Academic literature on the topic 'Women – Employment – Spain'
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Journal articles on the topic "Women – Employment – Spain"
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Rico, Paz, and Bernardí Cabrer-Borrás. "Gender differences in self-employment in Spain." International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship 10, no. 1 (March 12, 2018): 19–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijge-09-2017-0059.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyse the gender differences of self-employment in Spain. Design/methodology/approach A binary choice model is specified and estimated, using information from the Continuous Working Life Sample drawn from the registers of the Spanish Social Security. Moreover, the differences in self-employment between men and women are also analysed, through the decomposition proposed by Yun (2004). Findings The results indicate that the differences between both groups in the probability of being entrepreneurs stem from unobservable factors. The difference explained by the unobservable component is 84.12 per cent, whereas the rest, 15.88 per cent, is explained by the characteristics component. The explanatory factors of being an entrepreneur affect men and women in the same way, but to a different extent, explained mainly by factors related to gender. Originality/value This paper sets out to identify whether there are gender differences in the probability of becoming self-employed and, if there are, to quantify what part of the difference in entrepreneurship between men and women is explained by the characteristics of each gender group and what part is because of unobservable factors. From the perspective of the public authority, knowing the determinants that explain why the entrepreneurial activity is different depending on gender is fundamental in being able to reduce the entrepreneurial gap between men and women.
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Suárez-Ortega, Magdalena. "Across gender. Work situations of Rural Women in the South of Spain." Qualitative Research in Education 5, no. 1 (February 28, 2016): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.17583/qre.2015.1814.
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Even though undeniable social changes such as gender discrimination have occurred, the forms of access to public education and employment, as well as the conditions under which these jobs are carried out, are often loaded with sexist biases.Using the biographical-narrative method and a combination of techniques and strategies for gathering and analysing information, the current paper presents an empirical longitudinal study examining the labour situation of rural women who participate in different employment -professional and guidance- training activities. The women´s perceptions and interpretations of their training and professional situations wereanalysed, as well as their opportunities related to finding a job when they completed their education. Additionally, this study examined the extent to which the public services for employment training were adequate andfunctionalfor women regarding whether these services achieved their anticipated aims.We concluded gender inequalities on the employment situation of women, and the importance of implementing urgent measures to fight against the employment crisis from an equality way.
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Suárez-Ortega, Magdalena. "Across gender. Work situations of Rural Women in the South of Spain." Qualitative Research in Education 5, no. 1 (February 28, 2016): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.17583/qre.2016.1814.
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Even though undeniable social changes such as gender discrimination have occurred, the forms of access to public education and employment, as well as the conditions under which these jobs are carried out, are often loaded with sexist biases.Using the biographical-narrative method and a combination of techniques and strategies for gathering and analysing information, the current paper presents an empirical longitudinal study examining the labour situation of rural women who participate in different employment -professional and guidance- training activities. The women´s perceptions and interpretations of their training and professional situations wereanalysed, as well as their opportunities related to finding a job when they completed their education. Additionally, this study examined the extent to which the public services for employment training were adequate andfunctionalfor women regarding whether these services achieved their anticipated aims.We concluded gender inequalities on the employment situation of women, and the importance of implementing urgent measures to fight against the employment crisis from an equality way.
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COOKE, LYNN PRINCE. "Gender Equity and Fertility in Italy and Spain." Journal of Social Policy 38, no. 1 (January 2009): 123–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279408002584.
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AbstractGender equity and its effects on fertility vary across socio-political contexts, particularly when comparing less with more developed economies. But do subtle differences in equity within more similar contexts matter as well? Here we compare Italy and Spain, two countries with low fertility levels and institutional reliance on kinship and family, but with employment equity among women during the 1990s slightly greater in Italy than Spain. The European Community Household Panel is used to explore the effect of this difference in gender equity on the likelihood of married couples having a second birth during this time period. Women's hours of employment reduce the birth likelihood in both countries, but non-maternal sources of care offset this effect to different degrees. In Spain, private childcare significantly increases birth likelihood, whereas in Italy, father's greater childcare share increases the likelihood, particularly among employed women. These results suggest that increases in women's employment equity increase not only the degree of equity within the home, but also the beneficial effects of equity on fertility. These equity effects help to offset the negative relationship historically found between female employment and fertility.
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Vall Castello, Judit. "Promoting employment of disabled women in Spain; Evaluating a policy." Labour Economics 19, no. 1 (January 2012): 82–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2011.08.003.
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Montero-Moraga, Jose M., Fernando G. Benavides, and Maria Lopez-Ruiz. "Association Between Informal Employment and Health Status and the Role of the Working Conditions in Spain." International Journal of Health Services 50, no. 2 (January 5, 2020): 199–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020731419898330.
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Informal employment is an employment condition in which workers are not protected by labor regulations. It has been associated with poor health status in middle- and low-income countries, but it is still a neglected issue in high-income countries. Our aim was to estimate the association between health status and employment profiles in Spain, attending to the role of workplace risk factors. We conducted a cross-sectional study of 8,060 workers from the Seventh Spanish Working Conditions Survey (2011). We defined 4 employment profiles and estimated the associations between them and poor self-perceived health using Poisson regression models. All analyses were stratified by sex. The prevalence of the informal profile was 4% for women and 1.5% for men. Differences in self-perceived health status among employment profiles were negligible. Only women engaged in informal employment had poorer self-perceived health than those in the reference profile. This difference disappeared after adjusting models for psychosocial risk factors. In conclusion, we did not find differences in self-perceived health status between employment profiles, except for women in informal employment. Efforts should be made to improve the psychosocial risk factors in women in informal employment.
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Arias-de la Torre, Jorge, Tania Fernández-Villa, Antonio Molina, Carmen Amezcua-Prieto, Ramona Mateos, José Cancela, Miguel Delgado-Rodríguez, et al. "Psychological Distress, Family Support and Employment Status in First-Year University Students in Spain." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 7 (April 4, 2019): 1209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16071209.
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Mental disorders are consistently and closely related to psychological distress. At the start of the university period, the relationship between a student’s psychological distress, family support, and employment status is not well-known. The aims of this study were: To determine the prevalence of psychological distress in first-year university students and to analyze its relationship with family support and the student’s employment status. Data from 4166 first-year university students from nine universities across Spain were considered. The prevalence of psychological distress was obtained using the GHQ-12, a valid and reliable screening tool to detect poor mental health. To analyze the relationship between psychological distress, family support, and employment status, logistic regression models were fitted. Regarding the prevalence found, 46.9% of men and 54.2% of women had psychological distress. In both genders, psychological distress levels increased as family support decreased. Among women, psychological distress was associated with their employment status. The prevalence of psychological distress among first-year university students in Spain is high. In addition, family support, and employment status for women, could be factors to take into account when developing psychological distress prevention strategies at the beginning of the university period.
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Guijarro, Francisco. "Characteristics of Unemployed People, Training Attendance and Job Searching Success in the Valencian Region (Spain)." Data 3, no. 4 (November 3, 2018): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/data3040047.
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The current economical recovery is driven by expansions in many countries, with a global economic growth of 3.6% in 2017. However, some countries are still struggling with vulnerable forms of employment and high unemployment rates. Official statistics in Spain reveal that women and older people constitutes the core of structural unemployment, and are persistently being excluded from employment recovery. This paper contributes with a database that includes jobseekers’ characteristics, enrollment on training initiatives for unemployed and employment contracts for the Valencian region in Spain. Analysing the relation between the involved variables can help researchers to shed light on which characteristics are positively related to employment and then encourage political decision makers to promote initiatives to support vulnerable groups.
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Davia, María A., and Nuria Legazpe. "Decisiones laborales de las mujeres casadas o cohabitantes en España." Studies of Applied Economics 30, no. 3 (June 7, 2020): 1065. http://dx.doi.org/10.25115/eea.v30i3.3618.
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The aim of this paper is to analyse the determinants of employment decisions (entry and exit from employment) of married or cohabiting women in Spain. We use the Fertility, Family and Values Survey of 2006, conducted by the Sociological Research Centre in 2006. The econometric technique deployed consists in different discrete-time duration models using Meyer’s application (Meyer, 1990) to Prentice-Gloeckler model (1978) that enables control for unobserved heterogeneity. The results show, among other things, that highly educated women and women from more recent cohorts are more likely to (re-)enter the labour market after marriage. Mothers of small children are more likely to exit employment than non-mothers.
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Briones-Vozmediano, Erica, Natalia Rivas-Quarneti, Montserrat Gea-Sánchez, Andreu Bover-Bover, Maria Antonia Carbonero, and Denise Gastaldo. "The Health Consequences of Neocolonialism for Latin American Immigrant Women Working as Caregivers in Spain: A Multisite Qualitative Analysis." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 21 (November 9, 2020): 8278. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17218278.
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In Spain, most jobs available for Latin American immigrant women are in intimate labour (caregiving and domestic work). This work is usually performed under informal employment conditions. The objective of this study was to explain how the colonial logic mediates the experiences of Latin American women working in intimate labour in Spain, and the effects of such occupation on their health and wellbeing, using a decolonial theoretical framework. A multi-site secondary data analysis of qualitative data from four previous studies was performed utilizing 101 interviews with Latin American immigrant women working as caregivers in Spain. Three interwoven categories show how the dominant colonial logic in Spain creates low social status and precarious jobs, and naturalizes intimate labour as their métier while producing detrimental physical and psychosocial health consequences for these immigrant caregivers. The caregivers displayed several strategies to resist and navigate intimate labour and manage its negative impact on health. Respect and integration into the family for whom they work had a buffering effect, mediating the effects of working conditions on health and wellbeing. Based on our analysis, we suggest that employment, social, and health protection laws and strategies are needed to promote a positive working environment, and to reduce the impact of caregiving work for Latin American caregivers.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Women – Employment – Spain"
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Merkes, Monika, and monika@melbpc org au. "A longer working life for Australian women of the baby boom generation? � Women�s voices and the social policy implications of an ageing female workforce." La Trobe University. School of Public Health, 2003. http://www.lib.latrobe.edu.au./thesis/public/adt-LTU20051103.104704.
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With an increasing proportion of older people in the Australian population and increasing health and longevity, paid work after the age of 65 years may become an option or a necessity in the future. The focus of this research is on Australian women of the baby boom generation, their working futures, and the work-retirement decision. This is explored both from the viewpoint of women and from a social policy perspective. The research draws on Considine�s model of public policy, futures studies, and Beck�s concept of risk society. The research comprises three studies. Using focus group research, Study 1 explored the views of Australian women of the baby boom generation on work after the age of 65 years. Study 2 aimed to explore current thinking on the research topic in Australia and overseas. Computer-mediated communication involving an Internet website and four scenarios for the year 2020 were used for this study. Study 3 consists of the analysis of quantitative data from the Healthy Retirement Project, focusing on attitudes towards retirement, retirement plans, and the preferred and expected age of retirement. The importance of choice and a work � life balance emerged throughout the research. Women in high-status occupations were found to be more likely to be open to the option of continuing paid work beyond age 65 than women in low-status jobs. However, the women were equally likely to embrace future volunteering. The research findings suggest that policies for an ageing female workforce should be based on the values of inclusiveness, fairness, self-determination, and social justice, and address issues of workplace flexibility, equality in the workplace, recognition for unpaid community and caring work, opportunities for life-long learning, complexity and inequities of the superannuation system, and planning for retirement. Further, providing a guaranteed minimum income for all Australians should be explored as a viable alternative to the current social security system.
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ADAM-BERNAD, Paula. "Labour force transitions of married women in Spain." Doctoral thesis, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/4862.
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Defence date: 6 December 1996Examining board: Prof. Alfonso Alba-Ramirez, Universidad Carlos III Madrid ; Prof. John Ermisch, University of Essex ; Prof. Siv Gustafsson, University of Amsterdam ; Prof. John Micklewright, EUI and UNICEF, Florence, Supervisor ; Prof. Robert Waldmann, EUI
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017
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GONZALEZ, LOPEZ Maria Jose. "The interplay between occupational career and family formation in Spain." Doctoral thesis, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5127.
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Defence date: 19 October 2001; Examining Board: Prof. Richard Brean (EUI); Prof. Colin Crouch (EUI-Supervisor); Prof. Sebastià Sarasa Urdiola (Universitat Pompeu Fabra); Prof. Montserrar Solsona Pairò (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona and Centre d'Estudis Demogràfics - Co-supervisor)PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017
The thesis illustrates current processes of women’s stratification over their family and occupational biographies. The individual biography is studied in a dynamic perspective, so that family decisions taken at different stages of the life course (e.g. remaining single or forming a partnership, choosing one partner or another, having children or remaining childless) have been correlated with the resulting occupational patterns. The main concern has been to investigate the extent to which similar family related decisions, e.g. forming assortative mating partnerships, have had different effects on women’s patterns of labour force participation. The cause o f these differentiated effects has been theoretically attributed to differences in family background, cultural context, individual ascribed features (e.g. educational attainment), position in the labour market (e.g. job placement, working in public or private sector) and, last but not least, the influential role o f the partners’ characteristics. The interaction of these variables, observed across time and generations, has explained the course of women's early occupational trajectories. I have hypothesised that women's strategy of careful mate selection determines their occupational behaviour and career advancement. The argument is that the formation of assortative partnerships (i.e. both partners have with similar educational attainment and, therefore, relatively equal earning capacity in the market place) enhances women's chances of achieving parallel careers with their husbands. The results show that women with high educational attainment tend to reconcile their career obligations and family life, but at the cost of reduced family size. The ongoing process of polarisation across family models indicates that the lesser educated have a higher likelihood of being trapped in one-earner families, while the highly educated have a higher likelihood of forming dual-career families. I finally conclude that it is the combination of two main variables, educational attainment and careful mate selection, that best predicts the formation of dual-career families in young generations o f women bom after the mid-1950s.
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Ochoa, Fernández Esther. "Erwerbstätig oder Hausfrau?" Doctoral thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0020-5F16-4.
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Im Laufe der 70er, 80er und 90er Jahre nahm die Frauenerwerbsbeteiligung in Europa zu bei gleichzeitiger Abnahme der Männerbeschäftigung. Jedoch, und trotz des Politikwan-dels in Richtung eines „adult worker model“, sind Frauen weiterhin von diskontinuierliche-ren Erwerbsbiographien betroffen als Männer. In meiner Dissertation gehe ich der Frage nach, welche Faktoren die Erwerbsdiskontinuität von Frauen in den 90er Jahren beeinflus-sen. Dabei wird der Übergang von der Erwerbstätigkeit in die Hausfrauentätigkeit in Westdeutschland, Italien und Spanien untersucht.
In den 90er Jahren waren Westdeutschland und Italien in der Kinderbetreuung explizit fa-milialistische Wohlfahrtsstaaten, während Spanien implizit familialistisch war. Frauen wa-ren jedoch in Spanien und Italien kontinuierlicher erwerbstätig als in Westdeutschland. Anhand dieses Ländervergleiches wird in der Dissertation deutlich, dass die familienpoliti-schen Rahmenbedingungen einen Einfluss haben, jedoch nicht ausreichend zur Erklärung der Erwerbsdiskontinuität von Frauen sind.
In beiden südeuropäischen Ländern hat eine hohe Bildung einen relativ starken negativen Effekt auf den Übergang in die Hausfrauentätigkeit, der nicht in Westdeutschland vorhan-den ist. Ebenfalls zeigt die Zugehörigkeit zu unterschiedlichen Berufsklassen in beiden südeuropäischen Ländern signifikante Effekte, die nicht in Westdeutschland zu finden sind. Aufgrund der statistischen Kontrolle des Einkommens können die Ergebnisse von Bildung und von der Berufsklasse nicht ausschließlich auf materielle Gegebenheiten zu-rückgeführt werden. Die Erwerbsdiskontinuität von Frauen wird durch Ressourcen, Oppor-tunitäten und Restriktionen beeinflusst, aber auch durch kulturelle und Identitätsprozesse, die mit der Zugehörigkeit zu einer bestimmten Klasse oder mit einem bestimmten Bil-dungsniveau verbunden sind.
Dem Arbeitsmarkt kommt in Italien und Spanien ebenfalls eine zentrale Bedeutung zu. Obwohl in allen drei Ländern befristete Arbeitsverhältnisse sowie die Erwerbstätigkeit in einem kleinen Unternehmen den Übergang von Frauen in die Hausfrauentätigkeit positiv beeinflussen, ist der Einfluss in Westdeutschland nicht so stark ausgeprägt wie in Italien und Spanien. Die Teilzeitarbeit beeinflusst ausschließlich in den beiden südeuropäischen Ländern positiv den Übergang. In Italien spielt die Beschäftigung im öffentlichen Sektor außerdem eine zentrale Rolle: sie beeinflusst negativ den Übergang in die Hausfrauentä-tigkeit.
Die Analyse zeigt ebenfalls Gemeinsamkeiten zwischen allen drei Ländern. Die Episoden der Hausfrauentätigkeit beeinflussen in allen drei Ländern den Übergang in die Hausfrau-entätigkeit positiv. Sie gehören zum Lebenskonzept erwerbstätiger Frauen und weisen auf geltende traditionelle Wertvorstellungen bezüglich der Geschlechterrollen hin. Die Anwe-senheit eines Ehepartners zeigt ebenfalls in allen drei Ländern positive Effekte auf den Übergang, während das Erwerbseinkommen negativ den Übergang beeinflusst. Aufgrund der statistischen Kontrolle des Anteils des eigenen Einkommens am Haushaltseinkommen hat der positive Effekt der Anwesenheit eines Ehepartners weniger mit der Ressourcenver-teilung innerhalb des Haushalts als mit traditionellen Geschlechterrollen und Wertvorstel-lungen in der Ehepartnerschaft zu tun. Sowohl das Einkommen als auch die Episoden der Hausfrauentätigkeit zeigen in Westdeutschland stärkere Effekte als in Italien und Spanien. Diese Ergebnisse werden als Hinweis für die traditionellere Geschlechterrollenvorstellung westdeutscher erwerbstätiger Frauen als von erwerbstätigen italienischen und spanischen Frauen interpretiert. Dies wird durch eine deskriptive Analyse über die Einstellung er-werbstätiger Frauen bezüglich der Geschlechterrollen in allen drei Ländern bestätigt.
In den drei Ländern wurde außerdem ein zusätzlicher Übergang untersucht. Während in Westdeutschland dem Übergang in die Hausfrauentätigkeit bei gleichzeitiger geringfügiger Erwerbstätigkeit eine wichtige Bedeutung zukommt, ist in Italien und in Spanien der Übergang in die arbeitslose Hausfrauentätigkeit von Bedeutung. In allen drei Ländern konnten unterschiedliche Ergebnisse festgestellt werden, je nachdem ob die Hausfrauentä-tigkeit mit einer Nicht-Erwerbstätigkeit, oder mit einer geringfügigen Erwerbstätigkeit in Westdeutschland beziehungsweise mit einer Arbeitslosigkeit in Italien und Spanien kom-biniert wird. Dies weist auf die Notwendigkeit einer präzisen Beschreibung der Hausfrau-entätigkeit hin.
Books on the topic "Women – Employment – Spain"
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Women in Spain. Manchester [England]: Manchester University Press, 1997.
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Haidt, Rebecca. Women, work and clothing in eighteenth-century Spain. Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 2011.
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Maite, Sarrio, and Ramos Amparo, eds. Exceptional women: The career paths of women managers in Spain and the UK. Valencia: Universitat de Valencia, 2000.
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1935-, Stone Marilyn, and Benito-Vessels Carmen, eds. Women at work in Spain: From the Middle Ages to early modern times. New York: Peter Lang, 1998.
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García, Serrana M. Rial. O traballo das mulleres na Galicia rural do antigo réxime. Spain: USC Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 2009.
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García, Serrana M. Rial. O traballo das mulleres na Galicia rural do antigo réxime. Spain: USC Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 2009.
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García, Serrana M. Rial. O traballo das mulleres na Galicia rural do antigo réxime. Spain: USC Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 2009.
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Ester, Barberá, Sarrió Maite, and Ramos Amparo, eds. Mujeres directivas: Promoción profesional en España y el Reino Unido = Exceptional women : the career paths of women managers in Spain and the UK. València: Institut d'Estudis de la Dona, Universitat de València, 2000.
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Pleasure, power, and technology: Some tales of gender, engineering, and the cooperative workplace. New York: Routledge, 1992.
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Hacker, Sally. Pleasure, power and technology: Some tales of gender, engineering, and the cooperative workplace. London: Routledge, 1992.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Women – Employment – Spain"
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Camarero, Luis, and Rosario Sampedro. "Exploring Female Over-Migration in Rural Spain — Employment, Care Giving and Mobility." In Women and Migration in Rural Europe, 189–208. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-48304-1_10.
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Moré, Paloma, and Raquel Martínez. "The growth of precarious employment for women in the care work sector during the COVID-19 pandemic." In COVID-19 and Social Change in Spain, 115–27. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003281719-12.
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Heffernan, Valerie, and Katherine Stone. "International Responses to Regretting Motherhood." In Women’s Lived Experiences of the Gender Gap, 121–33. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1174-2_11.
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AbstractRecent debates about maternal regret, prompted by the publication of Israeli sociologist Orna Donath’s (2015) research with mothers who admit to regretting their motherhood, have manifested differently in different cultural contexts. This chapter situates Tiina Sihto and Armi Mustosmäki’s analysis of a discussion of regret among contributors to an online forum for mothers in Finland (see Chap. 10.1007/978-981-16-1174-2_10) within the international context by comparing the Finnish discussion to similar media debates in Spain and the Anglophone countries. Our analysis reveals that while the idea that a woman might regret her motherhood is more readily accepted in countries where institutional support for mothers is lacking, there is a general acceptance that the inordinate pressures placed on mothers in neoliberal societies to negotiate the competing demands of family and paid employment make it inevitable that some women will experience regret. Moreover, we find evidence that the open conversation about regret triggered by Donath’s research is perceived as a further step towards destabilizing traditional attitudes towards gender roles.
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Domínguez-Amorós, Màrius, Leticia Muñiz, and Gabriela Rubilar. "Social Times, Reproduction and Social Inequality at Work: Contrasts and Comparative Perspectives Between Countries." In Towards a Comparative Analysis of Social Inequalities between Europe and Latin America, 331–59. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48442-2_11.
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AbstractIf the focus is placed specifically on the problem of work and family, the daily life of people and their use of time are a main problem. This time is expressed in both freely available time, which is related to activities, and time of the productive and reproductive sphere. This chapter considers work in a broad sense and takes into account the sexual division of labour.Specifically, this chapter will explore transformations in time use and social inequality in unpaid work. For this purpose, a comparative analysis of time-use surveys will be used, analysing the time spent, and the time dedicated to household chores in Chile, Argentina, Uruguay and Spain. From an analytical viewpoint, the analysis will place social reproduction at the centre of the socio-economic system, showing that the economic crisis has affected women and men differently, and that in both Europe and Latin America the family pattern is being replaced by a dominant family model of a male provider and a double presence of women. The large-scale incorporation of women into the labour market has emphasised the role that women assume in the domestic sphere perpetuating gender segregation in employment and in domestic and care work.
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Maestripieri, Margarita. "So close, so far? Part-time employment and its effects on gender equality in Italy and Spain1." In Dualisation of Part-Time Work, 55–84. Policy Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447348603.003.0003.
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This chapter analyses the cleavages among the insiders and outsiders of different groups of women in Italy and Spain with a particular focus on part-time employment. Given the prevalence of dualisation in Southern European labour markets, people employed in part-time work and non-standard employment are particularly vulnerable to precarious conditions. Only a minority of part-time contracts are voluntarily entered into by women. The authors argue that, in comparison with other European countries, part-time employment in Italy and Spain appears to be a form of implementing external labour market flexibility rather than an instrument created to ease work/family conflicts for women. Using an intersectional analytical approach, the authors show how the distribution of non-standard and involuntary part-time work is unequal among different groups of women, exposing young (in Italy) and low educated (in Spain) women in particular to deteriorated labour market conditions. The situation of disadvantage is magnified when there is a particular combination of lack of education, age and childcare requirements.
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Fernández, Diego Dueñas, and Almudena Moreno Mínguez. "The Influence of Children on Inequality in Employment between Men and Women: The Case of Spain." In Families in Economically Hard Times, 53–71. Emerald Publishing Limited, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/978-1-83909-071-420191006.
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Khader, Vijaya. "Technologies for Food, Health, Livelihood, and Nutrition Security." In Food Science and Nutrition, 94–112. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-5207-9.ch005.
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Intervention of various technologies to improve the food and nutritional status of the population proved the following facts: Promotion of malt based small scale food industry not only provides opportunity for rural women to develop entrepreneurship and employment, but also provides food and nutritional security through income generation. Several technologies were developed under NATP like value addition to fish and prawn products, artificial pearl culture, processing of salted fish, which helped the self help group women of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu to improve their economic status. Received two patents and licensed the technology which helped the women to reduce their drudgery and also preserve the fresh fish for a longer time without getting spoiled. Product development can be taken as income generating activity in the rural areas by the illiterate women. Products can be included in supplementary feeding programs in order to improve the nutritional status of the vulnerable groups of the population. The horse gram which is commonly used for cattle feed can be diversified for human consumption with less investment. Mothers as well as Anganwadi workers preferred amylase rich supplementary foods which reduced Grade 3 and grade 4 malnutrition in Preschool children significantly. The studies revealed that spawn multiplication can be done by women as a co-operative venture and mushroom cultivation can be undertaken at household level as an income-generating activity. Introducing red palm oil is beneficial to overcome vitamin A deficiency. Impact of women's supplementary income on family's nutritional status showed that the supplementary income of women has a positive impact on the socioeconomic status of the family. This impact is particularly felt on the food and nutrient intake of the family contributing towards food and nutrition security.
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Raju, P. J., D. M. Mamatha, and S. V. Seshagiri. "Sericulture Industry." In Environmental and Agricultural Informatics, 366–87. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9621-9.ch017.
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India has a huge potential for sericulture development unlike other agro industries since sericulture is a unique agro-based industry comprising of several components such as mulberry cultivation, silkworm rearing, silk reeling and other connected activities. Each of these components appear to be independent but closely linked with one another having intricacies of their own. The major activities of these components comprises of mulberry food-plant cultivation to feed the silkworms which spin silk cocoons and reeling the cocoons for unwinding the silk filament for manufacturing silk goods, subjecting them to the process of degumming, bleaching, dyeing, weaving and printing. Thus sericulture industry provides employment to approximately 7.85 million in rural and semi urban areas in India. Of these, a sizeable number belongs to the economically weaker sections of the society, including women. In addition to this, India has the unique credibility of producing all the five known commercial silk viz., mulberry, tropical tasar, oak tasar, eri and muga of which muga with its golden yellow glitter is unique and prerogative of India. Though silk is a luxury item, it is produced by the rural populace and purchased by urban rich, causing money to flow from urban to rural. It also prevents rural people to migrate to urban areas. The United Nation's recent endeavor “Millennium Development Goals” has an eight point programme to make our earth more healthy wealthy and free from inequalities by 2015. Sericulture being a rural and women friendly business aligns well with many of these ideas which are explained in detail in the chapter.
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Gleason, Philip. "Awaking to the Organizational Challenge." In Contending with Modernity. Oxford University Press, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195098280.003.0006.
Full textAbstract:
Even while they were distracted by the ideological fireworks of the 1890s, Catholic educators began to realize that changes in the organizational realm presented a more immediate challenge than did the conflict over broad issues of ecclesiastical policy. The most important features of this organizational challenge were: the emergence of the free public high school as the characteristic agency of secondary education; the marked increase in collegiate enrollments, which included unprecedented numbers of women attending both coeducational institutions and women’s colleges; the breakdown of the classical curriculum and the proliferation of new fields of study; the rise of the research university as the dominant institution, which was accompanied by a general professionalization of learning and the beginnings of a vast expansion of employment opportunities in the “knowledge industry”; and the development of voluntary associations of educators which acted as quality-control agencies by establishing and enforcing standards of performance at every level of education. Taken together, these and related developments constituted a veritable revolution which reshaped American higher education in the last quarter of the nineteenth century and the first two decades of the twentieth. The Catholic response to these developments constituted a form of modernization, since what Catholic colleges had to do was bring themselves into line with contemporary norms in respect to institutional structure, curricular organization, and articulation between secondary, collegiate, and graduate levels of education. This organizational modernization took place unevenly over a span of several decades. The establishment of the Catholic University of America was a decisive early event, but the general movement did not get under way till around 1900. Thus the first quarter of the twentieth century saw American Catholic collegiate education assume the modernized shape it still retains. Graduate education, too, was being introduced in Catholic institutions; but consideration of its development is best postponed for a later chapter. Catholic educators did not, of course, undertake this organizational modernization simply because they wanted to be up-to-date. On the contrary, most of them were deeply conservative on matters methodological and curricular; they certainly did not regard being modern as a virtue to be sought for its own sake.