Journal articles on the topic 'Women athletes – Social conditions'
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Starov, Mikhail I., Larisa A. Romanina, and Artem E. Baranovskiy. "Social and pedagogical conditions for the development of an athlete’s “self-belief” by a coach in situations of success and failure." Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities, no. 1 (2022): 135–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/1810-0201-2022-27-1-135-146.
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We consider an urgent problem of the social and pedagogical conditions for the coach to develop self-belief in an athlete in his abilities and physical capabilities in situations of success and failure of his performances at competitions. The topic under consideration has been little developed and studied in scientific and methodic domestic and foreign sources that we analyzed. The purpose of the study is to determine the social and pedagogical conditions for the coach’s development of self-confidence in his pupils, both in case of successful and unsuccessful performances at competitions. The methodological foundations of the research are the personality-activity, subject-subjective, relational, axiological approaches. The following methods are used: analysis of sources on the problem raised, our own observations, interviews with coaches (men and women) and athletes (boys and girls), retrospective and mathematical methods. The use of the above methods made it possible to outline the social and pedagogical conditions for the upbringing of self-confidence in athletes in the sports activity of coaches. The structure of the athlete’s self-confidence and self-doubt and their signs are developed, on the basis of which it possible to determine the results of the social and educational work of the coach with the athlete and make adjustments in situations of success or failure of his performances at competitions. We use the opinions of coaches and athletes themselves about the impact of success or failure on the formation of athletes (girls and boys) “self-belief”, in their physical, biological, volitional abilities, capabilities and social and pedagogical conditions of their optimal use in training and during competitions. The revealed social and pedagogical conditions can be taken into account by coaches in the practice of sports and educational activities with athletes.
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Toffoletti, Kim, and Holly Thorpe. "The athletic labour of femininity: The branding and consumption of global celebrity sportswomen on Instagram." Journal of Consumer Culture 18, no. 2 (April 27, 2018): 298–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1469540517747068.
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This article explores the relationship between consumer culture, female athletic representation and online fan engagement on the photograph-based social media platform Instagram. It argues that social media interaction between female athletes and fans is governed by gender norms and arrangements that expect and reward female athletic articulations of empowerment, entrepreneurialism and individualisation in the context of postfeminism and consumer self-fashioning. Examining the Instagram feeds of five global sport stars, this study demonstrates that the feedback of fans and followers plays a critical role in influencing the gendered work undertaken by female athletes to present an appealing consumer ‘brand’, according to the desires of the market. We propose a new conceptual framework – the athletic labour of femininity – to understand the ways in which elite sportswomen cultivate an authentic brand in the sports marketplace. More than a type of ‘bodywork’, the athletic labour of femininity responds to consumer expectations that women demonstrate a successful feminine subjectivity characterised by notions of personal choice, individual responsibility and self-management. It takes the form of emphasising empowered femininity, celebrating hetero-sexiness and revealing personal intimacies as part of crafting a feminine sporting persona which draws online comment and likes from followers and fans. By focusing on the role online fan interaction plays in shaping the athletic labour of femininity, this research advances existing studies of how representations of sportswomen are produced and consumed by paying particular attention to the social conditions influencing how sportswomen represent the self online and the gender power relations that serve to govern expressions of desirable athletic femininity.
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Waller, Steven N., Dawn M. Norwood, LeQuez Spearman, and Fritz G. Polite. "Black American female Olympic Athletes have not reaped the same social standing and economic benefits that their counterparts have since the 1968 Olympics in Mexico City." Sport Science Review 25, no. 1-2 (May 1, 2016): 53–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ssr-2016-0003.
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Abstract This paper presents an abbreviated version of an ‘elite’ interview conducted with Madeline Manning-Mims. The 1968 Olympic protest was a pivotal moment in Olympic and American sports history. At the forefront of the protest was the pre-eminent sport sociologist Dr. Harry Edwards. Edwards’ leadership catalyzed the African American boycott of the 1968 Olympics in Mexico City, however, Black female athletes were either silenced or recused themselves from the protest. A series of semi-structured, retrospective interview questions were posed to Manning-Mims to gather her perspectives on the progress that Black American, women Olympic athletes have made in the USA from 1968 to present. Analysis of the ‘expert’ interview with Mims indicated that: 1) the social conditions in the United States that have plagued Black female athletes in 1968 had changed for the better; 2) on the whole Black U.S. athletes in the second millennium have become “commoditized” after the Olympics and gain substantially from their celebrity; and 3) Black female athletes can become enslaved to the economics of their celebrity if they are not careful.
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Eliseev, M. S., I. Т. Vykhodets, I. V. Kruglova, M. N. Chikina, O. V. Zhelyabina, E. V. Ilyinykh, A. V. Zholinsky, S. V. Dodonov, A. M. Lila, and Е. L. Nasonov. "Prevalence of hyperuricemia in professional athletes and its role in the genesis of various pathological conditions and metabolic disturbances." Modern Rheumatology Journal 12, no. 3 (September 16, 2018): 82–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.14412/1996-7012-2018-3-82-88.
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In recent decades, the prevalence of hyperuricemia (HU) is increasing worldwide; the role of uric acid (UA) in the genesis of various metabolic disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and kidney disease is being discussed. There are very few investigations of the rate of HU and its role in the development of diseases in certain social groups, including in professional athletes.Objective:to estimate the prevalence of HU and its role in the genesis of various pathological conditions and metabolic disturbances in professional athletes.Patients and methods.A retrospective comparative one-stage study was conducted, for which 2148 athletes who met inclusion criteria were selected and examined in the Federal Research and Clinical Center for Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Federal Biomedical Agency, in 2015. A control group consisted of 99 ageand sex-matched healthy volunteers examined at the V.A. Nasonova Research Institute of Rheumatology in 2017. The analysis included a comparison of the rate of HU and other examined parameters in professional athletes and healthy volunteers. The examined parameters were separately compared in athletes with/without HU, followed by statistical processing of results.Results.HU was detected in 306 (14.2%) of the 2148 athletes, more often in men (n=253 (20%) than in women (n=53 (6%); (p<0.001). The rate of HU in the athletes was comparable with that in the healthy population (12.1%). The athletes with HU (n=306) compared with the other athletes (n=1842) had the following statistically higher indicators: the mean serum levels of creatinine, triglycerides, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase, creatinine phosphokinase, and myoglobin, glomerular filtration rate, and body mass index (BMI) (p<0.00001 for all cases).Conclusion.HU is detected quite often in professional athletes (14.2%), which is comparable with the indicators seen in healthy volunteers (12.1%). The high prevalence of HU and its association with indicators reflecting kidney function, lipid metabolic disturbances, and BMI necessitate further investigations aimed at searching the causes of HU and methods of its prevention and treatment in professional athletes.
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L. Huberty, Lana, Mark E. Moore, Shelley Binegar, and Whitney Marks. "The bent of human resource theory on gender equality: examining work conditions for female leaders in U.S. collegiate athletic organizations." Problems and Perspectives in Management 14, no. 3 (November 10, 2016): 594–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.14(3-3).2016.01.
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The low representation of female leaders is problematic in work organizations. In fact, women historically have had trouble entering the managerial hierarchy of a multitude of industries including the sport industry. Accordingly, the evolution of sport has proffered a diverse array of jobs with growth potential. Despite this, sport remains a male dominated sector where women’s perspectives on work issues have not been fully investigated. The purpose of this study is to examine perceived organizational factors impacting the representation of female leaders in college athletics. To promptly investigate issues and concerns of working women in sport, the research focused on human resource management (HRM). This study utilized survey design, specifically snowball sampling, to generated 60 completed questionnaires from female administrators working in U.S. collegiate athletics. A Qualtrics online survey site was created to gather responses. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Demographics showed the level of work experience, position titles, and educational background varied across the sample. Results showed that structures were important factors in recruiting and advancing female leaders, while the ’ole’ boys’ networks and limited social capital negatively impacted leadership development. In conclusion, leadership opportunities for women in intercollegiate athletics were perceived to be shaped by organizational practices. Keywords: female leaders, U.S. college athletics, social capital, organizational practices, HRM structures. JEL Classification: M14
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Thorpe, Holly, Kim Toffoletti, and Toni Bruce. "Sportswomen and Social Media: Bringing Third-Wave Feminism, Postfeminism, and Neoliberal Feminism Into Conversation." Journal of Sport and Social Issues 41, no. 5 (September 12, 2017): 359–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0193723517730808.
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In this article, we take seriously the challenges of making sense of a sporting (and media) context that increasingly engages female athletes as active, visible, and autonomous, while inequalities pertaining to gender, sexuality, race, and class remain stubbornly persistent across sport institutions and practices. We do so by engaging with three recent feminist critiques that have sought to respond to the changing operations of gender relations and the articulation of gendered subjectivities, namely, third-wave feminism, postfeminism, and neoliberal feminism, and applying each to the same concrete setting—the social media self-representation of Hawaiian professional surfer Alana Blanchard. In aiming to conceptually illustrate the utility of these three feminist critiques, we are not advocating for any single approach. Rather, we critically demonstrate what each offers for explaining how current discourses are being internalized, embodied, and practiced by young (sports)women, as they make meaning of, and respond to, the conditions of their lives.
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Rodríguez Quejada, Luisa, María Fernanda Toro Wills, María Cristina Martínez-Ávila, and Andrés Felipe Patiño-Aldana. "Menstrual cycle disturbances after COVID-19 vaccination." Women's Health 18 (January 2022): 174550572211093. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17455057221109375.
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Introduction: After COVID-19 vaccination, women of reproductive age reported changes in their menstrual cycle. Materials and methods: A retrospective study was carried out after a survey on social networks that included women aged 18–41 years with normal cycles according to International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics and who were vaccinated (complete schedule for two doses, except J&J/Janssen or incomplete with a single dose). Women with following conditions were excluded: pregnant or lactating women; history of diseases that cause menstrual irregularities or early menopause: anorexia, bulimia, polycystic ovary syndrome, hypothyroidism, obesity, or low weight; hysterectomized or oophorectomized patients; and high performance athletes. Results: Overall, 950 women completed the survey between July and September 2021. In total, 408 women met the inclusion criteria, and 184 reported the following characteristics: frequency (normal 43.47%, infrequent 25%, and frequent 31.53%), regularity (regular 51.08%, irregular 42.93%, and absent/amenorrhea 5.97%), duration (normal 65.21%, prolonged 26.08%, absent/amenorrhea 8.69%), and volume (heavy 41.84%, light 20.65%, and absent/amenorrhea 6.52%). Conclusions: SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccination can influence the menstrual cycle and cause alterations.
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Naczk-Musiał, Magdalena. "Personality and temperamental determinants of styles of coping with stress in male and female football players." Studies in Sport Humanities 24 (July 12, 2019): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.7562.
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The aim of this paper was to determine the patterns of personality and temperament conditions for coping with stress in football players. The study examined 252 people (168 men, 84 women, the average age was 24.09 years). The athletes were representatives of the Ekstraklasa, and the I and II football Liga. They formed 3 groups: the fi rst group comprised men from the Ekstraklasa, the second - men from the II Liga and the third - women from the Ekstraklasa and the I Liga. The research made use of the following tools: NEO- FFI Personality Inventory in the Polish adaptation by Zawadzki et al. (1998), FCB - TI Temperament Questionnaire (1997), Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS) by Endler and Parker, in the Polish adaptation by Strelau et al. (2007). Analysis of the results showed that agreeableness (AG), conscientiousness (CS) and perseverance (PE) proved to be important predictors of the task-oriented coping (TOC). Emotion-oriented coping (EOC) is conditioned by: neuroticism (NEU), agreeableness (AG), conscientiousness (CS) and perseverance (PE). In the case of avoidance coping (AOC), extraversion (E) and activity (A) turned out to be important predictors. However, the style of coping oriented towards engagement in substitute activities (involving in substitute activities - ISA) is conditioned by: neuroticism (NEU) and extraversion (E). Extraversion is also the predictor of dealing with stress oriented towards searching for social contacts (social contacts seeking – SCS).
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Strašilová, Kateřina, and Petr Vajda. "The Effects of Different Rest Interval Lengths on Acute Quarter-squat Performance in Female." Studia sportiva 16, no. 1 (August 1, 2022): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/sts2022-1-7.
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The inclusion of resistance training in the athletic preparation of young athletes is associated with increased time and personal demands. This study compared the effect of different rest interval (RI) lengths on quarter-squat performance in two age groups. Sixteen girls (age 12.20 ± 0.55) and 16 women (age 23.13 ± 2.23) performed three series of 10 quarter squats (10 repetition maximum [RM] load) with different RI times (1 min, 2 min, 3 min) between the three series. Each participant was randomly tested under all the RI conditions. The number of successful repetitions, power, and speed were recorded for each set using by FitroDyne device. The women completed significantly less repetitions in the third set than in the first set for the 2-min and 1-min RIs (9.38 ± 1.54, p = .05 and 8.44 ± 2.42; p = .003, respectively). There was observed a significant decrease in mean power and speed in the 3-min RI between the first and second set and in the 1-min RI between the first and third sets. No significant differences in numbers of completed repetitions and mean power were evident in girls for any RI condition, but there was a significant decrease in mean velocity in the 2-min RI between the first and second sets in this group. These results show that recommendations for adults may be not suitable for girls; the girls’ performance in three sets of 10 quarter squats was less affected by RI than the women’s performance.
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Samolenko, T., A. Pyvovarov, and A. Tsybrovsky. "Analysis of creation of a tug-of-war team in the State University of Trade and Economics." Scientific Journal of National Pedagogical Dragomanov University. Series 15. Scientific and pedagogical problems of physical culture (physical culture and sports), no. 5(150) (May 27, 2022): 93–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.31392/npu-nc.series15.2022.5(150).19.
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Tug-of-war is one of the most accessible sports. Today, it is a sport for both, men and women and sometimes you can hold mixed competitions, where men and women are on the same team. Tug-of-war competitions are quite popular and considered as one of the most interesting sports. Nowadays, due to the high intensity of study in the main disciplines, students of higher education institutions have little free time and low participation in physical training and sports. One of the methods of involving higher education applicants in this type of activity is the spread of competitive practice and the development of team sports, sports like tug-of-war.
The article presents the analysis of the creation of the university tug-of-war team, which reached the highest competitive level. Besides maintaining a good physical shape, activities of this kind help students develop their social skills, develop the ability to work in a team, interact effectively with other people, discipline and have other equally significant benefits. Physical education classes at the university are divided into sections. Higher education applicants are divided into sections with different sports specializations, taking into account the interest, previous motor experience and the availability of certain special trainings. Higher education applicants in strength sports were involved in the training of wrestlers and boxers; volleyball and basketball players were invited to select tall athletes. The task of the professors of the Department of Physical Culture and Sports was to interest student youth, to participate in sports activities and events, and as a consequence to the development of health and sufficient and excellent physical shape. In order to expand the competitive practice of the university athletes and to popularize this sport and sports in general, all the important conditions for the creation of a tug-of-war were provided.
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Serputko, O., Y. Hrabovskyi, A. Chepelyuk, and S. Stepanyuk. "Specific functioning of a mixed aikido group for adults." Scientific Journal of National Pedagogical Dragomanov University. Series 15. Scientific and pedagogical problems of physical culture (physical culture and sports), no. 9(154) (October 3, 2022): 96–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.31392/npu-nc.series15.2022.9(154).21.
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The purpose of the presented study is to investigate and analyze the specifics of the functioning of an aikido group for adults in conditions of mixed composition, both in terms of gender and different age categories, and to determine the positive impact of the specified form of work on the preparation for aikido certification at all the levels.
To achieve the specified goal, the following research methods were used: theoretical analysis, generalization of data from literary sources and statistical information, system-structural analysis and the method of comprehensive research of historical data and practical experiences.
Work in a mixed group, which united aikido athletes not only of both sexes, but also of different levels of fitness, weight categories, and adult age groups, proved the most effective for preparation for the certification. In addition, it became an important condition for physical development and psycho-emotional stability of each member of the group during martial law conditions. It was Aikido and the fundamentals of mastering one’s physical and mental state laid in training, laid the foundation for effectively overcoming stress and negative emotional states, provided the possibility of performing social and economic roles to support the country's economy and the nation's mental health.
The joint work of men and women on the tatami proved to be effective in teaching the use of the center of gravity when performing techniques and the use of the partner's strength. In addition, mutual adoption of the manner of working on the tatami mat and adapting to a partner who has a different height or weight contributes to the formation of the ability to effectively learn and cooperate with any partner. While stress resistance and the ability to focus on a problem without limiting the options for its solution are significantly increased.
The main motivation of adults practicing aikido is preparation for certification, as well as improvement of psycho- emotional state, physical fitness, maintenance of special physical training, intellectual development.
During the martial law, aikido classes showed that such training has not only a physical and health-improving effect, but also a recreational and therapeutic one, because it helps to overcome stress and negative emotional states. An important role in this process is played by the composition of the group, which is both women and men, in the first and second periods of adulthood, as well as representatives of the elderly. Through mutual influence and encouragement, they overcome the difficulties of the training process more effectively, and taking over each other’s behavioral decisions contribute to the emotional healing of both the group and each participant in the sports-educational process.
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Umniyah, Zulfa Nur, Berliana Berliana, Boyke Mulyana, and Geraldi Novian. "Negative Social Interaction and Psychological Well-Being on Female Basketball Athletes." ACTIVE: Journal of Physical Education, Sport, Health and Recreation 10, no. 2 (August 10, 2021): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/active.v10i2.47331.
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Exercise can maintain a person's level of psychological well-being or also known as Psychological well-being (PWB), but on the other hand, it can also have a negative effect. Negative Social Interaction is one of the factors that have a negative effect on individuals from their environment during exercise. In terms of gender, women and sports are interrelated even though women have long been underestimated in sports, especially in sports that are considered masculine sports. This study examines the negative social interactions experienced by athletes in basketball. In basketball, negative social interactions can occur due to the assumption that basketball is a masculine sport, besides, that women are considered weaker than men. So this study aims to analyze the impact of Negative Social Interaction obtained by female basketball athletes on the Psychological well-being (PWB) of athletes. The instruments used were Negative Social Exchange (NSE) and Psychological Well-being Scale questionnaires as well as short interviews given to 24 female basketball athletes at the University of Indonesia Education. The results showed that NSI had a significant relationship with the PWB of female basketball athletes. The coach is one individual who plays a very important role in the condition of the athlete's PWB. Not only can it have a negative impact, but NSI can also be turned into a motivation that can encourage athletes to fight harder in the future. The author provides suggestions for coaches who handle female basketball athletes to be more careful when interacting with athletes and for basketball connoisseurs to better organize themselves in expression when enjoying this sport.
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Tilindienė, Ilona, Lina Petkūnė, and Dovydas Ivanauskas. "The Peculiarities of Health-Related Quality of Life in Recreational and Competitive Athletes." Baltic Journal of Sport and Health Sciences 4, no. 123 (February 9, 2022): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.33607/bjshs.v4i123.1146.
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Background. The scientific literature focuses on the evaluation of quality of life (QL) and health-related quality of life (HRQL) among recreational and competitive athletes. Research suggests that the QL and HRQL levels of competitive athletes can be negatively affected in that they spend most of their lives in training, preparing for and recovering from competitions and tournaments; however, they neither learn most of the essential life skills (Ohlert & Ott, 2017), nor allot time to their leisure activities and recreation. There are also contradictory studies indicating that competitive athletes evaluate HRQL better than recreational ones do (Lorcan & Allen, 2018; Pacesova, Smela, & Antala, 2019). However, little is known about the impact of how different levels of sports activities affect HRQL in this pandemic period.
Methods. HRQL was evaluated applying the SF-36 questionnaire (Short Form 36 Medical Outcomes Study questionnaire). The questionnaire was adapted in Lithuania (Staniūtė, 2007).
Results. Statistically significant differences were found in the evaluation of quality of life in the following areas: social function, pain, and activity limitation due to emotional disorders. It was found that competitive athletes limited their activities more than recreational athletes due to emotional difficulties (U = 1165, p = .05) and experienced more pain (U = 1036, p = .01). It was also found that recreational athletes valued their social relations more favourably than competitive ones (U = 1066, p = .02). Statistically significant differences were found in the evaluation of HRQL by gender. Men value their social relations better (U = 992.5, p = .00) and have fewer activity limitations due to emotional difficulties (U = 1063, p = .02) than women. The HRQL evaluation by gender and sport level shows that in recreational sports men evaluated their social relationships better than women and had fewer activity limitations due to emotional difficulties than women. Analysis of HRQL of competitive athletes showed no statistically significant relationship between women and men groups.
Conclusion. In conclusion, it can be stated that athletes best valued areas of physical activity and social relations. The findings show that competitive athletes more than recreational ones limited their activities due to emotional difficulties, and experienced more pain. Meanwhile, recreational athletes rated their social relations more favourably than competitive athletes. It was found that male athletes valued their social relations and emotional state better than female athletes. Men also had fewer activity limitations due to emotional difficulties than women.
Keywords: quality of life, young adults, recreational athletes, competitive athletes.
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Jorgensen, Melanie, Michelle Laurence, Jairus Quesnele, Tara Baldisera, and Sylvain Grenier. "Women in university hockey demonstrate knowledge discordant with attitudes regarding concussions." International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 13, no. 6 (May 29, 2018): 1134–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747954118778771.
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Objective To examine the knowledge and attitudes about sport-related concussion among university athletes. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Validated survey instrument. Subjects Seventy-two university soccer, hockey, and basketball athletes (28 males, 44 females). Main outcome measures Total athlete knowledge scores and attitude scores were measured and average scores were also determined for each sport, sex, and combinations of sport and sex. Results The average athlete knowledge total score was 28.9 ± 2.8 ( SD) out of a possible 35, and the average attitude total score was 76.4 ± 11.8 ( SD) out of a possible 98. Correlations between athlete knowledge scores and athlete attitude scores were positive in the all male athlete sample ( r = 0.09, n = 28, p = .65). The same correlation in the all female athlete sample was negative ( r = −.33, n = 44, p < .05). Sixteen athletes suffered a total of 21 concussions in the 2015–2016 playing season. Conclusions The present sample of university athletes have higher knowledge scores but poorer attitude about concussions. Knowledge regarding concussion did not translate into improved attitudes particularly for female hockey athletes. Coaches should consider concussion education focused on communicating facts, as well as contextual interventions and practical athlete responses to injury. Interventions should consider the differences between male and female athlete reporting tendencies in this demographic. Appropriate detection and reporting systems may help to overcome poor reporting behaviors.
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Isaza-Gómez, Germán Darío, Diana Marcela Osorio-Roa, Heriberto González-Valencia, Julián Eduardo Betancur-Agudelo, and José Said Bustamante-Bedoya. "Efectos de la pandemia covid-19 sobre el rendimiento deportivo de los triatletas de la federación colombiana de triatlón (Effects of the covid-19 pandemic on the sports performance of the triathletes of the colombian federation of triathlon)." Retos 46 (September 5, 2022): 906–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.47197/retos.v46.92416.
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La pandemia por Covid-19 afectó la dinámica social y deportiva a nivel mundial, obligó a todas los clubes, ligas y/o federaciones deportivas a reinventarse en sus procesos de entrenamiento con el fin de evitar la pérdida del rendimiento deportivo, adaptaron sus metodologías de entrenamiento a las condiciones que se tuvieron en casa con el acompañamiento de los entrenadores vía remota. El objetivo del estudio fue identificar los efectos de la pandemia sobre el rendimiento deportivo de los atletas de la Federación Colombiana de Triatlón (FCT) durante el periodo pre-confinamiento y post regreso gradual a la normalidad. La metodología de tipo descriptivo comparativo, de carácter longitudinal, permitió identificar el promedio de los resultados de cada una de las pruebas en las categorías menores, Junior, Élite y Sub-23 en damas y varones en los chequeos programados por la FCT durante el año 2020 de forma presencial y el del año 2021 de forma remota; los instrumentos utilizados fueron las pruebas de natación (200, 400 y 800 metros) y las pruebas de carrera (1000, 1500 y 3000 metros). Los resultados evidenciaron que la pandemia por Covid-19 afectó el rendimiento deportivo de unas categorías, mientras que en otras no hubo cambios significativos en la pérdida promedio del rendimiento deportivo. En conclusión, las dificultades en el acceso a los escenarios, la poca interacción presencial con el entrenador, y la calidad de las herramientas tecnológicas generaron tensiones profundas en los procesos de entrenamiento remoto desde casa. Palabras clave: Triatlón; rendimiento deportivo; pandemia; confinamiento; tecnología. Abstract. The Covid-19 pandemic affected social and sports dynamics worldwide, forcing all sports clubs, leagues and/or federations to reinvent themselves in their training processes to avoid loss of sports performance, adapting their training to the conditions that were held at home with the support of the coaches remotely. The objective of the study was to identify the effects of the pandemic on the sports performance of athletes from the Colombian Triathlon Federation (FCT) during the pre-confinement period and post gradual return to normality. The comparative descriptive methodology, longitudinal in nature, allowed us to identify the average of the results of each of the tests in the Minor categories, Junior, Elite and Sub-23 in women and men in the check-ups scheduled by the FCT during the year 2020 in face-to-face and 2021 remotely; the instruments used were the swimming tests (200, 400 and 800 meters) and the running tests (1000, 1500 and 3000 meters). The results showed that the Covid-19 pandemic affected the sports performance of some categories, while in others there were no significant changes in the average loss of sports performance. In conclusion, the difficulties in accessing the scenarios, the little face-to-face interaction with the coach, and the quality of the technological tools generate deep tensions in the remote training processes from home. Keywords: Triathlon; sports performance; pandemic; confinement; technology.
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Alavirad, Sareh, and Ali Amiri. "Comparison of social phobia in athletes with doping history in comparison with general population." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 15, no. 7 (July 30, 2021): 2144–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs211572144.
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Background: Regarding increasing and concerning worldwide trends of doping and lack of definite information about contributing factors in this era, this study was performed to determine the frequency of social phobia in athletes with doping history in comparison with general population. Methods and materials: In this case-control study 30 subjects were enrolled including two groups of professional athletes with doping history and general population. In each group 15 subjects were present. All subjects were interviewed according to DSM-IV criteria. The social phobia was assessed by social phobia inventory (SPIN). Results: Ten subjects (including 7 men and 3 women) in athletes group and 6 subjects (including 4 men and 2 women) in normal population group had social phobia showing no significant difference between groups (P=0.143). The gender had no effect on having social phobia in none of the groups (P=1.000). Conclusions: Totally, according to the obtained results in this study, it may be concluded that there is no significant difference between presence of social phobia in athletes with doping history and general population. Keywords: Athletes, Doping, Social phobia
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de Borja, Celina, Cindy J. Chang, Rhonda Watkins, and Carlin Senter. "Optimizing Health and Athletic Performance for Women." Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine 15, no. 1 (January 13, 2022): 10–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12178-021-09735-2.
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Abstract Purpose of Review The exponential growth of women participating in competitive sports throughout the years was made possible through several initiatives by the International Olympic Committee and the passage and implementation of Title IX as a federal law in the United States. However, this positive trend towards gender equity in sports has not transpired for women in medicine, especially in fields that care for elite athletes. This current review will discuss specific areas that can be tailored to help female athletes prevent injuries and optimize their athletic performance. We will also highlight how increased female team physician representation in sports may help optimize care for female athletes. Recent Findings Female athletes are considered high risk for certain conditions such as ACL tears, patellofemoral pain syndrome, bone stress injuries, sport-related concussions, and sexual violence in sport. Addressing factors specific to female athletes has been found to be valuable in preventing injuries. Strength and conditioning can optimize athletic performance but remains underutilized among female athletes. Although diversity in healthcare workforce has been found to be beneficial for multiple reasons, women remain underrepresented in sports medicine. Increasing female team physician representation may positively impact care for female athletes. Summary Team physicians must understand the physiologic, biomechanical, and anatomic factors that are unique to female athletes in order to tailor injury prevention programs and optimize their athletic performance. Advocating for gender equity in sports medicine to advance representation of women in the field will increase workforce diversity and promote excellence in sports medicine care.
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Mosewich, Amber D., Kent C. Kowalski, Catherine M. Sabiston, Whitney A. Sedgwick, and Jessica L. Tracy. "Self-Compassion: A Potential Resource for Young Women Athletes." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 33, no. 1 (February 2011): 103–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.33.1.103.
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Self-compassion has demonstrated many psychological benefits (Neff, 2009). In an effort to explore self-compassion as a potential resource for young women athletes, we explored relations among self-compassion, proneness to self-conscious emotions (i.e., shame, guilt-free shame, guilt, shame-free guilt, authentic pride, and hubristic pride), and potentially unhealthy self-evaluative thoughts and behaviors (i.e., social physique anxiety, obligatory exercise, objectified body consciousness, fear of failure, and fear of negative evaluation). Young women athletes (N = 151; Mage = 15.1 years) participated in this study. Self-compassion was negatively related to shame proneness, guilt-free shame proneness, social physique anxiety, objectified body consciousness, fear of failure, and fear of negative evaluation. In support of theoretical propositions, self-compassion explained variance beyond self-esteem on shame proneness, guilt-free shame proneness, shame-free guilt proneness, objectified body consciousness, fear of failure, and fear of negative evaluation. Results suggest that, in addition to self-esteem promotion, self-compassion development may be beneficial in cultivating positive sport experiences for young women.
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Mülazimoğlu-Balli, Özgür, Canan Koca, and F. Aşçi. "An Examination of Social Physique Anxiety with Regard to Sex and Level of Sport Involvement." Journal of Human Kinetics 26, no. 1 (December 1, 2010): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10078-010-0055-9.
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An Examination of Social Physique Anxiety with Regard to Sex and Level of Sport InvolvementThe primary purpose of this study was to investigate the difference in social physique anxiety among competitive athletes, exercisers and non-exercisers. The present study was also aimed to examine the sex differences in social physique anxiety between men and women. Two hundred and fifty-five exercisers, 261 competitive athletes and 350 non-exercisers voluntarily participated in this study. Social Physique Anxiety Scale (Hart, Leary and Rejeski, 1989) was used as the measure of social physique anxiety. Results of the present study indicated significant differences in social physique anxiety with regard to sex and level of sport involvement. Men had lower scores on social physique anxiety than women, and competitive athletes and exercisers had lower social physique anxiety scores than non-exercisers. Social physique anxiety of males and females did not differ with regard to level of sport involvement.
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Maeng, Leeseob, and Wanyoung Lee. "A Study on Activation Plan of Social Advancement for Women Sports Athletes." Korean Journal of Physical Education 56, no. 5 (September 30, 2017): 119–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.23949/kjpe.2017.09.56.5.10.
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Adhikary, Debpriya, Anusheela Brahmachary, Abhirupa Kar, Disha Musaddi, and Shuvojit Moulik. "Sports and Social Capital: A Qualitative Study on Women Athletes with Disabilities." International Research Journal of Multidisciplinary Scope 1, no. 4 (October 30, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.47857/irjms.2020.v01i04.014.
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Lee, Jiahn-Shing, Shih-Tsung Chang, Li-Chuan Shieh, Ai-Yin Lim, Wei-Sheng Peng, Wei-Min Chen, Yen-Hsiu Liu, and Lai-Chu See. "Stereopsis and Response Times between Collegiate Table Tennis Athletes and Non-Athletes." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 12 (June 10, 2021): 6287. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126287.
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Table tennis athletes and non-athletes potentially differ in stereopsis and eye–hand response times (RT), but whether stereopsis correlates with response time has scarcely been discussed. We aimed to compare stereopsis and RT between collegiate table tennis athletes and non-athletes and to examine the correlation between stereopsis and RT. From December 2016 to October 2019, table tennis athletes (n = 80) and non-athletes (n = 56) were recruited. Stereopsis was measured in four modes (A25, A50, R25, R50: approaching and receding directions at 25 mm/s or 50 mm/s). RT was measured with simple and choice tasks at zero, shoulder, and random distance. For stereopsis, the judged deviations were smaller during the approaching phases. Men had smaller A25 than women (p =0.012), whereas table tennis athletes showed smaller R25 and A50 than non-athletes (p = 0.03, 0.01, respectively). RT increased from simple to choice conditions and from zero to random, followed by shoulder distance. Men were significantly faster than women in choice tasks (p < 0.01). Table tennis athletes performed better in RT than the non-athletes (p < 0.05). No correlation was observed between stereopsis and RT (r = −0.01 to 0.12). In conclusion, athletes from table tennis sports showed better stereopsis and RT than non-athletes. Men had better stereopsis and RT than women. There was no correlation between stereopsis and RT.
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Weiller, Karen H., and Catriona T. Higgs. "The All American Girls Professional Baseball League, 1943–1954: Gender Conflict in Sport?" Sociology of Sport Journal 11, no. 3 (September 1994): 289–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.11.3.289.
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The increase of women workers in industry during World War II coincided with an increase in sport participation and competition. From 1943 to 1954, the All American Girls Professional Baseball League (AAGPBL) allowed talented women athletes a chance to play professional baseball. The purpose of this study was to examine the nature of women’s professional baseball and its connection with the social, cultural, and economic roles for women in society. An open-ended questionnaire allowed former players to respond to the social and cultural forces that impacted on women in society and sport during this era. The players of the AAGPBL were respected and admired professional women athletes in a male-dominated sport.
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Bone, Jennifer Bricker, and Mary D. Fry. "The Influence of Injured Athletes’ Perceptions of Social Support from ATCs on Their Beliefs about Rehabilitation." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 15, no. 2 (May 2006): 156–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.15.2.156.
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Objective:To determine whether athletes’ perceptions of social support from their certified athletic trainers (ATCs) were related to their beliefs about the rehabilitation process.Design:Division I athletes (N = 57) completed a survey including measures of social support and beliefs about rehabilitation.Participants:Division I college athletes (35 men, 22 women) who had sustained an injury that caused them to miss no less than 5 consecutive days.Measurements:The Social Support Survey (SSS) and the Sports Injury Rehabilitation Beliefs Survey (SIRBS).Results:Results revealed significant correlations between the SSS and the SIRBS scales only for athletes who had sustained severe injuries. Multiple-regression analyses revealed that the SSS scales were significant predictors of each of the SIRBS scales.Conclusions:Results suggest that when severely injured athletes perceive that their ATCs provide strong social support, they are more likely to believe in their rehabilitation programs.
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Bagozzi, Richard P., Willem J. M. I. Verbeke, Frank Belschak, and Marloes van Poele. "Facial Attractiveness as a Function of Athletic Prowess." Evolutionary Psychology 16, no. 3 (July 1, 2018): 147470491880136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1474704918801369.
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We investigate the relationship between facial attractiveness and athletic prowess. We study the connection between subjective facial attractiveness (measured on a 5-point scale of judged facial attractiveness) and athletes by gender and age of respondents. Five age classes were investigated in Studies 1–5: preadolescents (average age: 8.85 years: n = 92), adolescents (average age: 15.8 years; n = 82), young adults (average age: 21.6 years; n = 181), middle-aged adults (average age: 47.5 years; n = 189), and older adults (65 years old; n = 183). The findings show that world-class athletes are perceived as more facially attractive than amateur athletes, with women athletes perceived as more facially attractive than men, and these findings generally occur to a greater extent for female than male respondents. These findings hold for preadolescents, adolescents, young adults, and older adults. However, results were mixed for middle-aged adults where generally amateur athletes were evaluated more attractive than world-class and men athletes more attractive than women.
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Javed, Dr Saeed, Dr Abida Naseer, and Qasid Naveed. "Social and Ecological Barriers of Sports Participation by College Female Student Athletes." SKY-International Journal of Physical Education and Sports Sciences (IJPESS), no. 1 (December 1, 2020): 39–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.51846/the-sky.v4i1.814.
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The present research was aimed to determine the contribution of social and ecological barriers of the sports participation by female student athletes of Southern Punjab, Pakistan. The research was purely quantitative. Population was all female students studying in 1st year to 4th year grades. Systematic random sampling was applied to select the respondents. Initial sample size consisted of 500 female student athletes through ‘K’ value of systematic sampling belonging to 17 women colleges of Southern Punjab districts. Therefore, from the 500 survey questionnaires distributed to the female athletes, 365 were correctly completed and returned. Descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis were employed on collected data to test the hypotheses. The findings of the research indicated that social and ecological barriers had significantly and positively contributed to the outcome variable (sports participation of female student athletes). All hypotheses were accepted at a highly significant level (0.01). It was concluded that social barriers have greater significant effects on sports participation of university female student athletes than ecological barriers.
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Coakley, Jay. "Burnout among Adolescent Athletes: A Personal Failure or Social Problem?" Sociology of Sport Journal 9, no. 3 (September 1992): 271–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.9.3.271.
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Most explanations of burnout among young athletes identify chronic, excessive stress as the cause. Strategies for preventing burnout emphasize techniques that help athletes control stress and adjust to the conditions of sport participation. However, informal interviews with 15 adolescent athletes identified as cases of burnout suggest that the roots of burnout are grounded in the social organization of high performance sport; these roots are tied to identity and control issues. The model developed in this paper conceptualizes burnout as a social problem grounded in forms of social organization that constrain identity development during adolescence and prevent young athletes from having meaningful control over their lives. This model is intended as an alternative to more widely used stress-based models of burnout. Recommendations for preventing burnout call for changes in the social organization of high performance sport, changes in the way sport experiences are integrated into the lives of young athletes, and changes in the structure and dynamics of relationships between athletes and their significant others.
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Akhmedova, S. D. "Retrospective analysis of the superficial dermatomycosis prevalence in areas of the Greater Caucasus of Azerbaijan." Kazan medical journal 96, no. 6 (December 15, 2015): 1038–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17750/kmj2015-1038.
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Aim. Study the epidemiological situation regarding the prevalence of skin, hair or nails superficial mycoses in 15 districts of the Greater Caucasus of Azerbaijan for the period from 2000 to 2012.
Methods. Such indicators as the number of patient visits, periodic screening examinations and admissions were analyzed using the current and archived medical records of the Municipal Center for Skin and Sexually transmitted diseases №1, Republican Center for Skin and Sexually transmitted diseases, Republican Paediatric Center for Skin and Sexually transmitted diseases №3 of the Azerbaijan Republic. Skin superficial mycoses were diagnosed after laboratory (microscopic) verification of fungal mycelium presence. Intensive indicators were calculated, such as the prevalence of skin superficial mycoses and the number of patient visits due to skin superficial mycoses.
Results. The prevalence of the skin superficial mycoses has increased in the Greater Caucasus of Azerbaijan area at the examined period (2000 to 2012) since 2004, with the prevalence peaks in 2007, 2009 and 2011. Men were twice (61.54%) more commonly affected compared to women (38.06%). The highest prevalence of skin superficial mycoses was registered in age groups of 0-10 (38.69%) and 11-20 (20.83%) years, the main diagnosis were «scalp mycosis» (27.98%) and «tinea versicolor» (22.62%). The prevalence of skin candidiasis (1.19±0.84%), onychomycosis (4.17±1.54%), tinea cruris (5.36±1.74%), combined scalp and glabrous skin mycosis (5.95±1.83%), athlete’s foot (8.93±2.20%), «Kerion» lesions (10.71±2.39%), glabrous skin mycosis (13.10±2.60%) increased. The prevalence of skin superficial mycoses was the highest in 2011 - 1.980±0.388%, the number of patient visits due to skin superficial mycoses - 0.712±0.140%; in 2007 the following numbers were 1.911±0.390% and 0.607±0.124% respectively, in 2009 - 1.637±0.357% and 0.537±0.117%, duplicating the prevalence peaks. High prevalence of superficial dermatomycoses was seen in Khizi and Ismailli Districts, the lowest - in Balakan, Qusar, Oghuz, Shaki Districts. Conclusions. In the current social and economic conditions, the system of complex examination (cultures, microscopy) of patients with skin mycoses is required, as well as the program of targeted preventive measures and improvement of medical and social aid management.
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Ross, Sally R., and Kimberly J. Shinew. "Perspectives of Women College Athletes on Sport and Gender." Sex Roles 58, no. 1-2 (August 13, 2007): 40–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11199-007-9275-4.
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Burdzicka-Wołowik, Joanna, and Katarzyna Góral-Radziszewska. "Selected Personality Traits of Women Training Combat Sports." Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism 21, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjst-2014-0001.
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Abstract Introduction. Contemporary women are more and more independent nowadays and emancipation of women is also visible in sports. The aim of the study was to present certain personality traits of female athletes training selected combat sports. The authors claim that taking up the aforementioned activity is an attempt at overcoming stereotypical attitude to a social role of women. The analysis of results revealed psychological profiles of female athletes. Material and methods. The research included women aged 17 to 36 (N=199). The first group (N=94) consisted of athletes training boxing, judo, wrestling and taekwon-do, the majority of whom had a master sports class. The second group included women not training any sports (N=105). The research was conducted with the use of the following tools: Psychological Gender Inventory, Temperament Inventory, Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ-R), Creative Behaviour Questionnaire and personal questionnaire created by the authors. Conclusions. The analysis of the material showed that female athletes training combat sports contest traditional femininity since they have more personality traits traditionally attributed to men (high level of masculinity). High psychoticism of the athletes is also perceived as a tendency to break conventions. As highly non-conformist individuals, they live according to their own system of values training sports which are stereotypically treated as masculine. Combat sports are trained by women with low emotional and sensory reactivity, which gives them advantageous position in sports competition.
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Green, Thomas D., and Steven Holeman. "ATHLETES' ATTRIBUTIONS FOR TEAM PERFORMANCE: A THEORETICAL TEST ACROSS SPORTS AND GENDERS." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 32, no. 2 (January 1, 2004): 199–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2004.32.2.199.
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This study investigated reasons that men and women college athletes gave for their teams' performances. Different predictions drawn from ego-serving bias theory (Miller & Ross, 1975), self-esteem theory (Dittes, 1959; Jones, 1973), and cognitive consistency theory (Festinger, 1957; Heider, 1958) were tested. Across three studies, men and women basketball players, and men football players responded to a measure of self-esteem and an attribution measure of internality/externality following team wins and losses. Results across the studies provided strong support for ego-serving bias theory. However, gender differences were observed in that the ego-serving tendency to internalize wins to a greater extent than losses was not significantly present for women basketball players as compared to men basketball and football players. Additionally, results provided partial support for cognitive consistency theory, while failing to support self-esteem theory.
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Someeh, Marjan, Ali Asghar Norasteh, Hassan Daneshmandi, and Abbas Asadi. "Influence of Mulligan Ankle Taping on Functional Performance Tests in Healthy Athletes and Athletes With Chronic Ankle Instability." International Journal of Athletic Therapy and Training 20, no. 1 (January 2015): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijatt.2014-0050.
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Context:Ankle sprains or chronic ankle instability (CAI) is common in athletes and a common method for decreasing the effects of ankle instable is using tape.Objective:To determine whether Mulligan ankle taping (MAT) influenced the functional performance (FP) tests in athletes with and without CAI.Design:A cross-sectional study using a within-subject experimental design between four ankle conditions (taped and untaped, athletes with and without CAI).Setting:Research laboratory.Participants:Sixteen professional athletes with unilateral CAI (10 men and 6 women; age 23.2 ± 3 years, height 175.4 ± 10.3 cm, weight 73 ± 14.5 kg, and body mass index 23.8 ± 3.6%) and 16 uninjured professional athletes (10 men and 6 women; age 22.8 ± 1.7 years, height 173.6 ± 12.2 cm, weight 66.4 ± 11.4 kg, and body mass index 22.2 ± 3.3%) volunteered to participant in this study.Intervention:Mulligan ankle taping.Main Outcome Measures:FP tests including single leg hopping course, Figure-of-8 hop and side hop were measured for both the groups in two conditions: taped and untaped.Results:There were significant differences between injured and uninjured athletes in all FP tests (P< .05). MAT significantly improved FP tests in both groups (P< .05).Conclusion:We found that MAT can improve FP tests in athletes with CAI and uninjured athletes. Therefore, it seems that MAT can be an effective method for enhancing athletes’ performance in sports that require lateral movements.
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Chen, Zuosong, Dong Wang, Kun Wang, Noora J. Ronkainen, and Tao Huang. "Effects of coaching style on prosocial and antisocial behavior among Chinese athletes." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 44, no. 11 (December 7, 2016): 1889–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2016.44.11.1889.
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We examined the effects of coaching style, motivation style, and moral disengagement on prosocial and antisocial behavior among Chinese athletes. Participants were 203 athletes (36.9% women; Mage = 19.0, SD = 2.6 years) from the Fujian Provincial Sports Team. Structural equation modeling analysis results revealed that the autonomy-supportive coaching style had an indirect and positive effect on prosocial behavior through the mediation of autonomous motivation. Further, the controlling coaching style had an indirect and positive effect on antisocial behavior through the mediation of controlled motivation and moral disengagement. The findings indicate that as coaching style influences prosocial and antisocial behavior among Chinese athletes, it should be targeted when interventions aimed at reducing their immoral behavior are developed.
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Béki, Piroska, and Gábor Géczi. "Women on ice - gender equalization." Applied Studies in Agribusiness and Commerce 11, no. 1-2 (June 30, 2017): 137–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.19041/apstract/2017/1-2/17.
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In the last decades the women started to do sports which were originally masculine (Pfister, 1990). The parity led to the slow transformation of the old-school thinking about the traditional roles of sexes (Hall, 1996). The main questions of our investigation were whether the athletes’ thought of the figure skating and the ice hockey are different according to their sport or to the existing stereotypes in the Hungarian sport society. We used semi-structured interviews to gather opinions of two different gender type icy sports’ top women athletes (figure skating and ice hockey) to see their viewpoints about the gender equalization. We can verify Metheny (1965) findings, that the social acceptance or refusal of women in sports on the basis of traditional features is changing slightly. Research questions were: Are there differences in the childhood sport socialization processes of the representatives of the two sports? What was the motivation behind their choice of sports? Are there differences in the gender identities of female athletes? What is the athletes’ opinion on one another and the representatives of the other sport? Method was semi-structured in-depth interviews and the samples were the members of the Hungarian women ice hockey and figure skating national team. According to our results family and siblings were decisive in the childhood socialization process. Early age patterns do not seem to have much influence on the selection of sport. Although among water polo/ice hockey girls there were a few tomboys. Among the ice hockey team members there were girlish girls and boyish girls as well, but among the figure skaters there were no one who was boyish. No differences can be observed in their views on gender roles concerning for example employment or housework.
JEL Code: Z29
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Jackson, Thomas L., and Joanne L. Davis. "Prevention of sexual and physical assault toward women: A program for male athletes." Journal of Community Psychology 28, no. 6 (2000): 589–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1520-6629(200011)28:6<589::aid-jcop4>3.0.co;2-c.
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Stogov, Maksim V., and Natalya D. Nenenko. "Features of cellular and humoral immunity athletes Khanty-Ugra." Yugra State University Bulletin 12, no. 1 (April 15, 2016): 201–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/byusu2016121201-203.
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The study found some features of the immune status of women with different levels of physical activity, living in climatic conditions of Khanty-Ugra, regarding the reference values. Marked changes in cellular and humoral immunity can be regarded as a manifestation of the adaptive immune response to ecological conditions of the region. Sport activities help to maintain and improve the adaptability of the female body to the climate-geographical conditions of Khanty-Ugra.
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Sellers, Robert M., Gabriel P. Kuperminc, and Alphonse Damas. "The College Life Experiences of African American Women Athletes." American Journal of Community Psychology 25, no. 5 (October 1997): 699–720. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1024691002055.
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Kauer, Kerrie J., and Vikki Krane. "“Scary Dykes” and “Feminine Queens”: Stereotypes and Female Collegiate Athletes." Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal 15, no. 1 (April 2006): 42–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/wspaj.15.1.42.
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This investigation, framed in feminist and social identity perspectives, examined female athletes’ interpretations and reactions to the stereotypes ascribed to women in sport. Interviews with 15 female collegiate athletes revealed that the primary stereotypes directed at them were that they were lesbian and masculine. These stereotypes seemed to emanate from the athletes’ lack of conformity to hegemonic femininity (Choi, 1998; Krane, 2001a). Initially, the athletes responded to being typecast with anger and they used social mobility strategies (e.g., distancing from an athletic identity, performing femininity) to avoid negative perceptions. Both heterosexual and lesbian/bisexual athletes coped with being stereotyped and grew more comfortable with their own sexual identities and those of their teammates. This led to the development of inclusive team environments, collective esteem, and empowerment, with athletes speaking out against homonegative comments in other settings.
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Bekarev, A. M., and O. A. Sulina. "FITNESS TRAINER AS A REPRESENTATIVE OF NEW PROFESSION IN RUSSIA." Вестник Удмуртского университета. Социология. Политология. Международные отношения 4, no. 2 (July 3, 2020): 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2587-9030-2020-4-2-141-146.
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The goal of research is to reveal the main aspects of fitness-industry in domestic research, as well as to analyze the popularity of the fitness coaching profession among young people. In a set of basic motives for visiting fitness clubs there is the desire to maintain good shape, weight loss. About 40% of men say that going to a fitness club gives them greater self-confidence, a sense of self-worth, and 38% of women point out the possibility of making friends and acquaintances as one of the reasons for visiting a fitness room. Therefore, apart from the function of maintaining body tone (wellness), fitness clubs also have a connecting social function. Domestic research into the fitness industry began to emerge relatively recently - at the turn of the last century. This is due to the fact that the first fitness clubs in Russia began to appear only in the 90s. The largest such club, which first opened in Russia in 1993 and met the world standards, was the fitness club World Class. That was the beginning of the development of the fitness industry in Russia and the CIS countries and the popularization of the profession of fitness coach. The present research is devoted to studying the formation of fitness services in Russia, as well as the reasons for the popularity of the profession of fitness coach in modern conditions. The empirical basis was a series of in-depth interviews with 18 fitness trainers (3 of them are owners, some of them combine coaching work), which were conducted in Nizhny Novgorod in the period from September 2016 to March 2017. The survey was conducted in the most popular chain fitness clubs of the city: "World Class", "Sparta", "JAM-Sport", "Elat", "FizKult", as well as FOC "Athletic".
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SINGH, Bhupinder. "Investigation of Cognitive Abilities of Indian Sport Women." Asian Journal of Physical Education & Recreation 13, no. 2 (December 1, 2007): 56–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.24112/ajper.131830.
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LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.
At the elite level of participation of sports the brain has to be equally tuned with the brawn for attaining the peak level performance. Rather, it is higher cortical functioning of the athlete, which helps in judging, analyzing, estimating and calculating the information at the time of execution of highly precised movements during the competition. Taking in view these facts the emphasis of sports psychology researches in these days is shifting towards the cognitive assessment of the players in the laboratory conditions. A substantive probe has taken place in this respect in male athletes however the female athletic population is still awaiting scientific consideration. Taking cognizance of this situation the present study was conducted on 192 National level Female Athletes belonging to Athletics (Track & Field), Badminton, Basketball, Cycling, Football, Gymnastics, Handball and Hockey. These female athletes were assessed on the parameters of visual and auditory reaction time, visual perceptual accuracy and visual concentration. All the subjects were individually tested with the help of Electronic Chronoscope, Muller-Lyer Illusion test and Knox-Cube Imitation test. The standard procedure of testing was followed throughout the testing programme. The results revealed number of inter group differences in the cognitive abilities of female athletes. While comparing individual and team game female athletes differences were found only in reactionability.
本文旨在探討印度女子運動選手的認知能力，192名印度女子國家隊選手接受測試，結果顯示，個人與隊際項目出現一些較明顯的差異。
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Yang, Elaine Chiao Ling, Michelle Hayes, Jinyan Chen, Caroline Riot, and Catheryn Khoo-Lattimore. "A Social Media Analysis of the Gendered Representations of Female and Male Athletes During the 2018 Commonwealth Games." International Journal of Sport Communication 13, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 670–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.2020-0045.
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Contemporary sport culture is characterized as highly masculinized, where female athletes are continually marginalized in traditional media. Despite evidence suggesting that media representation of athletes has a meaningful impact on social outcomes and participation rates of women and girls, little is known about gendered representations of athletes on social media and in the context of mega-sporting events. This paper examines the gendered representations of athletes on Twitter during the 2018 Commonwealth Games using framing theory. A total of 133,338 tweets were analyzed using sentiment and word-frequency analyses. Results indicate gender differences concerning athlete representation on Twitter, albeit marginal. In particular, the findings reveal that seemingly neutral words (e.g., “dedicated,” “talented,” and “hard working”) could carry gendered connotations. Recommendations are provided to guide stakeholders to advance a more inclusive sport culture through the strategic use of social media during mega-sporting events.
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Cui, Shuqin, Mingyou Gao, Yang Xun, Sai-Fu Fung, Yujiao Tan, Yu Zhang, Chenghao Wang, Huanqing Wang, and You Xiong. "Research on the Structure and Characteristics of the Overall Social Network of Professional Athletes." Complexity 2021 (May 7, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6484098.
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This study chooses Chinese athletes as the research object and constructs the overall network of its social support network and discussion network. From the micro-, meso-, and macrolevels of the social network structure, the structure and characteristics of the athlete’s overall social network are analyzed. Through research, we found that there is embeddedness, that is, the relevance, between society support networks, between society discussion networks, and between society support networks and society discussion networks. At the same time, in the athletes’ social support network and social discussion network, some athletes have no contact with other players; they have no “power” in the group as well, so it is difficult to obtain network resources. We also found that there are small-world characteristics in the social network of Chinese professional athletes. The above findings will provide a deeper understanding of the peculiarities of athlete groups and have certain practical significance for improving athletes’ daily training and life management conditions.
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Ozdenk, Serhat, and Ebru Olcay Karabulut. "Examination of Youth Team Athletes' Social Values According to Some Variables." International Journal of Higher Education 7, no. 2 (April 2, 2018): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/ijhe.v7n2p189.
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In this study, it was aimed to examine of youth team athletes' social values according to some variables. The study was carried out by screening model and includes in range of 9-17 years 273 youth team athletes who take part in individual and team sports such as Taekwondo, Handball, Badminton, Wrestling, Volleyball and Football."A tool for Measuring Values: Multi-Dimensional Social Values Scale" developed by Bolat (2013) and "Demographic Characteristic Questionnaire" were used.For statistical analysis of the data obtained from the study, arithmetic mean and standard deviation were applied. Since the variable did not meet the normal distribution and homogeneity conditions, t-test and ANOVA test were applied from the parametric tests and significance level of .05 was selected for statistical significance.As a result of the study, according to the age variable, statistically significant differences were found in the Family Values, Scientific Values, Working-Job Values, Religious Values, Traditional Values and Political Values sub-dimensions of 11-12 age group athletes. There was a significant difference in Scientific Values, Working-Job Values, Religious Values and Traditional Values sub-dimension scores of the athletes according to gender variable. It was also found out that team athletes' scores of Family Values, Scientific Values, Religious Values and Traditional Values sub-dimension were higher than individual athletes.
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Sarwoko, Kaniza Wibisono, Syafarina Tiyani Rianto, and Jessica Elisabeth Kakiay. "PEMBERDAYAAN PEREMPUAN DALAM IKLAN NIKE WOMEN VERSI ‘WHAT WILL THEY SAY ABOUT YOU?" Jurnal Pustaka Komunikasi 5, no. 2 (September 30, 2022): 281–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.32509/pustakom.v5i2.2109.
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This Nike ad ‘What will they say about you?’ version, focus on female athletes who wear hijab so that they can carry out sports activities comfortably and do not need to think about the opinions of those around them who think that women wearing hijab are inappropriate to be athletes or do activities that are considered too masculine. This study aims to find and understand the meaning of the Nike ad ‘What will they say about you?’ version, through Roland Barthes's theory of Semiotics. This research used the qualitative interpretative method. The results of the study indicate that in the advertisement there are signs that have meaning directly or indirectly for the audience. Nike wants to show motivation and enthusiasm to all women, especially athletes who wear the hijab or to keep doing the sports they want without having to fear being judged by their social environment. With the tagline used in this advertising campaign, namely "Believe in More", Nike would like to say that, not all views, responses, or opinions against athletes are all bad and negative.
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BABA, D., and L. BALINT. "HEALTH ISSUES OF THE ROMANIAN MASTERS ATHLETES, THE CORRELATION BETWEEN THE MEDICAL CONDITIONS AND THE RECOVERIES." Series IX Sciences of Human Kinetics 14(63), no. 1 (June 10, 2021): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31926/but.shk.2021.14.63.1.4.
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The purpose of the present study is to investigate the health issues of Romanian master athletes who practice endurance running and the methods for recovering after their workout. The research method was the investigation. The tool which is used is a questionnaire developed for the present research. Of the 111 respondents, 61.8% are men and 38.2% are women. The results collected show that 46.8% of the athletes came across health issues and that there is a certain correlation between the medical conditions suffered by master athletes and the recovery methods (p <1%). Conclusions: we consider that the attention paid to the “training” of the athletes regarding the crucial role of adequate recovery after the workout reduces the risk of injury. In the first weeks after a serious injury, in order to avoid any recurrence, a full recovery and a progressive increase of the workout level are necessary.
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Sutherland, Lindsay M., Kent C. Kowalski, Leah J. Ferguson, Catherine M. Sabiston, Whitney A. Sedgwick, and Peter R. E. Crocker. "Narratives of young women athletes’ experiences of emotional pain and self-compassion." Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health 6, no. 4 (March 14, 2014): 499–516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/2159676x.2014.888587.
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Shreffler, Megan B., Meg G. Hancock, and Samuel H. Schmidt. "Self-Presentation of Female Athletes: A Content Analysis of Athlete Avatars." International Journal of Sport Communication 9, no. 4 (December 2016): 460–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.2016-0086.
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Unlike traditional media, which frames female athletes in sexualized manners and in socially accepted roles such as mothers and girlfriends, user-controlled social-media Web sites allow female athletes to control the image and brand they wish to portray to the public. Using Goffman’s theory of self-presentation, the current study aimed to investigate how female athletes were portraying themselves via their Twitter avatar pictures. A total of 207 verified Twitter avatars of female athletes from 6 sports were examined through a content analysis. The avatars from each player were coded using the following themes: athlete as social being, athlete as promotional figure, “selfie,” athletic competence, ambivalence, “girl next door,” and “sexy babe.” The results revealed that athletic competence was the most common theme, followed by selfie and athlete as social being. Thus, when women have the opportunity to control their image through social media they choose to focus on their athletic identities.
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Newbould, Melanie Joy. "What do we do about women athletes with testes?" Journal of Medical Ethics 42, no. 4 (November 6, 2015): 256–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2015-102948.
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Killham, Margo E., Amber D. Mosewich, Diane E. Mack, Katie E. Gunnell, and Leah J. Ferguson. "Women athletes’ self-compassion, self-criticism, and perceived sport performance." Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology 7, no. 3 (August 2018): 297–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/spy0000127.
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Walton, Courtney C., Simon Rice, Caroline X. Gao, Matt Butterworth, Matti Clements, and Rosemary Purcell. "Gender differences in mental health symptoms and risk factors in Australian elite athletes." BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine 7, no. 1 (March 2021): e000984. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2020-000984.
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ObjectivesTo examine gender differences in the reporting of, and contributors to, mental health symptoms.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional observational study of adult athletes within a national elite sporting system (n=523; women=292;56%), who completed a battery of assessments including measures of mental health and adverse life events. Group differences across a range of scores were examined, followed by gender-stratified bootstrapped linear regression and meta-regression on measures where gender differences were observed.ResultsWomen athletes reported higher rates of mental health symptoms, and lower rates of mental well-being, although there were no differences in general psychological distress or life satisfaction. Women reported experiencing several adverse life events at higher rates than men; particularly interpersonal conflict, financial hardship and discrimination. Low self-esteem was consistently associated with poorer mental health outcomes for all athletes. While a range of factors were associated with poor mental health in men or women athletes, meta-regression suggested that experiencing financial difficulty and social media abuse were more uniquely associated with mental health symptoms in men.ConclusionGender differences in mental health in elite athletes are apparent. Approaches to increasing well-being are required in elite sport.