Relevant bibliographies by topics / Women athletes – Social conditions

Academic literature on the topic 'Women athletes – Social conditions'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Women athletes – Social conditions"

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Starov, Mikhail I., Larisa A. Romanina, and Artem E. Baranovskiy. "Social and pedagogical conditions for the development of an athlete’s “self-belief” by a coach in situations of success and failure." Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities, no. 1 (2022): 135–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/1810-0201-2022-27-1-135-146.

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We consider an urgent problem of the social and pedagogical conditions for the coach to develop self-belief in an athlete in his abilities and physical capabilities in situations of success and failure of his performances at competitions. The topic under consideration has been little developed and studied in scientific and methodic domestic and foreign sources that we analyzed. The purpose of the study is to determine the social and pedagogical conditions for the coach’s development of self-confidence in his pupils, both in case of successful and unsuccessful performances at competitions. The methodological foundations of the research are the personality-activity, subject-subjective, relational, axiological approaches. The following methods are used: analysis of sources on the problem raised, our own observations, interviews with coaches (men and women) and athletes (boys and girls), retrospective and mathematical methods. The use of the above methods made it possible to outline the social and pedagogical conditions for the upbringing of self-confidence in athletes in the sports activity of coaches. The structure of the athlete’s self-confidence and self-doubt and their signs are developed, on the basis of which it possible to determine the results of the social and educational work of the coach with the athlete and make adjustments in situations of success or failure of his performances at competitions. We use the opinions of coaches and athletes themselves about the impact of success or failure on the formation of athletes (girls and boys) “self-belief”, in their physical, biological, volitional abilities, capabilities and social and pedagogical conditions of their optimal use in training and during competitions. The revealed social and pedagogical conditions can be taken into account by coaches in the practice of sports and educational activities with athletes.
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Toffoletti, Kim, and Holly Thorpe. "The athletic labour of femininity: The branding and consumption of global celebrity sportswomen on Instagram." Journal of Consumer Culture 18, no. 2 (April 27, 2018): 298–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1469540517747068.

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This article explores the relationship between consumer culture, female athletic representation and online fan engagement on the photograph-based social media platform Instagram. It argues that social media interaction between female athletes and fans is governed by gender norms and arrangements that expect and reward female athletic articulations of empowerment, entrepreneurialism and individualisation in the context of postfeminism and consumer self-fashioning. Examining the Instagram feeds of five global sport stars, this study demonstrates that the feedback of fans and followers plays a critical role in influencing the gendered work undertaken by female athletes to present an appealing consumer ‘brand’, according to the desires of the market. We propose a new conceptual framework – the athletic labour of femininity – to understand the ways in which elite sportswomen cultivate an authentic brand in the sports marketplace. More than a type of ‘bodywork’, the athletic labour of femininity responds to consumer expectations that women demonstrate a successful feminine subjectivity characterised by notions of personal choice, individual responsibility and self-management. It takes the form of emphasising empowered femininity, celebrating hetero-sexiness and revealing personal intimacies as part of crafting a feminine sporting persona which draws online comment and likes from followers and fans. By focusing on the role online fan interaction plays in shaping the athletic labour of femininity, this research advances existing studies of how representations of sportswomen are produced and consumed by paying particular attention to the social conditions influencing how sportswomen represent the self online and the gender power relations that serve to govern expressions of desirable athletic femininity.
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Waller, Steven N., Dawn M. Norwood, LeQuez Spearman, and Fritz G. Polite. "Black American female Olympic Athletes have not reaped the same social standing and economic benefits that their counterparts have since the 1968 Olympics in Mexico City." Sport Science Review 25, no. 1-2 (May 1, 2016): 53–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ssr-2016-0003.

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Abstract This paper presents an abbreviated version of an ‘elite’ interview conducted with Madeline Manning-Mims. The 1968 Olympic protest was a pivotal moment in Olympic and American sports history. At the forefront of the protest was the pre-eminent sport sociologist Dr. Harry Edwards. Edwards’ leadership catalyzed the African American boycott of the 1968 Olympics in Mexico City, however, Black female athletes were either silenced or recused themselves from the protest. A series of semi-structured, retrospective interview questions were posed to Manning-Mims to gather her perspectives on the progress that Black American, women Olympic athletes have made in the USA from 1968 to present. Analysis of the ‘expert’ interview with Mims indicated that: 1) the social conditions in the United States that have plagued Black female athletes in 1968 had changed for the better; 2) on the whole Black U.S. athletes in the second millennium have become “commoditized” after the Olympics and gain substantially from their celebrity; and 3) Black female athletes can become enslaved to the economics of their celebrity if they are not careful.
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Eliseev, M. S., I. Т. Vykhodets, I. V. Kruglova, M. N. Chikina, O. V. Zhelyabina, E. V. Ilyinykh, A. V. Zholinsky, S. V. Dodonov, A. M. Lila, and Е. L. Nasonov. "Prevalence of hyperuricemia in professional athletes and its role in the genesis of various pathological conditions and metabolic disturbances." Modern Rheumatology Journal 12, no. 3 (September 16, 2018): 82–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.14412/1996-7012-2018-3-82-88.

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In recent decades, the prevalence of hyperuricemia (HU) is increasing worldwide; the role of uric acid (UA) in the genesis of various metabolic disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and kidney disease is being discussed. There are very few investigations of the rate of HU and its role in the development of diseases in certain social groups, including in professional athletes.Objective:to estimate the prevalence of HU and its role in the genesis of various pathological conditions and metabolic disturbances in professional athletes.Patients and methods.A retrospective comparative one-stage study was conducted, for which 2148 athletes who met inclusion criteria were selected and examined in the Federal Research and Clinical Center for Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Federal Biomedical Agency, in 2015. A control group consisted of 99 ageand sex-matched healthy volunteers examined at the V.A. Nasonova Research Institute of Rheumatology in 2017. The analysis included a comparison of the rate of HU and other examined parameters in professional athletes and healthy volunteers. The examined parameters were separately compared in athletes with/without HU, followed by statistical processing of results.Results.HU was detected in 306 (14.2%) of the 2148 athletes, more often in men (n=253 (20%) than in women (n=53 (6%); (p<0.001). The rate of HU in the athletes was comparable with that in the healthy population (12.1%). The athletes with HU (n=306) compared with the other athletes (n=1842) had the following statistically higher indicators: the mean serum levels of creatinine, triglycerides, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase, creatinine phosphokinase, and myoglobin, glomerular filtration rate, and body mass index (BMI) (p<0.00001 for all cases).Conclusion.HU is detected quite often in professional athletes (14.2%), which is comparable with the indicators seen in healthy volunteers (12.1%). The high prevalence of HU and its association with indicators reflecting kidney function, lipid metabolic disturbances, and BMI necessitate further investigations aimed at searching the causes of HU and methods of its prevention and treatment in professional athletes.
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L. Huberty, Lana, Mark E. Moore, Shelley Binegar, and Whitney Marks. "The bent of human resource theory on gender equality: examining work conditions for female leaders in U.S. collegiate athletic organizations." Problems and Perspectives in Management 14, no. 3 (November 10, 2016): 594–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.14(3-3).2016.01.

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The low representation of female leaders is problematic in work organizations. In fact, women historically have had trouble entering the managerial hierarchy of a multitude of industries including the sport industry. Accordingly, the evolution of sport has proffered a diverse array of jobs with growth potential. Despite this, sport remains a male dominated sector where women’s perspectives on work issues have not been fully investigated. The purpose of this study is to examine perceived organizational factors impacting the representation of female leaders in college athletics. To promptly investigate issues and concerns of working women in sport, the research focused on human resource management (HRM). This study utilized survey design, specifically snowball sampling, to generated 60 completed questionnaires from female administrators working in U.S. collegiate athletics. A Qualtrics online survey site was created to gather responses. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Demographics showed the level of work experience, position titles, and educational background varied across the sample. Results showed that structures were important factors in recruiting and advancing female leaders, while the ’ole’ boys’ networks and limited social capital negatively impacted leadership development. In conclusion, leadership opportunities for women in intercollegiate athletics were perceived to be shaped by organizational practices. Keywords: female leaders, U.S. college athletics, social capital, organizational practices, HRM structures. JEL Classification: M14
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Thorpe, Holly, Kim Toffoletti, and Toni Bruce. "Sportswomen and Social Media: Bringing Third-Wave Feminism, Postfeminism, and Neoliberal Feminism Into Conversation." Journal of Sport and Social Issues 41, no. 5 (September 12, 2017): 359–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0193723517730808.

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In this article, we take seriously the challenges of making sense of a sporting (and media) context that increasingly engages female athletes as active, visible, and autonomous, while inequalities pertaining to gender, sexuality, race, and class remain stubbornly persistent across sport institutions and practices. We do so by engaging with three recent feminist critiques that have sought to respond to the changing operations of gender relations and the articulation of gendered subjectivities, namely, third-wave feminism, postfeminism, and neoliberal feminism, and applying each to the same concrete setting—the social media self-representation of Hawaiian professional surfer Alana Blanchard. In aiming to conceptually illustrate the utility of these three feminist critiques, we are not advocating for any single approach. Rather, we critically demonstrate what each offers for explaining how current discourses are being internalized, embodied, and practiced by young (sports)women, as they make meaning of, and respond to, the conditions of their lives.
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Rodríguez Quejada, Luisa, María Fernanda Toro Wills, María Cristina Martínez-Ávila, and Andrés Felipe Patiño-Aldana. "Menstrual cycle disturbances after COVID-19 vaccination." Women's Health 18 (January 2022): 174550572211093. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17455057221109375.

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Introduction: After COVID-19 vaccination, women of reproductive age reported changes in their menstrual cycle. Materials and methods: A retrospective study was carried out after a survey on social networks that included women aged 18–41 years with normal cycles according to International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics and who were vaccinated (complete schedule for two doses, except J&J/Janssen or incomplete with a single dose). Women with following conditions were excluded: pregnant or lactating women; history of diseases that cause menstrual irregularities or early menopause: anorexia, bulimia, polycystic ovary syndrome, hypothyroidism, obesity, or low weight; hysterectomized or oophorectomized patients; and high performance athletes. Results: Overall, 950 women completed the survey between July and September 2021. In total, 408 women met the inclusion criteria, and 184 reported the following characteristics: frequency (normal 43.47%, infrequent 25%, and frequent 31.53%), regularity (regular 51.08%, irregular 42.93%, and absent/amenorrhea 5.97%), duration (normal 65.21%, prolonged 26.08%, absent/amenorrhea 8.69%), and volume (heavy 41.84%, light 20.65%, and absent/amenorrhea 6.52%). Conclusions: SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccination can influence the menstrual cycle and cause alterations.
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Naczk-Musiał, Magdalena. "Personality and temperamental determinants of styles of coping with stress in male and female football players." Studies in Sport Humanities 24 (July 12, 2019): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.7562.

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The aim of this paper was to determine the patterns of personality and temperament conditions for coping with stress in football players. The study examined 252 people (168 men, 84 women, the average age was 24.09 years). The athletes were representatives of the Ekstraklasa, and the I and II football Liga. They formed 3 groups: the fi rst group comprised men from the Ekstraklasa, the second - men from the II Liga and the third - women from the Ekstraklasa and the I Liga. The research made use of the following tools: NEO- FFI Personality Inventory in the Polish adaptation by Zawadzki et al. (1998), FCB - TI Temperament Questionnaire (1997), Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS) by Endler and Parker, in the Polish adaptation by Strelau et al. (2007). Analysis of the results showed that agreeableness (AG), conscientiousness (CS) and perseverance (PE) proved to be important predictors of the task-oriented coping (TOC). Emotion-oriented coping (EOC) is conditioned by: neuroticism (NEU), agreeableness (AG), conscientiousness (CS) and perseverance (PE). In the case of avoidance coping (AOC), extraversion (E) and activity (A) turned out to be important predictors. However, the style of coping oriented towards engagement in substitute activities (involving in substitute activities - ISA) is conditioned by: neuroticism (NEU) and extraversion (E). Extraversion is also the predictor of dealing with stress oriented towards searching for social contacts (social contacts seeking – SCS).
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Strašilová, Kateřina, and Petr Vajda. "The Effects of Different Rest Interval Lengths on Acute Quarter-squat Performance in Female." Studia sportiva 16, no. 1 (August 1, 2022): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/sts2022-1-7.

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The inclusion of resistance training in the athletic preparation of young athletes is associated with increased time and personal demands. This study compared the effect of different rest interval (RI) lengths on quarter-squat performance in two age groups. Sixteen girls (age 12.20 ± 0.55) and 16 women (age 23.13 ± 2.23) performed three series of 10 quarter squats (10 repetition maximum [RM] load) with different RI times (1 min, 2 min, 3 min) between the three series. Each participant was randomly tested under all the RI conditions. The number of successful repetitions, power, and speed were recorded for each set using by FitroDyne device. The women completed significantly less repetitions in the third set than in the first set for the 2-min and 1-min RIs (9.38 ± 1.54, p = .05 and 8.44 ± 2.42; p = .003, respectively). There was observed a significant decrease in mean power and speed in the 3-min RI between the first and second set and in the 1-min RI between the first and third sets. No significant differences in numbers of completed repetitions and mean power were evident in girls for any RI condition, but there was a significant decrease in mean velocity in the 2-min RI between the first and second sets in this group. These results show that recommendations for adults may be not suitable for girls; the girls’ performance in three sets of 10 quarter squats was less affected by RI than the women’s performance.
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Samolenko, T., A. Pyvovarov, and A. Tsybrovsky. "Analysis of creation of a tug-of-war team in the State University of Trade and Economics." Scientific Journal of National Pedagogical Dragomanov University. Series 15. Scientific and pedagogical problems of physical culture (physical culture and sports), no. 5(150) (May 27, 2022): 93–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.31392/npu-nc.series15.2022.5(150).19.

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Tug-of-war is one of the most accessible sports. Today, it is a sport for both, men and women and sometimes you can hold mixed competitions, where men and women are on the same team. Tug-of-war competitions are quite popular and considered as one of the most interesting sports. Nowadays, due to the high intensity of study in the main disciplines, students of higher education institutions have little free time and low participation in physical training and sports. One of the methods of involving higher education applicants in this type of activity is the spread of competitive practice and the development of team sports, sports like tug-of-war. The article presents the analysis of the creation of the university tug-of-war team, which reached the highest competitive level. Besides maintaining a good physical shape, activities of this kind help students develop their social skills, develop the ability to work in a team, interact effectively with other people, discipline and have other equally significant benefits. Physical education classes at the university are divided into sections. Higher education applicants are divided into sections with different sports specializations, taking into account the interest, previous motor experience and the availability of certain special trainings. Higher education applicants in strength sports were involved in the training of wrestlers and boxers; volleyball and basketball players were invited to select tall athletes. The task of the professors of the Department of Physical Culture and Sports was to interest student youth, to participate in sports activities and events, and as a consequence to the development of health and sufficient and excellent physical shape. In order to expand the competitive practice of the university athletes and to popularize this sport and sports in general, all the important conditions for the creation of a tug-of-war were provided.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Women athletes – Social conditions"

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Tusow, Kelli Ann. "Jews, Sports, Gender, and the Rose City : An Analysis of Jewish Involvement with Athletics in Portland, Oregon, 1900-1940." PDXScholar, 2015. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/2350.

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The subject of Jews in sports is often times perceived as an oxymoronic research topic given the ethnic stereotypes that Jews are physically weak, unfit, and more focused on intellectual pursuits. However, Jews have had a long history and in-depth interaction with sports that is important to understand, not only to expand our perception of the Jewish people, but also to realize the important role sports play in social historiography. While the Jewish population of East Coast America and their involvement in athletics has been studied to some extent, the West Coast population, in particular, the Northwest, has been sorely neglected. This thesis examines the lives of immigrant Jews on the West Coast, specifically Portland, OR and their interaction with sports compared to the experiences of immigrant Jews on the East Coast from 1900 to 1940. An overall examination and comparison of the Jewish immigrant experience in the West is presented along with an evaluation of the establishment of the Portland Jewish community and their coinciding athletic community. The experiences of the Jews in Western America is compared to the immigrants of the East Coast and how these differing involvements shaped the development of Jewish sporting facilities. The thesis then expands on how the Portland Jews grew their athletic facilities and overall involvement in athletics, related to the experience of East Coast Jews. The growth of the Jewish Zionist movement is examined along with how Jewish involvement fit more seamlessly into certain sports than others. The thesis also takes a closer look at Jewish women and their specific experiences in athletics compared to their East Coast counterparts and the experience of Jewish men in Portland. The role of philanthropic organizations as a means of greater involvement in athletics is assessed, along with how the experiences of Western European versus Eastern European immigrants played into their varying involvements with sports. Finally, the conclusion discusses the importance of scholarly sports inquiry as it plays to the relevance of a greater social history and for immigrants in particular, their assimilation and acculturation into American society.
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Hoover, Douglas Pearson. "Women in nineteenth-century Pullman." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276796.

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Built in 1880, George Pullman's railroad car manufacturing town was intended to be a model of industrial order. This Gilded Age capitalist's ideal image of working class women is reflected in the publicly prescribed place for women in the community and the company's provisions for female employment in the shops. Pullman wanted women to establish the town's domestic tranquility by cultivating a middle class environment, which he believed was a key to keeping the working class content. Throughout the course of the idealized communitarian experiment, however, Pullman's policies and prescriptions changed to meet the needs of working class families who depended on the wages of women. This paper will study the ideologies and realities surrounding women in nineteenth century Pullman.
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Harris, Brian L. "Perceived social support from strength coaches among injured student-athletes." Virtual Press, 2008. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1398715.

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The purpose of this study was to assess the level of perceived social support reported among student-athletes from their strength coach (SC) during the later reconditioning stage of rehabilitation. Data from (n = 82) participants were utilized in this study from 6 Division I Universities in the Midwest region of the United States. Each participant reported being injured for a minimum of 5 consecutive days or more. Participants were administered a survey packet consisting of; 1 demographic form, 2 consent forms, and 3 social support survey forms consisting of 6 types of social support measured on a 5 point Likert scale. The 6 types of social support assessed included; listening support, task appreciation, task challenge, emotional support, emotional challenge, and reality confirmation.AChi-Square Test was employed to assess the injured student-athlete's level of perceived social support received from their SC's during the later reconditioning stage of rehabilitation. Results showed that SC's have a significant psychosocial impact on a student-athletes overall psychological well-being during reconditioning. In conjunctionwith similar research, listening support, task appreciation, task challenge, and reality confirmation showed to be reported most frequent among student-athletes as needed or expected and most salient for their overall mental well-being during reconditioning.Among genders both male and female participants reported expecting and/or needing task challenge and reality confirmation from their SC's in addition, both male and female participants also reported task challenge and reality confirmation as the types of social support received from their SC's that was most important for their overall psychological well-being during the later reconditioning stage of rehabilitation. Furthermore, emotional challenge was reported the least overall among participants and among genders.This study provided sufficient evidence of the important psychosocial role that SC's can play during the later reconditioning stage of rehabilitation to injured student-athletes. Furthermore, the results of this study support other similar studies which also assessed the psychological impact of social support provided by the athletic trainer (AT) which was reported among student-athletes during rehabilitation.
School of Physical Education, Sport, and Exercise Science
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潘星薇 and Sing-mei Pun. "Controlling women: sexuality, imperialism andpower." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1998. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31951727.

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Mallin, Jill M. "Social Pressures and Body Image as Contributors to Eating Habits among Collegiate Women Athletes." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1181163254.

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Burton, Erika del Pilar. "Women Rule, But Do They Make A Difference? Women in Politics, Social Policy and Social Conditions in Latin America." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2014. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1860.

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Since the transitions to democracy in Latin America, women in the region have undergone major changes in their roles in society. From traditionally only present in the home to participating in collective action efforts, and finally participating at increasing numbers in governments, women have made incredible strides in the Latin American region. Latin American countries have successfully advocated for the inclusion of women in government, but few studies in academia focus on determining whether their inclusion has made a difference in government processes or in society. Borrowing from the literature positing that women are behaviorally different from men as well as their identification with motherhood and as wives in their collective action efforts in Latin America, I argue that women have different concerns from men both outside and inside of the public sphere and therefore make a difference in government with regards to policy priorities and government budget allocations. Studying 18 Latin American countries, I find that there is a gender gap in public opinion, which demonstrates that women are more concerned with social welfare matters than men. I also find that female concerns are carried into their behavior once in government as observed by female legislators’ heightened support for social welfare policies. Furthermore, I find that women in legislatures affect government behavior differently from their male counterparts as observed with female legislators’ positive effects on the allocation of the budget towards social welfare areas.
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Lambert, Heather. "An ethnographic exploration of the relationship between women and development in Ghana." Virtual Press, 2001. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1217377.

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This study was an attempt to identify the relationship between women and non-governmental organizations in Ghana. It was conducted over a period of one year in the capital city of Accra. Ethnographic and feminist methodology were the framework for the fieldwork and text. Interviews, observations and discussions with aid workers and development recipients determined the perimeters and rendered meaning. Women dominated both sides of development and aid work in Ghana; however, there was limited interaction between them. Female recipients of development were not consulted regarding development projects and were not familiar with the scope and implications of international aid. Female development personnel from both Ghana and the United States were separated from the communities and people they worked for personally and professionally. The development workers did not consider consultation with female clients a necessity or an obligation. Both groups of women struggled to incorporate the concepts and implications of development into their situated reality.
Department of Anthropology
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Pang, Susan McPhail. "Industrialization and the changing status of women in society : a comparison of Japan and Thailand /." Thesis, [Hong Kong] : University of Hong Kong, 1989. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B12754547.

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Seger, Karen Elizabeth 1939. "WOMEN AND CHANGE IN THE YEMEN ARAB REPUBLIC: A VIEW FROM THE LITERATURE (MIDDLE EAST, AGRICULTURE, EMIGRATION, WORKROLES, DEVELOPMENT)." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291263.

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Yip, Pui-wah, and 葉佩華. "A study of True Light Middle School's pioneering work in women's education, 1872-1949." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1997. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31951582.

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Books on the topic "Women athletes – Social conditions"

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Women in sports. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publisher's, Inc., 2010.

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Halloway, Amelia S. Women in sports. New York: Nova Science Publisher's, Inc., 2010.

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Wesp, Gabriela. Frisch, fromm, fröhlich, Frau: Frauen und Sport zur Zeit der Weimarer Republik. Königstein: Helmer, 1998.

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Pretty good for a girl: An athlete's story. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2000.

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Education, Hawaii Department of. Gender equity in athletics: A report on Title IX compliance & a strategic plan. Honolulu]: Office of the Superintendent, Dept. of Education, State of Hawai'i, 2000.

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Robinson, Laura. She shoots, she scores: Canadian perspectives on women in sport. Toronto: Thompson Educational Publishers, 1997.

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Urponen, Maija. Yli kaikkien rajojen?: Helsingin olympialaiset ja Armi Kuusela kansainvälisyyden kynnyksellä. Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura, 2010.

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Empowering young female athletes--a possible challenge to the male hegemony in sport: A descriptive and interventional study. Göteborg: Acta Universitatis Gothoburgensis, 2002.

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Pretty good for a girl. New York: Free Press, 1998.

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Italian fascism and the female body: Sport, submissive women and strong mothers. New York: Routledge, 2004.

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Book chapters on the topic "Women athletes – Social conditions"

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Carr-Hill, Roy A. "The status of women." In Social Conditions in Sub-Saharan Africa, 156–76. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230377172_13.

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Afsar, Md, and Suman Kumari. "Women Journalists in India’s Rural Areas: Social and Economic Conditions." In Techno-Societal 2020, 1107–15. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69925-3_105.

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Sek-Hong, Ng, and Victor Fung-Shuen Sit. "Women and Young Workers, Subcontract Labour and Homeworkers, and “Social Wages”." In Labour Relations and Labour Conditions in Hong Kong, 157–89. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-10822-0_7.

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Jafree, Sara Rizvi, and Fareen Rahman. "Oral Narrations of Social Rejection Suffered by South Asian Women with Irreversible Health Conditions." In The Sociology of South Asian Women’s Health, 35–53. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50204-1_3.

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Fabinyi, Michael, and Kate Barclay. "Fishing Livelihoods and Social Diversity." In Asia-Pacific Fishing Livelihoods, 45–63. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79591-7_3.

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AbstractThis chapter shifts scale from Chap. 10.1007/978-3-030-79591-7_2 to focus on the local context and analyse the everyday sets of social relationships that frame the lives of those engaged in fishing livelihoods. The broad structural forces of migration, technology and markets along with the wider economy all intersect with local sets of social structures to shape the conditions in which fishing livelihoods operate. Here we present two examples of how different forms of social differentiation interact with fishing livelihoods. In the Western Philippines, class and status intersect with cultural values to generate power relations and hierarchies in different roles associated with fishing livelihoods. In Pacific Island countries, gender norms structure the different types of fishing activities in which men and women are involved.
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El-Ali, Leena. "Marriage: A Sublime Institution, Not Mere Social Contract." In Sustainable Development Goals Series, 149–77. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83582-8_14.

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AbstractThe Qur’anic portrayal of marriage involves some tender imagery even as it establishes it as a social contract—seven centuries before it became so in Europe and 12 centuries before divorce terms were included in the latter. Monogamy is very much the norm as well as the ideal in the Qur’an, with polygyny only sanctioned in specific circumstances and under certain conditions. Muhammad’s personal story gives life to Qur’anic values in this regard, with 25 years of a monogamous marriage to his first wife followed by 12 years of polygyny after her death involving a total of 11 other women. Ten out of the 12 women he married over time were widows, unsurprising given the Qur’anic rationale for polygyny. Meanwhile, interfaith marriage is blessed in the Qur’an, i.e. without the non-Muslim party having to convert to Islam.
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Gottschall, Karin, Kristin Noack, and Heinz Rothgang. "Dependencies of Long-Term Care Policy on East–West Migration: The Case of Germany." In International Impacts on Social Policy, 515–29. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86645-7_40.

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AbstractThis contribution reconstructs the policy shift from a Bismarckian “low road” to a “higher road” of long-term care (LTC) policy in Germany. We argue that this policy change is deeply intertwined with migration to uphold and transform LTC policy. Cash benefits did not just stabilise family care, but are increasingly used to establish a “migrant-in-the-family” model. Moreover, while the marketisation of care services led to an expansion of commercial services, this process increasingly depended on migrant carers. Policy measures to improve working conditions in formal care were only initiated when ever-growing demands could not be met by migrant workers. At the same time live-in arrangements are only cautiously regulated. Reflecting the familialistic legacy, provision of care by women (paid/unpaid, formal/informal, professional/semi-professional) has become more stratified.
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Mokoene, Kearabetswe, and Grace Khunou. "Young Mothers, Labour Migration and Social Security in South Africa." In IMISCOE Research Series, 141–52. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92114-9_10.

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AbstractDue to the conditions of apartheid and social engineering, internal labour migration played an important role in shaping the roles and relationships of South African families. In a recent study on internal labour migration in South Africa, Mokoene (2017) found that even though men remain the main migrants in households, young women are becoming prominent migrants as well. This finding echoes other existing findings on national and international migration which illustrate that women continue to migrate in large numbers within and across borders in search of employment (Xulu-Gama, 2017; Kihato, 2013; Walker, 1990). Studies also show that labour migration presents both benefits and costs for migrant sending families (Mokoene & Khunou, 2019; see also Yao & Treiman, 2011). In this chapter we take a closer look at experiences of the families of young women who migrate from the rural parts of Madibeng in the North West Province of South Africa, to neighboring cities in search of employment. This is from a study by Mokoene (2017) which found that the migration of these young women come with a cost including, non-remittance, parental absence, and poverty to the families left behind.
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Bologna, Emanuela, and Simona Staffieri. "Women and leisure in the Italian context." In Women, leisure and tourism: self-actualization and empowerment through the production and consumption of experience, 152–67. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789247985.0014.

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Abstract Gender is an important indicator of the processes of social change affecting contemporary society, although in the field of leisure research, it has not always received attention. To fill this gap, recent research proposes to include gender as a significant aspect in leisure paradigms. The chapter aims to analyse gender differences in the use of leisure time within the Italian context using data periodically produced by official statistics. Data, collected over time, make it possible to observe the changes occurring in the way men and women spend their leisure time. The chapter is structured according to the main dimensions of leisure, such as social relationships, sports practice, tourism, cultural participation, and satisfaction with leisure time. To observe gender differences, statistical methods (descriptive and multivariate analysis) were implemented. The results highlight the existence of strong differences in the way in which men and women spend their leisure time. Gender differences are often linked to demographic or sociocultural characteristics, such as age, level of education, or economic conditions. Results presented in the chapter could be used to frame future research aimed at solving weakness and to fill information gaps in Italian leisure gender studies.
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Jarty, Julie, and Karina Batthyány. "Recent Evolutions of Gender, State Feminism and Care Models in Latin America and Europe." In Towards a Comparative Analysis of Social Inequalities between Europe and Latin America, 361–85. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48442-2_12.

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AbstractThis chapter presents and characterises the way in which, in the twenty-first century, after years of feminist struggles inside and outside of institutions, gender relations are organised in the different countries of the INCASI project (on the European side, Spain, Italy, Finland, France and the United Kingdom, on the side of the South American Southern Cone, Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Uruguay). It pays special attention to the implementation of feminist issues on political agendas, and in particular the assignment of women to unpaid care work—an aspect of the power continuum that we look to relate to other aspects. Gradually and for almost a century all countries in both continents have granted women the status of subjects, citizens and employees. However, the conditions, challenges and timelines of this process differ considerably from one continent to another, so they need to be addressed separately. The neoliberal era did not have the same impact in Europe as it did in South America (nor was it exactly the same between particular European countries or among South American ones).
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Conference papers on the topic "Women athletes – Social conditions"

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Iancheva, Tatiana. "PSYCHOLOGICAL DETERMINANTS OF BEHAVIOR AND COPING STRATEGIES OF ATHLETES IN CONDITIONS OF PANDEMIC COVID-19." In INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONGRESS “APPLIED SPORTS SCIENCES”. Scientific Publishing House NSA Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37393/icass2022/70.

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ABSTRACT The pandemic COVID 19 and the related restrictions regarding sports activities, social isolation, unclear prospects, and fear of being infected led to an abrupt change in athletes’ rhythm of life and the need to adapt. The aim of this study was to investigate Psychological Capital and Perfectionism as an essential personal resource, their influence on the domineering psychic states, and athletes’ preferred coping strategies during the pandemic COVID-19, and to outline their specificity depending on gender, kind of sport, and level of qualification. The research was done among 119 athletes aged between 18 and 35 years, divided into groups according to their gender (54 men and 65 women), kind of sport, and level of qualification. The research methods included: 1) Psychological Capital Questionnaire (Luthans, Youssef, Avolio, 2007); 2)Multidi-h mensional Perfectionism Scale (FMPS, Frost, Marten, Lahart, Rosenblate, 1990), adapted for Bulgarian conditions by T. Iancheva, 2009; 3) Profile of Mood States (McNair, Lorr, Droppleman, 1971); 4) Approach to Coping in Sport Questionnaire (ACSQ-1; Kim 1999; Kim, Duda, 1997). There are significant differences depending on gender and the kind of sport. The specific role of adaptive and maladaptive perfectionism and psychological capital was viewed in relation to the dominant psychic conditions during social isolation and the preferred coping strategies.
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Xi, Xingxuan, Huixian Zhang, and Lei Meng. "Investigation on the Effects of Maternity Support Conditions on Reproductive Behavior of Women of Childbearing Age in Beijing." In 2017 International Conference on Management, Education and Social Science (ICMESS 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icmess-17.2017.102.

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Panok, Vitalii, and Iryna Tkachuk. "Social-Psychological problems of pedagogues in conditions pandemic of COVID-19." In National Events on WMHD in Ukraine. N-DSA-N, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32437/nmhdup2021.4.

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Introduction. The COVID-19 pandemic may have hit the education industry the hardest, but the socio-psychological effects of quarantine are still poorly understood. A group of scientists from the Ukrainian SMC of practical psychology and social work of the NAES of Ukraine has conducted a study of the socio-psychological problems that have arisen for teaching staff of general secondary education establishments in the context of the pandemic. Purpose. The research was carried out during the implementation of the scientific topic «Overcoming the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic in the activities of the psychological service of the educational system» on the order of the National Research Fund of Ukraine. Design\approach\methodology. The study was conducted by interviewing educators through Google forms. Most of the questions contained a 10-step scale. In processing the data, all respondents’ answers were grouped into 5 categories: "yes", "more likely to", "more likely not", "no", "don’t know/it’s hard to say". The survey was attended by 3,209 teaching staff from general secondary education institutions from all regions of Ukraine, 45% from urban areas, 55% from rural areas; among which 92% were women and 8% were men. Results. Among the results, researchers highlighted the difficulties and fears of educators caused by the pandemic. The fears and complexities of the profession were distributed as follows. 1. The fear of getting infected (infecting family members) is common to 78.2% of the surveyed. 40.9% of the interviewed felt this fear to the greatest extent. However, 9.3% found those fears irrelevant. 2. Problems associated with the use of ICT in educational activities (lack of competence) — 53.2%. Among those, 22.2% have major difficulties and 31% have minor difficulties. Only 15.7% consider themselves fully competent. 3. 73% of educators noted difficulties in involving children in distance learning. This was the main problem for 12.8% of respondents. 4. «It is difficult to adhere to all anti-epidemic requirements in an educational institution to protect students» — 69.5% stated that this is one of the most significant problems of professional activity. 5. Emotional exhaustion, loss of emotional balance, excessive fatigue. 58.7% said that the problem was significant, of which almost 18% said it was very significant. 6. 51.1% of respondents indicated that they were unable to communicate with students' parents regarding monitoring the quality of their students' knowledge. Of these, 8.7% rated it with the highest score. 7. Health related difficulties (consequential of COVID-19). 31.2% of educators consider this problem to be relevant, while 8.9% rated it as very relevant. 30.4% of those interviewed denied the existence of such a problem. Conclusions Taking into account the results of the study, the most relevant areas in the work of the psychologists in the educational system are the following: ● prevention among educators and students of the COVID-bullying; ● working with negative emotional states of participants in the educational process and increasing their stress tolerance; ● providing socio-educational assistance to children and families in difficult life situations, and forming positive life prospects. Keywords. COVID-19 pandemic; pedagogues; social-psychological problems; fear of getting infected; emotional exhaustion
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Nichifor, Florin, Petruț-Florin Trofin, and Florentina-Petruța Martinaș. "Correlations Between Agility, Speed And Effort Capacity In Women's Soccer, Handball And Rugby." In World Lumen Congress 2021, May 26-30, 2021, Iasi, Romania. LUMEN Publishing House, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/wlc2021/52.

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In team sports, the essential factors in achieving performance are represented by speed and agility, expressed in conditions of high intensity and high volume. The aim of this study is to analyze the relationships between speed, agility and effort in women's soccer, rugby and handball. At the same time, we want to compare these parameters in order to determine the profile for each discipline. The research analyzed 49 performance women athletes from the first leagues of Romania, divided into 3 groups: soccer, rugby and handball. To evaluate the speed we applied the 10 m test. Agility was assessed using samples 505 and 1001. Anaerobic effort capacity was assessed by the 8x10 + 10m and aerobic effort capacity by the VAM-Eval test. The Pearson correlation showed a direct relationship between 505 and 1001, for all groups. Significant correlations were shown between speed and agility, the effort capacity being also involved in the detected interferences.
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Khazova, S. A., and N. S. Shipova. "Emotional intelligence as a resource for codependent women." In INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL ONLINE CONFERENCE. Знание-М, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.38006/907345-50-8.2020.965.977.

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The relevance of the study of personal resources is related to the importance of knowledge about the factors that determine a person’s mental health despite living conditions. The research aim was to study the emotional intelligence as a coping resource of codependent women. Sample: 19 women aged 32 to 47 years who are in a close relationship with a chemically dependent person. All women are clients of groups that help relatives of dependent people in Kostroma. Methods: The Mayer — Salovey — Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test 1998 (MSCEIT v. 2.0), adaptation in Russian (Sergienko & Vetrova, 2010); Co-Dependency Assessment Inventory (Weinhold & Weinhold, 2008); Ways of Coping Questionnaire, Folkman & Lazarus, 1988, adaptation in Russian (Kryukova, 2010); Projective technique «Man in the rain» by E. V. Romanova, T. I. Sytko (1992). The results indicate a lower development of emotional intelligence, the ability to understand emotions and consciously manage them, and features of the emotional sphere were found: feelings of insecurity, emotional coldness, impulsiveness and infantile. 47 % of women cope with the situation of dependence of a loved one unconstructively and are prone to excessive self-control, search for social support, and strive to solve the problem in any way. This does not allow you to cope with the dependence of a loved one and with your own codependent state. Regression analysis shows a fairly positive impact on coping behavior of the ability to understand and analyze emotions, use them in solving problems, consciously manage them, and predict their emotional States in the future. On the one hand, distance from the situation is reduced, on the other hand, emotional intelligence creates conditions for confrontation with the dependent behavior of a loved one and for a positive reevaluation of the situation in the context of strengthening one’s own personality. These results allow us to speak about the resource role of emotional intelligence in the situation of codependent relationships.
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Jasim Muhammad Hamza, Rana. "The Yazidi Survivors Between the Tragedy of the Genocide and the Reality of the Camps." In Peacebuilding and Genocide Prevention. University of Human Development, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/uhdicpgp/33.

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"The camps are a cumulative assembly that does not constitute a sense of belonging and does not constitute a coherent social body. Therefore, the camps were not prepared to meet the needs, and are not suitable for practicing work except in the most limited limits, almost creating a feeling for those who live in them that they are neglected, and that life in the camps reminds the survivors Every day, with what they have lost, they find themselves in a vicious circle. It is clear that the issue of Yazidi women has become a general humanitarian and social issue on the one hand, and a special issue related to women and the forms of kidnapping, rape and violence they have been subjected .to This study seeks to examine the situation of Yazidi girls and women after their return from kidnapping, and about the reality of the services provided to them by some international and local organizations. Based on the importance of documenting these services provided to women and girls in displacement camps, the study focuses on the service frameworks provided to them, as it is an important step in knowing the size of the gap in the protection services provided to them, and the study contributes to identifying the priorities that must be taken into account when developing plans future to achieve better conditions for Yazidi women survivors of violence. The study shows that women are suffering from multiple forms of violations committed against them, as women have suffered a lot from the effects of the control of (ISIS) gangs from kidnapping, rape and forced marriage, as well as forcing them to convert to the Islamic religion, Women still suffer from an unknown fate, as girls and women today have become widows or orphans in situations devoid of protection and support mechanisms. Most of the survivors, whether residing in the camps or residing outside the camps, lack health services, including psychological and social support. This study aims to identify the social and economic conditions that Yazidi women live in the camps, with the identification of the most important services provided to Yazidi women and their effectiveness in covering their needs. Given the 4 importance of this study, we will rely on the case study method, because it reveals to us closely the real and actual conditions of the .Yazidi women's conditions after their return inside the camps"
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Wahyurini, Endah, and Humam Santosa Utomo. "Creating Agricultural Product Innovations and Business Development: A Case in Farmer Women Group." In LPPM UPN "VETERAN" Yogyakarta International Conference Series 2020. RSF Press & RESEARCH SYNERGY FOUNDATION, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31098/pss.v1i1.182.

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The Covid-19 pandemic implies a decrease in family income, resulting in social problems such as unemployment and poverty. This study aims to describe the process of creating product innovation carried out by groups of women farmers by using the land around the house to grow vegetables and the challenges they face. The study was conducted on a group of female farmers in Bantul, Yogyakarta using a qualitative analysis approach. Data collection techniques used observation, in-depth interviews, and focus group discussions. The results of this study indicate that the crisis conditions and knowledge play an important role in the creation of innovation in agriculture. The diverse knowledge of the members creates new product and service innovation ideas. Universities, local governments, and industry play a role in encouraging the creation of innovation and the formation of joint ventures so that members get economic benefits. The women farmer groups have grown their roles, not only as social organizations but also in business organizations.
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Gökçek Karaca, Nuray, and Erol Karaca. "The Future Expectations and Laboration of Migrant Women From Turkey in Germany." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c07.01490.

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This study sought to investigate future expectations and laboration of the migrant women from Turkey in Germany. The research was carried out with 570 migrant women from Turkey in Germany in 2012-2013. The data were collected by using a questionnaire developed by the researcher based on a literature review. Data were analyzed with factor analysis by using the statistical package SPSS. According to the research results, a significant number of women said that they are housewives but not working. This result points out the continuity of perception and evaluation of being a housewife “as not a profession and form of labor”. The data about women except from housewives reveals the difficulties in their labor life and also the effectiveness of informal networks on laborization process. Overwhelming majority of these women have experienced various jobs and indicated lower and inadequate wages as the reason of these experiences. In addition, the most effective means in the process of finding jobs is the circle of acquaintances rather than job-creating agencies, trainings and employment tests. As a result of the inadequacy of formal structure, a significant number of women has to work with low wages and not obtained sufficient social benefits. In spite of the difficulties faced by women in their laborization process, a great majority of women have the social security right. The presence of social security, however, could not prevent feeling insecure about their future and negative evaluation about their economic conditions.
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Çaha, Ömer. "Work and Family Conflict: The Case of Women in the Turkish Health Sector." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c10.02123.

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This study focuses on employment status and mobilization processes of women at 102 hospitals in 12 provinces of Turkey. The main question of the research is whether women face glass ceiling problem at hospitals, which are the locomotive stations of the healthcare sector. According to research findings based on institutional analysis, questionnaires and in-depth interviews, there is an obvious glass ceiling problem at hospitals. Although the proportion of women working at hospitals is higher than that of men, there are more men at administrative level than women. In this respect, no significant difference has been found between private hospitals and public hospitals. In both sectors, women clearly fall behind men regarding mobilization processes. This is due to working conditions and social relations within hospitals as well as personal preferences.
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Kamenevа, A. D. "MEDICAL AND SOCIAL INDICATORS OF VEGETABLE GROWERS OF ELDERLY WORKERS." In The 4th «OCCUPATION and HEALTH» International Youth Forum (OHIYF-2022). FSBSI «IRIOH», 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31089/978-5-6042929-6-9-2022-1-100-104.

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Introduction: The ability to work of elderly worker population is urgent problem due to population age structure changes and labor shortages in number of specialties. Also, one of the most important issues discussed among modern medical practice is the relationship between doctor and a patient. This is especially important under periodic medical examination (PME) to identifying professional and work-related diseases. The goal of study: Analysis of social, clinical and physiological indicators by comparing the results of medical examination with the results of survey using the Work ability index (WAI) questionnaire to determine the priority factors that are significant for decision-making by persons working in harmful occupational conditions about prolonging the length of work when reaching retirement age for protected ground workers. Materials and methods: 82 women working in the agricultural «Spring» (vegetable growers) of older age groups were surveyed within the framework of the PME and interviewed using a WAI questionnaire and sociological questionnaire. After that, the survey results were compared with the data of regulated periodic medical examination (PME). Conclusion: There is significant discrepancy between self-assessment of health by employees and the results of PME. The method of independent questioning can be used in combination with medical examinations, allowing to identify groups at risk of health disorders in the early stages.
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Reports on the topic "Women athletes – Social conditions"

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Oosterhoff, Pauline, Karen Snyder, and Neelam Sharma. Nepali Women at Risk from Misguided Anti-Trafficking Strategies. Institute of Development Studies, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2022.073.

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There are burgeoning hospitality, entertainment, and wellness industries in Nepal. The label ‘Adult Entertainment Sector’, used in anti-trafficking efforts, has resulted in stigmatisation of the owners and, mainly female, workers of some businesses in these industries. Labour intermediaries, who help businesses get employees and workers find jobs, are a critical and often misrepresented part of these informal industries. Women are stuck with few options for safe employment in Nepal or foreign labour migration. Supporting the easy registration and monitoring of these businesses and social protection will improve Nepal’s economy and enhance working conditions.
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Bhan, Gautam, Divya Ravindranath, Antara Rai Chowdhury, Rashee Mehra, Divij Sinha, and Amruth Kiran. Employer Practices and Perceptions on Paid Domestic Work: Recruitment, Employment Relationships, and Social Protection. Indian Institute for Human Settlements, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24943/epppdwrersp11.2022.

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The key question of this study is to ask: What are the beliefs, motivations, and perceptions of employers toward recruitment, employment conditions, and social protection for domestic workers?We draw from personal interviews with 403 households in two large metropolitan Indian cities– Bengaluru and Chennai – with variations across socio-economic status, caste, neighbourhood type and across households with and without women working for wages. This Executive Summary outlines key findings and implications.
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Xourafi, Lydia, Polyxeni Sardi, and Anastasia Kostaki. Exploring psychological vulnerability and responses to the COVID-19 lockdown in Greece. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1553/populationyearbook2022.dat.5.

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This study explores the psychosocial impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the population in Greece during the general lockdown period. Specifically, depression, anxiety and stress scores, as well as the factors associated with vulnerability to developing mental health conditions during this period, were investigated. A total of 911 adults participated in an online survey by completing a self-reporting questionnaire that included demographic questions, DASS-42 items (anxiety, stress and depression scales) and other questions related to personal experience. Regression modelling uncovered a significant relationship between gender and DASS scores, with women having significantly higher scores than men for all mental health problems. Participants aged 20–39 years were especially vulnerable to experiencing poor mental health. Unemployed participants reported having worse mental health than others. Having more perceived psychosocial support during the pandemic was associated with lower overall scores. Thus, women, young adults and the unemployed exhibited particularly high levels of vulnerability, while individuals who received social support from relatives and friends during the lockdown were more resilient to the effects of social isolation.
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O’Reilly, Jacqueline, and Rachel Verdin. Measuring the size, characteristics and consequences of digital work. Digital Futures at Work Research Centre, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.20919/whfq8202.

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This working paper provides a summary assessment of the existing literature and data on digital forms of employment internationally. It illustrates the variability in how it is defined, how it is growing and what kind of risks are associated with these developments. Evaluation of these types of jobs is divided. On one hand, optimists point to the attractions and relative ease in finding employment on digital platforms; on the other hand, more critical perspectives argue that these employment contracts can result in exclusion from social protection systems. The evidence indicates that while overall a relatively small proportion of all employment digital work is growing, both on platforms as well as adoption amongst more traditional companies. The characteristics of digital workers can vary by region and occupation. Overall, they tend to be predominantly younger and more likely male, with a growing number of women albeit in particular occupations. Skills and earnings levels vary but the key issues of disputes is around pay, conditions and employment status. The consequences of this form of work for those with lower skilled digital employment can undermine their social citizenship: they lack comparable employment rights, or when unemployed entitlement to adequate social protection. The potential polarisation effects of digital exclusion and deficits will severely hamper the wider benefits of transparency offered by these technologies. During the pandemic these trends have become more apparent. The imbalance of bargaining power and regulatory governance to bridge gaps in citizenship entitlements undermines the collective potential of policy makers and trade unions to address these challenges. Nevertheless, there is emerging evidence of innovative challenges and contestation of these gaps by both union organisations and national regulators attempts to adapt social protection
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