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1
Parker, Jane, and James Arrowsmith. "Collective Regulation and Working Women in New Zealand and Fiji." Articles 69, no. 2 (May 13, 2014): 388–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1025034ar.
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Summary In many nations, women’s labour market presence is significant though it tends to lag that of men on most indices, including pay and seniority. The ramifications of such are huge for women’s experience of employment, their circumstances in other spheres, and thus societal progress. Employment relations (ER) regulation seeks to structure equitable access to and progress within the labour market. However, despite on-going, work-related gender inequities, there is a relative dearth of cross-national (particularly South Pacific), gender-focused analyses. This constrains the development of theory and policy geared towards gender equality in the labour market. This paper thus compares how recent collective ER regulatory initiatives have been applied in New Zealand (NZ) and Fiji, amid shared and unique national and international conditions. Martin and Bamber’s (2004, 2005) ER system model frames an analysis of qualitative survey responses and documentary evidence to more particularly assess the meaning of ER regulation for working women. It emerges that the achievement of gender equality via regulatory instruments has proven elusive, particularly in Fiji. A withering of formal employment regulation and its decentralisation in NZ; weakly implemented regulation in Fiji’s politically tumultuous setting; and the space left by a shift away from collective bargaining in both contexts has not been replaced by social dialogue, fundamental social rights, and in Fiji, regulatory enforcement. This has contributed to deteriorating circumstances for some working women in NZ and comparatively more in Fiji. However, informants showed a preference for certain regulatory measures for improving working women’s situation, concurring that stronger formal regulation of ER, tripartism and effective enforcement are needed in both nations, and that particular issues for working women require tailored responses. The paper discusses how ER regulatory measures might be theorised in terms of improving working women’s context-bound circumstances in Fiji and NZ, and with regard to the infusion of gender-related and socio-cultural values in wider economic and political approaches. It also examines how regulatory initiatives might operate and impact in a more gender-sensitive way by being re-couched in ‘win-win’, inter-connected terms for different ER stakeholders. For Fiji, much hope also rests on its return to democratic rule, and for both countries, on strengthened union activity.
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Igbal, Mohammed Rasheed. "The Economic Impact of Climate Change on the Agricultural System in Fiji." Journal of Agricultural Science 14, no. 2 (January 15, 2022): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v14n2p144.
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Climate change is one of the most crucial challenges identified in this century for the Pacific Region, such as Fiji, Samoa, Solomon Islands and many more. Citizens of Fiji have gone through peculiarly climatic and weather conditions over the past years like globalization, which had led to many consequences, especially in the agricultural sector which is the main income of many livelihoods not only in Fiji but in other Pacific countries as well. Climatic conditions have been changing adversely from past decades, such as temperature, rise in the sea level, precipitation changes, atmospheric composition changes, flooding, and tropical cyclones. These changes have led to alterations in the environment, thus, affecting crop and livestock production in the agricultural system. For instance, crops that require specific soil and temperature situations are vastly influenced when the temperature level changes suddenly, making the crops vulnerable to adapt to the alterations and therefore, the crops eventually die. Likewise, animal species also get affected by temperature changes, such as heat stress which specifically affects the fertility of male and female livestock. Due to these events, Fiji’s economies have also been affected since agriculture plays a vital role in boosting our economy through local market sales and exporting. Thereby, this review illustrates the impacts of climate change and ways to move forward/ solutions, for example, FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) and Pacific Islands Climate Change Assistance Program (PICCAP) have supported Fiji in bringing adaptation programs for preparing farmers and all other individuals on the upcoming climatic conditions such as adapting tolerant crops that can handle droughts and other adverse weather conditions.
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Teh, Louise S. L., Lydia C. L. Teh, and U. Rashid Sumaila. "Low Discounting Behavior among Small-Scale Fishers in Fiji and Sabah, Malaysia." Sustainability 3, no. 6 (June 20, 2011): 897–913. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su3060897.
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Understanding the socio-economic factors that are associated with fishers’ willingness to delay gratification may be useful for designing appropriate fisheries management and conservation policies. We aim to identify the predictors of low discounting behaviour among fishers, which is analogous to having a longer-term outlook. We base our empirical study on two small-scale tropical reef fisheries in Sabah, Malaysia, and Fiji. We use an experimental approach to identify fishers with low discount rates, and then use a logistic regression model to identify predictors of low discount rates. We find that 42% of the respondents have low discount rates, and that site and village level variables are significant predictors of low discount rates. Within Sabah and Fiji, boat ownership and relative catch differentiate low discounting from non-low discounting fishers, but these variables have contradictory effects in Sabah and Fiji. Overall, our results imply that a substantial proportion of reef fishers may be willing to engage in conservation initiatives; however, local socio-cultural, economic, and ecological conditions have to be considered first during the process of designing management interventions.
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Farran, Sue. "Balancing livelihoods with environmental protection: A case study from Fiji." Environmental Law Review 22, no. 4 (December 2020): 266–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461452920966583.
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Pacific Island states – sometimes classified as small island developing states, are among those most vulnerable to climate change and environmental degradation brought about by development initiatives such as logging, mining, commercial agriculture and tourism. While these may have economic benefits, many Fijians live in rural areas with limited or no opportunity for paid employment and rely on subsistence farming and natural resources for their livelihoods. The importance of the latter – particularly for many women – and increasing pressure on these resources, raise sustainability concerns. If natural resource environments are to be protected, restrictions – some of which are already in place – need to be not only enforced but possibly extended. This could, however, impact negatively on these dependent livelihoods. This article considers this dilemma in the context of two Fijian villages in the district of Ba, where women depend on the mangrove areas, primarily for catching crabs for sale in the local markets, using the money earned to meet basic needs.
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Patil, Savita, and Haji Begum. "Study of social conditions and economic problems of employed women." ADVANCE RESEARCH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE 9, no. 2 (December 15, 2018): 230–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/arjss/9.2/230-234.
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Pal, Dharam, and Gian Singh. "Socio-economic conditions of women labour households in rural Punjab." Indian Journal of Economics and Development 10, no. 1 (2014): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/j.2322-0430.10.1.002.
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Sasser, Alicia C., Maida Taylor, Howard G. Birnbaum, Michael J. Schoenfeld, Emily F. Oster, and Matthew Rousculp. "Assessing the economic impact of chronic conditions in postmenopausal women." Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 6, no. 11 (September 2005): 1803–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/14656566.6.11.1803.
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Jablonska, Beata, Joaquim J. F. Soares, and Örjan Sundin. "Pain among women: Associations with socio-economic and work conditions." European Journal of Pain 10, no. 5 (July 2006): 435. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpain.2005.06.003.
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R, Chitravelu. "Economic Problems of Dalit Women Workers." International Research Journal of Tamil 4, S-18 (December 8, 2022): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt224s1812.
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We differentiate humans as two genders male and female but they are united physically and morally. of these two men is always considered as superior whereas women as inferior. This concept of masculinity is created by men and many feminists arise to break this concept. Feminist principles are divided into many categories such as moderation, equality and extremism due to differences. Black feminist arise due to racial differences and Dalit feminism is about the liberation of Dalit women who are enslaved in the name of caste. From birth to death, Dalit women live as slaves, shopkeepers, oppressed and marginalized in socio-economic conditions. They have no land, education is denied and they live as wage laborers. They are insulted, exploited, and thrown away in the name of caste. Economically these women face many problems. The aim of this article is to examine the plight of Dalit women workers who are oppressed and enslaved even after 75 years of independence.
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Agasimani, Hsaina. "Socio-economic condition of Muslim women." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES 18, no. 2 (June 15, 2022): 713–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/ijas/18.2/713-716.
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The research was conducted in Kalburgi district of Klayna Karnataka during the year 2020-21 with the sample size of 150 respondents. Will be selected the bases of random sampling method. To study the socio-economic conditions of Muslim women find out their awareness about health care and immunization to their children the monthly income of the respondent’s family in the three categories and indicates that 23.33 per cent of respondents family belongs to first category i.e., income range below Rs. 5000/- and the majority constituting 65 per cent of sample households from second category had monthly income Rs. 5000- Rs. 10000/-. 59.33 per cent sample households had the monthly income above Rs. 10000/-. If we added together the first and second category of monthly income it was found that majority of sample household belongs to the monthly income upto the level of Rs. 10000/-. It indicates a condition in which a person fails to maintain a living standard adequate for his physical and mental efficiency in present day situation.
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Salem, Saber. "Chinese Foreign Aid to Fiji: Threat or Opportunity." China Report 56, no. 2 (April 29, 2020): 242–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0009445520916875.
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China’s political, economic and cultural influence is steadily rising in Fiji and the Pacific region as a whole. The Sino–Fiji cooperation deepened at multiple levels after the Fijian military assumed power through a coup d’état and removed the civilian government from power in late 2006. This ‘undemocratic behaviour’ infuriated the two regional powers—Australia and New Zealand who then applied sanctions on Fiji, particularly the military brass, and encouraged their counterparts as well as multilateral aid organisations to ‘punish’ Fiji’s military ‘regime’. The military government in order to derail the impact of sanctions from its traditional donors adopted the ‘Look North Policy’, which was opening cooperation with China and attracting Chinese investment in Fiji. China welcomed the friendship gesture and furnished Fiji with financial assistance. This Chinese friendship was also due to Taiwanese involvement in the region, which was providing aid for diplomatic recognition and support at the UN. The ‘microstates’ hold about 7 per cent of UN votes. Both China and Taiwan need their votes at multilateral organisations and given that these microstates are mostly aid-dependent economies, initiated an era of Chequebook diplomacy, which is basically money for diplomatic recognition in the case of Taiwan or acceptance of One China Policy in the case of China. The microstates have time and again switched between China and Taiwan and played one against the other to get more aid money out of their diplomatic rivalry. The Sino–Taiwan aid competition in the Pacific forced US to make a strong comeback and ensure that China under the pretext of denying Taiwan space in the region actually spies on the US activities in the region. As a result, the US and its regional allies have significantly increased their foreign aid to the island nations in order to coax them to diminish their level of financial dependence on China. So far, they have not been successful enough and China’s aid package has gone far beyond the level US is giving. Today, China is the second largest donor to the region and largest financier to Fiji. Fiji has become the ace in this game as it is the regional hub of the Pacific Island states. Bearing the current high level of aid competition between traditional and emerging donors in mind, it is too early to judge whether Chinese aid will cause more harm to Fiji than benefit or vice versa. It also entirely depends on the Fijian government as to how much it relies on Chinese aid and how clean Chinese are with their soft loans. China has been blamed for not being clear and specific about the terms and conditions of its concessional loans. This vagueness and secrecy that is associated with Chinese aid been a cause for concern, especially among traditional donors.
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Beller, Andrea H. "Book Review: Economic and Social Security and Substandard Working Conditions: The Economic Emergence of Women." ILR Review 41, no. 2 (January 1988): 317–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979398804100220.
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Streitmatter, Rodger. "Economic Conditions Surrounding Nineteenth-Century African-American Women Journalists:Two Case Studies." Journalism History 18, no. 1-4 (March 1992): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00947679.1992.12066708.
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McKee, Rachel, Jacqueline Iseli, and Angela Murray. "Sign language interpreting in the Pacific: A snapshot of progress in raising the participation of deaf people." Journal of New Zealand & Pacific Studies 7, no. 2 (October 1, 2019): 185–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/nzps_00005_1.
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Abstract Barriers to acquiring and using a shared sign language alienate deaf children and adults from their fundamental human rights to communication, education, social and economic participation, and access to services. International data collected by the World Federation of the Deaf (WFD) identify that in economically developing countries, deaf individuals are at particularly high risk of marginalization, which applies to countries in the Pacific region. This report provides a snapshot of the status of deaf people as sign language users in six Pacific nations: Fiji, Papua New Guinea (PNG), Samoa, Solomon Islands, Timor Leste and Kiribati. Information was contributed by sign language interpreters from these countries during a panel convened at the first Oceania regional conference of the World Association of Sign Language Interpreters, in Fiji, 2018. The report outlines conditions for education through sign language and the emergence of sign language interpreting as a means of increasing access and social equity for deaf people in these countries, albeit this remains largely on a voluntary basis. While Fiji and PNG governments have recognized the status of sign languages in their respective countries and allocated some resources to the inclusion of sign language users, practical support of deaf sign language users tends to be progressed on grounds of disability rights rather than language rights; e.g., several Pacific countries have ratified the United Nations Convention on the Rights for People with Disabilities, which includes provisions for sign language users, and deaf advocacy efforts have gained political traction from alliance with disability organizations.
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Fadjukoff, Päivi, Katja Kokko, and Lea Pulkkinen. "Changing Economic Conditions and Identity Formation in Adulthood." European Psychologist 15, no. 4 (January 2010): 293–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000061.
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Identity formation in political and occupational domains was examined from young to middle adulthood based on an ongoing longitudinal study. In addition to the participants’ identity status (diffused, moratorium, foreclosed, achieved), we assessed their perceived importance of politics, future orientation, and career stability four times in adulthood, at ages 27, 36, 42, and 50. The number of participants varied between analyses, from 168 to 291. Changes in the economic situation in Finland from 1986 to 2009 provided a context for the study. Data collections at ages 36 (in 1995) and 50 (in 2009) took place during economic recessions, and at age 42 (in 2001) during an economic boom. The results were discussed from both age-graded and history-graded perspectives. Developmental trends in political and occupational identity were reversed across age and changes in the economic situation. Political identity was at its lowest level and occupational identity was at its highest level at age 42 during the economic boom. Political identity progressed at a time of economic recession at age 50, whereas occupational identity regressed. In women, identity changes were associated with personal career stability. The perceived importance of politics increased concurrently with political identity achievement. During the recession when they were age 50, women tended to worry about future financial problems, while men perceived their future depending decreasingly on themselves and increasingly on the world situation. The results indicate that macro-level economic conditions may have psychological implications on people’s conceptions of themselves that are worth considering in developmental studies.
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Halbesleben, Jonathon R. B., and M. Ronald Buckley. "The effect of economic conditions on union membership of men and women." Journal of Management History 12, no. 3 (July 1, 2006): 293–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17511340610670197.
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PurposeIn a recent review of the history of women in unions, the author suggested that downturns in the economy have had a more significant effect on women than men in unions, leading to significant declines in the membership of women in unions. The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between economic cycles and women's membership in unions.Design/methodology/approachThe paper investigates that relationship using both quantitative and historical methods and generate evidence for the proposal.FindingsBased on the historical and quantitative analysis, it is concluded that a more accurate way to depict the situation is to say that economic conditions influence union membership through a number of important intervening variables and, furthermore, that changes in those intervening variables over the past 40 years have substantially influenced the relationship between economics and union membership.Originality/valueThis paper is unique in its combination of historical and empirical approaches to addressing questions of a historical nature. The paper addresses an interesting proposal regarding relationships between economics and gender in union membership
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Purcell, Steven W., Watisoni Lalavanua, Brian R. Cullis, and Nicole Cocks. "Small-scale fishing income and fuel consumption: Fiji’s artisanal sea cucumber fishery." ICES Journal of Marine Science 75, no. 5 (March 27, 2018): 1758–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsy036.
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Abstract Understanding the income and costs of fishing is fundamental to managing fisheries and planning interventions to improve efficiency and gender equity. Few studies offer data on fisher incomes and fuel use in small-scale fisheries (SSFs), and fewer have assessed factors influencing variation among fishers and between genders. We interviewed 235 artisanal fishers among 34 island villages in an artisanal sea cucumber fishery in Fiji. Linear mixed models were used to determine the effect of geographic and socioeconomic variables on incomes and fuel use from fishing sea cucumbers. Net income of sea cucumbers to fishers, averaging FJ$8, 171 year−1 (US$4, 494 year−1) (range: FJ$0–52,008 year−1), varied among villages and was 47% lower for women than men. On an average, 60% of fishers’ gross annual income came from fishing and selling sea cucumbers, although this proportion varied greatly even within villages. Fishers who practised gleaning, fished less often, or possessing numerous livelihood income streams, were less economically dependent on sea cucumbers. Men tended to estimate higher incomes for an average day of fishing than women when compared with their recall of last sale. Fuel use varied greatly among regions in Fiji but, overall, averaged 428 L fisher−1 year−1, and represented 28% of gross income. More economical fishing strategies by women resulted in lower fuel use than men per fishing day. Breath-hold divers used less fuel (compared to fishers using scuba) and fishers targeting deep-water species used more fuel than other fishers. A best approximation of 8000 t CO2 year−1 for the carbon footprint of the whole fishery suggests that some SSFs, such as the one studied here, can be significant contributors to greenhouse gas emissions, even compared to many large-scale fisheries globally. Reforms to the management of SSFs should consider regulations that minimize carbon emissions and reduce economic dependency on vulnerable marine resources.
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P, Muhammed Atheeque P., and B. Chitra. "Socio Economic Conditions of Women Agricultural Labours in Thirukandeeswaram Panchayat of Thiruvarur District." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-2, Issue-3 (April 30, 2018): 1980–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd11600.
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., Ruby, and Dinesh Kumar. "Socio-Economic Conditions of Home Based Women Workers of Meerut: A Case Study." Journal of Commerce & Trade 17, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.26703/jct.v17i1-5.
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Moghadam, Valentine M. "Women and Employment in Tunisia." Sociology of Development 5, no. 4 (2019): 337–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/sod.2019.5.4.337.
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Tunisia's legacy of “state feminism” and its strong civil society—including human rights, labor, and women's rights organizations—have placed Tunisian women in advance of their Arab sisters, and women are present across an array of professions and occupations. Still, most Tunisian women remain outside the labor force, face precarious forms of employment, or are unemployed. This article examines women's employment patterns, problems, and prospects in the light of an untoward economic environment, conservative social norms, and feminist advocacy. Drawing on interview and documentary data, and informed by feminist political economy and institutionalism, it highlights the importance of institutional supports for working mothers and improved work conditions to encourage more female economic participation and stronger labor-force attachment and thus to weaken patriarchal attitudes and values. The paper points to the need for both class-based and gender-based policies with respect to women's economic participation and rights.
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Brandt, Deborah. "Literacy Learning and Economic Change." Harvard Educational Review 69, no. 4 (December 1, 1999): 373–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.17763/haer.69.4.n17353q6lw872473.
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In this article, Deborah Brandt discusses two cases from a larger study in which she documents the changing conditions of literacy learning as experienced by ordinary people in the twentieth century. Her discussion of the lives of two women, Martha Day and Barbara Hunt, is grounded in principles of oral history and life history research. She presents the analytic concept of a "sponsor" to identify any agent who supports or hampers opportunities for literacy learning in the lives of her subjects. Her discussion of sponsorship in the lives of these two women highlights the relationship between literacy learning and economic change. Though these women were born two generations apart, they both witnessed, albeit from different points in time, the steady decline of a farm-based economy and its transformation by the forces of industrialization and consolidation of land under corporate control. Brandt argues that the accounts of these two women can aid speculation about how economic changes impact the processes of literacy learning. She also discusses how the concept of sponsorship can be useful to teachers as a way of helping students to recognize who is interested in their literacy, and why.
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Teeuwen, Danielle. "Plantation Women and Children." TSEG - The Low Countries Journal of Social and Economic History 19, no. 1 (April 20, 2022): 7–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.52024/tseg.8431.
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In the period 1870-1940 over a million Javanese labourers travelled to Sumatra hoping for a better life. Although the literature focuses on the labour activities, working conditions, and wages of male workers, especially from 1900 onwards a substantial part of the hired labourers were women and children. This paper argues that in the late colonial period attempts were made to improve the conditions for family life on the plantations. These policies were aimed at creating a stable pool of workers in a context of widespread labour scarcity. However, improvements were slow, and when a labour surplus occurred during the Great Depression, women's wages and contracts were affected most, which shows the gendered labour policies on the plantations were very much driven by an economic rationale.
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Wetzel, Janice Wood. "Women and mental health." International Social Work 43, no. 2 (April 2000): 205–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002087280004300206.
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This article is based upon the author’s presentation at the UN Third Annual World Mental Health Day, the first Day to be devoted to women and mental health. The author argues that the psychosocial conditions commonly shared by women throughout the world result in their universally high rates of mental illness and emotional distress. Solutions are global in origin, based upon a comprehensive personal, social and economic model for the prevention of mental illness and the promotion of mental health.
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Dr Pacha Malyadri. "Socio economic conditions of Tribal women in forest area with predictive analysis through binary logistic regression analysis." GIS Business 15, no. 1 (January 29, 2020): 350–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.26643/gis.v15i1.18702.
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Tribal people are remaining in middle of backward regions, forest areas and mountains and confronting numerous issues because of absence of access to quality medicinal services, monetary help and transportation system. The main aim of this study is to examine the socio economic status of tribal women and analyze income and expenditure pattern of tribal women .In this regard three villages in forest areas of Khammam district had been selected and primary data had been collected from 120 tribal women. The logistic regression analysis had been conducted to know the factors influencing tribal people to access bank loans by tribal people. The major finding of this study is that tribal women with land ownership can improve their socio economic status.. It is found from the predictive analysis that socio economic profile of tribal women can be improved with more enhancement of land ownership. The education facilities and healthcare facilities are not considered by the logistic model for accessing the bank loan by tribal women. The standard of living conditions of tribal women in forest area can be enhanced through entrepreneurship rather than providing employment opportunities.
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Beoku-Betts, Josephine. "African Women Scientists and the Politics of Location: The Case of Four Sierra Leonean Women Scientists." African and Asian Studies 7, no. 4 (2008): 343–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156921008x359579.
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Abstract This paper examines the attempts of four Sierra Leonean women scientists to restructure their lives and professional careers in the wake of changing political and economic conditions in their nation state. I show how their emotional affinities to their country of origin are still strong and influence their scientific practices and commitments to their country of origin. I argue that as transnational migrants, their experiences are shaped by the intersection of inequalities of gender, race, and nation and changing economic, social, and political processes in their countries of origin and destination. These conditions may constrain but also enable them to compete, challenge, and negotiate new spheres of lived experience. The analysis is framed around discourses on the brain drain, the concept of transnationalism, and feminist research on gender and migration. The study is based on semi-structured interviews, using narratives to illustrate the lived experiences and perspectives of the study participants. Issues addressed include (1) factors leading to migration, (2) experiences of race, gender, and nationality, (3) ways of practicing science, (4) navigation of emotional commitments to country of origin.
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Soputan, Grace Jenny, and Ferdinand Kerebungu. "Women's Economic Empowerment in the Informal Sector." SALASIKA: Indonesian Journal of Gender, Women, Child, and Social Inclusion's Studies 3, no. 1 (January 31, 2020): 35–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.36625/sj.v3i1.57.
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Women's empowerment program in Indonesia has essentially been started since 1978. In its development, this effort has resulted in improvement in various ways. Some examples of the improvement are the improvement in conditions, degrees, and quality of life of women in various strategic sectors such as education, employment, economy, health, and family planning participation. Improvement in the empowerment process does not necessarily change the pattern of gender relations between men and women. To improve gender equality in the economy, women's economic actors need to be empowered. The purpose of this study is to examine the appropriate empowerment model for women in the informal sector. This is a case study involving observation, interviews, and Focus Group Discussion. The results of the study showed that women in the informal sector are not yet independent even though they have obtained facilitation from the government. The absence of government’s assistance in managing business resulted in the limited empowerment activities carried out by the government. This research offers a model of economic empowerment for women towards independence in economic activities.
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Klasen, Stephan. "What Explains Uneven Female Labor Force Participation Levels and Trends in Developing Countries?" World Bank Research Observer 34, no. 2 (August 1, 2019): 161–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wbro/lkz005.
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Abstract Rapid fertility decline, a strong expansion of female education, and favorable economic conditions should have promoted female labor force participation in developing countries. Yet trends in female labor force participation rates (FLFP) have been quite heterogeneous, rising strongly in Latin America and stagnating in many other regions, while improvements were modest in the Middle East and female participation even fell in South Asia. These trends are inconsistent with secular theories such as the feminization U hypothesis but point to an interplay of initial conditions, economic structure, structural change, and persistent gender norms and values. We find that differences in levels are heavily affected by historical differences in economic structure that circumscribe women's economic opportunities still today. Shocks can bring about drastic changes, with the experience of socialism being the most important shock to women's labor force participation. Trends are heavily affected by how much women's labor force participation depends on their household's economic conditions, how jobs deemed appropriate for more educated women are growing relative to the supply of more educated women, whether growth strategies are promoting female employment, and to what extent women are able to break down occupational barriers within the sectors where women predominantly work.
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Sucharitha, P. Beaulah, and Dr M. Venkateswarlu Dr.M.Venkateswarlu. "Socio-Economic Conditions of Women Micro Entrepreneurs - A Case Study of SPSR Nellore District." Paripex - Indian Journal Of Research 3, no. 3 (January 15, 2012): 17–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22501991/mar2014/5.
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Saeed, Naima, Tansif ur Rehman, and Hina Shahzadi. "Socio-Economic Conditions Of Hindu Women In Karachi With Special Reference To Narainpura Karachi." Pakistan Journal of Gender Studies 15, no. 1 (September 8, 2017): 105–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.46568/pjgs.v15i1.130.
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The religious minority constitutes an anomaly within the discourse of national identity in Pakistan. They become an anomaly because their existence as citizens of Pakistan highlights the contradictions within the theory that, the State of Pakistan was created for the Muslims of the Indian subcontinent. Hindus are the largest religious minority in Sindh, but facing discrimination at all levels, i.e., economic, social, political, and legal. They are living as a second-class citizen of the country. While, the women who belong to these minority groups are facing double discrimination, firstly as a woman, and then as a Hindu. It is an exploratory research which was conducted in Narainpur (Karachi), which is one of the oldest residential areas of the city, and represents the largest population of Hindu minority, i.e., 60,000 to 70,000. The entire population of Narainpur comprises of poor and lower middle class, as most of the population works as sweepers, housemaids, laborers in KMC, and sellers. Interview schedule was used to collect data from the respective respondents. Result show that health conditions of the women of this locality needs improvement.
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Mudarisov, Ramil, and Rinat Farkhtdinov. "THE USE OF CHILD'S AND WOMEN'S LABOR AS A SOURCE OF REPLENISHMENT OF LABOR IN THE MINING PLANTS OF THE URALS AT AN EARLY STAGE OF THE GENESIS OF CAPITALISM." Vestnik BIST (Bashkir Institute of Social Technologies), no. 4(53) (December 29, 2021): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.47598/2078-9025-2021-4-53-14-19.
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The article deals with the issue of the use of children and women there, their number in metallurgical plants, mines and gold mines of the Urals at an early stage of the emergence of capitalism. The methods of both economic and non-economic coercion of young children and women are investigated. The study examines working conditions, working hours, wages, food, housing conditions, and the state of medical care.
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Gopalasundar, R. "The Socio-Economic Conditions of Women Agricultural Labourers in Thanjavur District of Tamil Nadu in India." Shanlax International Journal of Economics 8, no. 4 (September 1, 2020): 54–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/economics.v8i4.3272.
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The seasonal nature of agriculture and low productivity reduce demand for female labor and as a result, forced idleness is higher among women than men. Women’s productivity in agriculture also suffers from uneconomic holdings and subsistence nature of agriculture in which the family consumes the produce. Tasks performed by women are labor-intensive and mostly done by hand. This has reduced the work efficiency of women. Regardless of these variations, there is hardly any activity in agricultural production.
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Chongjie, Chen, Yoan Yoan, and Kelly Kelly. "Analysis of Society Conditions/Reality During Chinese Feudal Era in the Novel Liaozhai Zhiyi." Lingua Cultura 4, no. 2 (November 30, 2010): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/lc.v4i2.365.
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Liaozhai Zhiyi is a compilation of short stories created by the Qing Dynasty novelist, Pu Songling. The main concept is not centered on regular ghost stories, but the author told a story on real life and the fantasy world by describing realities of society life in the feudal era. The author, through stories in Liaozhai Zhiyi, analyses social reality in their education, politics, love, economic and moral aspects. The author of Liaozhai Zhiyi uses of a lot of stories concerning fox spirits, ghosts, and other types of spirits in portraying his critics and anger towards incidents happening in feudal China. Analysis shows that Liaozhai Zhiyi broadly depicts social reality happening in feudal era in education, politics, love, economic and moral aspects. Liaozhai Zhiyi also criticizes the corrupt government official examination scheme, and the crime and decadence of the feudal government. In contrast, the stories also praised the freedom of young men and women seeking love in marriage, endorsing young men and women to reject arranged marriages, showing women in the economic independence and social advancement, and summed up the lessons of social life.
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Fosu, Augustin Kwasi. "Labor Force Participation of Black and White Married Women: Evidence from Urban Labor Markets." Review of Black Political Economy 24, no. 1 (June 1995): 45–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02911827.
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The study theoretically argues that differential economic conditions constitute an important rationale for structural differences in labor force participation (LFP) between black and white married women. Empirical evidence based on 1980 census data for metropolitan statistical areas provides support for the concomitant hypotheses. Not only is the LFP propensity for black wives larger, but also it is relatively insensitive to the arguments of the LFP function. Thus policies designed to influence the LFP of these two racial groups must internalize the differential economic conditions between them.
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Ouzennou, Nadia, Hakima Amor, and Abdellatif Baali. "Socio-economic, cultural and demographic profile of a group of Moroccan anaemic pregnant women." African Health Sciences 19, no. 3 (November 6, 2019): 2654–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v19i3.41.
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Background: Anemia is a major public health problem in Morocco especially among vulnerable groups including pregnant women. Several studies have confirmed that anemia is associated with demographic, socioeconomic and cultural factors.Objective: The objective of this study is to describe the socioeconomic, cultural and demographic profile of a group of anemic pregnant women and to determine the conditions influencing the development of anemia in the Moroccan contextMethods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted by structured interview among a group of Moroccan pregnant women (300 of anemic women and 425 of non-anemic). Data were collected on biodemographic and socio-economic variables, the socio-cultural conditions of the women, the characteristics of the pregnancy and information relating to anemia.Results: Using the WHO classification criterion according to the severity of anemia, 40.6%, 56.6% and 2.8% of anaemic women were respectively mildly, moderately and severely anemic. Primiparity, unemployment, lower socio-economic level and illiteracy, were found to be associated with the development of anemia in pregnant women.Conclusion: In Morocco, nutritional problems hamper human development and improvement of health status. Knowledge of the strictness of deficiencies and factors associated are necessary to develop adapted strategies intervention to the national context.Keywords: Anemia, pregnant women, socioeconomic factors, Morocco.
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Saif, Faseeha, and Ahmed Raza. "WOMEN AND CLIMATE CHANGE." Pakistan Journal of Social Research 04, no. 03 (September 30, 2022): 737–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.52567/pjsr.v4i03.763.
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The purpose of this research is to investigate the role of women in climate change and how women are affected by climate change. Climate change is certainly a current concern that affects Pakistan and practically every nation. Climate change is becoming more difficult in Pakistan. Those locations where women are forced to provide for their families are most affected, increasing the number of women suffering from health problems. According to the findings of the literature study, climate change is having a particularly negative impact on women. To get this crisis under control, the federal and local governments must work together to ensure that catastrophic conditions are not exacerbated. Keywords: Women, Climate change, Social Impact, Economic Impact, Environmental Impact
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Zeka, Bomikazi. "Gendered Poverty Perceptions: How Do Retired Women Fare?" Risks 10, no. 2 (January 28, 2022): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/risks10020029.
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This paper examines the poverty perceptions of retired women by assessing the extent to which demographic characteristics, economic considerations, household adequacy levels and satisfaction measures influence perceptions of poverty. Based on data from a South African national survey, binomial logistic regression models were employed, whereby demographic characteristics (first level variables) were assessed relative to the respondents’ poverty perceptions. Thereafter, economic considerations (second level variables) were included in the model to draw more inferences on the conditions leading to poverty perceptions. Finally, respondents’ household adequacy levels and satisfaction measures (third level variables) were nested into the model for a complete investigation of the antecedents of poverty perceptions. Many of the retired women in this study perceive themselves to be impoverished or at risk of poverty. The results indicate that marital status and education levels have a significant influence on perceptions of poverty. Furthermore, the study found that monetary measures do not sufficiently explain the pathway leading to retirement poverty perceptions. Instead, perceptions of financial security and the satisfaction with one’s standard of living influence gendered poverty perceptions. This study advances our understanding of the conditions influencing the poverty perceptions of retired women. As most of the respondents in this sample rely on the government for financial support, this study provides pertinent suggestions to government agencies on the conditions associated with gendered poverty perceptions at retirement.
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Graham, Laurie. "Book Review: Economic and Social Security and Substandard Working Conditions: Women, Work and Trade Unions." ILR Review 54, no. 4 (July 2001): 894–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979390105400414.
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Dementyeva, Irina. "Social well-being of women in economic conditions of 2015 (On the example Vologda region)." Woman in russian society, no. 1 (March 25, 2017): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21064/winrs.2017.1.4.
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S, Manoj, Rajith Kumar, and M. Shubhangini. "Socio-Economic Conditions of Women in the Slum of Kumbalagodu Industrial Area of Bangalore Region." Journal of Social Science (JoSS) 1, no. 2 (October 21, 2022): 96–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.57185/joss.v1i2.26.
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In Karnataka, Migration has played an important role in accelerating urban growth by attracting rural migrants to urban areas for economic reasons despite a lack of physical infrastructure in terms of housing, drinking water supply, drainage, sanitation, and other amenities. As a result, the migrant rural poor are forced to seek for unofficial alternatives, leading in the growth of slums and squatter communities. Slums are now a regular sight in practically all of India's major cities. As a result of the constant influx of rural migrants, the quality of life diminishes, and the gap between demand and availability of basic services and other infrastructure in the areas deepens. This present research article is to study and examine slum areas and their living conditions, and finding out the most critical and problematic zone of the slums. In relation to this article, the objectives is to assess the socio-economic conditions of women dwellers of slum in Kumbalagodu industrial area and to suggest appropriate measures to advance the standard of living conditions of women in slum of the Kumbalagodu industrial area of Bangalore region and it also suggests suitable measures for upliftment of women of slum of case study area.
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Hajar, Ibnu, Andi Agustang, and Arlin Adam. "Characteristics and Activities of Women with Socio-Economic Prone in the Pattingaloang Baru Village, Ujung Tanah District, Makassar City." Budapest International Research and Critics Institute (BIRCI-Journal): Humanities and Social Sciences 4, no. 1 (January 14, 2021): 131–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/birci.v4i1.1543.
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The role of women in the family is very influential in welfare as the smallest unit in society. Women must play an active role in changing their own circumstances, especially women who are vulnerable to socioeconomic conditions, the position of women in a modern perspective no longer sees women as mere objects, but rather their position as subjects who play a role in economic life, therefore this study aims to determine their activities and characteristics. Socioeconomic vulnerable women. This research is a form of social research that uses a qualitative descriptive format that aims to describe, summarize various conditions, as situations or various social reality phenomena that exist in society which are the object of research, and attempt to draw that reality to the surface as a characteristic, character, and nature. , sign model, or a description of certain conditions, situations, or phenomena. Women who are socially and economically vulnerable in Darmaguna village are relatively aged 20-40 years, have the status of widows, have low education and limited skills, and have a large number of dependents. In fulfilling physiological, economic, emotional, intellectual, and religious needs, it still shows a very low presentation.
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Lis, Artur. "ECONOMIC AND UNIQUE WOMEN. RURAL HOUSE WHEELS IN THE LAW." Roczniki Administracji i Prawa 2, no. XXII (June 30, 2022): 343–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0016.0989.
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The review article was devoted to the publication by Grzegorz Krawiec entitled „The act on rural housewives’ circles. Comment”. On the basis of the Act on Rural Housewives’ Circles of November 9, 2018, a separate organizational formula was created for KGW, which are voluntary, independent and self-governing social organizations of rural residents. Based on the previously applicable legal regulations, KGW could be established within agricultural circles as their independent units. They could also function in the form of associations. An important statutory solution is to grant KGW a legal personality, which allows them to run a business on their own account and benefit from financial support from public funds. KGW operates on the basis of the adopted statute, which specifies in particular: the name and seat of the circle, the objective and territorial scope of the circle’s activities, goals and tasks of the circle and the means of their implementation, the method of acquiring and losing membership, the assets of the circle and the method of administering these assets, the way of representing the circle. outside, the rights and obligations of members, the bodies of the circle and their powers, the conditions for adopting and valid resolutions of the bodies of the circle, the procedure for changing the statute and liquidating the circle.
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Gumà-Lao, Jordi. "The Influence of Economic Factors on the Relationship between Partnership Status and Health: A Gender Approach to the Spanish Case." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 5 (March 3, 2022): 2975. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052975.
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This study explores the relevance of economic factors (e.g., a household’s economic capacity and the prevailing economic context) to understand the relationship between the partnership status and the health of Spanish adult women and men (age 30–59). To do so, it draws on cross-sectional data from the Spanish sample of the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) for the years 2005, 2010, and 2015 (i.e., before, during, and after the 2008–2012 economic recession). The results reveal dissimilar patterns of association between partnership status and both the health of, and the economic difficulties faced by Spanish women and men in each of the three years studied. Most notably, the partnership status of Spanish women has a greater impact on their likelihood of experiencing economic difficulties and poor health than does that of their male counterparts. Additionally, women are also more likely to experience economic difficulties during and after the economic recession. The disadvantageous situation of Spanish women in the public sphere is shown to have a negative impact on their ability to cope with the economic difficulties associated with the end of a union and a contextual recession.
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Titova, А. А., А. I. Efremov, and O. R. Shakulova. "Effect of social and hygienic factors on reproductive function of women." Kazan medical journal 80, no. 1 (January 15, 1999): 41–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kazmj65168.
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The dependence of the initiation of pregnancy and birth pathology on social, economic and hygienic factors is established. Using the three-factor dispersion analysis of qualitative signs the factors playing the leading part in the initiation of complications during pregnancy and in birth are revealed. The factors of industrial environment, and social and economic trouble are in the first group, the anatomic and physiologic peculiarities of young organism and bad social conditions are in the second group.
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Khara, Nabin Kumar, and Brahmananda Satapathy. "Role of Women in Preserving Indian Culture and Identity in Diaspora." RESEARCH REVIEW International Journal of Multidisciplinary 7, no. 9 (September 20, 2022): 74–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.31305/rrijm.2022.v07.i09.011.
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This article focuses on the migration of indentured labor from India to various parts of the world like Guyana, Mauritius, Trinidad and Tobago, Suriname, and Fiji. It aims to analyze the role of women in Indian diaspora as preservers of culture and identity. Indian diaspora, comprised of the ethnic groups that have left Indian borders, is having a sizeable number of women in them. Women from various socio-economic groups, castes, faiths, and classes have emigrated from India. The paper tries to analyze how the concepts of culture and identity operate in a diasporic context. Women, who contribute to half of the world population, have been rarely heard or considered in the historical record of literates and intellectuals. Further it intends to explain the significant role played by the women in the nineteenth century which facilitated transformation of many colonies of British and French Empires. The paper presents a theoretical framework in which the existence of women in small numbers facilitated marriages crossing various social barriers like caste, class and religious boundaries. In this regard, the authors suggest, however, indentured labor and specifically women in Indian diaspora acted as a bridge to maintain their links with their culture, traditions, language, religion and their past which they have left behind. They also ensure the preservation of these relations with India by celebrating Indian festivals like Holi for Hindus and Muharram for Muslims, in their traditional ways. It was women in the family, who played an important role in retaining and promoting their language by insisting on using native language for communications within the family. These women who remain integrated to their language and traditions orally played a vital role as carriers of their culture. The paper also discusses the Indian government’s cultural diplomacy, particularly under Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s leadership, who has travelled to many countries in recent months to spread Indian culture and identity and reinvigorate their connectedness.
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Azamatova, Gulmira. "Socio-Economic Reasons Of Participation Of Women And Girls In Population Migration." American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations 03, no. 03 (March 12, 2021): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/volume03issue03-09.
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Today, the migration process and its status are of global importance. Women's participation in population migration is a complex and controversial process. Therefore, this article examines the socio-economic reasons for women's participation in migration, because the creation of favorable conditions and opportunities for women in migration is an important part of their social protection. is one of the directions. The article also describes the growth and decline trends of population migration on the basis of statistical analysis. In the regulation of external labor migration processes, in our opinion, it is expedient to expand legal labor migration.
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Manzoor, Seema, Asma Manzoor, Dua-e. Rehma, and Samina Saeed. "A Study Of Health Conditions Of Women Working At Karachi Fisheries." Pakistan Journal of Gender Studies 11, no. 1 (September 8, 2015): 165–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.46568/pjgs.v11i1.218.
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This study aims to establish the understanding about the health conditions of women working at Karachi fisheries. The study has also tried to analyze the issues which affect the life of women working at fisheries in their working hours, within the family, while communicating with people around them and in their social life. By using quantitative research method researcher has analyzed different factors and circumstances which these women are experiencing, and the universe of population for this study is chosen as private fisheries near Fish Harbour, West Wharf, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Whereas, convenience and purposive sampling techniques of non-probability sampling method are used in order to collect the data by hundred respondents from various private fishing companies at Karachi fisheries. In Pakistan now more women are connected to labour force due to increased employment opportunities, on the other hand women are doing work outside their homes to gain their economic independence and the rights and social standing like men in the family and society.
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Lyons-Amos, Mark, and Ingrid Schoon. "DIFFERENTIAL RESPONSES IN FIRST BIRTH BEHAVIOUR TO ECONOMIC RECESSION IN THE UNITED KINGDOM." Journal of Biosocial Science 50, no. 2 (June 15, 2017): 275–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932017000220.
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SummaryEconomic conditions have dramatic influences on fertility. This paper evaluates the effect of the 2008 ‘Great Recession’ in the UK on first birth rate, which is the fertility behaviour most susceptible to external economic conditions. The key aim of the study was to assess the effect of the recession on fertility by individual-level characteristics, enabling variation in responses to economic hardship to be observed. Data were from the nationally representative UK Household Longitudinal Study (UK-HLS). Cumulative transition models were used to model the probability of first birth for women between the ages of 17 and 30 in three UK birth cohorts. The effect of the recession was captured using direct measures (local unemployment rates and individual unemployment status) and a pre-/post-comparison, capturing indirect effects. In general, higher birth rates were observed among more disadvantaged women compared with advantaged groups. The effect of the recession was disaggregated by social strata; the overall effect was counter-cyclical although at a slower rate among disadvantaged women.
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Melich-Iwanek, Krystyna. "ECONOMIC ACTIVITY OF THE POPULATION IN POLAND – SELECTED PROBLEMS AND CONDITIONS." Zeszyty Naukowe Wyższej Szkoły Humanitas Zarządzanie 22, no. 3 (September 30, 2021): 9–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.4216.
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The aim of the article is to analyze, from statistical and econometric perspectives, the dynamics of Poles’ economic activity, in particular, an attempt at a statistical measurement of the impact of select phenomena conditioning the labor market. Key considerations are preceded by a presentation the historical and current demographic situation in Poland. Problems of foreign migration and the aging of the Polish society were investigated. Moreover, impact of social policies on the labor market was analyzed, including the “Family 500+” program as well as regulations concerning retirement age. The study utilizes quantitative methods of time series analysis, including the time series models taking into account the occurrence of turning points. The results of research show, that: in the near future the Polish demographic situation will not improve, the lowering of retirement age is a threat to the labor market, the “500+” program not only did not influence a rise in fertility rate but lowered the rate of economic activity of women.
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Stark, Grace Emily. "Catholic Social Teaching and America's Suboptimal Breastfeeding Rate: Where Faith and Policy Should Meet to Combat Injustice." Linacre Quarterly 84, no. 4 (November 2017): 356–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00243639.2017.1384268.
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Despite the numerous health benefits of breastfeeding, few American women breastfeed for the optimal duration of time. Reasons given for not following national and global institutional breastfeeding recommendations are various and multi-faceted. However, for many American women who would like to breastfeed, unjust historical, social, economic, cultural, and environmental factors negatively impact their ability to breastfeed. Catholic social teaching seeks to protect the poor and the vulnerable by working for social and economic justice, encourages stewardship of the environment, and uplifts the family as the most important unit in society. As such, Catholic social teaching has clear implications for individuals and institutions seeking to make breastfeeding a more widespread, accepted practice. In response to the crisis in American rates of breastfeeding, American Catholic healthcare institutions should work to promote the just economic and social conditions necessary for American women to breastfeed their children, starting by implementing breastfeeding-friendly policies for patients and employees in their own institutions. Summary For many American women who would like to breastfeed, unjust historical, social, economic, cultural, and environmental factors negatively impact their ability to breastfeed. Catholic social teaching has clear implications for individuals and institutions seeking to make breastfeeding a more widespread, accepted practice. Therefore, American Catholic healthcare institutions should work particularly hard to promote the just economic and social conditions necessary for American women to breastfeed their children, starting by implementing breastfeeding-friendly policies for patients and employees in their own institutions.
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Ozturkmen, Guliz. "Under Representation of Women in Labour Force, Comparatively Sweden and Turkey." Current Research Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 4, no. 1 (June 25, 2021): 54–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/crjssh.4.1.06.
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Social Policy and Employment Chapter of EU Acquis has recently been continuing to be an important subject. Social Policy and Employment is related closely with improving working conditions and socio-economic factors. Socio-economic factors and good working conditions in a country determines women participation in labour force and job quality. In this context, job quality and representation of women in labour force has been important subjects of social policy for a while. Within this scope this study explores how job quality effects participation of women in labour force by comparing Sweden and Turkey. Additionally, it investigates whether low job quality leads to underrepresentation of women in labour force. Document analysis and secondary sources are used in this qualitative research. The results show that the determinants of job quality in this study effects Swedish and Turkish women’s representation in labour force. Moreover, low job quality leads to underrepresentation of women in labour force.