it transmits via human touch. One-fourth of them mentioned that delivery at the hospital during COVID-19 pandemic was unsafe. Almost half of them regretted conceiving, among which one quarter thought of aborting their fetus, half of them were against breastfeeding, and three-forth had regular antenatal care checkups. Majority of them took precautions to stay safe, where half of them responded that they would not breast fed baby if they got infected. Conclusions: Majority of the study population have good knowledge, attitude, and practice of COVID-19 disease. However, it is worrisome that some respondents thought of terminating her pregnancy, and some were unable to visit the hospital for routine antenatal care checkups and didn’t have proper knowledge about breastfeeding their child. Proper education must be given to the population to avert these negative attitudes while promoting a positive preventive attitude.

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Pasad, Subhash. "Safe Motherhood Practice in Dalit Community." Academic Voices: A Multidisciplinary Journal 2 (June 30, 2013): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/av.v2i1.8291.

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Safe motherhood practice is still poor among the unprivileged groups like the Dalit of Nepal. Low socio-economic condition and lack of awareness in the Dalit community seems to have negative impact on women health and safe motherhood practice. This paper describes the practice of safe motherhood in the Dalit community based on quantitative data collected from 120 mothers. The respondents were interviewed by using interview schedule. It is concluded that lack of education and awareness, low socioeconomic condition, teenage marriage and early pregnancy, improper antenatal care service, unsafe delivery at home, improper postnatal checkup and traditional attitudes indicate that safe motherhood practice is not satisfactory in the Dalit community. Academic Voices, Vol. 2, No. 1, 2012, Pages 63-68 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/av.v2i1.8291

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Memon, Fouzia. "The attitudes to fertility and quality of life in relation to chemotherapy in young breast cancer survivors." Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 3, no. 2 (July 29, 2014): 4–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v3i2.10823.

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Background: Since a significant proportion of women treated for breast cancer will now survive their cancer, quality of life for survivors is an important issue. For many young women fertility will be a significant factor in this. A woman’s appreciation of her own fertility is likely to be a key factor and her own body image and self-esteem will influence both the type and success of relationships entered into. This in itself may have an effect on her decision to attempt to become pregnant and for a woman, who is already in a successful relationship, may have a role in the decision to start or complete a family. Methods: An Ovid-Medline search was carried out January 1996 to May 2007, looking for the following terms in the title or abstracts (breast cancer, fertility, psychological issues, sexuality, and quality of life). Results: The present review paper explored fertility concerns of young woman with breast cancer and related sexual and psychological effects that might affect their quality of life. Conclusion: This extensive literature review from medical databases like Ovid-Medline has revealed that among depression and physical and psychological stress, fear of loss of fertility is a major factor of poor quality of life among young premenopausal breast cancer survivors. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v3i2.10823 Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Vol.3(2) 2008; 4-7

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Nagaraj, Nitasha C. "Measuring Agency, Voice, and Gender Attitudes among Adolescents in South Asia." Indian Journal of Youth & Adolescent Health 08, no. 04 (December 18, 2021): 8–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/2349.2880.202113.

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Introduction: Voice, agency, and gender attitudes are concepts that are inextricably linked to empowerment, health, and long-term economic well-being for girls, women, families, and communities. The present study is aimed at developing and validating scales for voice, agency, and gender attitudes for adolescents in South Asia. Method: Qualitative and quantitative research was conducted to develop and validate scales for voice, agency, and gender attitudes among adolescent boys and girls in urban, semi-urban, and rural settings in South Asia. There were two rounds of data collection with the first including 460 adolescents and the second round approximately 2 weeks later with 484 adolescents.The formative qualitative phase also included four focus groups with 30 girls and 25 boys between the ages of 10 and 16 years in Delhi and Lucknow, India. Results: Thematic analysis led to the development of survey scale items in both English and Hindi and face validity testing was conducted with 10 adolescents aged 10-14 years in India. The data for validation of the scales were derived from self-reported surveys from adolescents 10-15 years old in public schools located in Delhi, India (urban), Uttar Pradesh, India (rural), and Gandaki Province, Nepal, (semi-urban). Six factors emerged from the analysis, and all six factors maintained dimensions of empowerment and are closely intertwined to voice, agency, and gender attitudes. Conclusions: The measures that emerged from the analysis provide the foundation to expand upon different dimensions of voice, agency, and gender attitudes that are salient to adolescent boys and girls in South Asia.

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Baral, Y. R., K. Lyons, J. Skinner, and E. R. Van Teijlingen. "Determinants of skilled birth attendants for delivery in Nepal." Kathmandu University Medical Journal 8, no. 3 (June 4, 2012): 325–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kumj.v8i3.6223.

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This review is to explore the factors affecting the uptake of skilled birth attendants for delivery and the issues associated with women’s role and choices of maternal health care service for delivery in Nepal. Literature was reviewed across the globe and discussed in a Nepalese context. Delivery by Skilled Birth Attendance serves as an indicator of progress towards reducing maternal mortality worldwide, the fifth Millennium Development Goal. Nepal has committed to reducing its maternal mortality by 75% by 2015 through ensuring accessibility to the availability and utilisation of skilled care at every birth. The literature suggests that several socio-economic, cultural and religious factors play a significant role in the use of Skilled Birth Attendance for delivery in Nepal. Availability of transportation and distance to the health facility; poor infrastructure and lack of services; availability and accessibility of the services; cost and convenience; staff shortages and attitudes; gender inequality; status of women in society; women’s involvement in decision making; and women’s autonomy and place of residence are significant contributing factors for uptake of Skilled Birth Attendance for delivery in Nepal. The review found more quantitative research studies exploring the determinants of utilisation of the maternal health services during pregnancy in Nepal than qualitative studies. Findings of quantitative research show that different social demographic, economic, socio-cultural and religious factors are responsible for the utilisation of maternal health services but very few studies discussed how and why these factors are responsible for utilisation of skilled birth attendants in pregnancy. It is suggested that there is need for more qualitative research to explore the women’s role and choice regarding use of skilled birth attendants services and to find out how and why these factors are responsible for utilisation of skilled birth attendants for delivery. Qualitative research will help further exploration of the issues and contribute to improvement of maternal health services.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kumj.v8i3.6223 Kathmandu Univ Med J 2010;8(3):325-32

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Shah, Sunil, Dipendra Neupane, and Kamlesh Kumar Sah. "Literacy of Suicide among Doctors and Nurses at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Nepal." Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal 18, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmsn.v18i2.44471.

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Introduction: Increased knowledge and improved attitudes about suicide are important factors for suicide-prevention strategies. Not only mental health professionals and public, but doctors and nurses working in other departments and general hospitals, especially in resource limited low-middle income country like Nepal, need to be knowledgeable identifying and making appropriate referrals for mental health issues and suicidal patients. This study was conducted to assess doctors and nurses’ literacy of suicide at a tertiary care government center in Nepal. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional questionnaire-based study was conducted among doctors and nurses working at the hospital. Literacy of suicide scale was utilized to assess the status of literacy regarding suicide among 188 study participants. Descriptive statistics were applied. Results: The total mean literacy of suicide scale (LOSS) score was calculated to be 13.07 (SD=3.65). Higher number of participants, 117 (62.2%) scored above mean on total LOSS score. Performance was the poorest on recognizing the signs of suicide while it was best on identifying the cause of suicide. People with relationship problems or financial problems have a higher risk of suicide was correctly identified by 89.9% of the participants. While only 60 (31.9%) participants correctly answered item “men are more likely to suicide than women” from the domain risk. Conclusions: Majority of nurses and doctors performed better on the literacy of suicide scale. Health professionals were found knowledgeable about suicide. Those with higher level of education, specialization and training in mental health scored higher. Future studies among various categories of population and association of level of literacy and attitude, practices is needed.

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Shrestha, Bindu, Sushil B. Bajracharya, and Sudarshan R. Tiwari. "Assessment of Energy Use on Urban Kathmandu from Energy Cultures Framework in Gender Perspective." Journal of the Institute of Engineering 15, no. 3 (October 16, 2020): 308–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jie.v15i3.32211.

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The urban household has a high potential for energy saving to reduce carbon emission; however, it has been scant attention in Nepalese energy policy. Though sustainable development has set 2030 goals to achieve high impact on energy with a focus on women’ role, Nepal is still lagged for effective participating women properly in the energy sector. Urban women have a triple role with significant responsibility for household chores, and efficient cooking is one of pertinent attitudes to reduce energy in Kathmandu. Household energy is highly influenced by human behavior, energy culture, and practices, more significant role for shifting technology, that has less consideration in the policy. This paper aims to assess the energy practices identifying trade-offs of an energy transition to cleaner technology from the questionnaire survey, observation, interviews, and quantitative analysis in terms of a gender perspective. The analysis is based on energy cultures framework in gender perspective with primary attributes of cognitive norms, energy practices, and material culture to understand urban Kathmandu neighborhood. The field study showed that urban households are suffered from energy inaccessibility, inequality, and insecurity resulting in fuel stacking, socio-economic disparity, and environmental impacts. In conclusion, the energy-saving and reduced carbon emissions can be solved through prioritizing women’s role as a change of agent with active participation, incentives, two-way communication, and awareness to improve the situation.

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Heil, Ellison John. "Through the eyes of Asa; the role of integrated conservation development programs in Ghandruk, Nepal." World Journal of Environmental Research 7, no. 1 (September 7, 2017): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/wjer.v7i1.2386.

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AbstractThe Annapurna Conservation Area Project (ACAP) is growing in popularity as Nepal’s largest protected area. The National Trust for Nature Conservation uses the sustained revenue generation from the tourism industry to implement Integrated Conservation Development Programs (ICDP). These programs focus on promoting participatory interaction with the local villages of the Annapurna Conservation Area (ACA) in an attempt to develop them into sovereign and self-sustaining communities. When ACAP was first established in Ghandruk to control the rapid rate of deforestation caused by increases in population and tourism, the development efforts and empowerment activities were targeted toward hotel owners. This served to marginalize the farmers and communities unrelated to the tourism industry. This study’s purpose is to examine the impact that the tourism industry has in promoting ‘people oriented’ conservation and the attitudes of Ghandruk’s marginalized populations towards ACAP’s ICDP developments, with a focus on conservation awareness. Information was gathered through semi-structured and unstructured interviews with ACAP officials, local management committee staff and marginalized populations of women and Dalits. This information was used to focus on understanding how ACAP has incorporated participation of marginal groups in Ghandruk into conservation programs. Ultimately the felling of trees for guesthouse construction resulting in the loss of natural habitat for apex predators, the absence of scientific research, and the disregard for the environmentally oriented marginal groups of Northwestern Ghandruk has placed an emphasis on tourism based development that overshadows the conservation of biodiversity and natural resources in the Annapurna Conservation Area. Keywords: Development studies, natural resources and conservation, natural resources management policy.

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Ghimire, Sudha, Gyanu Maharjan, and Binita Maharjan. "Perceived Discrimination and Problems Faced by Gender and Sexual Minorities in Kathmandu." Journal of Health Promotion 7 (September 6, 2019): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jhp.v7i0.25493.

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Equality and freedom from discrimination are fundamental human right regardless of sexual orientation, gender identity. Despite a society that is moving forward in acceptance of differences, many young people still maintain uncomfortable and confused attitudes towards on-heterosexual lifestyles. Thus, this study was conducted to assess the perceived discrimination and problems faced by gender and sexual minorities in Kathmandu. Descriptive cross-sectional design and purposive sampling method was utilized to select sample. The study was conducted on Gender and sexual Minorities Forum Nepal, blue diamond society in Kathmandu from 17th July to 20 August 2018. Semi-structured self administered questionnaire was used to collect data, followed by some qualitative interview with selected participants. Among 112 respondents, almost half were gay, one third were transgender women and few were transgender men, lesbians and bisexuals. In work place more than half (69.1%) were verbally harassed, almost half (45.7%) were denied from job; one third (34.6%) were physically tortured. Majority of the respondents (80.5%) were verbally harassed in educational institutes, most of the respondents (91.7%) in public bathroom and public places, (84.6%) by police, almost half of all (49.4%) were physically tortured and (33.3%) were bullied in school. More than half (62.3%) were denied for house rent. Majority of the respondents (36.5%) accepted discrimination as a fact of life. Despite many supportive laws and provisions, LGBT people still face societal discrimination in Nepal. Thus, its humanitarian that sexual minorities are also a part of society and they have equal right to have dignified life.

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Paul, Alicia, Kamana Upreti, Shraddha Nepal, Jeevan Lohani, Kriti Adhikari, and Rajiv Rimal. "Rejoice architecture meets social norms to accelerate vaccination in Nepal: Protocol for a mixed-method quasi-experimental study." Gates Open Research 4 (August 26, 2020): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/gatesopenres.13168.1.

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Background: Each year, 600,000 children under 5 years old die from vaccine-preventable diseases globally. Immunization is an effective way to prevent many diseases, saving two to three million lives per year. The Nepal National Government recommends vaccinations for all children for 11 diseases by 15 months of age. However, only 78% of children between 1-2 years of age have received all recommended vaccines and only 43% receive them at the age-appropriate times for which they are scheduled. Objectives: This protocol describes the development of an intervention – called “Rejoice Architecture” – that is informed by three theoretical perspectives: choice architecture, the broken windows theory, and the theory of normative social behavior. We also describe a mixed-methods approach to develop the intervention, which will improve the physical and social environments of health facilities in Makwanpur, Nepal. We hypothesize this intervention will improve immunization behaviors and intentions among mothers of children younger than 2 years, pregnant women, and prospective mothers. Methods: We describe the qualitative formative assessment to understand existing attitudes, norms, and behaviors among caregivers, healthcare workers, and government representatives. The formative assessment will include in-depth interviews, key informant interviews, and focus group discussions. We also describe the overall quasi-experimental study design, used to assess intervention impact. Impact: This study will contribute to the social and behavioral change communication intervention research by offering a novel strategy for increasing immunization. This study will also illustrate to policymakers the value of structural change for health service delivery.

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Channon, Melanie Dawn. "Son Preference, Parity Progression and Contraceptive Use in South Asia." Population Horizons 12, no. 1 (November 1, 2015): 24–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pophzn-2015-0004.

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Abstract Background: The desire for sons has long been recognised as a significant determinant of childbearing decisions throughout most of South Asia. This paper provides an overview of the stated desire for sons and the manifestations of son-preferring behaviour in relation to parity progression and contraceptive use. Methods: This paper uses the most recently available Demographic and Health Survey (or equivalent) data from five South Asian countries: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal and Pakistan. The extent of son preference in these countries is compared in terms of reported latent son preference as well as in terms of revealed son preference in relation to differential stopping behaviour, and choices about contraceptive use and contraceptive method. Results: Parity progression is driven by son preference to some extent in all five countries studied. It is found that son preference is also a major factor in determining use of permanent contraceptive methods in every country apart from Afghanistan. The association is particularly strong in Nepal, India and Pakistan. Women with fewer than two sons are generally much less likely to use permanent contraceptive methods. On the other hand, son preference has little association with temporary or traditional contraceptive use in any country. Conclusion: The desire for sons has a significant impact on fertility and contraceptive choices across much of South Asia, even in places where high fertility persists. Family planning programmes in these areas need to change deeply embedded attitudes in order to be successful. In Pakistan and Afghanistan in particular, future reductions in fertility could be hindered by high levels of son preference.

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Adhikari, S. P., J. Pariyar, K. Sapkota, T. K. Gurung, and S. R. Adhikari. "Evaluation of Knowledge, Attitude, Practice and Hospital Experience Regarding COVID-19 among Post-partum Mothers at a Tertiary Care Center: A Cross-sectional Study." Kathmandu University Medical Journal 18, no. 2 (November 17, 2020): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kumj.v18i2.32938.

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Background: Pregnant and breastfeeding women are more susceptible to viral infection and in the year 2020 they have to face the COVID-19 pandemic. Since, no successful treatment and vaccine has been developed so far, efforts to enhance the knowledge, attitudes, and practice of the public, especially the high-risk groups like pregnancy and postpartum period are crucial to manage COVID-19 pandemic. Objective To analyze the knowledge, attitude, practice and hospital experience regarding COVID-19 among post-partum mothers at a tertiary care center of Nepal Method The data collection was based on direct interview after receiving written consent from the research participants, using a semi-structured questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of 4 major domains- knowledge (8 questions), attitude (6 questions), practice (5 questions) and experience (5 questions). Standard descriptive statistics were used for the data, mean and standard deviation for continuous variables whereas frequencies and percentages for categorical variables. Result A total of 203 post-partum women participated in the study. Almost all the participants had heard about COVID-19 (96.6%). A majority of them were aware about how COVID-19 gets transmitted and its preventive measures. Most of the participants (88.2%) knew that COVID-19 has effects on pregnancy. Almost all of participants (97%) wore mask during hospital stay. All of the women washed their hands with soap water or alcohol based sanitizer. A majority of the mothers (79.3%) wore mask while breastfeeding their baby. Conclusion The post-partum mothers have good knowledge, attitude, practice and experiences regarding the COVID-19 pandemic.

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WALLACE, BRIAN. "NANA SAHIB IN BRITISH CULTURE AND MEMORY." Historical Journal 58, no. 2 (May 11, 2015): 589–613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x14000430.

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AbstractThe Indian Rebellion leader Nana Sahib became Victorian Britain's most hated foreign enemy for his part in the 1857 Cawnpore massacres, in which British men, women, and children were killed after having been promised safe passage away from their besieged garrison. Facts were mixed with lurid fiction in reports which drew on villainous oriental stereotypes to depict Nana. The public appetite for vengeance was thwarted, however, by his escape to Nepal and subsequent reports of his death. These reports were widely disbelieved, and fears persisted for decades that Nana was plotting a new rebellion in the mountains. He came to be seen as both a literal and symbolic threat; the arrest of suspects across the years periodically revived the memories and the atavistic fury of the Mutiny, while his example as the Victorians' archetypal barbaric native ruler shaped broader colonial attitudes. At the same time, he influenced metropolitan perceptions of empire through the popular Mutiny fictions in which he was a larger-than-life villain. Tracing Nana's changing presence in the British collective memory over generations illustrates the tensions between metropolitan and colonial ideas of empire, and suggests the degree to which an iconic enemy figure could shape perceptions of other races.

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Aryal, N., PR Regmi, E. V. Teijlingen, D. Dhungel, G. Ghale, and G. K. Bhatta. "Knowing is Not Enough: Migrant Workers’ Spouses Vulnerability to HIV." SAARC Journal of Tuberculosis, Lung Diseases and HIV/AIDS 13, no. 1 (March 9, 2017): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/saarctb.v13i1.16923.

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Introduction: Male migrants and their sexual partners at home are at increased risk of STIs (Sexually Transmitted Infections) including HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus). We aimed to assess the knowledge and attitudes of migrants’ wives regarding HIV and STIs, and to understand risk perception of HIV due to their husbands’ sexual behaviour. Methodology: A cross-sectional survey among 182 migrants’ wives was conducted in two rural villages of Chitwan district in Nepal. The participants were selected through multistage cluster sampling method and data were collected through a questionnaire administered through a face-to-face interview. Results: Nearly all (94%) of migrants’ wives had a good knowledge of HIV, however with some misconceptions. More than two-thirds of the participating migrants’ wives were aware about the risk of HIV infection in migrant husbands and subsequent risk of transmitting themselves through sexual intercourse. Nearly half of the participants reported inability to ask their husbands about HIV and STIs even if they had their doubts. Knowledge of HIV and HIV risk associated with migration were statistically significantly higher in younger women, those who were literate and the longer the period of their husbands’ migration. Conclusion: Despite having generally a good knowledge and awareness of HIV and migration induced HIV risk; migrants’ wives could not discuss sexual health issues with their husbands, thus increasing their vulnerability to HIV and STIs.SAARC J TUBER LUNG DIS HIV/AIDS, 2016; XIII(1), page: 9-15

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Alsubhi, Maha, Lydia Aston, Julie Ayre, Saadia Aziz, Nicole Beddard, Hollie Birkinshaw, Charlotte Boichat, et al. "Oral presentationsSystematic review of the factors associated with health behaviours related to obesity among refugee childrenPreliminary development of quality of life scales for children and adults with Niemann-Pick Type CThe diversity of diabetes-related self-monitoring and problem-solving practices across health literacy levels: An interview studyResilience as a predictor of burnout, depression and hope among medical studentsThe lived experience of parents with children who have had retinoblastomaPerceptions of older adults and GPs towards the management of musculoskeletal pain in primary careA qualitative study of stress and wellbeing in national health service (NHS) employeesThe effectiveness of sedentary behaviour reduction workplace interventions on cardiometabolic risk markers: A systematic reviewIs delivering a mindfulness course to people with cancer feasible, acceptable and of any benefit?Exploring the views and perspectives of analgesic medication for pain in people with dementia.Exploring the implementation of anaesthesia practices in Tanzania, Zimbabwe, Nepal and Bangladesh using a behavioural frameworkWhen health eating becomes unhealthy: Understanding orthorexia nervosa‘People sometimes think I’m like some old war veteran rabbiting on’: Narratives of those working on the HIV frontline.New year, new mii: A systematic review on the influence of digital avatars on health-related outcomesMy own personal hell: Approaching and exceeding thresholds of too much alcoholAcceptability of a healthy eating contract and goal setting intervention for people living in low socioeconomic areas‘I’m a person not a disorder.’ A phenomenological analysis exploring how employees with bipolar stay well at workDoubling up: Enhancing pluralistic research through the use of multimodal data. Contested phenomena and multiple perspectives.Racial and ethnic disparities in cortisol reactivity and the moderating role of discriminationExploring the staff perspective of the physical environment in a dementia specific care unit.‘Are computer-based treatment programmes effective at reducing symptoms of dual diagnosis within adults?’: A systematic reviewAre interventions delivered by healthcare professionals effective for weight management? A systematic review of systematic reviewsAn emotional journey – parents’ experiences of their child’s transfer to intensive careExamining potential biopsychosocial and health behaviour predictors of gestational weight gain: The Grown in Wales cohortA qualitative analysis of people’s health-based visions for their best possible future selvesEvaluating the impact of woodland activities on personal wellbeingImplementation of a healthy lifestyle intervention in Manchester primary schools: A qualitative studyUnderstanding health care workers’ experiences of an Ebola outbreak and attitudes to infection prevention control in Sierra LeoneExploring women’s weight-related health behaviours during pregnancy: A qualitative longitudinal studyDoes the NHS Diabetes Prevention Programme intervention have fidelity to the programme specification? A document analysisThe lived experience of men diagnosed with melanoma: A qualitative exploration using photo-elicitationEnhancing the wellbeing of caregivers of people with spinal cord injury with internet-delivered mindfulness: A feasibility studyDevelopment of a brief tailored digital intervention to facilitate help-seeking in patients with Parkinson’s: A feasibility studyIs demanding work fatiguing or energising? Three real-time studies of health care professionals.A look into the relationship of compensatory health beliefs, procrastination and body mass indexPatients’ experiences and perceptions of behaviour change advice delivered during routine GP consultations: A national surveyDigital remote pain reporting and administration perspectives in children and young people with juvenile idiopathic arthritisPain beliefs are associated with levels of reported pain in children and young people with juvenile idiopathic arthritisChanging safety behaviour on a global scale: A case study of L’Oréal’s ApproachDesigning a breastfeeding intervention for women with a BMI>30kg/m2 using a collaborative approachUnderstanding symptoms of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome using scientific insights fromN-of-1 studiesNew MRC-NIHR guidance: Reducing bias due to measurement reactivity in studies of interventions to improve healthIntention to perform strength training exercise among Chinese elderly: The application of the Health Belief ModelExploring an individual experience of living with scoliosis in adults over 30: A photovoice study.Stigma and physical wellbeing: The mediating role of social support and self-esteem in young adults with chronic conditions.‘People don’t know how severe some of them can be’: An exploration of beliefs and attitudes in adolescents with food allergyChallenges and reflections; evaluating an intervention to facilitate shared decision-making in breast reconstruction (PEGASUS).Dementia and cognitive impairment in the older prison population: Designing theory and evidence based training for prison staffCapability, opportunity and motivation to prevent oral health problems through behaviour change talk in dental practiceRealising ‘teachable opportunities’ to promote lifestyle behaviours in routine postnatal consultationsUse of a biofeedback breathing app to augment poststress physiological recoveryBarriers and facilitators to delivering exercise to men with prostate cancer: Application of the theoretical domains frameworkDevelopment of an evidence-based intervention to address eating psychopathology in athletes: An intervention mapping approachDeliberating and reflecting upon what we know and how we know it in evidence-based healthcareMothers of teenage girls: Knowledge and understanding about human papillomavirus and cervical cancerBarriers and facilitors to primary care nursing professionals having ‘cancer early diagnosis-related discussions’ with patientsLack of referrals to pulmonary rehabilitation: Should we pay closer attention to healthcare professionals’ illness perceptions?Participants’ Experience of a Type 2 Diabetes Management Programme designed for British-South Asians: A Qualitative EvaluationA qualitative exploration of the experience of positive body image in breast cancer survivors‘It felt like unfinished business, it feels like that’s finished now’: Experiences around contralateral prophylactic mastectomyContralateral Prophylactic Mastectomy and the consultation: A snapshot of UK healthcare professionals’ views and experiencesHealth professionals perceptions of supporting exercise in men with prostate cancer: Applying the Theoretical Domains FrameworkWhat are the perceptions of patients and healthcare professionals about blood transfusion? An interview studySocial prescribing as ‘social cure’: Health benefits of social connectedness to practitioners and users of a social prescribing pathwaySupporting young people who have been parentally bereaved: Can physical activity help and what services are available?" Health Psychology Update 28, no. 3 (2019): 10–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpshpu.2019.28.3.10.

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Sundell, Micaela, Emilia Berin, Chanda Karki, Jan Bynhildsen, and Mats Hammar. "Contraceptive knowledge and attitudes among women seeking induced abortion in Kathmandu, Nepal." International Journal of Women's Health, March 2014, 335. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/ijwh.s57370.

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Kawata, Rina, Masayuki Endo, Shiba Kumar Rai, and Kazutomo Ohashi. "Development of a scale to evaluate negative menstrual attitudes among Nepalese women." Reproductive Health 19, no. 1 (May 16, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12978-022-01426-6.

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Abstract Background Menstrual attitudes include negative and positive perceptions of menstruation and are associated with reproductive health, underscoring the importance of its evaluation in women. Given that social and cultural factors affect menstrual attitudes, developing evaluation methods specific to distinct societal cultures is necessary. Methods We developed a scale based on the menstrual attitude questionnaire, which is the most widely used measure of menstrual attitudes, to evaluate negative menstrual attitudes among Nepalese women in consideration of Nepalese cultural backgrounds and literacy. In total, 352 Nepalese women aged 20–45 years living in urban or suburban areas in Nepal were enrolled in the study. Participants were randomly divided into two groups using the permuted block method. Using the prototype, Group 1 (n = 176) was evaluated with an exploratory factor analysis to develop a reliable scale, and Group 2 (n = 176) was evaluated with a confirmatory factor analysis to confirm the structure of negative menstrual attitudes. Further, we preliminarily examined the relationship of negative menstrual attitudes with the frequency of traditional menstrual practices and intensity of menstrual pain, which are significant reproductive health issues in Nepal, in Group 2. Results We developed a 15-item, 3-factor scale to evaluate negative menstrual attitudes among Nepalese women using exploratory factor analysis. The first, second, and third factors were “Natural event” (α = 0.82), “Debilitating event” (α = 0.76), and “Bothersome event” (α = 0.69), respectively. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed that negative menstrual attitudes comprised a 3-factor structure. Participants who performed three traditional menstrual practices (“stay in their own house”, “go to public spaces”, and “contact with others generally”) demonstrated significantly higher scores for negative menstrual attitudes than did non-performers. Negative menstrual attitudes were positively correlated with the intensity of menstrual pain (r = 0.558). Conclusions This study is the first to evaluate menstrual attitudes and analyse its factor structure among Nepalese women. In the future, the relationship between accurately evaluated negative menstrual attitudes and reproductive health issues should be examined more comprehensively.

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Kawata, Rina, Masayuki Endo, and Kazutomo Ohashi. "Traditional menstruation practices among Nepalese women living in Japan." BMC Women's Health 22, no. 1 (May 31, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12905-022-01789-9.

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Abstract Background Traditional menstruation practices in Nepal (Chhaupadi in Nepalese) lack scientific support and undermine women’s health. This study aimed to understand the changes in the traditional menstruation practices due to migration from Nepal to Japan. Methods This study included 104 Nepalese women of reproductive age living in an urban area of western Japan. Participants were recruited using snowball sampling, and the method of data collection was a questionnaire survey. To examine how Nepalese women adapt traditional menstruation practices to their living environment, we compared how women followed frequently 17 traditional practices when they lived in Nepal and later in Japan. We examined the relationships among behavioural changes in traditional practices, education level, and caste. Results The frequency of 14 of the 17 traditional practices decreased after the women moved to Japan. Among women who reduced the frequency of traditional practices after moving from Nepal to Japan, the reduction was not associated with educational level or caste of the participants. Conclusions This study suggests that the attitudes towards the traditional menstruation practices change in response to living circumstances. Future studies should focus on determining living environment factors related to behavioural changes in traditional practices.

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Stone, Lucy, Mahesh C. Puri, Muqi Guo, and Iqbal H. Shah. "Assessing knowledge, attitudes, and practice of health providers towards the provision of postpartum intrauterine devices in Nepal: a two-year follow-up." Reproductive Health 18, no. 1 (February 17, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12978-021-01099-7.

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Abstract Background Health service providers play a key role in addressing women’s need for postpartum pregnancy prevention. Yet, in Nepal, little is known about providers’ knowledge, attitudes, and practice (KAP) on providing postpartum family planning (PPFP), particularly the immediate postpartum intrauterine device (PPIUD). This paper assesses providers KAP towards the provision of PPIUDs in Nepal prior to a PPIUD intervention to gain a baseline insight and analyzes whether their KAP changes both 6 and 24 months after the start of the intervention. Methods Data come from a randomized trial assessing the impact of a PPIUD intervention in Nepal between 2015 and 2017. We interviewed 96 providers working in six study hospitals who completed a baseline interview and follow-up interviews at 6 and 24 months. We used descriptive analysis, McNemar’s test and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test to assess KAP of providers over 2 years. Results The PPIUD KAP scores improved significantly between the baseline and 6-month follow-up. Knowledge scores increased from 2.9 out of 4 to 3.5, attitude scores increased from 4 out of 7 to 5.3, and practice scores increased from 0.9 out of 3 to 2.8. There was a significant increase in positive attitude and practice between 6 and 24 months. Knowledge on a women’s chance of getting pregnant while using an IUD was poor. Attitudes on recommending a PPIUD to different women significantly improved, however, attitudes towards recommending a PPIUD to unmarried women and women who have had an ectopic pregnancy improved the least. Practice of PPIUD counseling and insertion improved significantly from baseline to 24 months, from 10.4 and 9.4% to 99% respectively. Conclusions Although KAP improved significantly among providers during the PPIUD intervention, providers’ knowledge on a women’s chance of getting pregnant while using an IUD and attitudes towards recommending a PPIUD to unmarried women and women who have had an ectopic pregnancy improved the least. Provider KAP could be improved further through ongoing and more in-depth training to maintain providers’ knowledge, reduce provider bias and misconceptions about PPIUD eligibility, and to ensure providers understand the importance of birth spacing.

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Forrest, S. "An exploration of the attitudes and beliefs of rural women towards skilled birth attendants in Nepal." BMC Proceedings 6, S4 (July 2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1753-6561-6-s4-p53.

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Biswakarma, R., J. Harper, and M. Reiss. "P-069 Men’s fertility knowledge and attitudes to starting a family in Greece, Nepal and the UK." Human Reproduction 37, Supplement_1 (June 29, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deac107.065.

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Abstract Study question What are the views of men from Greece, Nepal, and the UK on having children and what is their knowledge of fertility? Summary answer Between countries, there were similarities and differences in men’s views to having children. Men showed limited fertility knowledge, and access to fertility information varied. What is known already The global total fertility rate (TFR) has dropped to below 2.5 compared to 5 in 1950, currently being 1.61 in the EU. Internationally, the age at which people are having children has increased and is over 30 in many countries. Delaying parenthood is leaving many with smaller family sizes than desired or involuntary childlessness due to age-related infertility. Although many men are keen to be fathers, existing studies relating to fertility knowledge and having children focus heavily on women. Compared to women, men’s fertility knowledge is limited as fertility education is rarely taught or tailored for men. Study design, size, duration Two anonymous surveys were conducted. The UK survey (live from 25 April – 1 December 2021) was launched via social media. Men internationally could complete the survey, and high numbers of men from Nepal participated. The Greek survey (live from 11 – 26 May 2021) was launched in Greece through a market research company. The end sample size was n = 244 for Greece, n = 205 for Nepal and n = 128 for the UK. Participants/materials, setting, methods Men aged 25 to 45 years old, who wanted children but were currently childless, were included. There were four parts to the survey: basic demographics; their attitude to having a family; their fertility concerns; and their fertility knowledge. For the UK survey, since one of the authors had a link with Nepal, particular effort was made to recruit from Nepal as well as from the UK. Main results and the role of chance When asked how many children men wanted, most Greek (59%), Nepalese (66%) and UK (58%) men wanted two children, but higher levels of Greek (24%) and UK (25%) men wanted three children compared to Nepalese men (9%)(p < 0.001). The ideal age men wanted to have had/have their first child was 35 years in Greece (23%), but it was 30 years in Nepal (24%) and in the UK (30%). The COVID-19 pandemic had not affected most men’s decision to have children: Greece’s (64%), Nepal (48%), UK (70%). But it had affected 21% Greek, 27% Nepalese and 16% UK men who are now intending to delay having children. Greek (46%), Nepalese (48%) and UK (47%) men felt moderately informed on female fertility. Greek (45%), Nepalese (50%) and UK (45%) men felt more informed about male than female fertility. When questioned on when they think a woman is fertile in her menstrual cycle, 50% Greek, 38% Nepalese, and 42% UK men answered incorrectly. The internet was the most common source men accessed fertility information from: Greece (67%), Nepal (30%) and the UK (26%). The second most common source for Greece (18%) was doctors, but for Nepalese (18%) and UK (18%) men, it was school. Limitations, reasons for caution The study had a relatively small sample size (n = 577). It is well documented that men typically do not show high engagement with surveys. It was only promoted on social media. Respondents were typically highly educated, active on social media and knew English or Greek to an adequate level. Wider implications of the findings The International Fertility Education Initiative is developing resources to deliver tailored fertility education across different populations. This survey shows that there are cultural differences that need to be considered when designing such resources. Trial registration number Not applicable

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Rademaker, Candice, Shital Bhandary, and Helena Harder. "Knowledge, awareness, attitudes and screening practices towards breast and cervical cancer among women in Nepal: a scoping review." Journal of Public Health, December 22, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10389-021-01688-7.

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Abstract Aim Breast and cervical cancers have emerged as major global health challenges and disproportionately affect women in low- and middle-income countries, including Nepal. This scoping review aimed to map the knowledge, attitudes and screening practices for these cancers among Nepali women to improve cancer outcomes and reduce inequality. Methods Five electronic databases (CINAHL, Embase, Global Health, PsycINFO and PubMed), grey literature, and reference and citation lists were searched for articles published in English up to June 2021. Articles were screened against inclusion/exclusion criteria, and data from eligible studies were extracted. Results were summarised narratively. Results The search yielded 615 articles, 38 of which were included in this scoping review (27 cervical cancer, 10 breast cancer, 1 both cancers). Levels of knowledge regarding breast and cervical varied widely. The main knowledge gaps were misconceptions about symptoms and risk factors, and poor understanding of screening behaviours. Screening practices were mostly inadequate due to socio-cultural, geographical or financial barriers. Positive attitudes towards cervical screening were associated with higher education and increased knowledge of screening modalities. Higher levels of knowledge, (health) literacy and participation in awareness campaigns facilitated breast cancer screening. Conclusion Knowledge and screening practices for breast and cervical cancer among Nepali women were poor and highlight the need for awareness and education programmes. Future research should explore community health worker-led awareness and screening interventions for cervical cancer, and programmes to increase the practice of breast self-examination and clinical breast examinations to support early diagnosis of breast cancer.

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Sikder, Shegufta Shefa, Rakhi Ghoshal, Padma Bhate-Deosthali, Chandni Jaishwal, and Nobhojit Roy. "Mapping the health systems response to violence against women: key learnings from five LMIC settings (2015–2020)." BMC Women's Health 21, no. 1 (October 10, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12905-021-01499-8.

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Abstract Background Violence against women (VAW) is a global challenge, and the health sector is a key entry point for survivors to receive care. The World Health Organization adopted an earlier framework for health systems response to survivors. However, documentation on the programmatic rollout of health system response to violence against women is lacking in low and middle-income countries. This paper studies the programmatic roll out of the health systems response across select five low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) and identifies key learnings. Methods We selected five LMIC settings with recent or active programming on national-level health system response to VAW from 2015 to 2020. We synthesized publicly available data and program reports according to the components of the WHO Health Systems Framework. The countries selected are Bangladesh, Brazil, Nepal, Rwanda, and Sri Lanka. Results One-stop centers were found to be the dominant model of care located in hospitals in four countries. Each setting has implemented in-service training as key to addressing provider knowledge, attitudes and practice; however, significant gaps remain in addressing frequent staff turnover, provision of training at scale, and documentation of the impact of training. The health system protocols for VAW address sexual violence but do not uniformly include clinical and health policy responses for emotional or economic violence. Providing privacy to survivors within health facilities was a universal challenge. Conclusion Significant efforts have been made to address provider attitudes towards provision of care and to protocolize delivery of care to survivors, primarily through one-stop centers. Further improvements can be made in data collection on training impact on provider attitudes and practices, in provider identification of VAW survivors, and in prioritization of VAW within health system budgeting, staffing, and political priorities. Primary health facilities need to provide first-line support for survivors to avoid delays in response to all forms of VAW as well as for secondary prevention.

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Pokhrel, Khem Narayan, Dipendra Singh Thakuri, Nana Apenem Dagadu, Roma Balami, Matrika Sharma, and Rajan Bhandari. "Unlocking the potential for engaging men to improve reproductive, maternal, and neonatal health in Karnali Province, Nepal." BMC Public Health 22, no. 1 (November 16, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-14534-6.

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Abstract Background Adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) often experience early childbearing and have poor utilization of reproductive, maternal, and neonatal health (RMNH) services in Nepal. Involving men in such services has been increasingly recognized globally to improve gender-equitable reproductive health behaviour in husbands. This qualitative study assessed the implementation of Healthy Transitions’ male engagement interventions in Karnali Province, Nepal which were implemented to improve gender-equitable attitudes, and supportive RMNH care-seeking behaviors among the husbands of young women. Methods We conducted a summative qualitative study that included in-depth interviews with 12 AGYW as primary beneficiaries and their husbands (N = 12) and in-laws (N = 8). In addition, key informant interviews were conducted with health workers (N = 8), local government representatives (N = 4), members of Health Facility Operation and Management Committee (N = 8) and project implementers (N = 12). Due to COVID-19-related travel restrictions and lockdowns, all interviews were conducted via phone calls and online consultation. Data were analyzed using multistage coding and thematic content analysis. Results AGYW, their husbands, in-laws and health workers were receptive to the Healthy transitions’ male engagement initiatives. They perceived that the project contributed a momentum to facilitate men’s gender-responsive behaviour. Many participants reported that male engagement interventions, including home visits, community dialogues, and social events improved husbands’ support for their wives during menstruation, pregnancy, and childbirth. The activities also facilitated spousal communication and improved the couple’s decision-making for family planning use. Women reported that improved support from their husbands increased their self-confidence. Conclusions This study sheds light on the role of male engagement strategies to improve RMNH in a context where inequitable gender norms and roles are highly prevalent. Our findings highlight the potential to improve RMNH by addressing barriers to male engagement.

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Failla, G., A. Pantovic, Y. Al-Ajlouni, W. Ricciardi, and F. Cascini. "How the population worldwide is reacting to the COVID-19 vaccines: a systematic review on hesitancy." European Journal of Public Health 31, Supplement_3 (October 1, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckab164.405.

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Abstract Background High rates of vaccination are worldwide required to establish a herd immunity stopping the current COVID-19 pandemic evolution. Vaccine hesitancy is a major barrier in achieving herd immunity across different populations. This study sought to conduct a systematic review of the current literature regarding attitudes and hesitancy to receiving COVID-19 vaccination worldwide. Methods A systematic literature search was performed in accordance with PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. Multiple databases were searched, namely PubMed and Web of Science, on February 24th, 2021 using a set of developed keywords. Inclusion criteria included the study to be 1) conducted in English; 2) investigated attitudes, hesitancy, and/or barriers to COVID-19 vaccine acceptability among a given population; 3) utilized validated measurements techniques; 4) have the full text paper available and 5) be peer-reviewed prior to final publication. The Newcastle Ottawa (NOS) scale for cross sectional studies was used to assess the quality of the studies. Results 73 studies were included in qualitative synthesis. Overall, vaccine acceptance rates ranged from 23.6% in Kuwait to 94.3% in Malaysia and Nepal. A variety of different factors contributed to increased hesitancy, some of which included having negative perception of vaccine efficacy, safety, convenience and price. Some of the consistent socio-demographic groups that were identified to be associated with increased hesitancy included: women, younger participants, less educated, with lower income, with no insurance, living in the rural area and self-identified as a racial/ethnic minority. Conclusions Vaccine hesitancy rates against COVID-19 vaccine ranged widely among across different populations. Identifying the factors that interplay and result in high hesitancy rates among a population can allow formulating a directed intervention to increase their vaccination uptake rates. Key messages It is necessary to understand the factors that contribute to the COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. It is important to inform policy-makers and formulate direct intervention measures that will successfully handle the pandemic.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Women guerrillas Nepal Attitudes'

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