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1
Parker, Jane, and James Arrowsmith. "Collective Regulation and Working Women in New Zealand and Fiji." Articles 69, no. 2 (May 13, 2014): 388–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1025034ar.
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Summary In many nations, women’s labour market presence is significant though it tends to lag that of men on most indices, including pay and seniority. The ramifications of such are huge for women’s experience of employment, their circumstances in other spheres, and thus societal progress. Employment relations (ER) regulation seeks to structure equitable access to and progress within the labour market. However, despite on-going, work-related gender inequities, there is a relative dearth of cross-national (particularly South Pacific), gender-focused analyses. This constrains the development of theory and policy geared towards gender equality in the labour market. This paper thus compares how recent collective ER regulatory initiatives have been applied in New Zealand (NZ) and Fiji, amid shared and unique national and international conditions. Martin and Bamber’s (2004, 2005) ER system model frames an analysis of qualitative survey responses and documentary evidence to more particularly assess the meaning of ER regulation for working women. It emerges that the achievement of gender equality via regulatory instruments has proven elusive, particularly in Fiji. A withering of formal employment regulation and its decentralisation in NZ; weakly implemented regulation in Fiji’s politically tumultuous setting; and the space left by a shift away from collective bargaining in both contexts has not been replaced by social dialogue, fundamental social rights, and in Fiji, regulatory enforcement. This has contributed to deteriorating circumstances for some working women in NZ and comparatively more in Fiji. However, informants showed a preference for certain regulatory measures for improving working women’s situation, concurring that stronger formal regulation of ER, tripartism and effective enforcement are needed in both nations, and that particular issues for working women require tailored responses. The paper discusses how ER regulatory measures might be theorised in terms of improving working women’s context-bound circumstances in Fiji and NZ, and with regard to the infusion of gender-related and socio-cultural values in wider economic and political approaches. It also examines how regulatory initiatives might operate and impact in a more gender-sensitive way by being re-couched in ‘win-win’, inter-connected terms for different ER stakeholders. For Fiji, much hope also rests on its return to democratic rule, and for both countries, on strengthened union activity.
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Haynes, Ruth H. "Suicide and Social Response in Fiji: a Historical Survey." British Journal of Psychiatry 151, no. 1 (July 1987): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.151.1.21.
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A historical review of suicide in Fiji shows that rates for people of Indian descent have always been higher than those of other groups, yet until now this phenomenon has attracted little official or public attention. Recent changes in the incidence and methods of suicide have led to the introduction of some preventive measures, but the emphasis has been on eliminating some of the methods rather than the reasons for suicide. The continuing high incidence of suicide by hanging involving some sectors of society appears to have been overlooked. Possible causes of this apparent lack of interest are examined, such as the low status historically of Indian immigrants and concepts held about them by other groups in Fiji, and the ‘invisibility’ of groups of people such as rural women and the aged.
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Oros, Mikhail M., Vitaly V. Lutz, Andrukh H. Pavlo, and Andrii D. Sitkar. "INVESTIGATION OF THE INFLUENCE OF THROMBOPHILIC GENES POLYMORPHISM, INCLUDING SERPIN 1 (PAI-I), FII, PROTHROMBIN AND ITGB3-Β INTEGRIN, ON THE FREQUENCY OF STROKE IN ASSOCIATION WITH CONTROLLABLE RISK FACTORS FOR ITS OCCURRENCE." Wiadomości Lekarskie 73, no. 3 (2020): 471–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.36740/wlek202003112.
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The aim is the analysis of the relationship between the polymorphism of thrombophilic genes, in particular Serpin 1 (PAI-1), F2-prothrombin and ITGB3-β integrin, and the incidence of stroke, as well as the study of factor effects of this polymorphism in association with controlled risk factors (hypertonic disease, smoking, alcohol consumption, diabetes mellitus, obesity, atrial fibrillation). Materials and methods: A total of 134 patients were examined (men accounted for 44.8%, women 55.2%, average age 62.5 ± 2.1). The statistical analysis was carried out using the following criteria: χ2-Pearson, Fisher’s exact criterion (reversible), Chuprov’s coefficient of conjugation and dispersion analysis (alternative complex). Results: The relationship between the frequency of a specific allele of thrombophilia and the incidence of stroke is absent. The reason for such results can be a significant effect of random factors (hypertension, diabetes ...), a significant variability of risk factors, their different frequency in groups (inter- and intra-group differences), a significant (95%) total effect of these factors. Conclusions:Identification of biochemical or genetic markers of thrombophilic conditions, including polymorphism of the hemostasis system genes, will significantly increase the possibility of adequate pathogenetic treatment and timely prevention of acute cerebrovascular disorders, especially persons of working age, which has great medical and social importance.
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Buksh, Shazna M., John B. F. de Wit, and Phillipa Hay. "Sociocultural Influences Contribute to Overeating and Unhealthy Eating: Creating and Maintaining an Obesogenic Social Environment in Indigenous Communities in Urban Fiji." Nutrients 14, no. 14 (July 8, 2022): 2803. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14142803.
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Pacific Island countries (PICs), such as Fiji, lead the world statistics in obesity and deaths caused by non-communicable diseases. The impacts of obesity overburden the healthcare system and social services and have major impacts on the Fijian economy. This study is the first of its kind to undertake an in-depth exploration of the determinants of the obesity epidemic in PICs by exploring the sociocultural influences and situations that impact nutrient transitions, overconsumption, and unhealthy eating in an urban indigenous community. In-depth qualitative interviews were conducted with 15 indigenous Fijian women from the largest urban center in Fiji who self-identified as gatekeepers of family meal planning, preparing, and shopping for groceries, fruits, and vegetables. The women identified several cultural norms and expectations of both the individuals providing the food and the individuals consuming the food that create and maintain an obesogenic social environment. Moreover, participants also shared a misplaced value on meat, energy-dense foods, junk food, and fast foods that further contribute to unhealthy eating and overeating within this urban indigenous community. These novel findings highlight the importance of considering sociocultural influences on unhealthy eating and overeating and may be used to assist decision-makers in developing contextualized obesity prevention strategies and health messaging to target obesity in this community.
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Becker, Anne E. "Television, Disordered Eating, and Young Women in Fiji: Negotiating Body Image and Identity during Rapid Social Change." Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry 28, no. 4 (December 2004): 533–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11013-004-1067-5.
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Kanemasu, Yoko, and Gyozo Molnar. "Double-trouble: Negotiating gender and sexuality in post-colonial women’s rugby in Fiji." International Review for the Sociology of Sport 52, no. 4 (September 9, 2015): 430–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1012690215602680.
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Although women’s exclusion in sport has attracted significant attention in the western context, similar issues in relation to post-colonial societies have remained in the margins of the sociology of sport. By analysing primary, interview-based evidence, in this article we explore the challenges female rugby players face regarding gender and sexuality in Fiji: a male dominated post-colonial society. In particular, we focus on participants’ resistance to dominant cultural practices and ways in which they (re)negotiate gender norms and sexuality in a double-bind struggle against both traditional and sporting male hegemonies. We argue that the case of Fijian women rugby players illustrates an interplay between a multiplicity of power relations in sport in a post-colonial society and the resilience with which the athletes negotiate and respond to them, as well as the dynamic nature and the transformative potential of their everyday practices.
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Shim, Jin-Keong. "Women as Social Conditions― Focused on roman à clef Based on New Women." DAEDONG MUNHWA YEON'GU ll, no. 82 (June 2013): 77–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.18219/ddmh..82.201306.77.
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Fimone, Wilfred. "Onset glottal stop deletion in Suva Rotuman." Variation in the Pacific 6, no. 2 (December 18, 2020): 196–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aplv.19016.fim.
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Abstract This paper studies onset glottal stop deletion in the speech of Suva Rotumans, Fiji. The speech of 18 speakers was analysed and seven factors were tested to identify their prediction on glottal stop deletion. The linguistic factors tested were preceding sound segment, grammatical class, syllable stress, and style, while the social factors were age, gender, and denominational affiliation. Results reveal a change in progress, but towards glottal stop retention. Younger Rotumans and older Rotuman women are deleting glottal stops less compared to middle-aged women and older men. The low incidence of deletion by younger speakers is most probably due to identity, language education in Rotuman, and their increased awareness of their role in preserving the language. Additionally, older women are deleting glottal stops less, which could be attributed to contact, identity, and their consciousness of the standard.
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McKee, Rachel, Jacqueline Iseli, and Angela Murray. "Sign language interpreting in the Pacific: A snapshot of progress in raising the participation of deaf people." Journal of New Zealand & Pacific Studies 7, no. 2 (October 1, 2019): 185–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/nzps_00005_1.
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Abstract Barriers to acquiring and using a shared sign language alienate deaf children and adults from their fundamental human rights to communication, education, social and economic participation, and access to services. International data collected by the World Federation of the Deaf (WFD) identify that in economically developing countries, deaf individuals are at particularly high risk of marginalization, which applies to countries in the Pacific region. This report provides a snapshot of the status of deaf people as sign language users in six Pacific nations: Fiji, Papua New Guinea (PNG), Samoa, Solomon Islands, Timor Leste and Kiribati. Information was contributed by sign language interpreters from these countries during a panel convened at the first Oceania regional conference of the World Association of Sign Language Interpreters, in Fiji, 2018. The report outlines conditions for education through sign language and the emergence of sign language interpreting as a means of increasing access and social equity for deaf people in these countries, albeit this remains largely on a voluntary basis. While Fiji and PNG governments have recognized the status of sign languages in their respective countries and allocated some resources to the inclusion of sign language users, practical support of deaf sign language users tends to be progressed on grounds of disability rights rather than language rights; e.g., several Pacific countries have ratified the United Nations Convention on the Rights for People with Disabilities, which includes provisions for sign language users, and deaf advocacy efforts have gained political traction from alliance with disability organizations.
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Kanemasu, Yoko, and Gyozo Molnar. "‘Representing’ the voices of Fijian women rugby players: Working with power differentials in transformative research." International Review for the Sociology of Sport 55, no. 4 (July 12, 2019): 399–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1012690218818991.
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The politics of research practice has been discussed extensively in ethnographic and methodological literature, and increasingly in sport research literature. In this article we intend to contribute to the growing body of transformative research in the sociology of sport with reflections on our experience as dominant group researchers in a post-colonial, sub-cultural sporting environment; women’s rugby union in Fiji. We first examine the dilemmas and uncertainties engendered by our gendered/sexual positionalities and how we have sought to negotiate them. We also place our research in the context of Pacific islanders’ continuous effort for knowledge decolonisation and examine the ways in which our research replicates colonial silencing of local voices, however inadvertently. Finally, we explore the broader transformative potentials researchers may contribute to by situating their work as a collective and dialogic project within and beyond academic exercises, between researchers, athletes and others.
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Johnson, James, Ravinesh Lakhan, Len Lecci, John F. Dovidio, and Fabian M. H. Schellhaas. "Trait Emotional Intelligence Moderates the Impact of Failure Feedback: Out-Group Derogation in Fiji." Social Psychological and Personality Science 11, no. 7 (March 12, 2020): 975–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550619896151.
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Two studies investigated the effect of failure feedback, relative to success or no feedback, on the intergroup responses of Fijians of Indian descent (Indo-Fijians, Study 1) and Indigenous Fijians (I-Taukei, Study 2), groups that have a history of intergroup tension, on job suitability ratings of applicants from the negative out-group and from a “neutral” out-group (Asians). For applicants from negative out-groups specifically, compared to participants in the success and no feedback conditions, participants in the failure condition who were low in trait emotional intelligence (TEI) gave poorer negative out-group member suitability ratings. As predicted, TEI moderated the effect of feedback on ratings of the negative out-group member, with participants higher in TEI displaying less negative responding as a function of failure. The moderating impact of TEI on feedback did not occur for candidates from the neutral out-group.
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ACHING, Michele Carmona, and Tania Mara Marques GRANATO. "The good enough mother under social vulnerability conditions." Estudos de Psicologia (Campinas) 33, no. 1 (March 2016): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-02752016000100003.
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Abstract The present qualitative study aims to understand the affective and emotional attitudes that support the maternal experience in precarious conditions by articulating the maternal ideals of socially vulnerable women through the Winnicottian concept of the good enough mother. We used a procedure called Interactive Narrative to facilitate a less defensive and more ludic approach to the studied theme and invited women sheltered in an institution for pregnant and puerperal women to complete a story that had been written by the researcher. In the second stage, we formed a discussion group to gain insight into participants' conceptions of motherhood. The material produced was analyzed as a collective production so that we could identify underlying affective and emotional aspects of the group's imaginative elaborations about motherhood in precarious conditions. Feelings of helplessness, abandonment and loneliness were as present in the narrative productions as the idea that having a child creates opportunities for the development of maternal capabilities.
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Patil, Savita, and Haji Begum. "Study of social conditions and economic problems of employed women." ADVANCE RESEARCH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE 9, no. 2 (December 15, 2018): 230–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/arjss/9.2/230-234.
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Kahf, Mohja. "Women and Social Justice." American Journal of Islam and Society 8, no. 2 (September 1, 1991): 347–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v8i2.2633.
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The task undertaken in this book, the development of a “third approach”to the issue of women’s oppression superceding both feminism and traditionalism,is much needed and much neglected in the Islamic movement.Specifically, Ahmad analyzes the impact of the introduction of hudud (Islamicpenal code) laws in Pakistan and makes policy recommendations for theirreform. Although his analysis is not limited in usefulness to Pakistan, it islimited, however, by several shortcomings in argument, structure, and language.Ahmad’s strong points emerge in his empirical study of Pakistani familylaw. While he attempts to refute the criticism that the hudud laws discriminateagainst women, he also recognizes that the application of these laws in alegal patchwork fraught with contradictions has not helped women. For example,the Family Laws Ordinance of 1961 requires all marriages to be officiallyreported but, with common and Islamic opinion being contrary, thislaw is frequently neglected. So when the hudud laws of 1979 made adulterypunishable, women living in Islamic but unreported marriages were reportedfor adultery by vengeful ex-husbands. This particular problem would be solved,Ahmad argues, by punishing such men for slander, a neglected aspect ofthe Shari‘ah’s approach to adultery which is to women’s advantage. He arguesfor an end to “this vicious circle of immediacy, adhocism and temporarysolutions” (p. 48) in the application of the Shari‘ah, and for a more creative,comprehensive reform. His use of statistics from Pakistani courts is an attemptto ground his analysis in the living reality of Pakistani women, anattempt which is only infrequently made by Islamist writers on women’s issues,who usually hide behind obscure generalizations about the ideal society.It is also edifying to see an Islamist writer admit that “we should notdoubt the intent and motive of those who talk on these issues and take adifferent position” (p. 11). Too often this debate over the status of womenresults in bitter and useless finger-pointing in which the advocates of changein women’s conditions are labelled “Western,” as if one had to be Westernto see anything exploitative about the present treatment of Muslim women.Unfortunately, Ahmad does not stick to his promise and succumbs to a defensivediatribe against his ideological opponents, calling them ‘‘crypto-colonialists’’and emphasizing their emergence from the upper classes. The same charge ...
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Gajewski, Mariusz. "Social and personal aspects of single motherhood: pedagogical and social contexts." Problemy Opiekuńczo-Wychowawcze 591, no. 6 (June 1, 2020): 49–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.1536.
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The article addresses the issue of single motherhood for women in individual, social and pedagogical aspects. The personality and social conditions of single motherhood were analysed. Two main contexts of experiencing motherhood by contemporary women were pointed out, which are social norms and cultural patterns as well as individual, intrapsychic conditions of perceiving oneself as a mother. Social references and pedagogical conditions of single motherhood were shown. It was pointed out that the way women experience motherhood depends to a large extent on family, professional, colleague situations and random events. While discussing the issues of loneliness and solitude, the pedagogical aspect of this phenomenon and the multitude of possible attitudes and references to motherhood experienced were pointed out. The article indicates that social expectations for single mothers imply how women perceive their motherhood and how it affects the pedagogical dimension of its implementation. Motherhood as a conscious decision of a woman and as an undesirable state, as a consequence of events over which the woman-mother has no influence – these are other versions of motherhood described and analysed in the article. The article ends with considerations on the pedagogical dimension of the implementation of motherhood, and therefore on the role and place of children and family as the closest environment of women-mothers. The final part also indicates the need for institutional support for single mothers and their families.
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Tolochek, V. "Social Environment Conditions, Resources And Social Success Of Subjects: Open Questions." Psikhologicheskii zhurnal 43, no. 4 (2022): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s020595920021478-1.
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The article is devoted to the study of temporal and spatial characteristics of the conditions of the social environment as potential resources for the social success of subjects. The author's methodology was used (questionnaire “Dynamics of professional life style”); respondents (482 men and women aged 30–50 years old — civil servants, engineers and heads of departments of industrial enterprises, managers) assessed in points the role of social environment conditions as “professional factors”, the dynamics of their professionalism from 20 to 65 years; their socio-demographic and service characteristics were recorded. In the course of statistical analysis, the total sample was divided into different groups (men and women, specialists and managers, representatives of various professions, realized and unrealized in the family sphere); the sums of assessments of the environmental conditions of different social spaces were used (“Parental family”, “Relatives”, “Interpersonal relations”, “Own family”, “Work environment”, “Mesoenvironment”) and relative assessments (reflecting the duration of the duties of the head, managerial experience and family life relative to the age of the respondents). We received confirmation of the hypothesis that different positively influencing conditions of the social environment are not equally significant for all people, people of different sex, age, working in different fields of activity, having different social experience; in case of joint and/or long-term impact, the positively influencing conditions of the social environment are not summed up and do not give a stronger effect than with their separate, selective and/or short-term effects.
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Mohammad, Fawzia Abdullah, and Abdullah Kurshed Abdullah. "Social Problems of Displaced Women." Journal of University of Raparin 9, no. 5 (December 29, 2022): 371–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.26750/vol(9).no(5).paper17.
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This research aims to identify the social, economic, health, psychological and housing problems that the displaced women are exposed to after displacement. The research relied on the qualitative approach in the form of interviews with the organization's questions, and a community was randomly selected, and the sample was intentionally selected in four suburbs which are, (Debaga camp - Debaga district, Qushtaba district, Ankawa district, Khabat district) in the city of Erbil, as well as two theories were applied in it, and the most important findings of the research in the end were the most important: that the majority of the displaced originally belonged to the city of Mosul and the majority of them were of Arab nationalism, and specifically they were displaced from the villages of Makhmour district. They were among the categories of married women and housewives, and the number of their family members for the majority ranged between (1-5) individuals. It is clear from the results that the majority of displaced women suffer from several problems, including financial ones, due to the husband’s illness or death - and the missing among them in particular, including their marital status from the categories (the immigrant husband), that is, they left their wives and married another woman. And the majority suffer from health problems and a state of disability in the body, especially the displaced women of Christian nationalism. Among the results, it is clear that the majority of displaced women suffer from housing problems, due to the presence of dampness and the lack of health conditions in their housing. The majority of the displaced confirmed that they do not want to return to their city, due to the lack of safety and stability in their areas of origin. At the end of the research, the researchers presented some recommendations and suggestions to address the problems of the displaced.
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Thi, Mai Le. "Social Capital, Migration, and Social Integration." GATR Global Journal of Business and Social Science Review (GJBSSR) Vol.6(1) Jan-Mar 2018 6, no. 1 (February 18, 2018): 01–08. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609//gjbssr.2018.6.1(1).
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Objective - This paper focuses on exploring the ways in which social capital is utilised to promote the integration of Vietnamese women who married Taiwanese husbands into host families and the host. Methodology/Technique - Data was derived from a case study undertaken in 2014 on the Penghu Islands and in Taipei, Taiwan, with interviews and the observation of 31 people including Vietnamese women who married Taiwanese husbands, local people. Findings - Findings reveal the values and norms of responsibility of Vietnamese women in family that were educated themselves, have been practiced effectively by Vietnamese women married to Taiwanese husbands to integrate into their families. Research limitations/implications - The regulations and legal environment for immigrants have created favourable conditions for their integration into the host families. Traditional Vietnamese cooking skills are chosen by many Vietnamese women as a kind of social capital for their access to the Taiwanese job market. The social integration is reflected through social-economic, culture integration, and citizenship. Originality/value - It is hoped that study results will serve as the useful scientific basis for developing policies that promote the social integration of immigrants for the development of individuals and the social community. Type of Paper - Empirical Keywords: Social Capital; Social Integration; Migration Marriage. JEL Classification: C31, O15
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Kanemasu, Yoko, and James Johnson. "Exploring the complexities of community attitudes towards women’s rugby: Multiplicity, continuity and change in Fiji’s hegemonic rugby discourse." International Review for the Sociology of Sport 54, no. 1 (June 1, 2017): 86–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1012690217707332.
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Negative societal pressures against women’s participation in traditionally male-dominated sports like rugby are widely acknowledged, but little empirical research has investigated community attitudes associated with such participation, especially in non-Western contexts. This article presents exploratory insights into community attitudes towards women’s rugby in Fiji with a focus on athletic young women, who do not play rugby but are physically active, and their ‘gatekeepers’ or those in positions of influence over athletic young women’s sport-related decision-making. Based on a questionnaire survey ( n = 160) and focus groups, the article identifies significant diversity, possible change, and persisting disapproval in community perceptions of women’s participation in rugby. From these findings, the article also draws some insights into the changing dynamics of women’s rugby as a site of hegemonic struggle.
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Garstecki, Dean C., and Susan F. Erler. "Personal and Social Conditions Potentially Influencing Women’s Hearing Loss Management." American Journal of Audiology 10, no. 2 (December 2001): 78–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1059-0889(2001/007).
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Little gender-specific data related to hearing loss and hearing loss management are available. The purpose of this investigation was to examine personal and social conditions affecting women at selected stages of the adult life course that may influence hearing loss management. In all, 191 women in three age groups, ranging from 35 to 85 years old, participated. None reported hearing problems. Participants completed a demographic data form and were given a standard audiometric evaluation to confirm age-normal hearing. Each completed assessments of speech understanding in quiet and noise, auditory signal duration discrimination, and binaural processing. Measures of hearing knowledge, behaviors, and attitudes; health-related locus of control; ego strength; and, social support were administered. Results revealed that although some variables deteriorate among subsequent age groups (i.e., hearing thresholds, central auditory processing, and ego strength), the reverse is true for others (i.e., social interaction and satisfaction with income). Age-specific sociodemographic burdens that may interfere with hearing loss management were noted. New psychosocial data are revealed against which women and men with impaired hearing may be compared.
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Zuckerman, Miron, Chen Li, and Edward F. Diener. "Societal Conditions and the Gender Difference in Well-Being." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 43, no. 3 (January 11, 2017): 329–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167216684133.
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Findings from a meta-analysis on gender differences in self-esteem (Zuckerman et al., 2016) suggest that the relation between the degree to which societal conditions are favorable to women and gender difference in self-esteem might be quadratic; when conditions improve, women’s self-esteem (relative to that of men) trends downward but when conditions continue to improve, women’s self-esteem begins to trend upward. Testing whether these relations generalize to subjective well-being, the present study found a quadratic relation between improving societal conditions and the gender difference in life satisfaction and positive affect (women are lower than men when societal conditions are moderately favorable compared to when they are at their worst and at their best); the relation was linear for negative emotion (women report more negative emotions than men when societal conditions are better). Directions for future research that will address potential explanations for these results are proposed.
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Watkins, Christopher D., Lisa M. DeBruine, Anthony C. Little, and Benedict C. Jones. "Social Support Influences Preferences for Feminine Facial Cues in Potential Social Partners." Experimental Psychology 59, no. 6 (January 1, 2012): 340–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000162.
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Most previous studies of individual differences in women’s and men’s preferences for sexually dimorphic physical characteristics have focused on the importance of mating-related factors for judgments of opposite-sex individuals. Although studies have suggested that people may show stronger preferences for feminine individuals of both sexes under conditions where social support may be at a premium (e.g., during phases of the menstrual cycle where raised progesterone prepares women’s bodies for pregnancy), these studies have not demonstrated that perceptions of available social support directly influence femininity preferences. Here we found that (1) women and men randomly allocated to low social support priming conditions demonstrated stronger preferences for feminine shape cues in own- and opposite-sex faces than did individuals randomly allocated to high social support priming conditions and (2) that people perceived men and women displaying feminine characteristics as more likely to provide them with high-quality social support than those displaying relatively masculine characteristics. Together, these findings suggest that social support influences face preferences directly, potentially implicating facultative responses whereby people increase their preferences for pro-social individuals under conditions of low social support.
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Toll, Lauren, Mosese Baseisei, Diakisi Daivalu, and Swaran Naidu. "Impact of an empowerment program on young mothers in Ba Province, Fiji." Pacific Journal Reproductive Health 1, no. 9 (September 1, 2019): 521–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.18313/pjrh.2019.913.
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Background: Disempowerment is both a cause and effect of unplanned pregnancies in young girls and women. An “Empowerment of Disadvantaged Young Mothers” program was implemented between January 2017 and March 2018 in western Viti Levu, Fiji, to improve young mothers’ knowledge of reproductive health, chance of employment, self-reliance and agency.
Aim: To evaluate the outcomes of the “Empowerment of Disadvantaged Young Mothers” program implemented by the Viseisei Sai Health Centre, Lautoka, Fiji.
Methods: This is a mixed method retrospective study using quantitative and qualitative data from project records.
Findings: There were 89 participants in the program who resided across 22 communities. Almost 75% reported not using a contraceptive as the reason for their unplanned pregnancy. Analysis of pre- and post-program assessment found increases in the number of mothers employed (5.6% vs 27.3%; p=<0.001), registered with National Employment Centre (14.7% vs 47%; p=0.002) and accessing a Pap smear (27.3% vs 60.6%; p=0.003). A third of the participants described feeling “motivated”, “empowered”, “inspired” or “increased confidence” to achieve their original career or educational goals as a result of attending the training. Most reported that the workshops had changed their perspective and given them new hope for their future, with a “reduced sense of isolation” in finding a support network.
Conclusion: This empowerment project made substantial increases in the rates of employment and uptake of reproductive health and support services amongst the young mothers, as well as an overall decrease in sense of isolation and improvement in social wellbeing. They felt more “empowered” and “motivated” to make positive changes in their lives to enhance their financial independence and improve quality of life for themselves and their children.
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Kihato, Caroline Wanjiku. "Invisible lives, inaudible voices? The social conditions of migrant women in Johannesburg." African Identities 5, no. 1 (April 2007): 89–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14725840701253787.
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Miller, Gary M. "Bourbon Social Engineering: Women and Conditions of Marriage in Eighteenth-Century Venezuela." Americas 46, no. 3 (January 1990): 261–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1007014.
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Historians have long debated the relationship between the Spanish Crown and its colonial subjects. The issue has taken on an additional dimension as our knowledge of the lives of women expands. Recently published works describe the statutes promulgated by royal authorities to regulate the institution of marriage. But what was the actual result of these laws once they crossed the Atlantic Ocean? Were they followed to the letter, partially enforced, or ignored? Did they apply to some groups and not to others? In order to answer these and other questions it seemed appropriate to focus upon the laws governing marriage and the effect of their implementation on a specific group of women—the wives of regular army officers who served in Venezuela during the last half of the eighteenth century.
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Allen, Justine B., and Sally Shaw. "An Interdisciplinary Approach to Examining the Working Conditions of Women Coaches." International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 8, no. 1 (March 2013): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/1747-9541.8.1.1.
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Smits, Luc J., Willianne L. D. M. Nelen, Maurice G. A. J. Wouters, Huub Straatman, Piet H. Jongbloet, and Gerhard A. Zielhuis. "Conditions at conception in women with recurrent miscarriage." Social Biology 45, no. 1-2 (March 1, 1998): 143–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19485565.1998.9988969.
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Zakharova, E. I. "Negative Attitude towards Motherhood in Modern Women: Settings and Conditions." Cultural-Historical Psychology 11, no. 1 (2015): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/chp.2015110106.
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The author addresses the issue of attitudes towards motherhood in modern women of reproductive age. The paper focuses on the phenomena that give evidence of unfavorable social tendencies referring to partial or com¬plete withdrawal of women from fulfilling the social role of mother. A study that involved 40 mothers of infants enabled the author to outline significant differences in the subjects' performances of their roles as mothers. For instance, some of the women tended to minimize their participation in caring for the child. The analysis of the reasons for such behavior suggests that they are rooted not so much in the social conditions of the women's lives, but rather in the personalities of the latter. In accordance with the general idea of the research, the author proceeds with a group of childfree women who made a conscious decision not to have children. The study involved 43 women of reproductive age. This time the exploration of reasons behind such refusal revealed a spe¬cific value orientation of the respondents. The author concludes that the development of certain features of personality contributing to an individual's negative attitude towards motherhood may be determined by a number of characteristics typical of the modern sociocultural space.
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Teshaboyeva, Sh. "Social Considerations For Women's Participation." American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations 03, no. 03 (March 8, 2021): 32–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/volume03issue03-05.
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Varvin, Sverre, and Eivor Lægreid. "Traumatised women—organised violence." Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy in China 3, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 92–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.33212/ppc.v3n1.2020.92.
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This article focuses on the conditions for the development of organised violence to women and children with the ensuing traumatic effects, and details the situation of the affected persons. The claim is that present situations of social unrest, wars, and persecution produce conditions where archaic images of male dominance and entitlement are likely to emerge. When these are justified by some religious–political ideology, atrocities are particularly likely to follow. In the same way that ethnic groups may be targeted, women and girls may be the chosen objects of repression and aggression.
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윤지현. "Working Conditions and Social Status of Korean Women Service Employees in the 1920s~30s." Women and History ll, no. 10 (June 2009): 93–139. http://dx.doi.org/10.22511/women..10.200906.93.
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McKendy, Laura, and Rosemary Ricciardelli. "Non-Association Conditions among Released Women: Implications for Successful Community Reintegration." Canadian Journal of Law and Society / Revue Canadienne Droit et Société 37, no. 1 (April 2022): 29–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cls.2021.13.
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AbstractIn addition to standard parole conditions, parolees under federal community supervision may be subject to special conditions as determined by the Parole Board of Canada; such conditions are intended to manage factors associated with criminogenic risk and need. One set of special conditions places restrictions on parolees’ social relationships and associations, which can include general restrictions (e.g., non-association with individuals involved in crime) or specific restrictions (e.g., no contact with one’s victim or co-accused). Drawing on case files of women under community supervision (n = 43), we explore how non-association and no contact orders shape community release experiences. We suggest that such conditions can have wide-reaching effects on women’s social lives and reintegration (e.g., in the areas of social support, employment, and housing), thereby, at times, complicating women’s attempts to construct post-institutional lives and identities. We consider how association conditions illustrate the broader tension between parole requirements and reintegration.
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McKendy, Laura, and Rosemary Ricciardelli. "Non-Association Conditions among Released Women: Implications for Successful Community Reintegration." Canadian Journal of Law and Society / Revue Canadienne Droit et Société 37, no. 1 (April 2022): 29–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cls.2021.13.
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AbstractIn addition to standard parole conditions, parolees under federal community supervision may be subject to special conditions as determined by the Parole Board of Canada; such conditions are intended to manage factors associated with criminogenic risk and need. One set of special conditions places restrictions on parolees’ social relationships and associations, which can include general restrictions (e.g., non-association with individuals involved in crime) or specific restrictions (e.g., no contact with one’s victim or co-accused). Drawing on case files of women under community supervision (n = 43), we explore how non-association and no contact orders shape community release experiences. We suggest that such conditions can have wide-reaching effects on women’s social lives and reintegration (e.g., in the areas of social support, employment, and housing), thereby, at times, complicating women’s attempts to construct post-institutional lives and identities. We consider how association conditions illustrate the broader tension between parole requirements and reintegration.
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MEL'NIKOV, Roman M. "Estimating the return on social capital in Russian conditions." Economic Analysis: Theory and Practice 21, no. 5 (May 30, 2022): 827–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/ea.21.5.827.
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Subject. The article investigates the role of social capital as a factor of competitiveness in the Russian labor market. Objectives. The purpose is to estimate the impact of social capital on employment prospects, wages, work and life satisfaction in Russian conditions. Methods. I use the data of the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey to estimate the return on social capital. Summary indicators of social capital are estimated, using the factor analysis of survey variables that characterize relationships with relatives, work colleagues, friends, etc. To consider the effect of self-selection in employment for women, I use the Heckman model. Results. The study revealed that good relations with colleagues and the ability to use their resources to solve professional problems closely correlate with wage growth, minimize risks of unemployment, and contribute to increasing the job and life satisfaction. The ability to get support from relatives does not affect success in the labor market, but has a significant positive impact on life satisfaction. Having good friends has a positive effect on both life and work satisfaction, especially for women. Conclusions. A significant impact of good relations with colleagues on success in the labor market and subjective well-being demonstrates the importance of forming and developing a network of professional contacts as a factor of building a successful career. Friendly atmosphere, mutual support of labor collective members, good personal relations with the closest partners are important factors of success in Russian conditions. They require special attention of managers.
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Azwar, Welhendri. "Women in the "Kerangkeng" of Tradition: the Study on the Status of Women in Minangkabau." Ijtimaiyya: Jurnal Pengembangan Masyarakat Islam 10, no. 2 (March 8, 2018): 369–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.24042/ijpmi.v10i2.2368.
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The system of values, norms and some stereotypes attached to women are one of the factors that giving influences on the position and relationships of women with men in the existing social structure. Each person embraces the system of values or norm which is a consensus and constructed by the community itself than from generation to generation. The emergence of social construction on the status and role of women is the result of the perspective of a community towards their biological differences between men and women. The perspective which then results in oppression, exploitation, and subordination of women in social relations are contextually strongly related to socio-cultural conditions at that time. This section will discuss how women are positioned in the social life and the perspective of the culture of its subordination. Next, it is also described how the emergence of patriarchal ideology, a system that accommodates the interests of men to dominate and control women, as a consequence of the understanding of the nature of women which biologically different to men. The hegemony of patriarchal ideology brings the social awareness for women to accept the conditions of subordination as a natural thing, which is wrapped by the products of culture and tradition. It includes how patriarchal ideology is giving the effect on the system and the tradition of marriage.
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Dewi, Sayu Ketut Sutrisna, and I. Gusti Bagus Wiksuana. "The Factors Analysis of Financial Conditions of Working Women Sandwich Generation." Signifikan: Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi 11, no. 2 (October 6, 2022): 299–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/sjie.v11i2.25635.
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Balinese women are known as primary caregivers and breadwinners for their families, strength, and involvement in various community activities. The purpose of this study was to examine the factors that influence financial conditions and the role of financial literacy in mediating the relationship between factors that affect financial conditions. This research is descriptive-quantitative research using SEM-PLS analysis. The findings reveal that culture, social support, and financial literacy simultaneously positively impact financial conditions. From this research, it is also known that financial literacy acts as a mediator between the influence of culture and social support on financial conditions and also the influence of financial literacy on financial conditions. Therefore, financial literacy is very important to avoid financial pressure. Moreover, for the women of the sandwich generation to perform well while dealing with financial stress, social support is needed.How to Cite:Dewi, S. K. S., & Wiksuana, I. G. B. (2022). The Factors Analysis of Financial Conditions of Working Women Sandwich Generation. Signifikan: Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi, 11(2), 299-318. https://doi.org/10.15408/sjie.v11i2.25635.JEL Classification: M14, L31, F36, G530
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Kim, Mikyong Minsun. "Institutional Effectiveness of Women-Only Colleges: Cultivating Students' Desire to Influence Social Conditions." Journal of Higher Education 72, no. 3 (May 2001): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2649333.
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O.V., Sheviakov, and Shramko I.A. "SIMULATION OF SOCIAL SUPPORT FOR WOMEN IN THE CONDITIONS OF DYNAMIC SOCIOTECHNICAL SYSTEM." Scientic Bulletin of Kherson State University. Series Psychological Sciences, no. 4 (November 4, 2020): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.32999/ksu2312-3206/2020-4-16.
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Метою статті є з’ясування особливостей соціально-психологічного забезпечення життєдіяльності жінок в умовах динамічних соціотехнічних систем управління. Методи. За допомогою методів анкетування та структурного моделювання, оцінювання напру-женості психологічних функцій (тест М. Люшера, cоціометрія, увага, мислення, частота серцевих скорочень, тремор, динамометрія) виявлено зміну стомлення, що зростає, під час роботи досліджуваних в умовах динамічних соціотехнічних систем діяльності. Обстежено 500 досліджуваних (оператори, фахівці) у віці від 18 до 46 років (усі жінки) у динамічних автоматизованих системах управління. Як оптимізуючий метод використано довільну психічну саморегуляцію життєдіяльності. Виявлено та скореговано негативні функціональні стани жінок шляхом оволодіння ними навичками саморегуляції (аутотренінг, ідеомоторне тренування). Програма містила вправи-розминки, тренінгові вправи, дискусії, міні-лекції, роботу в парах і малих групах. Опановувалися м’язова релаксація, самонавіювання, активація рефлексивної зони свідомості. Результати. Схарактеризовано соціально-психологічні особливості взаємодії та взаємовпливу компонентів динамічних соціотехнічних систем діяльності. Здійснено психологічний аналіз тен-денцій розвитку таких систем. В емпіричному дослідженні визначено особливості забезпечення життєдіяльності жінок на робочих місцях. Розроблено й апробовано концепцію соціальної підтримки їхньої життєдіяльності. Спрогнозовано роботоздатність жінок і можливі зміни їхнього функціонального стану. Здійснено обґрунтування соціально-психологічного забезпечення розвитку соціотехнічних систем діяльності, яке допоможе подолати негативні наслідки функціонування таких систем і зумовить їх подальший розвиток за нових (ринкових) умов. Перспектива продовження дослідження вбачається в розробленні психологічної теорії оптимізації процесу діяльності жінок у динамічних соціотехнічних системах. Висновки. Проведена дослідницька робота щодо вивчення особливостей життєдіяльності й роботоздатності жінок у динамічних соціотехнічних системах, виявлення прояву їхнього функ-ціонального стану. Розроблено та апробовано структурно-функціональну модель соціально-психо-логічного забезпечення життєдіяльності жінок стосовно наявних стадій діяльності в динамічних соціотехнічних системах. Ключові слова: система, автоматизована діяльність, неперервна інформація, користувачі, психологічна готовність. The purpose of the article is to clarify the features of socio-psychological support of women's lives in a dynamic socio-technical management systems.Methods. Using methods of questionnaires and structural modeling, assessment of psychological and functional stress (M. Luscher test, sociometry, attention, thinking, heart rate, tremor, dynamometry) revealed a change in increasing fatigue in the study of dynamic sociotechnical systems. 500 subjects (operators, specialists) aged 18 to 46 years (all women) in dynamic automated control systems were examined. Arbitrary mental self-regulation of vital activity is used as an optimizing method. Negative functional states of women, tasks by mastering their skills of self-regulation (autotraining, ideomotor training) are revealed and corrected. The program included warm-up exercises, training exercises, discussions, mini-lectures, work in pairs and small groups. Muscle relaxation, self-suggestion, activation of the reflex zone of consciousness were mastered.Results. Socio-psychological features of interaction and mutual influence of components of dynamic sociotechnical systems of activity are characterized. The psychological analysis of tendencies of development of such systems is carried out. The empirical study identified the features of women's livelihoods in the workplace. The concept of social support of their vital activity is developed and tested. The working capacity of women is predicted, and changes in their functional state are possible. The substantiation of social and psychological support of development of sociotechnical systems of activity which will help to overcome negative consequences of functioning of such systems and will lead to their further development under new (market) conditions is carried out.The prospect of continuing the study is seen in the development of psychological theory for optimizing the process of women's activities in dynamic socio-technical systems.Conclusions. Research work has been carried out to study the peculiarities of life and work capacity of women in dynamic socio-technical systems, to identify the manifestation of their functional state. A structural and functional model of social and psychological support of women's life in relation to the existing stages of activity in dynamic socio-technical systems has been developed and tested.Key words: system, automated activity, continuous information, users, psychological readiness
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Lane, William A., and Kristie L. Seelman. "The Apparatus of Social Reproduction." Affilia 33, no. 2 (January 10, 2018): 154–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886109917747614.
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The apparatus of social reproduction describes the process by which knowledge production contributes to oppressive conditions. This article explains and defines this process through the application of a critical theoretical lens informed the Foucauldian concept of apparatus or dispositif and social reproduction as developed by feminist activists and intellectuals. This process has a notable influence on the political economic conditions of transgender women, conditions that include disproportionate reliance on the use of criminalized economies such as sex work. Social workers inadvertently influence this process through an overreliance on broad categorizations for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer populations, which impede our ability to adequately assess such complex oppressive social relationships. Increasing the profession’s familiarity and competence with critical theory is necessary to reduce our participation in such processes and identify effective interventions for this population. Presenting a review of social work literature and a discussion of the proposed lens, the following seeks to illuminate the apparatus of social reproduction and explain how broad social categorization of transgender women is problematic. The authors recommend the adoption of the proposed lens as a tool social workers can use to better assess their research and practice and better understand the complexities of power and exploitation.
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Lillie-Blanton, Marsha, Rose Marie Martinez, Andrea Kidd Taylor, and Betty Garman Robinson. "Latina and African American Women: Continuing Disparities in Health." International Journal of Health Services 23, no. 3 (July 1993): 555–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/mncj-nb8e-m0wa-1fgm.
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Women of all races have faced incredible challenges as they sought to realize the promises of America. For women of color, these challenges were compounded by the second-class citizenship of U.S. racial and ethnic minority population groups. In an effort to assess the quality of life experienced by Latina and African American women, this article provides descriptive information on racial/ethnic differences in women's social conditions, health status, exposure to occupational and environmental risks, and use of health services. When possible, indices are stratified by family income to limit the effects of social class on the comparison of racial differences. The authors provide evidence that Latina and African American women are more likely than nonminority women to encounter social environments (e.g., poverty, densely populated neighborhoods, hazardous work conditions) that place them at risk for ill-health and injury. Although persistent racial disparities in health are often attributed to the lifestyle behaviors of racial minority populations, they are undoubtedly a consequence of poorer social conditions as well as barriers in access to quality health services. To achieve further gains, public policies must reduce social inequalities (i.e., by gender, race, and social class) and assure greater equity in access to resources that facilitate healthier environments and lifestyles. Public health initiatives should be community-based, reflecting a shared partnership that actively engages minority women in decision-making about their lives.
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Samuelsson, Gillis, Bo Hagberg, and Ove Dehlin. "Retirement Status Predicting Health Conditions 16 Years Later." Ageing and Society 14, no. 1 (March 1994): 29–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x00000040.
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ABSTRACTAll 67-year-old pensioners in a primary care district (N = 142) participating in a multi-disciplinary population study were followed until the age of 83. At 83 years of age, 65 persons had survived and continued to take part in the study. Social, psychological and medical factors predicting survival during the period have previously been reported (Samuelsson et al. 1992). In the present analysis, the same variables at age 67 were used to predict health, measured with six different health indicators, at 83 years. The analysis has been performed separately for women and men. Variables at 67 years of age as determinants for health at age 83 have been identified and ranked through successive selection in a step-wise discriminatory analysis. For women, reported diseases at 67 was a very strong predictor but quite the contrary for men. Blood pressure and sleep medication were strong predictors for men but not for women. Psychological factors were more frequently included in the predictive models for women than for men. Social factors were of comparatively less importance for both men and women. There was greater accuracy in the prediction of health for women. The individual variables most often included in the predictive model for women were coping and reported health at age 67. For men, blood pressure, sleep medication and intelligence were the most frequent predictors. The analysis demonstrated clear sex-specific prediction patterns. When comparing predictors for survival and predictors for differentiated health in the same population no similarities were found.
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Bryngelson, Anna. "Long-term sickness absence and social exclusion." Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 37, no. 8 (September 2, 2009): 839–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1403494809346871.
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Background: In previous research, ill-health and marginalization from the labour market have been pointed out as potential triggers for being marginalized from other spheres of society as well, e.g. economic, political and social, i.e. social exclusion. However, very few studies have examined the consequences of long-term sickness absence. Aim: The research question raised here is therefore to examine the relationship between long-term sickness absence (≥60 days) and social exclusion among individuals. Methods: The logistic regression analyses are based on longitudinal data (n = 3,144) from the Swedish Level of Living Survey linked to register data. Results: The results suggest that both women and men have higher odds of having no excess cash (‘‘cash margins’’) after their long-term sickness absence, compared with people with no such sickness absence. Women seem more likely to have no cash margins combined with being single/unmarried and having no close friends after long-term sickness absence, than do women without such sick-listing. The results indicate a slight mediating effect of employment status on the odds ratios for these economic and social conditions. Conclusions: The present study suggests that long-term sickness absence increases the risk of adverse economic and social conditions among individuals. That these conditions can be seen as indicators of social exclusion is more doubtful.
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Hlatshwayo, Mondli. "The Trials and Tribulations of Zimbabwean Precarious Women Workers in Johannesburg: A Cry for Help?" Qualitative Sociology Review 15, no. 1 (May 23, 2019): 62–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1733-8077.15.1.03.
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There is a growing literature on the conditions of Zimbabwean women working as migrant workers in South Africa, specifically in cities like Johannesburg. Based on in-depth interviews and documentary analysis, this empirical research paper contributes to scholarship examining the conditions of migrant women workers from Zimbabwe employed as precarious workers in Johannesburg by zooming in on specific causes of migration to Johannesburg, the journey undertaken by the migrant women to Johannesburg, challenges of documentation, use of networks to survive in Johannesburg, employment of the women in precarious work, and challenges in the workplace. Rape and sexual violence are threats that face the women interviewed during migration to Johannesburg and even when in Johannesburg. The police who are supposed to uphold and protect the law are often found to be perpetrators involved in various forms of violence against women. In the workplace, the women earn starvation wages and work under poor working conditions. Human rights organizations and trade unions are unable to reach the many migrant women because of the sheer volume of violations against workers’ rights and human rights.
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Henrich, Joseph, and Natalie Henrich. "The evolution of cultural adaptations: Fijian food taboos protect against dangerous marine toxins." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 277, no. 1701 (July 28, 2010): 3715–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.1191.
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The application of evolutionary theory to understanding the origins of our species' capacities for social learning has generated key insights into cultural evolution. By focusing on how our psychology has evolved to adaptively extract beliefs and practices by observing others, theorists have hypothesized how social learning can, over generations, give rise to culturally evolved adaptations. While much field research documents the subtle ways in which culturally transmitted beliefs and practices adapt people to their local environments, and much experimental work reveals the predicted patterns of social learning, little research connects real-world adaptive cultural traits to the patterns of transmission predicted by these theories. Addressing this gap, we show how food taboos for pregnant and lactating women in Fiji selectively target the most toxic marine species, effectively reducing a woman's chances of fish poisoning by 30 per cent during pregnancy and 60 per cent during breastfeeding. We further analyse how these taboos are transmitted, showing support for cultural evolutionary models that combine familial transmission with selective learning from locally prestigious individuals. In addition, we explore how particular aspects of human cognitive processes increase the frequency of some non-adaptive taboos. This case demonstrates how evolutionary theory can be deployed to explain both adaptive and non-adaptive behavioural patterns.
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Manzoor, Seema, Asma Manzoor, Dua-e. Rehma, and Samina Saeed. "A Study Of Health Conditions Of Women Working At Karachi Fisheries." Pakistan Journal of Gender Studies 11, no. 1 (September 8, 2015): 165–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.46568/pjgs.v11i1.218.
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This study aims to establish the understanding about the health conditions of women working at Karachi fisheries. The study has also tried to analyze the issues which affect the life of women working at fisheries in their working hours, within the family, while communicating with people around them and in their social life. By using quantitative research method researcher has analyzed different factors and circumstances which these women are experiencing, and the universe of population for this study is chosen as private fisheries near Fish Harbour, West Wharf, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Whereas, convenience and purposive sampling techniques of non-probability sampling method are used in order to collect the data by hundred respondents from various private fishing companies at Karachi fisheries. In Pakistan now more women are connected to labour force due to increased employment opportunities, on the other hand women are doing work outside their homes to gain their economic independence and the rights and social standing like men in the family and society.
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Changezi, Abdul Rahim. "Impact of Social Change on Rural Women in Balochistan." Al-Burz 1, no. 1 (December 15, 2009): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.54781/abz.v1i1.242.
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Social change is inevitable process of modification of social structures and their functioning in a society. The pace and gravity of change varies among societies due to socio-economic conditions and prevailing social set up. Vulnerability of women is a common feature of our society. She is powerless, faced with baised treatment and is prone to right violation as a result of practicing outdated value system. This unwanted social set up and deteriorating women situation has been assessed by world conscience at many levels. Civil society organizations are actively involved in making efforts to bring about positive changes into current deteriorating situation of rural women in the region including Balochsitan, however, a lot more is required to be done to improve women status and giving them adequate space as level playing filed towards equity and equality to meet the challenges of today’s globalized competitive world.
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Uddin, M. Shams, and Abida Parveen. "Communication Development And Women Rights." Pakistan Journal of Gender Studies 1, no. 1 (March 8, 2008): 21–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.46568/pjgs.v1i1.253.
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The prime factor in fostering change and development can be planned by systematic use of communication to help individuals, communities, and societies to accept and introduce changes in a democratic way. Communication is the basis to create awareness, for consensus building, to generate participation in the process of change and development for making informed decision as well as resolving conflicts. It can help individuals to change their attitudes and behaviour patterns, introduce new ideas and practices into their lives to improve their economic and social conditions and to make a positive impact on the society in general. This paper tries to discuss the larger human group of the society as social unit and the effects of development through communication in bringing the social change as well as the women rights recognized by civil and religious laws.
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Fields, Marjory Diana. "Women in American Labour Movement." International Journal of Public and Private Perspectives on Healthcare, Culture, and the Environment 3, no. 2 (July 2019): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijppphce.2019070104.
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In this article, the author examines the history of exclusion and sex-based discrimination against U.S. women workers seeking to join unions established by men. The author describes how groups of women and girls working in fabric mills in the 19th Century took strike action against work speed up and increased production requirements, making demands for higher wages, equal pay with men, improved working conditions, clean water, health care and time off. Then, in the early 20th century, women teachers formed their own unions to gain increased pay and pension plans, and for social justice. These unions continue to the present seeking also social justice and exercising political power.
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Lee, Hang-Shim, and Lisa Y. Flores. "Testing a Social Cognitive Model of Well-Being With Women Engineers." Journal of Career Assessment 27, no. 2 (December 27, 2017): 246–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1069072717748668.
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The present study tests the utility of the Social Cognitive Model of Well-Being (SCWB) in the context of work, with a sample of 348 women engineers. Using structural equation modeling, we examined the relations of positive affect, self-efficacy, work conditions, goal progress, and environmental supports and barriers that were assumed to account for job satisfaction and life satisfaction of women engineers. Overall, the model provided a good fit to the data, and SCWB predictors accounted for a significant amount of variance in job satisfaction (63%) and life satisfaction (54%) with our sample of women engineers. As expected, most paths of the SCWB model were significant; however, we also found nonsignificant relations among variables in the model. In particular, goal progress did not play a critical role in the present study. In addition, we examined the indirect effects of environmental variables (e.g., supports and barriers) on job satisfaction via sociocognitive variables (e.g., self-efficacy and perceived work conditions) in the engineering work domain. Implications for practice, theory, and future vocational and organizational research in engineering are discussed.
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Brand, Charlotte O., Gillian R. Brown, and Catharine P. Cross. "Sex differences in the use of social information emerge under conditions of risk." PeerJ 6 (January 3, 2018): e4190. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4190.
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Social learning provides an effective route to gaining up-to-date information, particularly when information is costly to obtain asocially. Theoretical work predicts that the willingness to switch between using asocial and social sources of information will vary between individuals according to their risk tolerance. We tested the prediction that, where there are sex differences in risk tolerance, altering the variance of the payoffs of using asocial and social information differentially influences the probability of social information use by sex. In a computer-based task that involved building a virtual spaceship, men and women (N = 88) were given the option of using either asocial or social sources of information to improve their performance. When the asocial option was risky (i.e., the participant’s score could markedly increase or decrease) and the social option was safe (i.e., their score could slightly increase or remain the same), women, but not men, were more likely to use the social option than the asocial option. In all other conditions, both women and men preferentially used the asocial option to a similar degree. We therefore found both a sex difference in risk aversion and a sex difference in the preference for social information when relying on asocial information was risky, consistent with the hypothesis that levels of risk-aversion influence the use of social information.