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1
Miller, Conrad, Jennifer Peck, and Mehmet Seflek. "Integration Costs and Missing Women in Firms around the World." AEA Papers and Proceedings 112 (May 1, 2022): 578–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20221084.
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Where social norms favor gender segregation, firms may find it costly to employ both men and women. If the costs of integration are largely fixed, firms will integrate only if their expected number of female employees under integration exceeds some threshold. We use the distribution of female employment to estimate the share of firms with binding integration costs. Using global survey data, we find evidence for these binding integration costs in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) and South Asia but not in other regions. We also show that the intensity of gender segregation preferences is correlated with these integration costs in the MENA region.
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Cheng, Shu-Ju Ada. "Migrant Women Domestic Workers in Hong Kong, Singapore and Taiwan: A Comparative Analysis." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 5, no. 1 (March 1996): 139–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719689600500107.
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The concentration of women in certain occupations has been the main feature characterizing the feminization of migration in the Asian region during the last two decades. A gender-sensitive approach is essential in understanding the particular vulnerability facing these migrant women workers. This paper is concerned with the situation of migrant women domestic workers in East and Southeast Asia. It discusses the context of housework that has rendered migrant women domestic workers vulnerable to abuses and violence. It compares and contrasts the legal systems in Hong Kong, Singapore and Taiwan and addresses the inadequacy of the respective legal systems in dealing with the vulnerability of these women workers. Using Hong Kong as a case, it discusses the measures that have been adopted to provide better protection for migrant labor. This paper suggests that, in order to provide effective protection for the rights of these women, it is important for respective governments to take into account the particular vulnerability facing them as a result of the context of their employment.
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Hori, Makiko. "Full-Time Employment and Marital Satisfaction among Women in East Asian Societies." Comparative Sociology 16, no. 6 (November 23, 2017): 771–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691330-12341444.
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Abstract Using the 2006 East Asian Social Survey, the current study examines the relationship between wives’ employment status and their marital satisfaction in China, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan. The results show that full-time housewives are more satisfied as compared to full-time employed wives in Taiwan, while part-time employed wives are less satisfied than full-time employed wives in China. Wives’ marital satisfaction is also associated with their gender role attitudes, husband’s housework participation, and a number of family members in Japan and South Korea. The relationship between wives’ employment and their marital satisfaction varies even among four East Asian countries, where gender climate is relatively similar.
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Nakano, Lynne. "Single Women and the Transition to Marriage in Hong Kong, Shanghai and Tokyo." Asian Journal of Social Science 44, no. 3 (2016): 363–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685314-04403005.
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This paper considers the transition to adulthood in East Asia by exploring the experiences of single women between the ages of 25 and 45 years in the cities of Hong Kong, Shanghai and Tokyo. The paper argues that single women encounter difficulties negotiating marriage in the three cities due to problems in marriage markets, expectations of fertility upon marriage, and conflicts between educational and employment opportunities and marital roles. It also finds that in the three cities, women articulated two models of marriage, namely, a gender duty model based on expectations of gendered role fulfilment and a companionate model. The paper suggests that the specific configuration of marriage models differs in the three cities due to differences in the historical and social backgrounds of the cities and the larger national and regional contexts.
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Airaoje, Ojemeiri Karl, Aruaye Afeye Obada, and Aondover Eric Msughter. "A Critical Review on Gender Based Violence in Nigeria: Media Dimension." Middle East Research Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 3, no. 02 (August 31, 2023): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/merjhss.2023.v03i02.001.
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During the Covid-19 pandemic, women and girls around the world have been subjected to sexual and physical violence, which has never happened before. Women are killed in the name of honor in Asia and the Middle East, while girls in West Africa are subjected to genital mutilation in the name of tradition. Because the perpetrators believe that sex with virgins will cure them of their disease, young girls in Southern Africa are raped and infected with HIV/AIDS. According to the findings, the majority of Nigerian women have been victims of gender-based violence, such as incest, rape, physical abuse, verbal abuse, denial of food, forced marriage, and early child marriage. The findings of the study also revealed that age, employment, educational attainment, witnessing a mother being beaten as a child, family type, duration of union, participation in household decision-making, employment status relative to woman, differences in educational qualification between a male partner and woman, attitudes toward wife-beating among men and women, and male right to discipline or control females are all factors that contribute to gender-based violence. Sexually transmitted diseases, unwanted pregnancies, unsafe abortions, physical injuries, immediate psychological reactions such as shock, shame, guilt, and anger; and long-term psychological outcomes such as depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, suicidal ideation, lack of sexual pleasure, and fears are all health consequences of gender-based violence. The study concludes that gender-based violence has a negative impact not only on women and their reproductive health but also on Nigeria's economy and progress.
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Bhopal, Kalwant. "How Gender and Ethnicity Intersect: The Significance of Education, Employment and Marital Status." Sociological Research Online 3, no. 3 (September 1998): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5153/sro.146.
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This paper examines Labour Force Survey (LFS) statistics on economic activity, highest educational qualification, marital status and ethnicity. The paper will specifically explore comparisons within South Asian groups and between other ethnic groups (Afro-Caribbean and white), to investigate whether marriage has a differential impact for different ethnic groups, and if there have been any changes over time (1984-1994). The LFS data indicates that marital status has a differential impact on economic activity and education for different ethnic groups. When controlling for age (25-30), martial status has more impact on Indian and Pakistani/Bangladeshi groups, than it does for Afro-Caribbean and white groups. There are differences between ethnic groups and there are also differences within the South Asian category. Rapid social change is taking place for the 25-30 age cohort, where some South Asian women are becoming highly educated and entering professional occupations. This finding supports recent research carried out on South Asian women in East London (Bhopal, 1997).
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Klasen, Stephan. "What Explains Uneven Female Labor Force Participation Levels and Trends in Developing Countries?" World Bank Research Observer 34, no. 2 (August 1, 2019): 161–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wbro/lkz005.
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Abstract Rapid fertility decline, a strong expansion of female education, and favorable economic conditions should have promoted female labor force participation in developing countries. Yet trends in female labor force participation rates (FLFP) have been quite heterogeneous, rising strongly in Latin America and stagnating in many other regions, while improvements were modest in the Middle East and female participation even fell in South Asia. These trends are inconsistent with secular theories such as the feminization U hypothesis but point to an interplay of initial conditions, economic structure, structural change, and persistent gender norms and values. We find that differences in levels are heavily affected by historical differences in economic structure that circumscribe women's economic opportunities still today. Shocks can bring about drastic changes, with the experience of socialism being the most important shock to women's labor force participation. Trends are heavily affected by how much women's labor force participation depends on their household's economic conditions, how jobs deemed appropriate for more educated women are growing relative to the supply of more educated women, whether growth strategies are promoting female employment, and to what extent women are able to break down occupational barriers within the sectors where women predominantly work.
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Xiao, Zemeiyi. "The Decline of Fertility in East Asia Society: Its Sociological Factors and the Meaning of Women's Equal Rights." Journal of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences 24 (December 31, 2023): 419–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/w4axzp75.
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Women's equal rights are women's corresponding self-defense measures against the inequality that still exists in employment, education, or life, and it is also a symbol of the pursuit of personal dignity and self-rights. The inequality between men and women is mainly manifested in the excessive output of patriarchal values, which lead to problems such as male-female ratio imbalance and marriage squeeze and have seriously affected the fertility rate in the Asia-Pacific region. The problem of increasing the fertility rate is imminent, and society can take corresponding measures to improve its fundamental factors, rather than crudely attribute the problem to the awakening of women's consciousness, to some extent this is the objectification of women's value. However, the road to women's equal rights is still a long way to go. In recent years, the fertility rate issue has also been forced to be linked with the road to women's equal rights, which has aroused heated discussions. The study confirms fundamental factors of the low fertility rate and emphasizes the significance of women's equal rights.
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Nazari, Sareh. "Destination of International Female Migrant Workers." Review of European Studies 9, no. 1 (December 21, 2016): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/res.v9n1p43.
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Throughout history, migration has been considered an indispensable part of human life. It has occurred due to various reasons, among which searching for new job opportunities has always been a chief one. This happens when workers observe lack of vacancies in their homeland, while there are chances for them in other regions and countries. It impels local workers to move to leave in search of better conditions in their careers, along with having the desire for a better life. However, divergent factors such as demographic change, socio-economic and political crises, and huge wage gaps between developed and developing countries play undeniable roles. Half of these migrants who move across borders for employment are women. Most of these women migrate from Asia especially India, Pakistan and Nepal to developed countries in the world to achieve new opportunities and a better life. The aim of this study is to identify the distribution of international female migrant workers around the world by applying compilation methodology approach, utilizing library documentation method and secondary analysis of qualitative data. The findings indicate that there is a strong connection between gender gap at work and the destination of female migrant workers. Nowadays, Northern, Southern and Western Europe and North America have the least gender gap between women and men at work. These regions are also the main destination of female international migrants. This research also predicts that in the future the destination of these women will be East Asia which is experiencing remarkable gender equality at work.
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Lim, Joseph Y. "The Effects of the East Asian Crisis on the Employment of Women and Men: The Philippine Case." World Development 28, no. 7 (July 2000): 1285–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0305-750x(00)00023-1.
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Thanasombat, Siri, and John Trasvina. "Screening Names Instead of Qualifications: Testing with Emailed Resumes Reveals Racial Preferences." AAPI Nexus Journal: Policy, Practice, and Community 3, no. 2 (2005): 105–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.36650/nexus3.2_105-115_thanasombatetal.
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In today’s California, Asian Americans and Arab Americans have diminished employment opportunities because employment agencies focus on their names, not qualifications. The Discrimination Research Center has documented the response rates to resumes submitted on behalf of men and women who have equal qualifications and ethnically identifiable names of Asian American, Arab American, Latino, African American and white backgrounds. Although potentially illegal and certainly unacceptable, results that showed that individuals with Arab or South Asian names, especially men, received the lowest response rates to their resumes were not particularly surprising in the aftermath of September 11, 2001 and subsequent changes in world affairs. Local animosity and antagonism ranging from discrimination to violence in response to events in the Middle East are well known and fit a historic pattern. Other statistically significant results showing Asian Americans receiving far fewer responses than white women applicants despite their comparable resumes suggest the persistence of long-held perceptions of Asian Americans as “foreigners”, not capable of “fitting in”, and reluctant to complain when wronged. Asian American community organizations and leaders may wish to replicate DRC testing in other parts of the United States or utilize these research results as a basis for workplace advocacy and litigation.
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Afsar, Rita. "Bringing Women Entrepreneurs In Policy Focus For SME Development In Bangladesh." Pakistan Journal of Gender Studies 2, no. 1 (September 8, 2009): 127–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.46568/pjgs.v2i1.359.
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Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are often considered as panacea for generating labour-intensive employment opportunities needed to absorb expanding labour force, providing much needed flexibility and innovations in the economy as a whole, diversifying economic activities and making significant contribution to export and poverty alleviation. There is disproportionately high concentration of women in the low-productive, low-income generating micro-enterprises and subsequent low representation of women entrepreneurs in the SME sector due to some of the inherent problems of this sector compounded with systematic gender based inequality. Data from the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics show that in Bangladesh, only about 7.4 per cent of the establishments in manufacturing and services as of 2001-2003 are owned by women. This compares with about 20 per cent in India as of 2000 and that of nearly 39 per cent in the South-East Asian region. Clearly it suggests the need for policy push to increase women’s participation and enhance their capacity. Based on a thorough literature review including research and other policy as well as programme related documents, this paper highlights the major constraints faced by women entrepreneurs and suggest appropriate policy measures to address those gaps and challenges from a review of the existing SME policies. It argues that the whole process of SME development should have a clear structure and a vision for enhancing capability of the entrepreneurs to compete in the global and domestic markets which demand special focus on women entrepreneurs who are often marginalized in the existing women unfriendly environment. A broad and comprehensive focus on information and capital accessibility, skill development and marketing linkage is essential to increase women’s participation in SME.
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Lee, Hyunok. "Gendered Migration in a Changing Care Regime: A Case of Korean Chinese Migrants in South Korea." Social Policy and Society 17, no. 3 (June 5, 2017): 393–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474746417000161.
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The feminisation of international migration for care labour has gained prominence in the last three decades. It has been theorised mainly in the context of the changing care regime in the Global North; the changes in other parts of the world have been largely neglected. This article explores the dynamics between changing care regimes, labour markets and international migration in the East Asian context through the case of Korean Chinese migrants to South Korea. Korean Chinese came to South Korea through various legal channels beginning in the late 1980s and occupy the largest share of both male and female migrants in South Korea. Korean Chinese women have engaged in service sector jobs, including domestic work and caregiving, since their influx, yet such work was only legalised during the 2000s in response to demographic changes and the care deficit. This article sheds light on the female Korean Chinese migrants’ engagement in care work in the ambiguous legal space of migration and the care labour market, and their changing roles in the process of development of the care labour market. Based on interviews with Korean Chinese migrants in South Korea, immigration statistics, and the Foreign Employment Survey in 2013, this study explores how the care regime intersects with migration in the process of the care regimes development.
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Salaff, Janet W., and Judith Nagata. "Conclusion." Asian Journal of Social Science 24, no. 1 (1996): 131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/030382496x00113.
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AbstractWhat occupies us in this volume is how women at all social levels devise their own coping mechanisms to deal with the impact of externally imposed pressures. Their stories reflect the creative solutions with which they have come to terms with some of the resulting problems, but always in a very personal way and without recourse to any form of collective action or organization. With a few exceptions, most of these women are still committed to traditional roles and the perception of obligations, even if the content of the role has changed. At least these "core" roles seem ideologically more resistant to change, such that there is a considerable lag between changing social conditions and the values underpinning them (cf. Goody, 1984). Apparently, it is only when women have become exposed, either through education, overseas travel or scholarly professions, that outside ("Western") notions of feminism and gender equality emerge. It is the highly unique and privileged upper middle class who agitate and raise the consciousness of their "deprived" sisters, and who also initiate women's organizations and support centres. If an awareness of womanhood for itself, a gender-as-class type of feminism has yet to surface in most of the societies of Southeast Asia, it is still legitimate to pursue the question of situation of women as a group-in-itself, as a potential action group. If we focus on the kinship system, as we have seen above, there is little in the ideology, distribution of resources and male-female relationships in traditional Southeast Asian practice (the immigrant Chinese here being something of an exception), to suggest an undue exploitation or oppression of women as a whole. In the domestic arrangements of most of them, a modus vivendi had been struck, an acceptance of role complementarily whether labelled the "myth of male dominance" (Rogers, 1975; Hirschon, 1984), or the false consciousness so readily perceived by many outsiders. Operating from the domestic core, women devise all manner of individual strategies to pursue their interests, influence their kin and turn events towards their chosen direction. Whether within or outside the household, such strategies are in the broadest sense political and can have substantial impact upon the male world (Collier, 1974). Commonly, women act or achieve their goals indirectly through men, particularly by the manipulation of husbands, brothers and sons, so that even the Chinese woman may eventually come into her own as a mother-in-law. In this collection of stories, Chat is the supreme example of this kind of successful manipulator. Satisfaction may even be had vicariously, as in Tok Nyam's pleasure in seeing her husband and sons make the pilgrimage to Mecca ahead of her. All of these women have managed to make, within their own small worlds, a choice of action between two or more options: Maimunah and Ah Ling opted for a non-traditional life of their own in the city, while Zainab chose to retreat from it and ease her family into compliance with her choice. The Singapore women's solutions to their working situation constantly result in a creative tension and some changes in the original Chinese family organization. For all the poverty of her family, even Yurni has been bold enough to spurn employment with and dependence on Ibu Ica, whom she dislikes, taking up alternative sharecropping and embroidery jobs instead. Rufina left Manila to marry the man of her own choosing, and in the most desperate of circumstances, devises a constant series of strategies of survival, while she and Tia Lilia are both victims of a system of rural proletarianization endemic in the Philippines. The deprivations of the latter two women stem, not from their position in a kinship, domestic or male-dominated system, but rather from the inequities of the wider society beyond them. In the case of the Muslim women in particular, some "interference" or even conflict emerges between the ideologies of their religion and kinship customs. In matrilineal Minangkabau society, Islam's main impact on Yurni has been in diverting the girls to an inferior or less modern type of education in favour of preparing the boys for a profession or other career. Islam moulded the sequence of Tok Nyam's divorce, remarriage and such important events in her life as the pilgrimage, but in no way prevented her from enjoying an active community life and the profits of her pandanus mat trade. Zainab happened to be growing up at a time when Islam was on the upswing in her social set and the immediate pressures of her social environment undoubtedly provided some coercive effect. Yet the final choice was still her own: Maimunah, living in the same time and place, charted a different path for herself. In the final analysis, it is probably to the world beyond the kin and family group that we must turn to seek the locus of the real inequities and the sources of oppression as they affect women, both in Southeast Asia and elsewhere. As noted above, the origins of most of the problems of the disadvantaged women of our collection lie in their overall class position, or in the political situation of their country. Rufina and Tia Lilia are the most dramatic examples here, and to a lesser degree, Yurni. In these cases, it must be recognized that the men, alongside the women, are also in positions of dependence and deprivation lacking the means to take control of their own lives and condition. It is a fallacy to assume that women represent an undifferentiated common interest group on the basis of their gender alone, for factors more powerful emerge on the backs of such distinctions as wealth, status, class, ethnicity and religion. Even the "advantages" of involvement in modern economic development, employment and education institutions are dependent upon these same distinctions, such that, for example, elite women may benefit more than those of lower status, as shown by Ibu Ica and Yurni, or women of one ethnic origin may be eligible for certain employment opportunities less available to those of other backgrounds for political reasons, as the urban careers of Maimunah, Zainab and Ah Ling illustrate. In the Philippines, it is to the destructive process of increasing rural proletarianization and poverty affecting the country as a whole that Rufina and Tia Lilia owe their pitiful existence, of which their menfolk are equally victims. Women in their own daily lives take cognisance of these various roles in devising strategies of action and charting paths to particular goals. None of this is quantifiable in any reliable way and to attempt to do so is to reduce the women actors to the anonymous shadow, dependent role occupants that most feminists would strenuously avoid. The alternative pursued here is the biographical method which allows us to present more of the individual richness of the situations of a small sample of selected women, as seen through their own eyes. In this exercise, the observer/biographers have deliberately refrained from passing judgment of a cultural, feminist or other variety, instead using the opportunity for interaction with their subjects to gain insights into both cultures through a process of defamiliarization and refamiliarization simultaneously.
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HANUSCH, MAREK. "JOBLESS GROWTH? OKUN'S LAW IN EAST ASIA." Journal of International Commerce, Economics and Policy 04, no. 03 (October 2013): 1350014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793993313500142.
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Was economic growth in East Asia jobless? An analysis of Okun's Law in eight countries between 1997 and 2011 suggests that it was not. However, there is considerable variation across countries. Generally, the effect of growth on employment magnifies in more flexible labor markets. Yet even under tight labor regulation, economic growth affects employment, especially in its composition. Agricultural employment moves counter-cyclically, as opposed to nonagricultural employment. The effect is particularly pronounced in periods of economic crisis, suggesting that agriculture serves as a shock-absorber for workers laid off in the industrial sector. Isolating nonagricultural employment reveals a stronger relationship between growth and job creation.
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Behrman, Jere R., and Zheng Zhang. "Gender Issues and Employment in Asia." Asian Development Review 13, no. 02 (January 1995): 1–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0116110595000066.
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A major means of engaging women more in development processes is increasingly productive employment. This paper adds perspective on gender issues and employment in Asian developing countries. First, employment experiences of Asian women, both across countries and over time, are characterized with aggregate data. There are some strong associations between development and many employment variables, though strikingly not for female / male wages. Second, some micro evidence on selected dimensions of Asian employment and gender issues is summarized: increasing relative female to male returns to schooling in labor markets at higher schooling levels, information problems and possible statistical discrimination against females in rural labor markets, and the limited impact of equal opportunity employment efforts. Finally, some employment and gender issues are summarized relating to women’s welfare and employment, the nature of discrimination in labor markets, efficiency reasons for policy interventions, the possible key role of information, and the role of education.
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Kirk, Gwyn, and Margo Okazawa‐rey. "Women opposing U.S. militarism in East Asia." Peace Review 16, no. 1 (March 2004): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1040265042000210175.
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Lee, Jenny, Jae-Eun Jon, and Kiyong Byun. "Neo-Racism and Neo-Nationalism Within East Asia." Journal of Studies in International Education 21, no. 2 (September 27, 2016): 136–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1028315316669903.
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This research, based in South Korea, compares the experiences of international students from within and outside the Asian region and then examines Chinese international students’ perceptions of discrimination. Utilizing the concept of neo-nationalism, survey findings revealed that Asian students reported greater difficulties and unfair treatment compared with students coming from Europe, North America, and other regions. The interviews further revealed anti-Chinese sentiments resulting in verbal aggression, challenges securing housing, discriminatory employment practices, and more.
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Yoon, Jayoung. "Labor market outcomes for women in East Asia." Asian Journal of Women's Studies 21, no. 4 (October 2, 2015): 384–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/12259276.2015.1106861.
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Bardhan, Kalpana, and Stephan Klasen. "Women in Emerging Asia: Welfare, Employment, and Human Development." Asian Development Review 16, no. 01 (January 1998): 72–125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0116110598000037.
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Women in Asia now find themselves at a crossroad. While most of the long-term trends in demography, education, and employment opportunities, if sustained by supportive policies and gender-sensitive crisis management, are likely to reduce gender inequities, the outlook in the short to medium term is not very bright. Gender-bias in mortality persists in parts of Asia. Literacy and schooling gaps are still large in South Asia. The interaction of gender-based indicators of welfare, capability, work participation, and earnings reflects the centrality of female education for economic growth, mortality and fertility reduction, and equity. Educational inequality will be a weightier source of income inequality in the next decade. Lastly, during stagflation, recession, restructuring, and transition, women relatively suffer earnings loss, workload increase, and educational setback. Economic growth is not a sufficient condition for gender equity, and public policies must consistently pursue it in the distribution of opportunities and adjustment costs. Improving women’s employment opportunities (in quantity and quality) involves addressing labor-market rigidities, credit-market barriers, and the lack of infrastructure and utilities that aggravates their workloads.
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Jones, Gavin W., Tsay Ching-Lung, and Bhishna Bajracharya. "Demographic and employment change in the mega-cities of South-east and East Asia." Third World Planning Review 22, no. 2 (May 2000): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/twpr.22.2.ew986g3n7340tj60.
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Lipsey, Robert E., and Fredrik Sjöholm. "South–South FDI and Development in East Asia." Asian Development Review 28, no. 02 (December 2011): 11–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0116110511500089.
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This paper attempts to measure the size of South–South foreign direct investment (FDI) in developing East Asia and the trends in it, the characteristics of the investing countries, and the investments themselves. It also summarizes the findings of studies in individual countries of the effects of these investments. The studies of individual countries will be used to try to find some consensus on differences between South–South FDI and North–South FDI. Among the comparisons of the two types of FDI summarized are findings about their industrial composition; their effects on their host countries and their host-country firms’ productivity, wages, and employment; and how these differ across industries.
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Vishnevskaya, N. "Self-Employment in Transitional Economies." World Economy and International Relations, no. 10 (2013): 58–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2013-10-58-67.
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The economic crisis caused the ubiquitous growth of a number of self-employed in total employment. In particular groups of countries the self-employment differs both by its scale and composition. Compared to the Central and East European economies, the CIS countries show a much higher share of dependents in the families while the unit weight of employers using hired workers is considerably lower. One of the most characteristic features of self-employment in the transitional economies is very wide participation of women. This conclusion is especially true for CIS countries where women make up the prevailing part of self-employed and their share demonstrates a steady growth. In the Central and East European economies gender indicators are rather close to those in the developed nations. Men face a higher risk of becoming self-employed than women. As for Russia, in terms of volume, composition and structure of self-employment it stays close to the group of Central and East European countries rather than to CIS nations.
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Brinton, Mary C., Yean-Ju Lee, and William L. Parish. "Married Women's Employment in Rapidly Industrializing Societies: Examples from East Asia." American Journal of Sociology 100, no. 5 (March 1995): 1099–130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/230633.
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Hayase, Yasuko. "Japanese Foreign Direct Investment, Employment and International Migration in East Asia." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 10, no. 3-4 (September 2001): 535–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719680101000309.
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Shrikhande, Laxmi. "HIV in Women in South-East Asia and India." Journal of South Asian Federation of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1, no. 2 (2009): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10006-1019.
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Enloe, Cynthia H., Khin Thitsa, Signe Howell, and Maila Stivens. "Women and Development in South-East Asia, I. Papers." Pacific Affairs 59, no. 4 (1986): 718. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2758577.
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Ushiyama, Rin. "‘Comfort women must fall’? Japanese governmental responses to ‘comfort women’ statues around the world." Memory Studies 14, no. 6 (December 2021): 1255–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17506980211054308.
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This article examines Japanese governmental responses to memorial statues dedicated to ‘comfort women’ – women across the Asia-Pacific whom the Japanese military forced into conditions now recognised as sexual slavery before and during World War Two. This article discusses four cases around the world in which Japanese government officials have demanded the removal of comfort women statues: 1) Glendale, California; 2) San Francisco; 3) Manila; and 4) Berlin. The global expansion of comfort women memorialisation is significant to contemporary statue politics and crises of memory in three ways. Firstly, East Asian diasporas have become important actors in the remembrance of Japanese colonialism and the Asia-Pacific War outside East Asia. Secondly, these statues constitute attempts by diasporas to recover and reclaim a traumatic past through material culture. Thirdly, despite the global geographical reach of comfort women memory activism, neither nationalism nor the power of the nation-state have declined in today’s transnational world.
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Majumder, Md Anwarul Azim. "Study shows more women seeking healthcare in Bangladesh." South East Asia Journal of Public Health 7, no. 1 (December 31, 2017): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/seajph.v7i1.34684.
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Chakravarty, Rishi. "Role of Trade in Promoting Entrepreneurship Development between North East India and South East Asia." International Journal of Scientific Research and Management (IJSRM) 5, no. 8 (August 2, 2017): 6576–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijsrm/v5i8.02.
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Entrepreneurship plays a vital role for economic growth and development of a nation or a region within the nation. Out of many important benefits of entrepreneurship development, generation of employment opportunities for job seekers is one of the most important issues. India‟s North Eastern Region (NER) is unique in terms of growth opportunities as it has the potential to develop into India‟s economic power house being a vibrant source of energy, oil, natural gas, coal, and limestone, besides being endowed with its largest perennial water system in the river Brahmaputra and its tributaries. Aptly considered as „The Gateway‟ to its South East Asian neigh bours, India‟s North East can emerge as a strategic base for foreign and domestic investors to tap into the South East Asian region, which is getting integrated through the operationalization of the South Asian Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) and the Agreement on Trade in Services. At the initiative of the present Government at the center, the slogan of “Make in India” has gained immense popularity with a more vibrant “Act East Policy” now taking over the formerly „Look East Policy‟. The NER's unlimited tourism opportunities, unique performing arts, and varied cuisine and handicrafts provides the ideal setting for its development as a hub for dealing in trade and commerce with India‟s eastern neighbours and boosting entrepreneurship. Development of NER will not only enhance the economy ofIndia but also will foster bilateral integration amongst the East and South East Asian neighbours. This paper therefore is an attempt to understand in what way will trade between the North East India and South East Asian regions can boost entrepreneurship and generate self employment.
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Shen, Wenqin, and Hugo Horta. "Decision making of PhD students regarding careers and employment in East Asia." Higher Education Quarterly 78, no. 2 (April 2024): 299–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/hequ.12492.
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Peng, Rui-Rui, Hong-Min Li, Helena Chang, Jian-Hong Li, Alberta L. Wang, and Xiang-Sheng Chen. "Prevalence and genotype distribution of cervical human papillomavirus infection among female sex workers in Asia: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis." Sexual Health 9, no. 2 (2012): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh11066.
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Cervical human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is highly transmissible. Although there are many studies on HPV infection in general population of women globally, little attention has been paid to female sex workers (FSWs) in Asia. In this study, we used a meta-analytic approach to systematically analyse the literature to elucidate the prevalence and genotype distribution of cervical HPV infection among FSWs in Asia. Fourteen eligible studies were identified in five databases, and data including 4198 FSWs from nine Asian countries were aggregated. Crude estimates of cervical HPV prevalence among FSWs in this region ranged from 12.8% to 84.8%. FSWs had a nearly 10-fold risk of HPV infection than the general population of women. Stratified analysis showed that HPV prevalence was higher in East Asia than other subregions and in younger FSWs than older FSWs. HPV genotype distribution was statistically different between East Asia and South-east Asia. In East Asia, the most prevalent genotypes were HPV 16 (23.9%), 18 (11.0%), 58 (9.4%), 56 (6.3%) and 52 (5.3%), while they were HPV 52 (12.9%), 16 (8.5%), 58 (5.2%), 18 (5.0%) and 66 (4.9%) in South-east Asia. HPV 31, 33 and 35 were less frequently found in both subregions. HPV infection was substantial among FSWs in some Asian countries. More studies are necessary to illustrate the overall picture of HPV infection in this region.
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Mørkrid, Kjersti, Anne K. Jenum, Line Sletner, Mari H. Vårdal, Christin W. Waage, Britt Nakstad, Siri Vangen, and Kåre I. Birkeland. "Failure to increase insulin secretory capacity during pregnancy-induced insulin resistance is associated with ethnicity and gestational diabetes." European Journal of Endocrinology 167, no. 4 (October 2012): 579–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje-12-0452.
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ObjectiveTo assess changes in insulin resistance and β-cell function in a multiethnic cohort of women in Oslo, Norway, from early to 28 weeks' gestation and 3 monthspost partumand relate the findings to gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).MethodPopulation-based cohort study of 695 healthy pregnant women from Western Europe (41%), South Asia (25%), Middle East (15%), East Asia (6%) and elsewhere (13%). Blood samples and demographics were recorded at mean 15 (V1) and 28 (V2) weeks' gestation and 3 monthspost partum(V3). Universal screening was by 75 g oral glucose tolerance test at V2, GDM with modified IADPSG criteria (no 1-h measurement): fasting plasma glucose (PG) ≥5.1 or 2-h PG ≥8.5 mmol/l. Homeostatic model assessment (HOMA)-β (β-cell function) and HOMA-IR (insulin resistance) were calculated from fasting glucose and C-peptide.ResultCharacteristics were comparable across ethnic groups, except age (South Asians: younger,P<0.001) and prepregnant BMI (East Asians: lower,P=0.040). East and South Asians were more insulin resistant than Western Europeans at V1. From V1 to V2, the increase in insulin resistance was similar across the ethnic groups, but the increase in β-cell function was significantly lower for the East and South Asians compared with Western Europeans. GDM women compared with non-GDM women were more insulin resistant at V1; from V1 to V2, their β-cell function increased significantly less and the percentage increase in β-cell function did not match the change in insulin resistance.ConclusionPregnant women from East Asia and South Asia were more insulin resistant and showed poorer HOMA-β-cell function than Western Europeans.
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Chakraborty, Ananya. "Negotiated Agency amidst Overlapping Vulnerabilities of Women Migrant Workers in South Asia." Social Change 50, no. 1 (March 2020): 61–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0049085719901070.
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Marriage, family reunification, forced labour and trafficking are some of the most widely attributed causes of women’s migration within South Asia. This paper contributes to a small but growing literature about women’s migration within South Asia for employment amidst social, cultural and policy level barriers that hinder women’s mobility choices. It examines the experiences of 45 migrant women from economically poorer backgrounds comprising both cross-border, undocumented migrants from Nepal and Bangladesh and internal migrants from India working in informal jobs within India. This paper also explores similarities and differences between migration and labour market experiences of women migrants in South Asia showing how migration for employment can contribute towards agency formation but at the same time increase vulnerability by bringing about a reduction in well-being, security and dignity in the absence of secure policies that address challenges of women migrants in the region.
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Muthoka, Edna. "A sectoral analysis of Trade openness and Women employment in selected East African Countries." International Journal of Science and Business 24, no. 1 (2023): 127–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.58970/ijsb.2120.
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Tanzania, Uganda and Kenya improved their trade openness by 26 and 8 points, respectively, between 1995 and 1998 as a percentage of these countries’ gross domestic product. percent from 1998 to 2008. East African Community employment is dominated by agriculture, which motivated this study. Generally, this study pursued an analysis of openness of trade and women employment in selected EAC countries. The study examined the impact of openness of trade on both agriculture and service sector employment of women. In particular, the purpose of this study was to investigate how trade opening affects the employment of women in the agricultural sector in some EAC counties. and explore how trade opening affects the employment of women in the service sector in some counties of the EAC. The results show that trade opening had a negative impact on women’s employment in the agricultural sector, but had a positive impact on the service sector. This implies trade openness has shifted female employment pattern from agriculture to services sector. The study was conducted using a longitudinal panel design. The study concludes that efforts should be made to retain female workers in agriculture by retraining them, while promoting their employment through trade facilitation services and support with marketing. Concerning agricultural sector, the study recommends retraining of female workers in the agricultural sector to improve their skills set as well as providing credit to enable them move from lower cadre employment in agriculture.
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Bui, Anh Tuan, Susan Lambert, Tung Duc Phung, and Giao Reynolds. "The Impact of Business Obstacles on Firm Growth and Job Stability in East Asia and Pacific Nations." Sustainability 13, no. 19 (October 1, 2021): 10949. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131910949.
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Economic sustainability is closely linked to firm growth and employment stability, making them of great interest to policymakers and business leaders. Insights into the factors that impact employment growth and employment stability aid decision makers to develop policies that encourage economic growth and economic sustainability. This study used World Bank Enterprise Survey data to examine the effect of the business obstacles of financing, labour regulation, and under-skilled workforce on firm growth and on employment stability, estimated by the proportion of permanent to non-permanent workforce in East Asia and Pacific nations. The instrumental variables (IV) method was used with two-stage least squares (2SLS) to account for potential endogeneity between the business obstacles and employment growth and the proportion of permanent to non-permanent workers employed by firms. In addition, the quantile method was applied to capture the partial effect of the reported obstacles across different segments of firm growth. Findings included a significant negative effect of the financing obstacle on employment growth and therefore firm growth, particularly at the lowest levels thereof. In addition, financing and labour regulations obstacles have a significant, negative effect on the proportion of permanent employees in a firm’s workforce.
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Quack, S., and F. Maier. "From State Socialism to Market Economy—Women's Employment in East Germany." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 26, no. 8 (August 1994): 1257–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a261257.
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The transformation from a centrally planned economy to a market economy involves a wide-ranging redistribution of paid employment, income, and individual opportunities. Men and women in the former East Germany (GDR)—who before reunification had equal roles of participation in paid labour—have been affected in different ways by the restructuring of the East German economy. Women are now more often unemployed, and for longer periods, and face greater difficulties in finding a job. In order to explain these differences between men and women, the authors investigate the economic, social, and political dimensions of the transformation process. The main argument is that economic and social disadvantages affecting East German women are not just related to the economic and political transformation as such. Rather, they are rooted in a traditional gender division of paid work in the former GDR which was reinforced by the paternalistic family and social policy developed by the East German state. At the same time, however, East German women's experiences of being fully integrated into employment, and enjoying greater economic independence, make it unlikely that they will easily accept the West German model of partial labour-market integration.
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소현숙. "A Women’s History of East Asia from a Transnational Perspective." Women and History ll, no. 20 (June 2014): 294–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.22511/women..20.201406.294.
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ANDO, MITSUYO, and FUKUNARI KIMURA. "EXPANDING FRAGMENTATION OF PRODUCTION IN EAST ASIA AND DOMESTIC OPERATIONS: FURTHER EVIDENCE FROM JAPANESE MANUFACTURING FIRMS." Journal of International Commerce, Economics and Policy 04, no. 01 (January 27, 2013): 1350001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793993313500014.
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This paper investigates the pattern of globalizing corporate activities of Japanese manufacturing firms and their domestic operations and international trade. More specifically, we compare changes in domestic operations and international trade of firms expanding operations in East Asia with those of firms not expanding operations in two contrastive periods, 1998–2002 and 2002–2006. In addition, we conduct analyses incorporating the information on the globalizing behavior in the former period for the latter period and analyses focusing only on non-MNEs or MNEs in line with the literature. Our study demonstrates that Japanese manufacturing firms with expanding operations in East Asia are more likely to increase domestic employment and the number of domestic affiliates and establishments as well as to intensify export/import activities with the region, particularly in the latter period, by effectively utilizing the mechanics of production process-wise division of labor in East Asia.
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Brinton, Mary C., and Eunsil Oh. "Babies, Work, or Both? Highly Educated Women’s Employment and Fertility in East Asia." American Journal of Sociology 125, no. 1 (July 2019): 105–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/704369.
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Mancl, Karen, and Katrina Lee. "Framework for Mentoring East Asian Women Scientists and Engineers." Ohio Journal of Science 116, no. 2 (January 13, 2017): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.18061/ojs.v116i2.5033.
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The goal of this preliminary study was to develop a framework for success in mentoring East Asian women scientists and engineers. Six women participated in 2-hour interviews providing an oral history. Common themes from their interviews revealed they brought some shared experiences from Asia. While science and engineering studies were encouraged, especially for girls, they had little mentoring. Upon coming to the US they found themselves isolated as an Asian and female minority, while feeling family and cultural expectations. The findings of the study suggest a 4-part mentoring framework. 1. Mentors should be assigned. 2. At least 1 mentor should be a woman. 3. Mentors needed understanding of and to be able to discuss work/life balance and 4. Mentors need to work with protégés to help them with mission and goal setting. This research supports findings of other studies that describe mentoring teams working with minority faculty and the importance of women mentors in providing psychosocial mentoring functions. This research uncovered the limited role of East Asian mentors. Not all of the women had mentors from East Asia and some did not feel it was important.
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Blumberg, Rae Lesser. "“Dry” Versus “Wet” Development and Women in Three World Regions." Sociology of Development 1, no. 1 (2015): 91–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/sod.2015.1.1.91.
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This article explores whether a region's traditional type of agricultural production - “dry” (rain-fed) vs. “wet” (irrigated rice) - has long-term effects on women's equality and on development. It examines the three world regions with the widest range of gender stratification: a “dry” region (Middle East/North Africa/much of South Asia, the most gender-unequal) and two “wet” regions (East Asia, and Southeast Asia - traditionally the most gender-equal). Men are primary cultivators in “dry” agriculture but irrigated rice is so labor-intensive that both genders are producers. Participation in production is posited as a precondition for greater gender equality (Blumberg 1984). Working toward a theory incorporating traditional production and region into gender and development, the article considers additional factors. One is the kin/property system: in the first two regions, it privileges men (patrilineal descent; patrilocal residence; male-dominated inheritance). In Southeast Asia, it is bilateral/matrifocal. And only in Southeast Asia do women traditionally earn and control income, i.e., have economic power, the key (although not only) factor affecting gender equality in Blumberg's theory of gender stratification. Cultural-normative variables remain least favorable to women in the “dry” region (especially compared to Southeast Asia). Today, the “dry” region has the least dynamic growth, with continued low female labor force participation (LFP) in oil-poor and, especially, oil-rich nations; the two “wet” regions have pursued successful export manufacturing development strategies with high female LFP, with Southeast Asia now having the fastest growth. Development prospects vs. potential problems align similarly from worst to best in the three regions.
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Tan, Poh Lin. "Dual Burdens of Care: “Sandwiched Couples” in East Asia." Journal of Aging and Health 30, no. 10 (September 5, 2018): 1574–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0898264318796061.
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Objective: To estimate proportions of married couples aged 30 to 59 years who face simultaneous demands from elderly parents and children in China, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan, and the effects on couples’ life and marital satisfaction. Method: Using data from the 2006 East Asian Social Survey, proportions of sandwiched couples were estimated using three definitions: co-residence, co-residence or nearby residence, and co-residence or frequent provision of financial/physical assistance. Logistic regression models were used to assess the effects on life and marital satisfaction. Results: Three-generational co-residence is more common in Taiwan and Japan (24.3% and 21.4%), whereas co-residence or provision for both generations is higher in Taiwan and Korea (53.7% and 44.5%). The strain of being sandwiched is associated with lower life and marital satisfaction only among women. Discussion: Intergenerational transfers of care play a major role in elderly support in East Asia but take a toll on the well-being of married women.
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Huguet, Jerrold W. "The Future of International Migration within Asia." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 1, no. 2 (June 1992): 250–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719689200100204.
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Data on flows from Asia to the Middle East and developing countries as well as on flows within Asia are presented, followed by a discussion of the growing importance of intraregional labor migration. Demographic pressures and widely varying economic growth rates will stimulate this movement and bring greater private and government agency participation. Female and family migration and settlement will be encouraged by geographic and cultural proximity. As intraregional labor migration becomes more institutionalized, governments face major policy challenges for planning, regulating and monitoring overseas employment; for the protection of migrant workers; and for stronger regional cooperation.
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Horne, Richard. "Employment and social trends by region." World Employment and Social Outlook 2024, no. 1 (February 2024): 37–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wow3.204.
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AbstractChapter 2 presents labour market trends by broadly defined regions. Headline indicators show an improvement in most regions, with a slight deterioration for 2024 and considerable downside risk. Employment is growing in all regions, although often driven by growth in the working‐age population. Employment‐to‐population ratios are also approaching pre‐pandemic (2019) levels in most regions. Unemployment rates are also recovering to pre‐pandemic levels, with similar subregional exceptions, including non‐GCC Arab States and East Asia, for which ratios remain above 2019 levels. Considerable heterogeneity remains across subregions and different labour market dimensions. Weaker job growth is expected in 2024 owing to various geopolitical tensions and tighter global monetary conditions.
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Das, Pankaj. "CONSEQUENCES OF NEPALESE YOUTH MIGRATION TO OVERSEAS FOR FOREIGN EMPLOYMENT." Jurnal Sosiologi Nusantara 6, no. 1 (June 17, 2020): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.33369/jsn.6.1.23-30.
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Nepal is an agricultural country, where migration is increasing for foreign employment. Majority of workers from Asia mostly from Nepal migrate to Middle East countries. Migrant workers working in these countries suffer from work related risk like accidents at workplace and mental sickness. Foreign migration has shifted the agricultural economy towards remittance economy. Lack of education and limited employment opportunities are the main reasons behind international labor migration. The issue of such migration needs to be addressed at the government level, to assist in managing and promoting safe migration in an effective way.Keywords: Foreign Employment, Health risks. Migration
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Cummings, F. Harry, and Gavin W. Jones. "Women in the Urban and Industrial Workforce. Southeast and East Asia." Pacific Affairs 59, no. 2 (1986): 288. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2758943.
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Greenhalgh], [Susan, and Gavin W. Jones. "Women in the Urban and Industrial Workforce: Southeast and East Asia." Population and Development Review 11, no. 4 (December 1985): 782. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1973473.
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Fisher, Pamela. "Women and employment in East Germany: the legacy of GDR equality." Journal of Social Welfare and Family Law 32, no. 4 (December 2010): 401–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09649069.2010.539360.
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Tsaniyah, Alfi Hakimatus, and Lilik Sugiharti. "ANALYSIS OF FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION (FLFP) IN EAST JAVA." Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi Terapan 6, no. 1 (June 26, 2021): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jiet.v6i1.26777.
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Employment has an important role to support a certain economy. The number of female workers have increased every year, due to family welfare fulfillment and female role shifting as a head of households. This paper aims to observe the driving factors of female labor force participation in East Java-Indonesia. Logit model is incorporated to estimate the parameters which involved total sample of 23.218 women in productive age which consist of 13.473 working women and the rest of 9.745 non working women in East Java. On the basis of micro data level from National Labor Force Survey (Sakernas) 2018, the result shows that age, education level, marital status, head of the household status, household size, rural-urban location, and income have a substantial effect on FLFP in East Java. Keywords: FLFP, Employment Status, Work Decision, Logit Model. JEL: J01, J20, J21.