Journal articles on the topic 'Women – Developing countries – Attitudes'
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Adayemi‐Bello, Tope, and Joseph M. Tomkiewicz. "Attitudes Toward Women Managers: A Developing Country's Example." Equal Opportunities International 16, no. 3 (March 1997): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb010683.
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Reyal, Haizana Parween, Koswaththage Manuja Niranshi Perera, and Galmangoda Najith Duminda Guruge. "Knowledge and Attitude Towards Intimate Partner Violence Among Ever-Married Women." Advanced Journal of Social Science 7, no. 1 (February 15, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/ajss.7.1.1-13.
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Effective approaches are needed to address high prevalence of intimate partner violence (IPV) against women in developing countries. Among them, addressing the attitudes of women justifying IPV is crucial. Yet, Sri Lankan studies so far have not adequately examined the community members’ knowledge and attitude toward IPV. Hence, this study aimed at i) describing knowledge and attitude towards IPV among women, ii) explore the association of socio-demographic variables with knowledge and attitude towards IPV, and iii) examine the association of knowledge and attitude with the abuse experiences. A cross-sectional survey was conducted with women (n = 600) aged 15-49 years from a selected health administrative area in Sri Lanka. Multistage cluster sampling was used to select participants and data collection was performed using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Descriptive summaries, cross-tabulations and logistic regression analysis were performed to describe and explore the associations. Most respondents had poor knowledge (64.3%, n=386) on IPV with approximately half of them having attitudes generally justifying IPV (48.7%, n=292). Women with low levels of education and low household income were more likely to justify IPV. Further, employed women had good knowledge on IPV. Poor knowledge on IPV increased the risk of being abuse by 1.5 times and women who had justifying attitudes toward IPV had two times risk of being abuse. The necessity of interventions to be targeted on knowledge and attitudes and the contributory socio-demographic factors such as education, employment and income are emphasized.
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Lee, Chia-yi, and Mi Jeong Shin. "Do Women Favor Foreign Direct Investment?" Politics & Gender 16, no. 2 (February 7, 2019): 525–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743923x18001058.
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AbstractAlthough some studies show that women are more likely to oppose free trade than men, others demonstrate that economic globalization empowers women. Given this paradox, we examine whether gender shapes individual preferences with respect to foreign direct investment (FDI) in developing countries. We hypothesize that women do not disfavor FDI more than men because multinational corporations (MNCs) bring more jobs for women, provide better working conditions and higher wages than domestic firms, and spread norms and values that favor gender equality. Moreover, this gender gap will be wider in more globalized countries because women can observe such benefits of MNCs. To test our arguments, we used survey data from the 2007 Pew Global Attitudes Project. Overall, women view FDI more positively than men, and this effect is stronger in economically more globalized countries and countries that are less dependent on agriculture. Women have a different view on FDI than that on trade.
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Kurtz, Margot E., Shirley M. Johnson, and Barbara Ross-Lee. "Passive Smoking: Directions for Health Education among Malaysian College Students." International Journal of Health Services 22, no. 3 (July 1992): 555–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/jfrp-e61c-y7r7-g7j8.
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This study investigated knowledge, attitudes, and preventive efforts of Malaysian college students regarding health risks associated with passive smoking, as well as possible directions for intervention and health education programs. Students responded anonymously to a structured written questionnaire. Statistical analyses were conducted to examine (1) differences in knowledge, attitudes, and preventive efforts between smokers and nonsmokers and between men and women; (2) the relationship between smoking by parents, siblings, and friends, and students' knowledge, attitudes, and preventive efforts; and (3) relationships between knowledge, attitudes, and preventive efforts. Peer groups and siblings had a substantial influence on students' attitudes toward passive smoking and their preventive efforts when exposed to passive smoke. A regression analysis revealed a statistically significant linear dependence of preventive efforts on knowledge and attitudes, with the attitude component playing the dominant role. This research suggests that educational efforts on passive smoking, directed toward young college students in developing countries such as Malaysia, should concentrate heavily on changing attitudes and reducing the effects of peer group and sibling influences.
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Husna, Nikmatul, Asfeni Asfeni, and Vella Yovinna Tobing. "PENGARUH PENDIDIKAN KESEHATAN TERHADAP SIKAP TENTANG DETEKSI DINI KANKER SERVIKS." Jurnal Cakrawala Promkes 2, no. 2 (August 2, 2020): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.12928/promkes.v2i2.1712.
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Cervical cancer is the leading cause of death in developing countries. Prevention that can be done by doing early detection of cervical cancer. Usually, women need health education before practising their behaviour. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of health education on the attitudes of productive married women in the early detection of cervical cancer in the working area of the Payung Sekaki public health care in Pekanbaru. This study uses a quasi-experimental design with pre and post-test without control. Thirty samples were taken using a non-probability sampling technique, namely purposive sampling, with a questionnaire as a data collection tool. Paired t-test results obtained p value= 0,001 which is <0.05 which means that there is a significant influence between health education with changes in the attitude of productive married women in conducting early detection of cervical cancer. It is expected that public health care staff should always provide information on early detection of cervical cancer using media and counselling, to improve life welfare and can change attitudes in the early detection of cervical cancer.
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Hasritawati and Barirah Madeni. "Relation of Normal Childbirth Care Training to Midwives Knowledge and Attitudes at Bebesen Health Center Bebesen District of Central Aceh Regency in 2021." Bioscientia Medicina : Journal of Biomedicine and Translational Research 5, no. 11 (November 18, 2021): 1231–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.32539/bsm.v5i11.426.
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Background. Mortality and morbidity in pregnant and maternity women is a big problem in developing countries. In poor countries, about 25-50% of deaths of women of childbearing age are caused by pregnancy-related causes. It is estimated that every year 585,000 women die from pregnancy and childbirth. 99% of these deaths occur in developing countries. According to WHO, 60-80% of maternal deaths are caused by bleeding during childbirth, obstructed labor, sepsis, high blood pressure during pregnancy, and complications from unsafe abortion. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between normal delivery care (APN) training on the knowledge and attitudes of midwives at the Bebesen Health Center, Bebesen District, Central Aceh Regency in 2020.
Methods. The research method uses an analytical survey method with a cross sectional approach, which is a study to study the dynamics of the correlation between risk factors and effects, by approaching, observing or collecting data at once. The population in this study was all 63 midwives. The sampling method uses a total sampling technique that uses all members of the population as a sample. Data collection was carried out from November 14-16, 2020.
Results. The results showed that from the analysis obtained a value for the p-value of good knowledge as many as 20 respondents (31.7%) and a positive attitude that is as many as 32 respondents (50.8%).
Conclusion. There is a relationship between normal delivery care training (APN) with knowledge with a p value of 0.014 (p < 0.05) and normal delivery care (APN) with changes in the attitude of midwives with a p value of 0.00 (p < 0.05) in Bebesen Public Health Center, Bebesen District, Central Aceh Regency.
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Abdullahi, Hadiza Musa, and Nafisat Ohunene Usman. "Attitude and utilization of postnatal care services among women of reproductive age in the rural and urban communities in Northern Nigeria." Calabar Journal of Health Sciences 6 (November 26, 2022): 72–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/cjhs_13_2022.
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Objective: Low- and middle-income countries are disproportionately affected by poor outcomes of maternal and newborn health. About a 10th of women in developing countries receive postnatal care (PNC) visits within 2 days of delivery. To compare the attitudes of mothers towards PNC and to their level of utilisation of PNC services in rural and urban commuities in Northern Nigeria. Material and Methods: A comparative cross-sectional study design was used to compare attitudes and utilization levels among respondents from the urban and rural communities in Kano state, North Nigeria. The participants were mothers who delivered a live baby within the preceding year of the study. One hundred and thirty mothers each from the two communities were selected by multistage sampling. Data were collected from them using interviewer-administered semi-structured questionnaires. Results: The attitude of mothers toward PNC was good in both the urban (93.7%) and rural (76.0%) communities. However, utilization of the services was poor with 15.7% and 2.3% of the respondents in the urban and rural areas, respectively, accessing the service. The husband’s educational level was a predictor of good maternal attitude with mothers whose husbands have formal education having 62% less chance of having a negative attitude to PNC (OR = 0.38, 95% CI [0.15–0.99]). Conclusion: To reduce newborn and maternal mortality, essential PNC should be promoted and supported in policies and integrated into existing health programs. Addressing social drivers for health in North Nigeria will ensure improved health behavior.
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Sety, La Ode Muhamad, Yuliana Syarifuddin, Lymbran Tina, and Ruslan Majid. "Female Adolescents in attitudes and side effects of consuming iron supplements." Al-sihah: The Public Health Science Journal 12, no. 2 (September 28, 2020): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.24252/al-sihah.v12i2.15732.
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As many as 27% of female adolescents in developing countries suffer from anemia. Anemia can have a big impact on the health of young women, especially pregnant women. The problem of anemia in adolescents needs to be overcome because teenagers will become pregnant women who of course need a healthy body more later. One effort is to take iron (Fe) supplements. This study aims to analyze the risk factors for attitudes and side effects of Fe tablets on the consumption of Fe tablets in female adolescents in high school. This study used a case-control study design. The population of this study was all young women who received Fe tablets at SMA Negeri 10 Kendari with a total of 85 students who were held from February 2020 to completion. The sample consisted of 40 people, namely 20 cases and 20 controls, the sampling technique was simple random sampling. The results showed that attitude is a risk factor for consuming Fe tablets, obtained OR = 6,000 (95% CI 1.458-24.686) and side effects of Fe tablets are a risk factor for consuming Fe tablets, the value of OR = 5.571 (95% CI 1.420-21.860) was obtained. It is necessary to increase communication, education, and information (IEC) in schoolchildren to increase positive attitudes and reduce the number of complaints of side effects of Fe tablets in school children.
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George, Tayo O., Tolulope Abiola Allo, Emmanuel O. Amoo, and Olawale Olonade. "Knowledge and Attitudes about Breast Cancer among Women: A Wake-Up Call in Nigeria." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 7, no. 10 (May 25, 2019): 1700–1705. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2019.221.
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BACKGROUND: Preventable deaths resulting from the scourge of breast cancer has become alarming and worrisome in many societies in developing countries, including Nigeria. Of much concern is the fact that breast cancer has continued to claim the precious lives of young, middle-aged, old, educated and non-educated women irrespective of their religion, socio-economic background and socio-demographic characteristics.
AIM: This study attempts to ascertain the knowledge and attitudes of women to breast cancer in Ogun State, Nigeria.
METHODS: The study adopts both primary and secondary data sources to examine the level of knowledge and attitude of women towards breast cancer with the view of suggesting probable solutions and recommendations for policy.
RESULTS: The result indicates that the awareness about breast cancer is overwhelming but only few women know about mammography; women in older age are 0.193 times less likely to attend breast cancer screening (p=0.000). Older women with secondary education that are either self-employed outside the home or full-time housewives are unfavourably disposed to breast cancer screening.
CONCLUSION: The authors recommend that concerned stakeholders in the health sector and policy decision makers should intensify action on cancer programmes and campaigns that could target older women especially housewives and women in middle level education.
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Šeherčehajić, Emir, and Adisa Ramić. "Emigration-related Attitudes of Students of Health Studies in Bosnia and Herzegovina." Iranian Journal of Health Sciences 10, no. 4 (July 1, 2022): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/ijhs.10.4.888.1.
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Background and Purpose: Improper distribution of health workers is a worldwide problem, especially in developing countries. The shortage of health personnel has been intensified over the past two decades as a result of the emigration of health workers from developing countries to developed ones and disparities between urban and rural regions. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional, quantitative, and descriptive study was conducted at the University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Health Studies, for two months. The study included 203 3rd-year and 4th-year undergraduate students of all study programs. The chi-square test was used to examine the difference between students’ attitudes about leaving according to gender, grade point, foreign language learning, and high school graduation, as well as different statements of intention to leave or stay. Results: Of 203 respondents, 49(24.1%) were male and 154(75.9%) were female. Thirty-four students (16.75%) stated their attitude towards the definitive departure. Also, 129 students (63.55%) were thinking about leaving after graduation, while 40 students (19.7%) wanted to continue their life in Bosnia and Herzegovina after their studies. Almost half of the female students (49.26%) and slightly more than half of the male students (14.28%) think about leaving after their studies, with a statistically significant difference between men and women who think about leaving and those who stay. The positive attitudes, which the students who are leaving, for the most part, agreed upon were the acquisition of life experience that their occupation profile was sought in other countries, and career development and professional development. The reasons why most students consider leaving the country after their studies are due to the attitude that their education and degree are more valued in other countries, higher living standards in other fields, and career development and professional development. Conclusion: To prevent the migration of health students, retention policies are needed that target immigrant staff. These policies can be extremely important in preventing the problem of a lack of quality health staff in the near future.
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Arora, Nupur, and Aanchal Aggarwal. "The role of perceived benefits in formation of online shopping attitude among women shoppers in India." South Asian Journal of Business Studies 7, no. 1 (March 5, 2018): 91–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sajbs-04-2017-0048.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the role of perceived benefits, namely, price, convenience and product variety in formation of online shopping attitude. The paper also studies the impact of online shopping attitude on online shopping intentions by the application of the theory of reasoned action. Design/methodology/approach A self-administered and structured online survey was conducted targeting female online shoppers of four metropolitan cities of India. A sample of 508 online shoppers was considered in the online survey. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to evaluate the research constructs, validity and composite reliability. Structural equation modeling and path analysis was also used to examine the hypothesized relationships of the research model. Findings The authors of the paper reveals that price benefit, convenience benefit and product variety benefit has a significant positive impact on online shopping attitude and there is a considerable positive relationship between online shopping attitude and online shopping intention among women in India. Product variety was found to be the most important perceived benefit for Indian women. Research limitations/implications The research sample included only women shoppers who indulge in online shopping. Future research is encouraged to emphasize on other groups and gender to identify with their online shopping attitudes. Another important limitation of the study is consequent from the geographical perspective of the present study; that is India. The findings are not necessarily applicable to the rest of the world. Therefore, reproduction of the current study in diverse countries would probably support and confirm its findings. Also, the present study is cross-sectional which does not demonstrate how attitudes of online shoppers may alter over time. The authors of the current study encourage future research to apply a longitudinal design to the study to understand the transforms in consumers’ attitudes toward online shopping over time. Finally, this study explained a general phenomenon, thus future research can be directed toward particular websites which may present different results. Practical implications The study supports the significance of perceived benefits (price, convenience and variety) as key drivers of attitudes toward online shopping among women in India. Marketers should distinguish the way they indulge their customers based on their perceived benefits of online shopping. In developing countries like India, where consumers, especially women, are generally depicted as risk averse, online shopping attitude plays an important role in the success of e-tailers. Certainly, if online shopping would not attach meaningful value and benefits to consumers, they would have negative attitude toward the same. Additionally, the empirical research study demonstrates variety to be the most important benefit for Indian women; ecommerce retailers should focus on maximizing the same to enhance online purchase intention among women customers. Women empowerment being the agenda in India currently, online retailers’ managers can benefit from such conclusions for targeting this huge untapped market and for future e-marketing policies. Originality/value This research paper is one of the very few endeavors that investigated online shopping attitudes in India. Prominently, it exposed the role of perceived benefits in online shopping attitude in India. Price is one of the most critical factor concerning Indian shoppers which is a part of the present study. National and international e-tailers preparing to develop and expand their operations to India have now important empirical verification concerned with the determinants of online shopping attitudes and behavior in India which shall aid in marketing strategy development and implementation.
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Zakaria, Rabia, and Raflin Kadir. "Pengetahuan terhadap Sikap Ibu Hamil tentang Tanda Bahaya Kehamilan Trimester III." Journal Midwifery Jurusan Kebidanan Politeknik Kesehatan Gorontalo 7, no. 1 (October 22, 2021): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.52365/jm.v7i1.312.
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Indonesia is one of the developing countries in Southeast Asia with a high maternal mortality rate. One of the causes of the high maternal mortality rate is pregnancy complications that can appear through pregnancy danger signs. Danger signs of pregnancy are signs that indicate danger that can occur during pregnancy or the antenatal period, which if not detected can cause death. This study aims to determine the relationship between knowledge and attitudes of pregnant women about the danger signs of third-trimester pregnancy in one area of Central Indonesia. This study used an analytical survey method with approach cross-sectional. The sample in this study was 23 pregnant women. The sampling technique used was the consecutive sampling method. The consecutive sampling study was conducted in February - March 2020. The results showed a significant relationship between knowledge of the attitudes of pregnant women about the danger signs of third-trimester pregnancy. The conclusion in this study is that there is a significant relationship between knowledge of the attitudes of pregnant women about the danger signs of third-trimester pregnancy.
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Bandyopadhyay, Sanjib, Saibal Das, and Somnath Mondal. "An Epidemiological Study on the Awareness and Attitude of the Youths Toward AIDS in a Rural Area of West Bengal in India." Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care (JIAPAC) 16, no. 3 (June 18, 2014): 290–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325957414539196.
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Introduction: This community-based cross-sectional epidemiological study was performed to assess the awareness and attitude of youths toward AIDS in a rural area of West Bengal in India. Methods: Study population included 190 individuals (15–24 years). Data were collected using a semistructured, pretested questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS version 17 by logistic regression model. Results: It was revealed that older youths and particularly men compared to women had more comprehensive knowledge of AIDS than adolescents. Education, media exposure, marriage, and possessing above poverty level (APL) status, all had stronger positive association with youths (more in men) having comprehensive knowledge of AIDS. Older, never married youths, and particularly men were more likely than adolescents to have accepting attitudes toward people living with HIV/AIDS. Education, media exposure, and not having below poverty level card, all had stronger positive association with youths having accepting attitudes toward women than toward men. Surprisingly among the male APL population, this association was negative. Conclusion: Educational and socioeconomic setbacks should be overcome in order to impose a better and justified attitude toward HIV/AIDS. Improved health conditions, proper counseling, and knowledge are essential to break the barriers of communication and ignorance toward HIV/AIDS in these parts of the developing countries.
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Nasir, Nadia A., and Hind Amir. "Knowledge and attitude of pregnant women towards modes of delivery in an antenatal care clinic in Baghdad." Journal of the Faculty of Medicine Baghdad 59, no. 1 (April 2, 2017): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.32007/jfacmedbagdad.591152.
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Background: Since 1985 the World Health Organization (WHO) had stated: “There is no justification for any region to have Caesarian Sections (CS) rates higher than 10-15%”. Since then, CSs have become increasingly common in both developed and developing countries. The rate of CS has been reported to be as high as 24.5% and 25.8% among Iraqi women in the years 2009 and 2010 respectively.Objectives: The study was designed to provide data on the level of existing knowledge, attitudes and preference of modes of delivery, which can be used as a platform to raise knowledge among pregnant women and their partners and thereby empowering women to make informed choices.Patients and Methods: This cross-sectional study was undertaken in an antenatal care clinic in Baghdad Teaching Hospital, Medical City, and Baghdad from 1st Feb. -31st May 2016. All 300 pregnant attending antenatal clinic were interviewed with a structured questionnaire that solicited information on their knowledge, attitudes and preference towards modes of delivery.Results: Mean age of pregnant women was 28.3 ± 9.8SD years and84.7% were not employed. More than half of them (54.3%) had married at younger age (<20 years). Educational levels were 43.3% primary, 18% secondary and 20.4% university levels. Knowledge of majority of pregnant mothers (82.6%) about modes of delivery were obtained from relatives. Half of pregnant women had good knowledge about modes of delivery, 51.3% of them had negative attitude toward CS, and 62% had positive attitude towards CS delivery in current pregnancy.Conclusion: Study results emphasize the need for educating families, especially pregnant women and their partners about the pros and cons of different modes of giving birth to their babies.
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Lincoln, Jay, Masoud Mohammadnezhad, and Sabiha Khan. "Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice (KAP) towards Family Planning among Women of Reproductive Age in Fiji." Global Journal of Health Science 13, no. 4 (February 22, 2021): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v13n4p24.
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BACKGROUND: Globally, family planning is one of the most important public health issues in both developed and developing countries due to high unmet needs.
OBJECTIVE: To assess the level of knowledge, attitudes and practice (KAP) towards family planning among women of reproductive age in Suva, Fiji.
METHODS: The study applies a cross-sectional quantitative method using a self-administered questionnaire to collect data. Using random sampling, a sample of 325 women was used for the study and they were sought from three health clinics in Suva, Fiji. The questionnaire was administered to the respondents who met the inclusion criteria and they provided information that mostly involved rating the different issues and identifying their level of KAP. This data was analyzed using the statistics program SPSS version 25.
RESULTS: The mean age of the participants was 31.53 (±7.35) years. A majority of the participants (64.6%) belonged to a Christian church while 65.2% belonged to iTaukei ethnic group. Approximately half of them (45.6%) had a high level of knowledge while 53.5% had moderate knowledge with only 0.9% reporting that they had poor knowledge. In terms of attitudes, 54.2% of the participants had high level or positive attitudes towards family planning with only a small proportion of 0.3% had low level or poor attitudes. In terms of practice, a majority of the participants (65.9%) had medium level of practice towards family planning while 24.6% showed a poor level with 9.5% having a high or good level of practice towards family planning.
CONCLUSIONS: This study identified that women had medium level of knowledge and practice towards family planning, but their attitude was relatively high. Using behavioral change models such as health belief model (HBM) that focus on perceived benefits and barriers may help to promote KAP towards family planning among Fijian women.
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Sya’bin, Nurul, and Warsiti Warsiti. "Impact of cervical cancer counseling on the attitudes of fertile age women early detection in Padokan Lor Hamlet, Tirtonirmolo Village." International Journal of Health Science and Technology 1, no. 3 (March 28, 2020): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.31101/ijhst.v1i3.1213.
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Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer suffered by women in the world after breast cancer. In developed countries, the incidence of cervical cancer is around 4% of all cancer incidence in women, while in developing countries it reaches above 15% (Emilia, 2010). The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of cervical cancer counseling on the attitude of WUS to early detection (IVA) in Padokan Lor Hamlet, Tirtonirmolo Village. The type of research used is pre-experiment with the design of "one group pretest-posttest". Sampling using purposive sampling technique, the number of samples was 45 respondents. Bivariate analysis was carried out using the WoCoxon test statistical test. The results of Wilcoxon test obtained the value (p = 0,000) less than 0,05. Conclusion, there is an influence of cervical cancer counseling on the attitude of WUS to early detection (IVA) in Padokan Lor Village, Tirtnirmolo Village, 2015.
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Idowu, Ajibola, Samuel Anu Olowookere, Aderonke Tolulope Fagbemi, and Olumuyiwa Ayotunde Ogunlaja. "Determinants of Cervical Cancer Screening Uptake among Women in Ilorin, North Central Nigeria: A Community-Based Study." Journal of Cancer Epidemiology 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6469240.
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Introduction. Cancer of the cervix is the leading cause of cancer deaths among women in developing countries. Screening is one of the most cost effective control strategies for the disease. This study assessed the determinants of cervical cancer screening uptake among Nigerian women.Methodology. This cross-sectional study was conducted using multistage sampling technique among 338 participants in Ilorin, North Central Nigeria. A pretested questionnaire was used for data collection and data analysis was done using SPSS version 21. Chi-square test was used for bivariate analysis while binary logistic regression was used for multivariate analysis. Statistical significance was set atp<0.05.Results. Only 8.0% of the respondents had ever been screened for cancer of the cervix. The proportion of women who had ever been screened was significantly higher among those who demonstrated positive attitude to screening (81.5%,p=0.001), respondents who were aware of the disease (100.0%,p=0.001), and those who were aware of cervical cancer screening (88.9%,p=0.001). Respondents who had negative attitude had 63% lesser odds of being screened compared to those who had positive attitudes towards screening (AOR; 0.37, 95% CI; 0.01–0.28).Conclusion. There is urgent need to improve the knowledge base and attitude of Nigerian women to enhance cervical cancer screening uptake among them.
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Taherkhani, Sakineh, Reza Negarandeh, and Fatemeh Farshadpour. "Barriers to Leaving a Relationship From the Perspective of Married Abused Iranian Women: Secondary Analysis of the Interviews With Abused Women." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 35, no. 19-20 (May 2, 2019): 4162–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260519844777.
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Violence has a heavy impact on the physical and mental health of women in developed and developing countries; however, most of the violence victims would suffer in silence and never leave their relationship. The aim of the present study was to identify the barriers to leaving a relationship from the perspective of married abused Iranian women. The present study was a secondary analysis of the interviews conducted in a primary study. The primary study that was conducted using the grounded theory approach has assessed the coping process with domestic violence in 24 married abused Iranian women. These women were selected from local parks, health centers, and universities of Tehran city using a purposive sampling method. Qualitative secondary analysis of the interviews was conducted, in accordance with the goal of this study, using content analysis. Four categories emerged through the analysis of the data including “fear,” “lack of resources,” “beliefs and attitudes,” and “dependence” and the common theme between these categories was “ deterrents to leaving an abusive relationship.” Results indicated that contextual factors such as fear, lack of resources, attitudes and beliefs, and dependence were the reason for not leaving a relationship. Interventions for enriching women’s resources (improving the condition of education and employment, and improvement of the formal and informal support systems), education about domestic violence and its management methods, and modification of the existing attitudes and beliefs in this regard could keep abused women from experiencing more violence.
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Kadam, Varsha, and Mary Mathews. "Effect of planned teaching program on knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) in relation to selected aspects of cervical cancer and screening for secondary prevention among women in rural district of Raigad, Maharashtra." Bharati Vidyapeeth Medical Journal 1, no. 1 (February 27, 2021): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.56136/bvmj/kadam-27.02.2021.
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Introduction: Worldwide and in developing countries cervical cancer remains an important health problem. The burden of cancer is still increasing worldwide despite advances for diagnosis and treatment. Epidemiological studies have shown that many cancers may be avoidable. It is widely held that 80–90% of human cancers may be attributable to environmental and lifestyle factors such as tobacco, alcohol, lack of immunization and dietary habits. Objectives: The objectives of the study were to assess the knowledge, attitudes and common practices pertaining to cervical cancer and its secondary prevention and the importance of Pap (Papanicolaou) smear test for screening among the women and also to determine the association between knowledge and attitudes scores of women in relation to cervical cancer with the selected demographic variables. Material and Methods: This interventional study imparting planned teaching program to women participants encouraging undergoing Pap smear screening was conducted in Raigad District. General Systems Model was the guiding framework for the study. Proportionate sampling was used to recruit women from villages selected for the study. Results: The number of participants was 950. This study revealed the limited knowledge of Indian women about the susceptibility of cervical cancer, and the necessity of cervical cancer screening among the women. Among the study population, 98.5% had poor knowledge regarding cervical cancer screening. There were significant differences among the women knowledge scores, a change in their attitudes and a change in the practices scores also, which shows that the structured teaching program has been highly effective.
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Kadam, Varsha, and Mary Mathews. "Effect of planned teaching program on knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) in relation to selected aspects of cervical cancer and screening for secondary prevention among women in rural district of Raigad, Maharashtra." Bharati Vidyapeeth Medical Journal 1, no. 1 (February 27, 2021): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.56136/bvmj/2020_00001.
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Introduction: Worldwide and in developing countries cervical cancer remains an important health problem. The burden of cancer is still increasing worldwide despite advances for diagnosis and treatment. Epidemiological studies have shown that many cancers may be avoidable. It is widely held that 80–90% of human cancers may be attributable to environmental and lifestyle factors such as tobacco, alcohol, lack of immunization and dietary habits. Objectives: The objectives of the study were to assess the knowledge, attitudes and common practices pertaining to cervical cancer and its secondary prevention and the importance of Pap (Papanicolaou) smear test for screening among the women and also to determine the association between knowledge and attitudes scores of women in relation to cervical cancer with the selected demographic variables. Material and Methods: This interventional study imparting planned teaching program to women participants encouraging undergoing Pap smear screening was conducted in Raigad District. General Systems Model was the guiding framework for the study. Proportionate sampling was used to recruit women from villages selected for the study. Results: The number of participants was 950. This study revealed the limited knowledge of Indian women about the susceptibility of cervical cancer, and the necessity of cervical cancer screening among the women. Among the study population, 98.5% had poor knowledge regarding cervical cancer screening. There were significant differences among the women knowledge scores, a change in their attitudes and a change in the practices scores also, which shows that the structured teaching program has been highly effective.
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Drope, Jeffrey, and Abdur Chowdhury. "The puzzle of heterogeneity in support for free trade." Business and Politics 16, no. 3 (October 2014): 453–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bap-2013-0039.
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Over time and across countries, researchers have noted frequent and mostly unexplained gender differences in the levels of support for policies of free or freer trade: according to aggregate results from many surveys, women tend to be less favorable toward policies of liberalizing trade than men. Positing an economic security explanation based largely on a mobile factors approach, we ask if it is women generally who are more negative toward trade or rather women who are more economically vulnerable – i.e., women from the scarce labor factor. We utilize data from two recent surveys on individuals’ attitudes toward different facets of trade and its effects to examine this hypothesis empirically. Rejecting a monolithic definition of “women,” we find that disaggregating by education level illuminates to some extent what underlying characteristics might be helping to drive some of these findings. Lower-skilled women in the US are much less likely to support free trade compared to higher-skilled women and this may largely explain previous negative findings. The low versus high-skill dynamic is, however, much less clear in the findings using survey data from a small sample of developing countries.
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Al Subhi, Ahlam Khalfan, and Amy Erica Smith. "Electing women to new Arab assemblies: The roles of gender ideology, Islam, and tribalism in Oman." International Political Science Review 40, no. 1 (July 26, 2017): 90–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192512117700949.
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As Arab monarchies increasingly adopt and empower consultative assemblies, women’s representation varies markedly across countries. What leads citizens in these new electoral systems to vote for women? This study investigates the determinants of support for women’s representation using the first electoral survey ever conducted in Oman, prior to the October 2015 Majlis al Shura elections. It considers cross-nationally recognized factors – gender ideology and religion – and tribalism, a factor heretofore largely unexplored. Confirming prior studies, citizens with traditional gender ideology are much less supportive of women’s representation. Developing a simultaneous equations model, we show that religiosity and tribalism shape gender ideology. Unlike in Western countries, education is unassociated with attitudes, and there is no generational shift towards equality; younger men are less supportive of women’s representation than are older men. Increasing women’s representation requires not only increasing citizen demand for female leaders, but also changing informal tribal and formal electoral institutions.
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Sundayani, Lina, Ni Nengah Arini Murni, Intan Gumilang Pratiwi, and Ida Royani. "Pengaruh Pendidikan Kesehatan dalam Layanan Home Care Terhadap Pengetahuan dan Sikap Ibu Hamil Trimester II dan III Tentang Senam Hamil di UPTD Puskesmas Ubung Tahun 2021." Indonesian Health Issue 1, no. 1 (February 16, 2022): 158–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.47134/inhis.v1i1.24.
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Background: The threat of maternal death is still a major problem in developing countries, including Indonesia. One of the scopes in controlling MMR in Indonesia is to improveservices antenatal care. Health services that are home visits (Home Care) by health workers can provide education and a deeper understanding of treatment. Objective: To
determine the effect of health education inservices home care on the knowledge and attitudes of pregnant women about pregnancy exercise. Method: This study was astudy quasi-experimental using the Nonequivalent Control Group Design. This research was conducted from June to July 2021. The population in this study were all pregnant women who were in the working area of the UPTD Puskesmas Ubung, totaling 121 pregnant women. The sample with the number of pregnant women in the second and third trimesters who are in the working area of the UPTD Puskesmas Ubung 33 pregnant women. Data analysis using Paired Samples Test and Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. Results: The average score of knowledge of pregnant women about pregnancy exercise in the intervention group before being given health education was 67.33±13.74, while the average score of knowledge of pregnant women about pregnancy exercise after being given health education was 86.00±10.72. The results of this study indicate the effect of health education in home care services on changes in knowledge with a value (P = 0.000). The average score of pregnant women's attitudes about pregnancy exercise in the intervention group before being given health education was 57.00±18.61, while the average score of pregnant women's attitudes about pregnancy exercise after being given health education was 73.66±15.17. The results of this study indicate that there is an effect of health education in home care services on changes in attitudes with a value of (P = 0.002). Conclusion: There is an effect of health education inservices home care on the knowledge and attitudes of pregnant women trimester II and III about pregnancy exercise.
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Hook, Christopher, Karen Hardee, Tim Shand, Sandra Jordan, and Margaret E. Greene. "A long way to go: engagement of men and boys in country family planning commitments and implementation plans." Gates Open Research 5 (May 21, 2021): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/gatesopenres.13230.1.
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Background: Evidence shows that, to reach global goals related to women and girls’ access to modern family planning (FP) and gender equality, it is critical to understand and account for the role of men and boys as users of reproductive health services, as partners for millions of women & girls around the world, and as advocates in their communities. Under the Family Planning 2020 (FP2020) partnership, countries were encouraged to develop costed implementation plans and action plans in an effort to provide 120 million additional women and girls with contraception. As FP2020 becomes FP2030, reviewing these previously-developed strategies helps understand the extent to which countries considered the engagement of men as an important aspect of their family planning portfolios. Methods: We conducted textual analysis on commitments and implementation plans related to achieving FP2020 commitments in seven countries in Africa and one in Asia to determine the extent to which male engagement was incorporated into country or subnational family planning goals, with particular focus on FP policy, program, and financial commitments. Results: Some of the documents analyzed included robust plans for including male engagement in their efforts to expand access to FP. The strongest aspects of male engagement programming were those that sought to engage men as advocates for women’s access to and use of FP services, and improve men’s knowledge and attitudes related to contraception and reproduction. The weakest aspects were engaging men as users of services and, vitally, tackling underlying gender norms which hamper men’s and women’s health-seeking behaviors and attitudes. Conclusions: Developing FP programs that target men and boys as people deserving of reproductive health services, as partners with women in building their families, and as social activists in their communities, will complement and strengthen existing FP programs as well as promote broader goals related to gender equality.
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Hook, Christopher, Karen Hardee, Tim Shand, Sandra Jordan, and Margaret E. Greene. "A long way to go: engagement of men and boys in country family planning commitments and implementation plans." Gates Open Research 5 (September 27, 2021): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/gatesopenres.13230.2.
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Background: To reach global goals related to women and girls’ access to modern family planning (FP) and gender equality, evidence shows that it is critical to understand and account for the role of men and boys as users of reproductive health services, as partners for millions of women & girls around the world, and as advocates in their communities. Under the Family Planning 2020 (FP2020) partnership, countries were encouraged to develop costed implementation plans and action plans in an effort to provide 120 million additional women and girls with contraception. As FP2020 becomes FP2030, reviewing these previously-developed strategies helps understand the extent to which countries considered the engagement of men as an important aspect of their family planning portfolios. Methods: We conducted textual analysis on commitments and implementation plans related to achieving FP2020 commitments in six countries in Africa and one in Asia to determine the extent to which male engagement was incorporated into country or subnational family planning goals, with particular focus on FP policy, program, and financial commitments. Results: Some of the documents analyzed included robust plans for including male engagement in their efforts to expand access to FP. The strongest aspects of male engagement programming were those that sought to engage men as advocates for women’s access to and use of FP services, and improve their knowledge and attitudes related to contraception and reproduction. The weakest aspects were engaging men as users of services and, vitally, tackling underlying gender norms which hamper men’s and women’s health-seeking behaviors and attitudes. Conclusions: Developing FP programs that target men and boys as people deserving of reproductive health services, as partners with women in building their families, and as social activists in their communities, will complement and strengthen existing FP programs as well as promote broader goals related to gender equality.
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Gebeyehu, Natnael Atnafu, Kelemu Abebe Gelaw, Gedion Asnake Azeze, Biruk Adie Admass, Eyasu Alem Lake, and Getachew Asmare Adela. "Knowledge, attitude and practice towards kangaroo mother care among postnatal women in Ethiopia: Systematic review and meta-analysis." PLOS ONE 17, no. 5 (May 6, 2022): e0265411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0265411.
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Background Kangaroo mother care is a key procedure in reducing neonatal mortality and morbidity associated with preterm birth. In Ethiopia, neonatal death remains a serious problem, and this study aims to determine the prevalence of the knowledge, attitudes and practice of kangaroo mother care among Ethiopia women. Methods PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, EMBASE and the Ethiopian University online library were searched. Data were extracted using Microsoft Excel and analysed using STATA statistical software (v. 11). Publication bias was checked by forest plot, Begg’s rank test and Egger’s regression test. To look for heterogeneity, I2 were computed and an overall estimated analysis carried out. Subgroup analysis was done by region, study setting, publication, gestational age, birth weight and component of kangaroo care. The Joanna Briggs Institute risk of bias assessment tool was used. We carried out a leave one out sensitivity analysis. Results Out of 273 articles retrieved, 16 studies met the eligibility criteria and are thus included in this study. Those 16 studies had a total of 12,345 respondents who reported kangaroo mother practice, with five (comprising 1,232 participants combined) reporting that both knowledge and attitude were used to determine the overall estimation. The pooled estimates of good knowledge, positive attitude and poor practice of kangaroo mother care were found to be 64.62% (95% CI: 47.15%–82.09%; I2 = 97.8%), 61.55% (49.73%–73.38%; I2 = 94.8%) and 45.7% (95% CI: 37.23%–54.09%; I2 = 98.5%), respectively. This study is limited to postnatal women and does not take account their domestic partners or health providers. Conclusion The findings revealed significant gaps in the knowledge, attitudes and practice of kangaroo mother care in Ethiopia when compared with other developing countries. Therefore, kangaroo mother care training to women, along with further studies on domestic partners and health providers.
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Jeníček, V. "World population – development, transition." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 56, No. 1 (January 29, 2010): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/92/2009-agricecon.
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The accelerated population growth is a very important problem of the present civilisation. The humankind started to realise the importance of the problem already at the beginning of 60s when the demographic development begun to show the unprecedented scope. The notion “population problem” became the topic of many discussions. Gradually, all states of the developing countries started to apply the natality regulation strategy. The forcible methods applied in China and India cannot be accepted as they do not fulfil the human approach demands. The most important prerequisite of the gradual population stabilisation is the attitude of the families themselves. To decrease the population considerably, it is necessary to abolish the family as the base of the patriarchal structures in developing countries, to give women completely equal rights. It is important that both man and woman participated equally in the upbringing and nutrition of children. Woman should have the possibility to decide on the number of her children. They should be able to make their own decisions regarding marriage, job, as well as the way of spending money. However, many women lack this possibility; they are slaves of their fathers and husbands. The implementation of women rights into the population policy is the most important issue.
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Mlambo, Courage. "Vendor rights and violence: Challenges faced by female vendors in Zimbabwe." International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147- 4478) 10, no. 6 (September 28, 2021): 233–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v10i6.1197.
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The paper seeks to highlight the challenges faced by women street vendors in Zimbabwe. The paper provides an overview of the brutal attitudes displayed toward women and young girl vendors by law enforcement agencies in Zimbabwe. Street vending is an important source of income for the poor in the developing world. Street vending activities contribute to the livelihoods of millions of people and to national wellbeing at large, especially in developing countries. Secondary sources including journals, newspapers and online news articles were used in the compilation of this study. These sources were analysed for any insights into women street vendors’ socio-economic status, police treatment of street vendors and working conditions. Street vendors experience arbitrary arrests, harassment, and confiscation of their wares and the government continues to move them out of the town and cities structures despite the unavailability of alternative accommodation. is a need for the government of Zimbabwe to see economic and social rights as a priority and the government should also protect women and girls from police brutality. Without the state’s protection, women and young girls who ply their trade in the street will remain in a state of harassment, beatings and arbitrary arrest by the police.
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Lewis, Gwyneth. "Maternal mortality in the developing world: why do mothers really die?" Obstetric Medicine 1, no. 1 (September 2008): 2–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/om.2008.080019.
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Every year some eight million women suffer preventable or remediable pregnancy-related complications and over half a million will die unnecessarily. Most of these deaths could be averted at little or no extra cost, even where resources are limited, but in order to take action, and develop and implement changes to maternity services to save mothers and newborns lives, a change in cultural attitudes and political will, as well as improvements in the provision of health and social care, is required. Further, to aid programme planners, more in-depth information than that which may already be available through national statistics on maternal mortality rates or death certificate data is urgently needed. What is required is an in-depth understanding of the clinical, social, cultural or any other underlying factors which lead to mothers' deaths. Such information can be obtained by using any of the five methodologies outlined in the World Health Organizations programme and philosophy for maternal death or disability reviews, ‘Beyond the Numbers’, briefly described here and which are now being introduced in a number of countries around the world.
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Ananda, Ananda, Yusring Sanusi Baso, Healthy Hidayanty, Syafruddin Syarif, Aminuddin Aminuddin, and Burhanuddin Bahar. "Providing education chronic energy deficiency (CED) uses web-based she smart to improve knowledge, attitudes, and practice in adolescent girls." International journal of health & medical sciences 5, no. 1 (January 19, 2022): 56–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.21744/ijhms.v5n1.1833.
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One age category that is particularly susceptible to nutritional problems in adolescent girls. Globally, about 40% of deaths in developing countries are related to Chronic energy deficiency. Adolescents who experience a Chronic energy deficiency have an impact not only on the health of adolescent girls today but can have a long impact to become pregnant women and risk giving birth to a baby with low birth weight. This study to find out the effect of using chronic energy education models using web-based she Smart on knowledge, attitudes, and practice in adolescent girls. This study uses Pre-experimental Design, with a one-group pretest-posttest design. The sampling technique uses purposive sampling with a sample number of 47 respondents. This research was conducted in Senior High School 12 Makassar in September-October 2021. Analyze the data using the McNemar test. The results of statistical tests showed that there was an influence on the use of web-based She Smart education model of adolescent girls’ knowledge of with p-value= 0.012 (p<0.05), attitude with p-value= 0.031 (p<0.05), and practice with p-value=0.004 (p<0.05). Chronic Energy Deficiency education models using the Web she smarts can increase knowledge, attitudes, and practice before and after adolescent interventions.
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Scheel, John R., Yamile Molina, Benjamin O. Anderson, Donald L. Patrick, Gertrude Nakigudde, Julie R. Gralow, Constance D. Lehman, and Beti Thompson. "Breast Cancer Beliefs as Potential Targets for Breast Cancer Awareness Efforts to Decrease Late-Stage Presentation in Uganda." Journal of Global Oncology, no. 4 (December 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.2016.008748.
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Purpose To assess breast cancer beliefs in Uganda and determine whether these beliefs are associated with factors potentially related to nonparticipation in early detection. Methods A survey with open- and close-ended items was conducted in a community sample of Ugandan women to assess their beliefs about breast cancer. Linear regression was used to ascertain associations between breast cancer beliefs and demographic factors potentially associated with early detection, including socioeconomic factors, health care access, prior breast cancer knowledge, and personal detection practices. Results Of the 401 Ugandan women surveyed, most had less than a primary school education and received medical care at community health centers. Most women either believed in or were unsure about cultural explanatory models for developing breast cancer (> 82%), and the majority listed these beliefs as the most important causes of breast cancer (69%). By comparison, ≤ 45% of women believed in scientific explanatory risks for developing breast cancer. Although most believed that regular screening and early detection would find breast cancer when it is easy to treat (88% and 80%, respectively), they simultaneously held fatalistic attitudes toward their own detection efforts, including belief or uncertainty that a cure is impossible once they could self-detect a lump (54%). Individual beliefs were largely independent of demographic factors. Conclusion Misconceptions about breast cancer risks and benefits of early detection are widespread in Uganda and must be addressed in future breast cancer awareness efforts. Until screening programs exist, most breast cancer will be self-detected. Unless addressed by future awareness efforts, the high frequency of fatalistic attitudes held by women toward their own detection efforts will continue to be deleterious to breast cancer early detection in sub-Saharan countries like Uganda.
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D.A.T., Kumari, Ferdous Azam S. M., and Siti Khalidah. "The Impact of Financial Literacy on Women’s Economic Empowerment in Developing Countries: A Study Among the Rural Poor Women in Sri Lanka." Asian Social Science 16, no. 2 (January 31, 2020): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v16n2p31.
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The World Bank, in 2016 defined women’s empowerment as a principle for sustainable development and for the fulfilment of the Millennium Development Goals (MDG). Economic empowerment has been identified as a main section of women’s empowerment in literature. Economic empowerment directly influences the improvement of women’s decision-making power and their financial well-being. Previous researchers have explored many antecedents of women’s economic empowerment; among them financial literacy is the most significant determinant in literature. Financial literacy defines as a combination of financial knowledge, financial skills and financial attitudes. Further many researchers argue that financial literacy has greater importance for increasing economic empowerment among women. However, the most important argument is whether financial literacy is a significant determinant of women’s economic empowerment in Sri Lankan context. Therefore, the present study mainly focuses on exploring the impact of financial literacy among rural poor on their economic empowerment in the context of Sri Lanka. The sample for this study was drawn from under privileged families who are living under the poverty line in 09 provinces in the country. Altogether 426 questionnaires were distributed and 386 completed questionnaires were taken for final analysis. There were 24 items employed to represents 5 main dimensions to measure the women’s economic empowerment (i.e.: 1. Decision-making power, 2. Control over the use of income and expenditure, 3. Leadership in the community, 4. Control over time allocation and 5. Financial wellbeing). And financial literacy was tested based on 25 items which was employed to determine the 04 key factors (i.e.: 1. Financial awareness, 2. Financial knowledge, 3. Financial skills, 4. Financial attitude and 5. Financial behavior). The reliability was measured by Cronbach’s Alpha coefficients. Data were collected with the assistance of a researcher administrated questionnaire. The sample was selected based on the multilevel mixed sampling method and the unit of analysis was the women headed households in rural areas representing 25 Districts represented each province of the country. Furthermore, a partial least squares structural equation model (PLS-SEM) was employed as the principle data analysis approach, and Smart PLS 3 was employed as the main analytical software. However, descriptive analysis was done by using SPSS 22.
The findings revealed that, the financial literacy has significant impact on women’s economic empowerment among the rural poor. However, when it was considered under separate dimensions, financial wellbeing and control over time allocation have significant impact on financial literacy among rural women. Further it was noted that all the hypotheses were accepted after the analysis. Therefore, researcher concluded that financial literacy can be considered as a significant determinant of women economic empowerment in Sri Lankan context as well. Finally, the researcher provides some suggestions for government policy decision makers to develop financial literacy level for enhancing women’s economic empowerment in Sri Lanka.
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Okafor, Uchenna Benedine, and Daniel Ter Goon. "Developing a Physical Activity Intervention Strategy for Pregnant Women in Buffalo City Municipality, South Africa: A Study Protocol." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 18 (September 14, 2020): 6694. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186694.
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Despite global awareness about the importance and health benefits of physical activity (PA) during pregnancy, several studies have reported a low prevalence of PA participation among pregnant women in both developed and developing countries. This means that most pregnant women do not meet the current PA recommended guideline of 150 min of moderate intensity PA per week. The global call to prioritise PA participation levels in the general population necessitates evaluating the factors affecting PA practice. Seemingly, pregnant women mostly from low-to-middle income countries like South Africa are often predisposed to adverse pregnancy outcomes, possibly because of limited access to, and knowledge of, improved pregnancy and health outcomes as a result of PA participation. Physical activity has been sparsely studied among pregnant South African women, and specifically, there is no known study that assesses the PA levels, patterns, beliefs, sources of information, perceived benefits, barriers, attitudes of pregnant women concerning PA and exercise participation; nor one that explores the perspectives of healthcare providers regarding prenatal PA in the Eastern Cape Province. In addition, no PA intervention strategy exists to promote PA participation in the region. This study, in attempting to fill these gaps in knowledge, adopts two phases. In Phase I, a concurrent mixed-method (quantitative and qualitative) approach assesses the following factors related to PA participation in pregnant women: participation levels, beliefs, attitudes, perceived benefits, barriers to uptake and sources of information. It further ascertains if healthcare professionals are sufficiently informed about PA and if they are advising pregnant women about the need for PA participation during pregnancy. Data will be collected through a structured questionnaire, interviews and focus group discussions. Information on socio-demographic and maternal characteristics will be obtained, and the Pregnancy Physical Activity Questionnaire (PPAQ) will assess PA during pregnancy. A sample size of 384 pregnant women is the required minimum sample for an infinite population at a confidence level of 95%, a precision level of ± 5% and at a prevalence of PA or exercise during pregnancy of 50% (p < 0.05); however, a sample size larger than the minimum number necessary will be recruited to account for possible attrition and to protect against possible data loss. Data will be analysed using a multiple logistic regression to determine the factors that predict sedentary or moderate PA levels and chi-squared analysis to determine the associations between the PA levels of the participants and socio-demographic and clinical variables. The study will assess the data collected on the above-mentioned variables and draw conclusions based on patterns and themes that emerge during analysis. Phase II of the study focuses on strategy development and validation to facilitate the promotion of PA during pregnancy. The developed strategy will be validated through the application of the Delphi technique and the administration of a checklist to selected key stakeholders through organised workshops. Understanding the level and correlates of PA participation among this special population is fundamental to designing intervention strategies to enhance their understanding of, and participation in, PA and exercise. Furthermore, this study’s findings will inform facility-based healthcare providers about the need to integrate health education on PA and pregnancy into antenatal and postnatal care visits in the setting.
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Kazi Shahdat Kabir, Rimon, Wang, Bo, Lee Jong Youl, and Anderson Chad David. "Welfare, Work, and Women’s Empowerment: Evidence from Bangladesh’s Food for Work Program." Korean Journal of Policy Studies 34, no. 3 (December 31, 2019): 71–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.52372/kjps34304.
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Women’s empowerment has become a major concern of both developed and developing countries across the world. Women are often largely marginalized from economic, political, and familial spheres because they tend to have limited access to economic resources, health care, and education and suffer disproportionately from the effects of poverty, discriminatory laws, practices, attitudes and gender stereotypes, and so forth. This study assesses the level of women’s empowerment by scrutinizing economic, political, and interpersonal and familial factors in rural Bangladesh. The study employed qualitative interviews and focus group discussions to determine the contribution of a food for work program that was not designed to empower women, to women’s perception of empowerment. The study interviewed 305 respondents in two districts and ten subdistricts using a purposive sampling procedure. The study showed some evidence of enhanced economic empowerment, strong evidence of increased local political empowerment, and evidence of interpersonal empowerment among women participating in the program.
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BANKOLE, AKINRINOLA, and CHARLES F. WESTOFF. "THE CONSISTENCY AND VALIDITY OF REPRODUCTIVE ATTITUDES: EVIDENCE FROM MOROCCO." Journal of Biosocial Science 30, no. 4 (October 1998): 439–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932098004398.
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Information on reproductive attitudes is now routinely collected in fertility surveys in developing countries, and has become very important for understanding fertility behaviour. The quality of this information, however, is rarely assessed, partly due to lack of necessary data. In this paper, the recently completed panel survey in Morocco by the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) was used to investigate the consistency of reporting of ideal number of children, reproductive intentions and the planning status of the last birth. The validity of reproductive intentions for subsequent fertility behaviour was also examined. The findings indicate that the three measures of reproductive attitudes are subject to different degrees of measurement error. The measure of reproductive intentions is the most consistent of the three, followed by ideal number of children. The latter is much more consistent at the aggregate level than at the individual level. The reliability of the planning status of the last birth is marred, mainly by an unwanted child being reclassified as 'wanted' with time since the birth of the child. The reproductive intentions of women were also found to be positively related to their subsequent fertility.
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Alam, Zufishan, Judith Ann Dean, and Monika Janda. "Cervical screening uptake: A cross-sectional study of self-reported screening attitudes, behaviours and barriers to participation among South Asian immigrant women living in Australia." Women's Health 18 (January 2022): 174550572210962. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17455057221096240.
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Introduction: Cervical cancer remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality among women from low and lower middle-income countries, as well as underserved population subgroups in high-income countries. Migration from South Asia to Australia has increased over the last decade, and immigrant women from this region have been reported as a subgroup, with less than optimal cervical screening participation in Australia. This study examined cervical screening uptake and associated behavioural attitudes among South Asian immigrant women living in Queensland Australia. Methods: A cross-sectional, Internet-based survey was used to collect data from a convenience sample of 148 South Asian women living in Queensland. The main outcome measure was receipt of cervical screening test ever (yes/no) and its recency (within 2 years/more than 2 years). The survey also examined participants’ views on barriers towards screening and ways to enhance it. Results: Of 148 women who completed the survey, 55.4% (n = 82) reported ever having a cervical screening test before and 43.9% (n = 65) reported having it in previous two years. Not having a previous cervical screening test was significantly associated with duration of stay in Australia for less than five years, not having access to a regular general practitioner (GP), not being employed, having low cervical cancer knowledge level and not knowing if cervical screening test is painful or not. Most commonly reported barriers to screening uptake included considering oneself not at risk, lack of time and lack of information. The most favoured strategy among participants was encouragement by GP and awareness through social media advertisements. Conclusion: This study provided insights into factors that need consideration when developing future targeted interventions.
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Shamsu-Deen, Z., B. S. Sufyan, and F. Issah. "KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND BARRIERS TO THE UTILIZATION OF EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTIVES AMONG FEMALE STUDENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY FOR DEVELOPMENT STUDIES: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY." UDS International Journal of Development 8, no. 2 (February 10, 2022): 596–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.47740/601.udsijd6i.
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Unintended and unwanted pregnancy is a public health threat among young women and girls in developing countries including Ghana. Despite all the public health interventions, the effectiveness of the use of emergency contraceptives (ECs) to avert unintended pregnancies is still low in Ghana. Little is known about the knowledge, attitude, and barriers to ECs utilization in Ghana. Therefore, the objective of the study was to investigate the knowledge, attitudes, and barriers to the utilization of ECs among female students of the University for Development Studies, Tamale. A total of 309 female students of reproductive age were selected using a simple random approach. A descriptive cross-sectional study design was used for the study. Also, a semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data on knowledge, attitudes, and barriers to the utilization of ECs. Frequency and percentage distribution of the sociodemographic factors, and behavioral and attitude variables of EC variables were computed using the SPSS software (version 20). Overall, the majority (65.0%) of the participants showed sufficient knowledge of ECs. Also, 54.0% of the respondents had a good attitude toward EC. An assessment of the reasons for not using any form of ECs revealed that some of them wanted pregnancy (26.6%), lacked knowledge about ECs (18.1%), and partner refusal (4.3%). Also, religious beliefs (37.2%) were barriers to the utilization of ECs. In conclusion, the study found a high level of knowledge and a good attitude toward ECs among the study participants. However, partner refusal and religious beliefs were mentioned as barriers to the utilization of ECs. Therefore, we recommend that the health authorities in charge of reproductive health education should liaise with religious leaders as they could partner in the creation of awareness of EC.
Keywords: Emergency Contraceptive, Knowledge, Attitude, Barriers, utilization.
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Permatasari, Indah, and Tri Sunarsih. "HUBUNGAN PENGETAHUAN DENGAN SIKAP IBU HAMIL TENTANG PELAYANAN ANTENATAL CARE TERINTEGRASI." Jurnal Cakrawala Promkes 1, no. 2 (August 1, 2019): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.12928/promkes.v1i2.1681.
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Developing countries have a serious health problem with maternal death and illness. The maternal mortality rate in Indonesia is 190 per 100,000 live births. Antenatal Care is a solution to reduce maternal and child mortality. Pregnant women are advised to carry out antenatal surveillance at least 4 times; once in trimester 1, once in trimester II, and twice in trimester III. Mlati II Sleman Health Center has met the target coverage for Visiting 1 (100%) and Visiting 4 (93.5%), but some pregnant women who examined did not know what Integrated Antenatal Care was. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship of knowledge with attitudes of pregnant women about integrated antenatal care services at Mlati Sleman Public Health Center. The type of research used was a quantitative explanatory study type. The method used in the survey was a cross-sectional approach. The study was conducted at the Mlati II Health Center, Sleman, Yogyakarta. A total sample of 80 pregnant women TM II and TM III. The sampling technique uses purposive sampling. Test statistics with Kendall's Tau. There was no significant relationship between knowledge and attitudes of pregnant women regarding integrated antenatal care services at Mlati II Health Center Sleman Yogyakarta because integrated antenatal care has become a program so that pregnant women have been directed to follow it. The significance value is 0.457> α (0.05) and the correlation value shows -0.075. Pregnant women should more routinely check pregnancy according to the 10 T standard. Health workers need to improve the quality of integrated antenatal care services, it is necessary to motivate pregnant women to read the Mother-Child Health book so that mothers can remember the information contained in the Mother-Child Health book.
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Marzano, Gilberto, and Velta Lubkina. "THE DIGITAL GENDER DIVIDE: AN OVERVIEW." SOCIETY. INTEGRATION. EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference 5 (May 21, 2019): 413. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/sie2019vol5.3849.
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It has been observed that women, especially in developing countries, have significantly lower technology participation rates than men. This is generally considered to be the result of socio-cultural attitudes related to the expected role of women in society. The consequence is the low percentage of women working in the high-tech industry. However, nowadays, women make ample use of internet technology and access social media just as much as men.This article will explore the issue of the digital gender divide, focusing on which factors can impede and/or facilitate access to and use of digital technologies. It represents the preliminary results of an ongoing research conducted within a bilateral project entitled “Gender aspects of digital readiness and development of human capital” that involves the Latgalian region in Latvia and the Ternopil region in Ukraine, two regions that share similar socio-economic problems.The aim of the research is to increase the level of women’s inclusion in the labor market of the future, which itappears will be increasingly dominated by digital technologies. From this perspective, reducing the digital divide is crucial, but alternative forms of digital education will need to be introducedin order to facilitate the acquisition of digital competences.
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Koyabe, B. "Predictors of Cervical Cancer Screening Amongst Women Aged 25 - 49 in Botswana: A Pilot Study." Journal of Global Oncology 4, Supplement 2 (October 1, 2018): 6s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.18.36700.
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Background: Cervical cancer is the fourth leading type of cancer in women worldwide (World Health Organization, 2015, Joshi et al, 2015). According to McFarland (2009) cervical cancer is the most common cancer leading to mortality and mobility among women in Botswana. Health Statistics Botswana (1995) noted that cervical cancer incidents continue to rise each year. It is even direr to have higher mortality and mobility among women in Botswana happening among a population that the HIV incidence and/or prevalence are humanly high. It is therefore crucial for developing countries like Botswana to take action just like the developed countries to determine the factors that predict screening for cervical cancer behaviors among Batswana women. These factors will be used to inform the design of the intervention that will lower the burden and associated morbidity and mortality of cervical cancer in Botswana. Aim: The major aim of this pilot study was to identify factors among Batswana women in going for screening for cervical cancer. The specific aims were to identify the norms and beliefs that influence cervical cancer screening among women in Botswana aged 25-49 years thus to identifying the attitudes, behavioral intentions, subjective norms, social norms, perceived power, and perceived behavioral control about cervical cancer screening among women aged 25-49 years in Botswana. Methods: In this research study, a qualitative research paradigm research approach was used to understand people's attitudes, behavioral intentions, subjective norms, social norms, perceived power, and perceived behavioral control. The study was guided by the theory of reasoned action (TRA) and its extension the theory of planned behavior (TPB) and the social cognitive theory to conduct this elicitation phase. The study was then informed by this elicitation phase to design and administer, as the quantitative phase, the survey instrument to determine the predictors for going for cervical cancer screening among women in Botswana aged 25-49 years. This instrument was administered to 115 women among the targeted population at Mochudi and Moshupa. Results: Results of this study will reveal the knowledge about cervical cancer, the behavioral beliefs, normative beliefs and control beliefs held by Batswana women that contribute to their actions to go or not to go for cervical cancer screening. Conclusion: The findings will be used to design the intervention that will target to promote the going of cervical cancer screening among women aged 25-49 years in Botswana.
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Silwal, Suvekshya, and Sujana Neupane. "Knowledge and Attitude of Men on Contraception Methods." Journal of Karnali Academy of Health Sciences 1, no. 3 (December 31, 2018): 41–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jkahs.v1i3.24154.
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Family planning refers to a conscious effort by a couple to limit or space the number of children they have through the use of contraceptive methods. Family planning in the global health field often revolves around women and girls. It is often regarded as the woman's responsibility, but there is growing recognition of the need to involve men in family planning programs.
One of the most serious problems of developing countries still have to solve is their rapid and uncontrolled increase in population. It is well documented that men’s general knowledge and attitudes concerning the ideal family size, gender preference of children, ideal spacing between child births, and contraceptive method use greatly influence women’s preferences and opinions. Family planning has traditionally been viewed as the woman's responsibility, but there has been a growing recognition of the need to involve men in family planning programs as a means of achieving reproductive health objectives, as well as attaining greater gender equity.
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Saini, Hemlata, N. B. Chauhan, and J. B. Patel. "A STUDY ON ATTITUDE ASSESSMENT OF WOMEN TOWARDS KITCHEN GARDENING." Gujarat Journal of Extension Education 33, no. 1 (June 25, 2022): 121–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.56572/gjoee.2022.33.1.0024.
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Food security is one of the leading issues of many nations globally. The magnitude of malnutrition necessitates the need for nutrition education. Kitchen gardening can play a significant role in improving food security for rural households as well as middle-class urban households in developing countries like India. The study was conducted in the Anand district of middle Gujarat. A total of 100 respondents were selected for the study. The ex-post facto research design was adopted. For measuring the attitude of women towards kitchen gardening, the scale developed by the department of agricultural extension and communication were used. Data were collected through personal interviews using the pre-tested structured interview schedule. The results of the study stated that about half (51.00 per cent) of the respondents had positive to highly positive overall attitude towards kitchen gardening.
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Sambath, Shanthadevi, and Madhumitha Chandrasekaran. "Knowledge, awareness and prevention of cervical cancer among women attending a rural based tertiary care centre, Theni, South India." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 7, no. 2 (January 23, 2018): 608. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20180180.
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Background: Cervical carcinoma is the most common genital cancer in India and a leading cause of cancer-associated deaths. Cervical cancer is both preventable and curable, yet morbidity and mortality from the disease remain high especially in developing countries. Request for cervical cancer screening is exceedingly low among women due to lack of awareness of cervical cancer and the screening methodsMethods: A cross sectional study was conducted in 200 women attending Gynaecology OPD in Government Theni Medical College Hospital, Tamil Nadu. We studied the knowledge, awareness, and attitude of patients, about cervical cancer and the screening methods in a tertiary institution. They were interviewed with predesigned questionnaire after getting informed consent.Results: Of the 200 patients surveyed, 74 (37%) had heard of cervical cancer, while 44 (22%) knew about screening, with health care providers being their most frequent source of information. Only 26 (13%) women ever had screening done and no one is aware of HPV vaccine.Conclusions: Adequate health information and counselling on cervical cancer and regular screening still need to be emphasized in developing countries so as to reverse the morbidity and mortality associated with cervical cancer.
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Chasanah, Shuviatul, Linda Dewanti, and Wahyul Anis. "THE INFLUENCE OF INTERNAL FACTORS OF PREGANT WOMEN ON TRIPLE ELIMINATION EXAMINATION." Indonesian Midwifery and Health Sciences Journal 5, no. 1 (August 8, 2021): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/imhsj.v5i1.2021.88-102.
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AbstractBackground: HIV, Hepatitis dan Syphilis can be transmitted from mother to fetus which causes high morbidity dan mortality, especially in developing countries. Transmission of this infection can be prevented by early detection of triple elimination during pregnancy to the maximum. Optimizing the scope of the examination through the identification of internal factors that influence pregnant women to perform triple elimination examination Methods: This study is a descriptive analytic study with a cross sectional approach. The number of samples was 69 pregnant women at Poli KIA Puskesmas who had never done a triple elimination examination. Sampling with accidental sampling. The independent variable of the study was the mother's internal factors consisting of the mother's socio-economic characteristics, knowledge, attitudes dan motivation. The dependent variable is the willingness of pregnant women to perform triple elimination examination. Analysis using the Mann Whitney test, significant if the difference in p-value <0.05. Result : From 69 respondents, 13 mothers were not willing to do the examination. The internal factors of pregnant women have a different average between those who are willing dan unwilling, but the difference is not significant (> 0.05) dan has no influence on the mother's decision to perform a triple elimination examination. The P-value of each factor was obtained from characteristics dan socio-economic characteristics (age (0.550), education (0.602), gravida (0.829), gestational age (0.612), family type (0.567), number of family members (0.407), mother's occupation (0.886 ), husbdan's occupation (0.761), income (0.733), knowledge (0.311), motivation (0.281), dan attitude (0.714) Conclusion: There is no internal factor of the mother that affects the willingness to perform triple elimination examination during pregnancy, further research is needed on external factors from pregnant women to maximize the coverage of triple elimination examination
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Retno Heru Setyorini, Ismi Dwi Astuti Nurhaeni, Ari Probandari, and Eny Lestari. "USING THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOR TO EXPLORE FACTORS RELATED TO CONTRACEPTIVE USE AMONG WOMEN IN REPRODUCTIVE AGE." Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine 22, no. 1 (April 30, 2022): 139–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.37268/mjphm/vol.22/no.1/art.1534.
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In developing countries, millions of women of reproductive age do not use contraception, while research on factors related to contraceptive use behavior are still lacking. The study aimed to identify the factors relate to the behavior of contraceptive use. A cross-sectional study design was conducted from January to March 2020 in Bantul District, Yogyakarta Province, Indonesia. Data were collected using questionnaires from 369 females in reproductive age. The sample size was calculated using the Slovin formula with a 95% confidence level from 4,869 women of childbearing age. Using path analysis, it revealed that high intention had a direct effect on contraceptive use behavior. Attitudes, subjective norms, and self-efficacy have indirect effects on contraceptive use through intention. Knowledge had an indirect effect through self-efficacy and level of education through knowledge. Initiatives related to increasing contraceptive use behavior are needed to reduce the risk of unmet need. Furthermore, the results of this study can be used by stakeholders to formulate strategies in an effort to encourage family planning practices.
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Mahmood, Naushin, and G. M. Zahm. "The Demand for Fertility Control in Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 32, no. 4II (December 1, 1993): 1097–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v32i4iipp.1097-1106.
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The shift from high to low fertility during the process of modernisation may occur through a reduction in the demand for children and an increase in deliberate fertility control behaviour of individuals. This, in tum, depends on couple's positive attitudes and willingness to adopt contraception and the easy availability and accessibility of the means of fertility regulation. In social settings like Pakistan where the desire for large family size exists and deliberate family limitation is not very common, it is of great importance to study the process of making family size choices and assess the demand for fertility control which are very likely to influence the future prospects of fertility change. A recent study in reviewing population policy and family planning programme effectiveness in a number of Third World countries including Pakistan has stressed on the immediate need to estimate the potential demand for services and the extent of such demand in specific areas and subgroups of population [Freedman (1987»). The findings from WFS data on fertility desires for many developing countries also suggest that if women fully implement their stated desire for children and restrict themselves to wanted births, substantial decline in fertility is likely to occur in a majority of countries and unlikely in only a few [Lightboume (1988»). Such findings are important in the context of Pakistan's fertility situation where a significant number of women want to stop childbearing and speculation about a substantial decline in fertility exists.
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Saleem, Sharjeel, Asia Rafiq, and Saquib Yusaf. "Investigating the glass ceiling phenomenon." South Asian Journal of Business Studies 6, no. 3 (October 2, 2017): 297–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sajbs-04-2016-0028.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify hurdles in women’s rise up the organizational ladder through the epistemic concept of the glass ceiling phenomenon. The secondary aim is to determine how the glass ceiling effect results in women’s failure to secure equal representation in high-ranking executive positions in comparison to males. The study intends to come up with empirical evidences to advance plausible justifications and support for the organizations to manage their workforce with the sense of egalitarianism. Design/methodology/approach The questionnaire is administered to a sample of 210 respondents including CEOs, directors, managers, assistants, accountants, doctors and teachers from public and private sectors. The variables that influence the glass ceiling phenomenon are gender (female) represented on the board of directors (BODs), stereotypical behavior and training and development of females to measure the glass ceiling effect. Further, this influence is examined regarding the selection and promotion of the females as candidates, as well as female effectiveness at work. To verify the glass ceiling phenomenon, multiple linear regression analyses with the ordinary least square method are used. Findings Drawing on the perspective of the social role theory, the authors identify plausible causes of the glass ceiling phenomenon in the Asian context. The results show the presence of glass ceiling, particularly characterizing its effects on the selection and promotion of the female candidates and their effectiveness. The authors found that glass ceiling was negatively related to both female effectiveness and “selection and promotion.” It was also identified that research variables such as lesser women’s representation on the BODs, training and development and stereotypical attitude toward women promote glass ceiling. Research limitations/implications The larger sample and data collection from different cultures would have assured more generalizability. The glass ceiling is affected by numerous variables; other factors can also be explored. Practical implications Organizations must consider competitive females in their selection and promotion decision making. Asian countries, especially developing countries such as Pakistan, need to develop policies to encourage active participation of the female workforce in upper echelon. The equal employment policies will reduce the dependency ratio of females, consequently driving the country’s economic growth. Social implications Societies need to change their stereotype attitudes toward women and encourage them to use their potential to benefit societies by shattering glass ceilings that continue to place women at a disadvantage. Developing a social culture that advances women empowerment will contribute to social and infrastructure development in Asian countries. Originality/value This paper adds a thought-provoking attitude of organizations in South Asia, especially in Pakistani societies that play a role in creating a glass ceiling, more so to shatter it even in 2016. This study compels firms in Pakistan and other Asian regions to use unbiased practices by investigating the impact of glass ceiling on female effectiveness that has not previously been conducted in the Asian context. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, the study of glass ceiling in Pakistani context is first in the literature.
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Webair, Hana Hasan, Tengku Alina Tengku Ismail, Shaiful Bahari Ismail, and Azza Jameel Khaffaji. "Patient-centred infertility care among Arab women experiencing infertility: a qualitative study." BMJ Open 11, no. 6 (June 2021): e044300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044300.
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ObjectiveThe current study aims to define patient-centred infertility care (PCIC) from the perspective of Arab women with infertility.DesignSemistructured in-depth telephone interviews.SettingHospitals providing infertility care, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.ParticipantsArab women who received infertility treatment during the 6 months preceding the interview at any hospital in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Interviews were conducted with Arab women experiencing infertility from January 2017 to December 2018. A purposive sample of 14 women were included in the final analysis with maximum variation.ResultsParticipants highlighted nine important PCIC dimensions. Of these, four were agreed on by all participants: accessibility, minimising cost, information and education, and staff attitudes and communication. The remaining five dimensions were staff competence, physical comfort, privacy, psychological and emotional support, and continuity and coordination of care. The concept of PCIC was related to three major contributors: participants’ demographics, patient experience with infertility care and health-seeking behaviour.ConclusionsThe current study provided nine PCIC dimensions and items, which can guide efforts to improve the quality of infertility care in Arab countries in two ways: first, by raising infertility care providers’ awareness of their patients’ needs, and second, by developing a validated tool based on the dimensions for measuring PCIC from Arab patients’ perspective. Clear differences between the Arab and the European PCIC model were found. Our findings concluded that women continued to exhibit basic unmet needs.
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Izzani, Rohmanur. "Hubungan Tingkat Pengetahuan dengan Perilaku Konsumsi Tablet Fe saat Menstruasi pada Mahasiswi FKM UNAIR Surabaya." Jurnal Biometrika dan Kependudukan 7, no. 1 (December 10, 2018): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jbk.v7i1.2018.78-86.
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Anemia is one of the health problems in the world especially in developing countries and it is estimated that 30% of the world population suffers from anemia. Anemia is one of the health problems that often occur in pregnant women and young women. According to WHO (2013), the prevalence of anemia in the world reaches 40–88%. According to Riskesdas (2013) got anemia patients in adolescent girls amounted to 2.7%. One cause of high rates of anemia in adolescent girls is the lack of awareness of consumption of Fe tablets during menstruation. Consciousness of Fe tablet consumption during menstruation can not be separated from information and knowledge, because of knowledge is one of several factors that influence one's consumption behavior. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between knowledge with adolescent attitudes about consumption of Fe tablet during menstruation on students of Faculty of Public Health Unair Surabaya. This research was analytic with cross sectional approach. The samples were 50 respondents taken by simple random sampling technique. The instrument used a questionnaire. The result of this research was chi-square statistic test with significance level α = 0,05 or 95%. Statistical test results obtained p value = 1 < α = 0.05. The conclusion of this research is that there is no significant relationship of knowledge with attitude of Fe tablet consumption during menstruation on students of Faculty of Public Health Unair Surabaya.
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Li, Xianyun, and Michael R. Phillips. "The Acceptability of Suicide Among Rural Residents, Urban Residents, and College Students from Three Locations in China." Crisis 31, no. 4 (July 2010): 183–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0027-5910/a000024.
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Background: Community attitudes about suicide and their relationship to suicidal behavior have not been adequately investigated in low- and middle-income countries. Aims: To compare the acceptability of suicide in different population cohorts in China, identify factors that affect the degree of acceptability, and assess the relationship of cohort-specific acceptability of suicide and suicide rates. Methods: A multistage stratified random sample of 608 rural residents, 582 urban residents, and 629 college students were administered a 25-item scale studying the likelihood they would consider suicide (on a 5-point Likert scale) if they experienced a variety of stressors ranging from “being disciplined at work” to “developing a chronic mental illness.” The internal consistency and test-retest reliability for the scale are excellent (Cronbach’s α = 0.92, ICC = 0.75). Results: College students had the most permissive attitudes about suicide, and urban residents were significantly more accepting of suicide as a response to serious life stressors than were rural residents. Multivariate analysis found that the overall acceptability score was higher in women, decreased with age, and increased with years of education. Conclusions: There was no clear relationship between cohort-specific acceptance of suicide and reported rates of suicide, highlighting the complexity of the relationship between attitudes about suicide (of which acceptability is only one component) and suicidal behavior.