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Journal articles on the topic 'Women employees – Great Britain'

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Published: 10 March 2023

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1

Bogomazov, N. I. "Forgotten, but not Ignored, Personnel: Female Labor on the Railways of the Russian Empire." Modern History of Russia 12, no. 1 (2022): 201–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu24.2022.112.

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The article discusses the book Forgotten Personnel. Female labor on the railways of the Russian Empire, written by V. A. Serdiuk. This book belongs to the popular scholarly trend of “gender history,” but it is not only a work on the history of women on the railways and an analysis of their work experience. The book is equally a study of the history of Russian railways in general: the author, using new data, presents a fresh look at the development of Russian railways from 1838 to 1917. The strength of the work is the presence in each of chapter of a separate paragraph on the development of the same “gender” processes on foreign railroads, especially in the USA, Great Britain, France, and Germany. This allows us to better understand Russian problems. The monograph shows that “in terms of the number of female employees and the degree of their involvement in railway activities”, Russia was second only to France. At the same time, the article presents some comments. First of all, there is insufficient analysis of the period of Nicholas II, especially the First World War. Although general trends are shown, such as the increase in the number of women employed in the railways, nevertheless, a number of aspects require further and more detailed study. This is especially important for the railways located in the theater of military operations. However, the monograph by V. A. Serdiuk is largely a pioneering work that significantly expands our understanding of the problem.

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2

Meltzer, H., P. Bebbington, T. Brugha, R. Jenkins, S. McManus, and S. Stansfeld. "Job insecurity, socio-economic circumstances and depression." Psychological Medicine 40, no. 8 (November 11, 2009): 1401–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291709991802.

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BackgroundEconomic recessions are characterized by job insecurity and rising unemployment. The relationship between job insecurity and poor mental health is known. However, we do not know how this relationship is affected by individual socio-economic circumstances.MethodA random probability sample comprising 3581 respondents (1746 men and 1835 women) were selected from the third national survey of psychiatric morbidity in Great Britain. Fieldwork was carried out throughout 2007. Depression was assessed using the revised Clinical Interview Schedule and ICD-10 research diagnostic criteria administered by well-trained lay interviewers.ResultsOne-fifth of all working men and women aged 16–64 years felt that their job security was poor. From a multivariate analysis of several job stressors, there was an increased likelihood of depression among those agreeing that their job security was poor [odds ratio (OR) 1.58, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.22–2.06, p<0.001]. After controlling for age and sex, job insecurity (OR 1.86, 95% CI 1.47–2.35, p<0.001) and being in debt (OR 2.17, 95% CI 1.58–2.98, p<0.001) were independently associated with depression.ConclusionsJob insecurity has a strong association with feelings of depression even after controlling for biographic characteristics (age and sex), economic factors (personal debt) and work characteristics (type of work and level of responsibility). Despite the organizational changes needed to cope with a recession, employers should also take note of the additional distress experienced by workers at a time of great uncertainty, particularly those in less skilled jobs and in financial straits.

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3

Batychenko, Svitlana. "FEATURES OF FAMILY POLICY IN EUROPE." GEOGRAPHY AND TOURISM, no. 60 (2020): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2308-135x.2020.60.65-72.

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Goal. Analysis of the peculiarities of family policy in European countries, such as France, Sweden, Germany, Great Britain. Method. The study is based on general scientific methods, namely, analysis and synthesis, descriptive, analytical. And also socio-geographical - comparative-geographical. Results. Family policy in European countries focuses on the life position of young people, promotes gender equality, creates opportunities to combine work, education and family activities through a well-developed infrastructure. The establishment of the modern family model in which both parents work and the expansion of public education and services for children and families reduce relatively high child poverty, create new jobs in services, and reduce social inequality. Although European countries pursue a common family-gender strategy, they also have their own traditional model of family protection. The Scandinavian model is characterized by comprehensive support for working parents with young children (under the age of three) through a combination of material mechanisms, holidays and wide access to childcare facilities. An important aspect is the policy of gender equality and women's integration in the labor market. The main source of funding for family policy - taxes. Anglo-Saxon - is characterized by deliberately less financial support from families by the state, giving priority to low-income families. The main idea is the non-interference of the state in family and marriage processes and ensuring the well-being of families through the general development of the welfare of society. "Napoleonic" - use intangible forms of support: tax benefits, targeted loans. France has the highest level of state support for families with children and support for working women. The principle of subsidiary security is professed. Taxes and financial contributions are used. The German fiscal system does not encourage couples to work equally, as the tax burden on domestic work is much higher for two full-time employees. Parental leave allows mothers to leave the labor market for up to three years for one child. Scientific novelty. Analysis and comparison of family policy features in European countries. Practical significance. Implementation of family policy measures in domestic practice based on the experience of European countries, choosing the most successful option. The best option is to improve the demographic situation in the country.

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4

Hammond, Valerie. "Working Women Abroad — Great Britain." Equal Opportunities International 5, no. 1 (January 1986): 8–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb010440.

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5

Ritchie, J. M. "WOMEN IN EXILE IN GREAT BRITAIN." German Life and Letters 47, no. 1 (January 1994): 51–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0483.1994.tb01521.x.

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6

Kotzin, Joshua. "Transatlantic Women: Nineteenth-Century American Women Writers and Great Britain." Edith Wharton Review 32, no. 1-2 (November 1, 2016): 97–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/editwharrevi.32.1-2.97.

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7

Lonergan, Gwyneth. "Reproductive Justice and Migrant Women in Great Britain." Women: A Cultural Review 23, no. 1 (March 2012): 26–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09574042.2012.644490.

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8

Wright, Robert E., John F. Ermisch, P. R. Andrew Hinde, and Heather E. Joshi. "The third birth in Great Britain." Journal of Biosocial Science 20, no. 4 (October 1988): 489–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000017612.

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SummaryThe relationship between female labour force participation, and other socioeconomic factors, and the probability of having a third birth is examined, using British data collected in the 1980 Women and Employment Survey, by hazard regression modelling with time-varying covariates. The results demonstrate the strong association between demographic factors, e.g. age at first birth and birth interval and subsequent fertility behaviour. Education appears to have little effect. Surprisingly, women who have spent a higher proportion of time as housewives have a lower risk of having a third birth. This finding is in sharp disagreement with the conventional expectation that cumulative labour force participation supports lower fertility. These findings are briefly compared with similar research carried out in Sweden.

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9

Miziniak, Helena. "Polish Community in Great Britain." Studia Polonijne 43, Specjalny (December 20, 2022): 49–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.18290/sp2243.5s.

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The article presents the activity of Poles in Great Britain in the 20th century, beginning with the end of World War II, when a large group of Polish refugees and veterans settled in the UK. In 1947, the Federation of Poles was established to represent Polish community in Great Britain. The Association of Polish Women (1946) and the Relief Society for Poles (1946) were also formed at the same time. The article shows the involvement of the Polish community in Great Britain in the context of Polish history. This involvement included the organisation of anti-communist protests, carrying out various actions to inform people about the situation in Poland, organising material aid, supporting Poland at the time of the system transformation, and supporting Poland’s accession to the European Union. Over the decades, the Polish community in Great Britain has managed to set up numerous veterans’ and social organisations, Polish schools, it also built churches in order to preserve Polish culture abroad.

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10

Edwards, S. "Pregnancy and Abortion Increased Among Single Women in Great Britain." Family Planning Perspectives 24, no. 2 (March 1992): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2135475.

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11

Valdés, Juan Núñez. "WOMEN IN THE EARLY DAYS OF PHARMACY IN GREAT BRITAIN." International Journal Of Multidisciplinary Research And Studies 04, no. 12 (October 1, 2018): 102–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.33826/ijmras/v04i12.1.1.

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This paper deals with the beginnings and historical evolution of Pharmacy studies in Great Britain and on the role played by the first women who practiced the profession there, The circumstances of that time, which made very difficult for a woman to work in that area, the biography of the first English woman licensed in Pharmacy, Fanny Deacon, and the biographies of the women who followed her as graduates in Pharmacy in Great Britain are commented, detailing not only their personal data but also the impact they had on the evolution and development of Pharmacy studies in their country. These women were Alice Vickery, Isabella Skinner Clarke, Margaret Elizabeth Buchanan, Rose Coombes Minshull and Agnes Thompson Borrowman.The main objective of the paper is to reveal the figures of these first women in Pharmacy in Great Britain to society, To do this, the methodology used has been the usual in researches of this type: search of data on these women in bibliographical and computer sources, as well as in historic archives. As the main results, the biographies of these pioneers pharmacist women mentioned above have been elaborated

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12

Di Re, Avv Gualtiero. "Financial participation of bank employees in Italy, Great Britain and Sweden: survey evidence." Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 8, no. 1 (February 2002): 118–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425890200800117.

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13

Kamerāde, Daiga. "Part-Time Work and Activity in Voluntary Associations in Great Britain." Sociological Research Online 14, no. 5 (November 2009): 92–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.5153/sro.2049.

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This paper evaluates both the economic, or rational choice, and sociological theories to examine the effects of part-time working on employees’ activity in voluntary associations. Using longitudinal data analysis of the British Household Panel Survey from 1993 to 2005, this study demonstrates that, in Britain, part-time work increases the likelihood of individual level involvement in expressive voluntary associations (i.e. associations orientated to relatively immediate benefits for their members) but it is negatively related to their involvement in instrumental-expressive (such as trade unions and professionals’ associations) and instrumental (political, environmental, and voluntary service) associations. The main conclusion is that time is an important resource for activity in expressive voluntary associations; however, for activity in instrumental and instrumental-expressive associations other factors are more important.

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14

Lorber, Pascale. "Implementing the Information and Consultation Directive in Great Britain: A New Voice at Work." International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations 22, Issue 2 (June 1, 2006): 231–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/ijcl2006012.

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Abstract: The Information and Consultation Directive and its transposition in Great Britain through the Information and Consultation of Employees Regulations 2004 will add a new facet to collective employment law in this country. This paper analyses the characteristics of the new voice given to employees and how it will fit with the existing legal framework. It aims to demonstrate that the government has adapted to the new Directive by undertaking a thorough process of preparation for the final regulatory norms. Nevertheless, the resulting ?voice? will not be revolutionary as it will not be based on a set of minimum requirements and will also lack strength to influence decision-making. The regulatory choices have given priority to flexibility at the expense of the universal right to information and consultation. This paper explores further the ideas expressed in an earlier article on the potential impact of the Information and Consultation Directive in the United Kingdom, published in this journal in 2003.

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Valdés, Juan Núñez Valdés. "International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Studies." International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Studies 04, no. 12 (December 24, 2021): 102–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.33826/ijmras/v04i12.1.

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This paper deals with the beginnings and historical evolution of Pharmacy studies in Great Britain and on the role played by the first women who practiced the profession there, The circumstances of that time, which made it very difficult for a woman to work in that area, the biography of the first English woman licensed in Pharmacy, Fanny Deacon, and the biographies of the women who followed her as graduates in Pharmacy in Great Britain are commented, detailing not only their personal data but also the impact they had on the evolution and development of Pharmacy studies in their country. These women were Alice Vickery, Isabella Skinner Clarke, Margaret Elizabeth Buchanan, Rose Coombes Minshull, and Agnes Thompson Borrowman. The main objective of the paper is to reveal the figures of these first women in Pharmacy in Great Britain to society, To do this, the methodology used has been usual in researches of this type: search of data on these women in bibliographical and computer sources, as well as in historic archives. As the main results, the biographies of these pioneers pharmacist women mentioned above have been elaborated.

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16

Giovanis, Eleftherios. "The relationship between flexible employment arrangements and workplace performance in Great Britain." International Journal of Manpower 39, no. 1 (April 3, 2018): 51–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-04-2016-0083.

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Purpose There is an increasing concern on the quality of jobs and productivity witnessed in the flexible employment arrangements. The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between various flexible employment arrangements and the workplace performance. Design/methodology/approach Home-based working, teleworking, flexible timing and compressed hours are the main employment types examined using the Workplace Employee Relations Survey (WERS) over the years 2004 and 2011 in Great Britain. The workplace performance is measured by two outcomes – the financial performance and labour productivity. First, the determinants of these flexible employment types are explored. Second, the ordinary least squares (OLS) method is followed. Third, an instrumental variable (IV) approach is applied to account for plausible endogeneity and to estimate the causal effects of flexible employment types on firm performance. Findings The findings show a significant and positive relationship between the flexible employment arrangements and the workplace performance. Education, age, wage, quality of relations between managers-employees, years of experience, the area of the market the workplace is operated and the competition are significant factors and are positively associated with the propensity of the implementation of flexible employment arrangements. Social implications The insights derived from the study can have various profound policy implications for employees, employers and the society overall, including family-work balance, coping with family demands, improving the firm performance, reducing traffic congestion and stress among others. Originality/value It is the first study that explores the relationship between flexible employment types and workplace performance using an IV approach. This allows us to estimate the causal effects of flexible employment types and the possible associated social implications.

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17

Sutherland, John. "The workforce adjustment strategies used by workplaces in Britain during the Great Recession." Evidence-based HRM: a Global Forum for Empirical Scholarship 7, no. 2 (August 5, 2019): 114–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ebhrm-06-2018-0038.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide a human resource management perspective of the workforce adjustment strategies implemented at workplaces in Britain in response to the Great Recession. Design/methodology/approach The analysis uses an ordered probit and a series of binomial probits to examine a micro data set from the 2011 Workplace Employment Relations Study. Findings Not all workplaces were affected equally by the recession. Not all workplaces chose to implement workforce adjustment strategies consequential of the recession, although the probability of a workplace taking no action decreased the greater the adverse effect of the recession on the workplace. Most workplaces used a combination of workforce adjustment strategies. Workplaces implemented strategies more compatible with labour hoarding than labour shedding, i.e., cutting/freezing wages and halting recruitment to fill vacant posts rather than making employees redundant. Research limitations/implications What was examined was the incidence of the workforce adjustment strategies, not the number of employees affected by the implementation of a strategy. Further, what was examined were outcomes. What is not known are the processes by which these outcomes were arrived at. Originality/value This paper concurs with the findings of previous economic studies that workplaces hoarded labour, cut hours and lowered pay. In so doing, however, it provides a more detailed and more informed human resource management perspective of these adjustment strategies.

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18

Small, H. "DEVONEY LOOSER. Women Writers and Old Age in Great Britain, 1750-1850." Review of English Studies 61, no. 248 (October 25, 2009): 149–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/res/hgp105.

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19

Marlow, Christine. "Women, children and employment: responses by the United States and Great Britain." International Social Work 34, no. 3 (July 1991): 287–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002087289103400305.

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20

Hale, Robert C. "Women Writers and Old Age in Great Britain, 1750-1850. Devoney Looser." Wordsworth Circle 41, no. 4 (September 2010): 255–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/twc24043669.

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21

Ditz, Toby L. "Domesticating Women: The Gendering of Politics in Great Britain and Anglo-America." Reviews in American History 40, no. 3 (2012): 365–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/rah.2012.0054.

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22

Appeltová, Michaela. "Women’s Agency, Catholic Morality, and the Irish State." Radical History Review 2022, no. 143 (May 1, 2022): 212–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/01636545-9566244.

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Abstract The text reviews four new books in Irish women’s history and the history of sexuality: Mary McAuliffe’s biography of the revolutionary Margaret Skinnider; Jennifer Redmond’s Moving Histories, exploring the discourses about Irish women migrants to Great Britain in the first few decades of the Irish state, and their everyday lives in Britain; Lindsey Earner-Byrne and Diane Urquhart’s The Irish Abortion Journey, which documents the repressive discourses and policies surrounding abortion in twentieth-century Ireland and relates stories of traveling to Great Britain to obtain it; and finally, Sonja Tiernan’s book examining the ultimately successful political and legal campaign for marriage equality in Ireland. These highly readable, well-researched books place gender and sexuality at the center of Irish history; provide insight into the contradictory political, religious, and medical discourses about Irish women, gays, and lesbians; and document the lives of women both in and out of Ireland.

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23

Hunt, Cathy. "Tea and Sympathy: A Study of Diversity among Women Activists in the National Federation of Women Workers in Coventry, England, 1907–14." International Labor and Working-Class History 72, no. 1 (2007): 173–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547907000609.

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AbstractThis article considers the ways in which three local activists sought to inspire women workers to become active and loyal trade unionists at the start of the twentieth century, at a time when the great majority of female workers in Britain was unorganized. It employs evidence of tactics used by organizers of the all-female trade union, the National Federation of Women Workers in Coventry, in the industrial West Midlands of Britain in the years before the First World War. This in turn encourages consideration of the extent to which the aims and policies advocated by the Federation's national leadership suited the economic and social characteristics in the regions of Britain. It offers an opportunity to look beyond the dominant and charismatic personalities who shaped and dominated the union's national headquarters and instead considers the successes and failures of local women who attempted to establish a regional branch of the Federation.

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24

Jordan, Ellen. "The Exclusion of Women From Industry in Nineteenth-Century Britain." Comparative Studies in Society and History 31, no. 2 (April 1989): 273–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417500015826.

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In 1868, a clergymen told the annual congress of the National Association for the Promotion of Social Science that “he had long lived in the town of Liverpool, and had been placed in circumstances there which made him frequently regret that there were no places in which women could find employment. The great want was of employment for every class of women, not only for the higher class, but for those placed in humbler circumstances.” At earlier conferences, however, a number of speakers described the abundant opportunities for female employment in other Lancashire towns. Census figures make it clear that the reason lay in the different industrial bases of these towns.

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25

Grigor’eva, Nataliya S., and Anastasiya A. Zhokhova. "WOMEN IN THE BRITISH POLITICAL PROCESS IN CONTEMPORARY TIMES. A ROLE ANALYSIS." RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Series Philosophy. Social Studies. Art Studies, no. 1 (2022): 393–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-6401-2022-1-393-403.

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The practice and theory of the political process show that the specific of the behavior of men and women in politics is different. Coupled with gender stereotypes, that causes a difference in the portrayals and images of political leaders of different genders. The study of the peculiarities of women’s leadership in the formation of political elites is complicated by several theoretical issues related to the influence of gender stereotypes on it, including the role behavior. However, the influence of such stereotypes on the perception of female leadership does not mean that female political representation “automatically” leads to the humanization of the political process and contributes to the softness in the work of political institutions. The quantitative and qualitative analysis of the political courses of prominent women leaders in Great Britain of the 20th– 21st centuries shows that the real political courses of women leaders have little in common with the gender stereotypes that were attributed to them, what did not prevent them from being widely recognized as decisive leaders in their positions. More than 100 years of experience of women’s presence in the British politics allows us to highlight the common and special in their activities. Using the algorithm of SWOT-analysis of the successful growth and self-realization of the personality of iconic female politicians of Great Britain, the authors trace the strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats for female leadership in the political process of Great Britain in the 20th–21st centuries.

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26

Kravchuk, I. "EDUCATION OF WOMEN IN TEACHER TRAINING COLLEGES IN GREAT BRITAIN IN 1840–1960." Pedagogy of the formation of a creative person in higher and secondary schools 2, no. 76 (2021): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.32840/1992-5786.2021.76-2.2.

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27

Bignami, Marialuisa. "Women Writers and Old Age in Great Britain, 1730–1850 by Devoney Looser." Modern Language Review 105, no. 2 (2010): 536–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mlr.2010.0282.

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28

Schoemaker, Minouk J., Anthony J. Swerdlow, Craig D. Higgins, Alan F. Wright, and Patricia A. Jacobs. "Mortality in Women with Turner Syndrome in Great Britain: A National Cohort Study." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 93, no. 12 (December 2008): 4735–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2008-1049.

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29

Roxanne Eberle. "Women Writers and Old Age in Great Britain, 1750–1850 (review)." Partial Answers: Journal of Literature and the History of Ideas 8, no. 2 (2010): 414–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/pan.0.0182.

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30

Gonda, Caroline. "Women Writers and Old Age in Great Britain, 1750-1850 (review)." Eighteenth Century Fiction 22, no. 4 (2010): 724–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ecf.0.0153.

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31

Staves, Susan. "Women Writers and Old Age in Great Britain, 1750–1850 by Devoney Looser." Studies in Romanticism 50, no. 1 (2011): 198–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/srm.2011.0041.

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32

Latimer, Bonnie. "Women Writers and Old Age in Great Britain, 1750-1850 - By Devoney Looser." Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies 35, no. 3 (August 5, 2012): 428–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-0208.2010.00333.x.

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33

Karužaitė, Daiva. "Higher Education Changes in Great Britain in XX–XXI centuries." Pedagogika 117, no. 1 (March 5, 2015): 16–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15823/p.2015.064.

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The article reveals development and essential changes of higher education in Great Britain in XX–XXI centuries. During last century Great Britain higher education system has changed dramatically – from elite higher education in the beginning of XX century, which was available for very small part of society, to mass higher education with variety of institutions and education programs. Nowadays there is almost half of Great Britain population (of certain age group) obtaining higher education certificate or diploma. The junction of XX and XXI centuries was signed with significant shift in the gender structure of higher education students: more women obtained fist university degree than men. Ten years later the same was recorded in higher degrees. The intense change of Great Britain higher education from elite to mass inevitably influenced the higher education finance sector. Great Britain used to cover all expenses of higher education from the budget. However, the financial crises occurred in the last decade of XX century, and the government was forced to seek for new financing models of higher education. First time in Great Britain higher education history the tuition fee was introduced. Striving to ensure the higher education accessibility for all social groups in Great Britain, the tuition fees were complemented with the grants and loans with special repayment (or without) conditions. Nevertheless, the financial reform, started in 1998, already was changed several times and has raised lots of critics. Along with the financial reform Great Britain deals with the higher education quality issues. There was no essential discussions about higher education quality in the beginning of the XX century as it was elite higher education. Moving to the mass higher education with variety of institutions and dramatically growing student number, the quality question becomes relevant. Despite the owning the largest number of worldwide level elite universities in Europe, Great Britain seeks to ensure the quality in all higher education institutions in the country. Therefore the Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education was established. The Agency puts students and the public interest at the center of everything they do. Great Britain higher education quality policy is implemented basing on the Quality Code for Higher Education.

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34

Zaletok, N. "Service and Life of British and Soviet Women in the Navy during World War II." Problems of World History, no. 14 (June 10, 2021): 107–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.46869/2707-6776-2021-14-3.

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Comparative studies on the experiences of female representatives of different countries in WWII remain relevant today. They not only deepen our understanding of the life of women at war, but also allow us to explore the power regimes of different states at one stage or another. After all, the government organized the activities of various groups of the population aimed at winning the war. Women were no exception in this respect, regardless of whether they worked in the rear or defended their homeland with weapons in hand. For centuries, the navy for the most part represented a purely masculine environment, and the presence of a woman on a ship was considered a bad omen. However, the scale of hostilities during the world wars and, as a consequence, the need for a constant supply of personnel to the armed forces made their adjustments – states began to gradually recruit women to serve in the navy. The article compares the experiences of Great Britain and the USSR in attracting women to serve in the navy during WWII. The countries were chosen not by chance, as they represent democracy and totalitarianism, respectively, and studying their practice of involving women in the navy can deepen our knowledge of these regimes. After analysing the experience of women’s service in the navy in 1939-1945, the author concludes that their recruitment to the navy in Great Britain took place through a special organization – the Women’s Royal Naval Service (WRNS). Its personnel were trained mostly separately from men and then sent to military units of the navy. The USSR did not create separate women's organizations for this purpose; women served in the same bodies as men. The main purpose of mobilizing women to the navy in both the USSR and Great Britain was initially to replace men in positions on land to release the latter for service at sea. However, in both countries there were cases when women also served at sea. The range of positions available to them in the navy expanded during the war, and in the USSR reached its apogee in the form of admission of women to combat positions. In Great Britain, women in the navy did not officially perform combat roles, and there was a ban on them from using lethal weapons.

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Zakrzewska, Monika. "Jaki wpływ na gospodarkę gig economy będzie miał wyrok Sądu Najwyższego Wielkiej Brytanii, uznający kierowców Ubera za pracowników?" Studia z zakresu Prawa Pracy i Polityki Społecznej 29, no. 2 (July 21, 2022): 233–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/25444654spp.22.019.15693.

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What will be the impact of the UK Supreme Court ruling declaring Uber drivers as employees on the GIG ECONOMY? The author presents the verdict of the Supreme Court of Great Britain, recognizing Uber drivers as employees in the light of current laws. The subject of consideration is also the influence of the British judgment on legal and factual relations based on digital platforms in Poland, particularly in relation to Uber drivers. The author analyses the scope of protection to which persons employed on a basis other than employment contract are entitled and points out the necessity to adapt the existing regulations to the requirements of the labour market.

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Murphy, M. "Sterilisation as a Method of Contraception: Recent Trends in Great Britain and their Implications." Journal of Biosocial Science 27, no. 1 (January 1995): 31–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000006982.

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SummaryData on patterns and trends in sterilisation in Britain among women, men and couples are presented using life table approaches with data from a national survey, the General Household Survey. Among couples under age 50, sterilisation is the main method of contraception used, with slightly more women than men being sterilised, although this is reversed if only contraceptive sterilisation is considered. Trends in contraception have remained relatively constant in recent decades. Patterns of sterilisation differ following births of different orders. For example, the resort to sterilisation is much quicker after a third birth than after a second. The proportions of men and women who have been sterilised and then formed a subsequent partnership are very small, so the effect of sterilisation in preventing births in such unions is negligible.

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Tyrrell, Alex. "Samuel Smiles and the Woman Question in Early Victorian Britain." Journal of British Studies 39, no. 2 (April 2000): 185–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/386216.

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When Samuel Smiles (1812–1904) looked back over his career from the vantage point of old age he saw himself as one who had labored for “the emancipation and intellectual improvement of women.” His self-description will surprise those who know him, either through his famous book, Self-Help (1859), where women make fleeting appearances as maternal influences on the achievements of great men, or through the attempts that have been made during the Thatcher years to offer him as an exemplar of a highly selective code of “Victorian Values.” Nonetheless, there is much to be said for Smiles's interpretation: not only was he a prolific author on the condition of women, but his writings on this subject from the late 1830s to the early 1850s were radical in tone and content.By directing attention to these writings, this article makes three points about early Victorian gender relations, radicalism, and Smiles's own career. First, it challenges the lingering notion that this was a time when patriarchal values stifled debate on gender issues. For some historians who write about the women's movement, the early Victorian era has the status of something like a dark age in the history of the agitation for women's rights; this period is overshadowed on the one side by the great debates initiated by Mary Wollstonecraft's Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792) and on the other by the new feminist movements that developed after the 1850s. Barbara Caine, for example, has written recently that the exclusion of women from the public sphere was “absolute” in the mid-century years; few women had the financial resources necessary to set up a major journal even if they had been bold enough to do so, and the sort of man who wrote sympathetically about women was concerned primarily with his own needs.

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Wilkes, Fiona A., Harith Akram, Jonathan A. Hyam, Neil D. Kitchen, Marwan I. Hariz, and Ludvic Zrinzo. "Publication productivity of neurosurgeons in Great Britain and Ireland." Journal of Neurosurgery 122, no. 4 (April 2015): 948–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2014.11.jns14856.

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OBJECT Bibliometrics are the methods used to quantitatively analyze scientific literature. In this study, bibliometrics were used to quantify the scientific output of neurosurgical departments throughout Great Britain and Ireland. METHODS A list of neurosurgical departments was obtained from the Society of British Neurological Surgeons website. Individual departments were contacted for an up-to-date list of consultant (attending) neurosurgeons practicing in these departments. Scopus was used to determine the h-index and m-quotient for each neurosurgeon. Indices were measured by surgeon and by departmental mean and total. Additional information was collected about the surgeon's sex, title, listed superspecialties, higher research degrees, and year of medical qualification. RESULTS Data were analyzed for 315 neurosurgeons (25 female). The median h-index and m-quotient were 6.00 and 0.41, respectively. These were significantly higher for professors (h-index 21.50; m-quotient 0.71) and for those with an additional MD or PhD (11.0; 0.57). There was no significant difference in h-index, m-quotient, or higher research degrees between the sexes. However, none of the 16 British neurosurgery professors were female. Neurosurgeons who specialized in functional/epilepsy surgery ranked highest in terms of publication productivity. The 5 top-scoring departments were those in Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge; St. George's Hospital, London; Great Ormond Street Hospital, London; National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London; and John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford. CONCLUSIONS The h-index is a useful bibliometric marker, particularly when comparing between studies and individuals. The m-quotient reduces bias toward established researchers. British academic neurosurgeons face considerable challenges, and women remain underrepresented in both clinical and academic neurosurgery in Britain and Ireland.

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Medineckiene, Milena, and Viktorija Kirdaite. "Evaluation of Influencing Factors on Great Britain‘S Export Values." Economics and Culture 18, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 59–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jec-2021-0005.

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Abstract Research purpose. The research aimed at identifying the main factors influencing export values in the region of Great Britain (GB) for the period of the last 30 years. Design / Methodology / Approach. In order to implement the investigation, the following tasks were intended: (1) To analyse scientific literature and mark out at least five non - dependent variables that impact export values of Great Britain. (2) Basing on findings, outlined in a scientific review, suggest or choose the methodology that is the most appropriate for this kind of tasks’ determination. (3) Collect the data for dependent and non-dependent variables (at least 30 samples). (4) Based on the presented methodology, determine the selected factors’ impact and make the statistical and economic analysis. The research was mainly done using quantitative analysis methods (descriptive, correlation, regressive analysis). Quantitative modelling and descriptive statistics methods are selected for investigation because they can suggest a different approach to analysing the factors influencing export values. Findings. Five non-dependent variables were marked out as factors influencing the export values in the selected region: gross domestic product (GDP); the number of employees in the region; amounts of cargo transportation; average salary in the region and labour costs. Calculation of the correlation coefficients showed that all independent variables were statistically significant. There is a very strong relationship between export values and GDP, employment, and labour costs. Originality / Value / Practical implications. The findings of this research can be applied in order to evaluate and determine the economic impact of the GB processes on the entire world, as Britain’s export values are among the top ten in the world. It is important to emphasise that the deeper analysis of the influencing factors of the volume of export in Great Britain showed an interrelation of these factors. So further investigation of this factor’s impact is essential.

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Tassell, G. Lane. "PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN IN NATIONAL PARTY CONVENTIONS IN UNITED STATES, GREAT BRITAIN, AND CANADA." GPSA Journal: The Georgia Political Science Association 8, no. 1 (November 12, 2008): 153–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-1346.1980.tb00864.x.

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Schoemaker, Minouk J., Anthony J. Swerdlow, Craig D. Higgins, Alan F. Wright, and Patricia A. Jacobs. "Cancer incidence in women with Turner syndrome in Great Britain: a national cohort study." Lancet Oncology 9, no. 3 (March 2008): 239–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1470-2045(08)70033-0.

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Bland, Lucy. "White Women and Men of Colour: Miscegenation Fears in Britain after the Great War." Gender History 17, no. 1 (April 2005): 29–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0953-5233.2005.00371.x.

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Lewis, Donald M. "‘Lights in Dark Places’: Women Evangelists in Early Victorian Britain, 1838-1857." Studies in Church History 27 (1990): 415–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424208400012213.

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Twenty years ago, Olive Anderson called for more detailed study of how the role of women changed in the nineteenth century, pointing out that only such careful investigations ‘can show how far the conventional stress upon feminism has been well judged’. She noted the contemporary strength of the churches as ‘the great arbiters of public attitudes toward social issues’ and argued that the beliefs and practices of popular religion (‘the religion of the unsophisticated laity in general’) were ‘full of change and diversity’.

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.Ergasheva, Yulduz A., and Zilola Safarovna Safarova. "GREAT AND BEAUTIFUL WOMAN OF THE EAST." JOURNAL OF LOOK TO THE PAST 4, no. 3 (March 30, 2021): 4–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.26739/2181-9599-2021-3-1.

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This article analyzes the activities of two of the greatest women of the East, Tamara Khanum and Rosa Karimova, their life and work, heroic and selfless work during the Second World War. The article also highlights their difficult life path, provides information about how Tamara Khanum was called “Eastern Isadora Duncan”, how the Queen of Great Britain personally presented the outstanding artist with a high award for her contribution to art. And also, about Roziya Karimova – an Uzbek ballet dancer, choreographer, teacher, art critic, connoisseur and founder of the theory of Uzbek dance.

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Walczak, Urszula. "A Multifaceted Approach to the Feeling of Loneliness – The Phenomenon of Loneliness Among Polish Women in Great Great Britain." Zoon Politikon 10 (2019): 102–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/2543408xzop.19.006.11436.

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King, Mary C. "Black Women's Labor Market Status: Occupational Segregation in the United States and Great Britain." Review of Black Political Economy 24, no. 1 (June 1995): 23–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02911826.

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An initial exploration of the comparative labor market situation of black women in the United States and Great Britain reveals that race and gender play similar roles in allocating people among broad occupations in both nations despite differences in historical circumstances. However, a closer examination based upon measures of occupational segregation shows that labor market dynamics are quite different. Public employment and education do not reduce racial segregation in Britain as they do in the United States, and the immigrant status of many black Britons does not explain these differences. Only youth is associated with reduced segregation in both countries.

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Waller, J., K. Osborne, and J. Wardle. "Enthusiasm for cancer screening in Great Britain: a general population survey." British Journal of Cancer 112, no. 3 (December 23, 2014): 562–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/bjc.2014.643.

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Abstract Background: With growing concerns about risk of harm from cancer screening, particularly from overdiagnosis, this study aimed to assess public attitudes to cancer screening in Great Britain. Methods: We used a population-based survey to assess attitudes to cancer screening, screening history and demographic characteristics, in men and women aged 50–80 years. Data were collected using face-to-face computer-assisted interviews in 2012. Results: In our sample of 2024, attitudes to cancer screening were overwhelmingly positive with almost 90% believing that screening is ‘almost always a good idea’ and 49% saying they would be tested for cancer even if it was untreatable. Attitudes were particularly positive among those who had previously taken part in breast or colorectal screening. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that attitudes to cancer screening are very positive in Great Britain. Widespread enthusiasm for cancer screening may hamper attempts to encourage a greater appreciation of the limitations and potential harms of screening.

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Skocpol, Theda, and Gretchen Ritter. "Gender and the Origins of Modern Social Policies in Britain and the United States." Studies in American Political Development 5, no. 1 (1991): 36–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898588x0000016x.

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Comparative research on the origins of modern welfare states typically asks why certain European nations, including Great Britain, enacted pensions and social insurance between the 1880s and the 1920s, while the United States “lagged behind,” that is did not establish such policies for the entire nation until the Social Security Act of 1935. To put the question this way overlooks the social policies that were distinctive to the early twentieth-century United States. During the period when major European nations, including Britain, were launching paternalist versions of the modern welfare state, the United States was tentatively experimenting with what might be called a maternalist welfare state. In Britain, male bureaucrats and party leaders designed policies “for the good” of male wage-workers and their dependents. Meanwhile, in the United States, early social policies were championed by elite and middle-class women “for the good” of less privileged women. Adult American women were helped as mothers, or as working women who deserved special protection because they were potential mothers.

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Cooper, R., J. Lucke, D. A. Lawlor, G. Mishra, J.-H. Chang, S. Ebrahim, D. Kuh, and A. Dobson. "Socioeconomic position and hysterectomy: a cross-cohort comparison of women in Australia and Great Britain." Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 62, no. 12 (December 1, 2008): 1057–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech.2007.071001.

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Povall, Margery, and Monika Langkau‐Herrmann. "EQUAL OPPORTUNITY DEVELOPMENTS FOR WOMEN INLOCAL GOVERNMENT IN THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OFGERMANY AND GREAT BRITAIN." Equal Opportunities International 10, no. 2 (February 1991): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb010540.

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