Journal articles: 'Women and war – Iraq'

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Fathima, Anisa. "Iraqi Woman Speaks: An Alternative Narrative of War in Riverbend’s Baghdad Burning." Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Research & Review 04, no. 01 (2023): 69–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.55662/ajmrr.2023.4102.

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The US-led invasion into Iraq in 2003 triggered an endless war that unleashed new cycles of violence and left the region devastated. Following the 9/11 attacks on the US soil, the West conjured up an image of Iraq as a nerve centre of terrorism. In the months preceding the invasion, the dominant narrative that revolved around the War on Terror sought to project Iraq as a nation that needed to be “liberated” and “civilised” by the West. Iraqi women were particularly (mis)represented as oppressed victims of an abusive patriarchal system, devoid of agency and freedom. Voices emerging from Iraq in the subsequent years have countered this portrayal of their country. This paper explores the myriad ways in which Baghdad Burning by Iraqi blogger Riverbend challenges the dominant narrative of the US-led invasion and in the process, constructs an alternative narrative as a civilian who witnessed and suffered the impact of war from close quarters. As an Iraqi, Muslim woman who speaks her mind, she subverts the gendered liberation discourse of the war and argues that women’s freedom in fact plummeted with the radicalisation of the public space enforced by Iran-inspired Shia political parties in the new US-backed post-war regime. Her account of the invasion goes beyond the usual rhetoric of statistics and policies, and offers an insight into what the occupation and the ensuing violence meant to ordinary Iraqis. In doing so, she shatters the myth of Iraq and gives an insider’s perspective of the country whose modern establishments and secular ethos were destroyed by the invasion.

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Ain, Qurat ul, Saima Anwar, and Shumaila Rafiq. "Situating Women in Trauma of War: An Analysis of Baghdad Burning: A Blog from an Iraqi Woman." Global Regional Review VI, no. II (June 30, 2021): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/grr.2021(vi-ii).10.

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The paper deals with situating women in war trauma in Baghdad Burning Volume 2, a girl's blog from Iraq. In the current study, the researcher attempts to reveal the rising of fundamentalism in Iraq after the war. The objective of this study is to safeguard the rights and honour of women after traumatic experiences. The study explores whether the unlashed media is doing its duties truthfully or it dishonestly manipulates the facts about the Iraqi women's traumatic experiences. The paper exposes the reason behind the hiding of the true identity of the author, pseudo-named Riverbend. The framework for the study has been taken from an article "A Conceptual Framework for the Impact of Traumatic Experiences", written by Eve B Carlson and the co-author Constance Dalenberg. The study unfolds the reality that a traumatic event becomes a nightmare, especially for a woman, and a series of flashbacks to the same traumatic experience becomes recurrent. The paper concludes the living standards, disparities and situation of women in contemporary war-stricken Iraq.

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Ghena, Hanaa Khlaif. "War is Herstory Home Front Women in the Poetry of Adnan Al-Sayegh." JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE STUDIES 3, no. 3 (September 7, 2023): 51–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/jls.3.3.3.

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Woman characters abound in the poetry of the Iraqi poet, Adnan Al-Sayegh who is influenced, in his presentation of her, by three mainfactors, namely, war, political system, and patriarchal norms. Al-Sayegh’s women are essentially of four types: the mother, thelover/sweetheart, the war victim, and the working class woman.Drawing on Bamberg’s concept of ‘small stories,’ this paper is anattempt at exploring those women’s small and underrepresented storieswhich tell a lot about social, political, and economic conditions in Iraq.The paper argues that although small and unexciting, these stories doshed light on the social status and ordeals of women in Iraq. Women’s‘small stories’ are then analyzed in a number of poems that best reflectthe characteristics of each type of woman. It concludes that thesewomen’s stories which take place at home fronts are no less significantthan the stories narrated by men. Women’s stories ultimately revealpart of the unofficial and often unspoken of history of war in Iraq.

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Zehtabi, Maryam. "Iranian Women and Gender in the Iran-Iraq War." Journal of Middle East Women's Studies 17, no. 3 (November 1, 2021): 454–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/15525864-9306902.

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Efrat, Noga. "Productive or reproductive? The roles of Iraqi Women during the Iraq‐Iran War." Middle Eastern Studies 35, no. 2 (April 1999): 27–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00263209908701265.

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Oliver, Kelly. "Media Representations of Women and the “Iraq War”." Journal of Philosophy: A Cross-Disciplinary Inquiry 5, no. 12 (2010): 14–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/jphilnepal201051213.

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Hegland, Mary Elaine, and Magdalena Rodziewicz. "Reports." Anthropology of the Middle East 18, no. 1 (June 1, 2023): 113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/ame.2023.180108.

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Mateo Mohammad Farzaneh, Iranian Women and Gender in the Iran–Iraq War (New York: Syracuse University Press, 2021), 457 pp. International Union of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences Commission on the Middle East Conference ‘The Middle East from the Margin’, 7–9 September 2022, Istanbul, Türkiye.

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Koolaee, Elaheh. "The Impact of Iraq-Iran War on Social Roles of Iranian Women." Middle East Critique 23, no. 3 (July 3, 2014): 277–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19436149.2014.949937.

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Ahmed Al Samaraie, Nasir. "Humanitarian implications of the wars in Iraq." International Review of the Red Cross 89, no. 868 (December 2007): 929–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1816383108000155.

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AbstractThe current situation in Iraq could be described as a “war on civilians”, for it mainly affects the livelihood and well-being of the civilian population, while serious security problems prevent the Iraqi people from leading a normal life. Going beyond the direct victims of the conflict, this article deals with the daily problems faced by Iraqi society, namely the lack of security in terms of housing, education and health care, as well as protection for the more vulnerable such as women and children. The forcible eviction of many Iraqis is, however, the main problem threatening the basic cohesion of Iraqi society.

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Koolaee, Elaheh, and Ziba Akbari. "Fragile State in Iraq and Women Security." Contemporary Review of the Middle East 4, no. 3 (July 24, 2017): 235–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2347798917711294.

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After the Cold War and the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, the term “fragile states” has gained increasing prominence in security debates and the international community turned its attention to how to deal with such countries. These security concerns originate from several factors: emphasis on building peace and security, spread of this idea that development and security are related, and the principle that the stability of state plays an influential role in its development. The term “fragile state” refers to weak states that are vulnerable to internal and external threats and have a poor government that is incapable of managing internal affairs and external policy. In this regard, Iraq was considered as a fragile state after 2003, and its stability has been evaluated poor since ever. The present study employed indices of fragile state and human security in order to investigate the effect of Iraq’s fragile state on development of threats to women security. Violation of human security in Iraq after 2003 was caused by failure in nation state-building process and weakness of Iraqi government in maintaining societal order and unity. Therefore, the main question that the present study aims to address is: “How has women security been threatened by Iraq’s crisis and its fragile state?”

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Meghdari, Sedighesadat, and John Stephens. "CHILDREN’S LITERATURE ABOUT WAR AND THE SHAPING OF CHILDREN’S IDENTITY." Malaysian Journal of Languages and Linguistics (MJLL) 6, no. 1 (February 1, 2017): 63–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/mjll.vol6iss1pp63-76.

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This study aims to investigate the representation of men and women in war children literature in Iran and it tends to show how the kind of representation can influence the children's identity shaping. The study, working through critical discourse analysis, examines ten Persian children’s stories (seven short stories and three longer ones) related to the 1980s Iran-Iraq war and published between 2000 and 2007. This study focused on ‘crying’ as an example and detected how crying, which is a unique human trait and essential need for a child to survive and the first sign of life, becomes a discriminatory term for women, and as a means to reinforce the unequal power relation scale with a male at the powerful end and a female at the powerless end. The participation of Iranian women in the stories has been neglected and they are either excluded (mostly) or included in passive roles that emphasize their weeping for the ‘martyrs’. So ignoring women and girls and emphasizing boys' and even very young boys' presence in the war stories for children can be harmful in identity shaping for both boys and girls.

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12

Sylvester, Christine. "Contending with Women and War." Politics & Gender 11, no. 03 (September 2015): 586–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743923x15000343.

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The late Jean Bethke Elshtain was a difficult feminist, a public intellectual and scholar who drew on feminist thinking but interpreted or applied it so idiosyncratically that many feminists disavowed her. Elshtain's early works encapsulated the best hopes of 1980s' feminists to bring women and gender to the fore across many academic fields. She was influential in political theory, religious studies, and feminist analysis, and she was one of the leading lights of feminist international relations (IR) well into the 1990s. Yet she was moving in other directions and would let it be known that she disapproved of gay marriage and endorsed George W. Bush's war in Iraq as just. These positions were anathema to most western feminists, and Jean Bethke Elshtain slid down the feminist reputational ladder from pinnacle to the point where she was almostpersona non grata, deemed an imperialist traitor to feminist causes. She did not draw back or go quiet under attack: to the last public address she gave shortly before her death, Elshtain was on the road defending her controversial political viewpoints openly and forcefully. Let it not be said that the difficult feminist is shy.

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13

Purvis, Jennifer. "Women as Weapons of War: Iraq, Sex, and the Media." Journal of Speculative Philosophy 22, no. 4 (January 1, 2008): 316–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25670732.

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Purvis, Jennifer. "Women as Weapons of War: Iraq, Sex, and the Media." Journal of Speculative Philosophy 22, no. 4 (January 1, 2008): 316–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/jspecphil.22.4.0316.

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15

McKay, Daniel. "Pivot to Asia: Iraq War Literature and Asian/American Women." University of Toronto Quarterly 87, no. 2 (May 2018): 39–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/utq.87.2.03.

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16

Afshar, Haleh. "Post Gulf War Forum Women in Afghanistan, Iraq and Palestine." International Feminist Journal of Politics 5, no. 3 (November 2003): 467–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14616740310001630296.

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17

Sjoberg, Laura. "Jihadi brides and female volunteers: Reading the Islamic State’s war to see gender and agency in conflict dynamics." Conflict Management and Peace Science 35, no. 3 (May 18, 2017): 296–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0738894217695050.

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Decades ago, Cynthia Enloe called for a research agenda looking for where women are in war and conflict. Enloe recognized that women play active roles in and are affected by wars and conflicts, but are often ignored in news coverage, policy analysis, and scholarship. The current conflict in Syria and Iraq appears as a counterexample: hundreds of millions of Google results mention women and the Islamic State (IS). Subjects vary widely: the stories cover female victims of IS, female recruits to IS, and women who fight IS. This article explores the hypervisibility of women in this conflict, looking for lessons about sex, gender, and conflict. The first part analyses discourses in a sample of major news reports, evaluating how different women around IS are represented. It finds that agency is removed from both female victims and female IS partisans, while it is exaggerated for women who fight against IS. This corresponds with emphasis on different gendered traits for differently positioned women. After tracing these gendered representations, the article applies theories of gender and conflict to understand how women have become central to the fighting and coverage of the conflict in Syria and Iraq. It concludes that paying attention both to the empirical presence of women and to the co-constitution of gender, war, and conflict augments understanding of this war, and across conflicts.

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18

Steiner, Linda. "Women war reporters’ resistance and silence in the face of sexism and sexual violence." Media & Jornalismo 17, no. 30 (October 11, 2017): 11–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/2183-5462_30_1.

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Women began reporting on war in the mid-nineteenth century, covering, among other wars, Europeans revolutions and the US Civil War. The numbers of women reporting on war increased over the twentieth century with the First and Second World Wars and especially the Vietnam War. This increased again more recently, when many news organizations needed journalists in Iraq, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. Nonetheless, war reporting remains widely regarded as men’s domain. It remains a highly sexist domain. Women war reporters continue to face condescension, pseudo-protectionism, disdain, lewdness, and hostility from their bosses, rivals, military brass, and the public. They also experience sexual violence, although they are discouraged from complaining about assaults, so that they can keep working. This research focuses on the sexism and sexual harassment facing contemporary women war reporters, with particular attention to Lara Logan, whose career demonstrates many of these highly gendered tensions.

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Abdulkhalk Abass, Layla. "Assessment of knowledge and practices of Internally Displaced pregnant women attending to antenatal clinic center at Arbat camp in Sulaimani, Kurdistan Region of Iraq." Kurdistan Journal of Applied Research 3, no. 1 (December 3, 2017): 52–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.24017/science.2018.1.10.

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Internally displaced persons are peoples displaced in it is own country but not crossed a border. After (Islamic State of Iraq and Syria attacked in 2014 to Iraq, millions of Iraqi people flee from their own city war zone to safe camps in Kurdistan region north of Iraq, Arbat camp is one of these camps. Iraqi civilian people constitute most new displacement persons around the world as at least 2.2 million were displaced in 2014. An important part of basic maternal health care is antenatal care that must be provided during pregnancy. Aim of this study is to provide demographic data of Internally Displaced Persons pregnant women and the effect on antenatal care knowledge and practices among of Arbat camp that visits to camp health centers on their health. Assessment of knowledge and practices of pregnant women about antennal care. A cross-sectional descriptive study has been conducted to assess the knowledge and practices of (103) women attended to antenatal care of internally displaced persons) at Arbat camps between 1 January to 30 June 2016. Data collected through the questionnaire form by face-to-face interview. Statistical analyses performed by using SPSS version 16.0, to find descriptive analysis like percentage and frequency and for relative statistical analysis. The results have revealed that most of the pregnant women were in the active reproductive age group 18-25 years old 56(54.4%) pregnant women, housewives 102(99%), illiterate 48(46.6%) pregnant women, were in families that have low income with 48(46.6%) pregnant women with significant relation to the knowledge and practices to antenatal care. In conclusion, most pregnant women have very good knowledge about antenatal care except about performing oral health hygiene during pregnancy. The majority of pregnant women in camps have very good knowledge about all practices that must be do during antenatal except taking medication without a physician prescription.

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Jeffreys, Sheila. "Double jeopardy: Women, the US military and the war in Iraq." Women's Studies International Forum 30, no. 1 (January 2007): 16–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2006.12.002.

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21

La Rosa, CPT Rene De. "Reflections on Suffering and Culture in Iraq: An Army Nurse Perspective." International Journal of Human Caring 11, no. 2 (March 2007): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.20467/1091-5710.11.2.53.

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The United States Army (U.S. Army) has a fine tradition of providing healthcare on the battlefield. In March 2003, the United States military (U.S. military) entered the Iraqi theater of operations. Included in the military package were medical “assets” dedicated to sustain the health of the military fighting men and women, as well as the health of Iraqi detainees. Detainee medical care was a completely new setting where American nurses had not practiced before but where they were vitally needed. The purpose of this article is to describe the broad themes of suffering and healing at Abu Ghraib Internment Facility in Iraq and the mutual culture shock experienced by both sides of the war effort.

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AlSabri, Imad K. A., Amina B. Aldujele, and Zuhair Allebban. "Androgen Receptor Marker among Iraqi Patients with TripleNegative Breast Cancer Exposed to Depleted Uranium." Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal 15, no. 4 (December 20, 2022): 2299–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/2568.

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Background. Two recent major wars and a 12-year economic embargo as well as several years of war on terrorism have had a damaging effect on Iraq’s land, air, water, food, and health infrastructure. The presence of depleted uranium (DU) in Iraqi soil, water and the overall food chain is documented by measuring the DU in animal organs and fish as well as the water in the most populated cities in the middle and south of Iraq. Breast cancer is the most common tumor type among Iraqi women living in war zones, and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) constitutes the most aggressive molecular subtype among breast tumors. The objective of this pilot study is to determine the prevalence and prognostic target of androgen receptor (AR) positivity in TNBC patients living in war regions polluted with a high level of DU. Methods: This observational, retrospective pilot study included 50 cases of TNBC patients living in the war region. The expression of AR, CK5/6, and CK8/18 biomarkers was evaluated using an immunohistochemistry study on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor samples from TNBC patients. The serum level of CA-153 and vitamin D was measured. Results: AR was positive (IHC>12%) in 12% of TNBC patients. K5/6 expression was considered if the score was >2. This expression of K5/6 was positive in 80% of cases, and CK8/18 was negative in 80% of cases. Serum vitamin D level was significantly lower in TNBC patients compared to controls. Since the two Gulf wars, there has been a steady increase in the incidence of breast cancer in Iraq. Conclusion: The middle and south of Iraq contain a heavily war-related, DU-polluted environment. Based upon the findings of this study, in regions exposed to high levels of DU, AR overexpression in TNBC patients is similar to studies that have been conducted on populations not exposed to DU.

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Katz, Lori S., Geta Cojucar, Sayeh Beheshti, Erin Nakamura, and Michelle Murray. "Military Sexual Trauma During Deployment to Iraq and Afghanistan: Prevalence, Readjustment, and Gender Differences." Violence and Victims 27, no. 4 (2012): 487–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.27.4.487.

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This study examines military sexual trauma (MST) in men and women deployed in the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. A diverse sample of 470 (408 men and 62 women) completed anonymous self-report questionnaires. Seventy-seven reported MST: 51 (12.5%) men and 26 (42%) women. MST was significantly related to symptoms and readjustment and most strongly with intimacy problems. Of those with MST, 73% also reported exposure to war-related stressors. Gender differences revealed that women reported a higher prevalence of MST, but men were more likely to endorse MST with multiple war-related stressors. However, no gender differences were found on reports of symptoms, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), or readjustment. Implications of these results are discussed.

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Castellano San José, Paula. "The Rapes Committed against the Yazidi Women: a Genocide?" Comillas Journal of International Relations, no. 18 (July 19, 2020): 50–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.14422/cir.i18.y2020.003.

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Rape has been used as a tool of war throughout the history of mankind. With the establishment of the International Criminal Court, rape was included in the Rome Statute, being internationally recognized as a war crime, a crime against humanity and a means to commit genocide. The Islamic State of Iraq and Syria, in its war to establish the caliphate, has carried out a campaign of sexual violence against women of religious minorities such as the Yazidi. This article examines the evolution of the definition of rape in International Criminal Law and applies the current definition to the crimes committed by ISIS against the Yazidi. The study assesses the elements of the actus reus of genocide and considers that the actions carried out by the Islamic State towards the Yazidi could qualify as a genocide by means of rape.

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Ali, Isra. "Tactical Tactility: Warfare, Gender, and Cultural Intelligence." Catalyst: Feminism, Theory, Technoscience 2, no. 1 (April 22, 2016): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.28968/cftt.v2i1.28831.

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The participation of women in the landscape of warfare is increasingly visible; nowhere is this more evident than in the US military’s global endeavors. The US military’s reliance on cultural intelligence in its conceptualization of engagement strategies has resulted in the articulation of specific gendered roles in warfare. Women are thought to be particularly well suited to non-violent tactile engagements with civilians in war zones in Iraq and Afghanistan because of gender segregation in public and private spaces. Women in the military have consequently been able to argue for recognition of their combat service by framing this work in the war zone as work only women can do. Women reporters have been able to develop profiles as media producers, commentators, and experts on foreign policy, women, and the military by producing intimate stories about the lives of civilians only they can access. The work soldiers and reporters do is located in the warzone, but in the realms of the domestic and social, in the periods between bursts of violent engagement. These women are deployed as mediators between civilian populations in Afghanistan and Iraq and occupying forces for different but related purposes. Soldiers do the auxiliary work of combat in these encounters, reporters produce knowledge that undergirds the military project. Their work in combat zones emphasizes the interpersonal and relational as forms of tactile engagement. In these roles, they are also often mediating between the “temporary” infrastructure of the war zone and occupation, and the “permanent” infrastructure of nation state, local government, and community. The work women do as soldiers and reporters operates effectively with the narrative of militarism as a means for liberating women, reinforcing the perception of the military as an institution that is increasingly progressive in its attitudes towards membership, and in its military strategies. When US military strategy focuses on cultural practice in Arab and Muslim societies, commanders operationalize women soldiers in the tactics of militarism, the liberation of Muslim women becomes central in news and governmental discourses alike, and the notion of “feminism” is drawn into the project of US militarism in Afghanistan and Iraq in complex ways that elucidate how gender, equality, and difference, can be deployed in service of warfare.

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Hamzah, Asaad Ghali. "Women's Political Empowerment in Iraq After 2003." مجلة الشرق الأوسط للدراسات القانونية والفقهية 4, no. 2 (May 11, 2024): 62–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.56961/mejljs.v4i2.619.

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The degree of human development in any society is measured by the extent to which women participate in political life, and Iraqi women, together with many third-world countries, have suffered a real crisis concerning women's participation in the country's political life, and many factors have been played in reducing the share and size of women's participation in political life, including the growing role of the military in political life and the militarization of society during the eight-year war and subsequent events that led to the women's dissociation and reduction of their role. The role was only after women were granted no-election women share in Iraq's new constitution after 2003. Women's political participation is not only about obtaining their political rights but also about their political rights in the legitimacy of freely expressing their ideas within the framework of the institutions and groups of society and participating in political decision-making and practice. Therefore, women's political skills must be expanded by improving educational opportunities, leadership courses, and exchange programs, and removing institutional and legal barriers limiting Iraqi women's political participation.

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Gordon, Arielle. "From Guerrilla Girls to Zainabs." Journal of Middle East Women's Studies 17, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 64–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/15525864-8790238.

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Abstract Scholars have long accounted for representations of women in the Iranian Revolution by categorically classifying them as “devout mothers” or “heroic sisters,” embodied respectively in the Shiʾi archetypes of Fatima and Zainab. However, a closer look at images of militant women finds them residing within the traditions of their time, as part and parcel of an era of liberation movements in which the idiom of the female fighter featured prominently. This article takes a transnational look at tropes of women’s militancy and traces how they filtered into Iranian revolutionary culture. Finally, it contends that only with the consolidation of Khomeini’s power and the start of the Iran-Iraq War is this figure renamed Zainab and sustained as a central icon of the Islamic Republic.

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Shabani, M. "The Prevalence of Sexual Disorders in Veterans (Iran-Iraq war) and Their Spouses." European Psychiatry 24, S1 (January 2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(09)71044-2.

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Introduction:Taking the prevalence of the sexual disorders -which in some studies is reported from 18% to 79% - into account and considering the fact that only a small percentage of the sexual patients refer to the physicians in order to treat their sexual problems. With regard to several problems which the veterans encounter in their personal and social lives, it seems that sexual disorders in these patients and their spouses are widespread.Methodology:In this research performed in the descriptive-temporal method, a questionnaire including all types of sexual disorders in men and women was provided and after standardization by 398 veterans and their spouses.Results:The results of this research are reported as follows; the prevalence of decrease the sexual desire in the veterans is 65/1%, the inability in erection 64/4%, difficulty in erection 60%, disorder in the continuation of erection 85/3%, and premature ejaculation 55%. In addition, the spouses of these veterans are encountered problems like the prevalence of the disorders in sexual desire with the rate of 25/4%, aversion of the sexual intercourse 7%, painfulness within sexual intercourse 8/8%, lack of excitement and vagina drought 10/3%, the disorder in orgasm 14/6%, and the inability in enjoying the sexual intercourse 14/3%.Discussion and conclusion:The high level of prevalence of sexual disorders considered in this research clarifies the necessity and importance of the educational, consultation and the treatment programs for these groups and their spouses.

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Jennifer Purvis. "Women as Weapons of War: Iraq, Sex, and the Media (review)." Journal of Speculative Philosophy 22, no. 4 (2008): 316–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jsp.0.0054.

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Efrati, Noga. "THE EFFENDIYYA: WHERE HAVE ALL THE WOMEN GONE?" International Journal of Middle East Studies 43, no. 2 (April 8, 2011): 375–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743811000122.

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In his “Note about the Term Effendiyya in the History of the Middle East” (International Journal of Middle East Studies 41 [2009]: 535–39), Michael Eppel clarifies his own use of effendiyya in an article he wrote for IJMES in 1998. In the 1998 article, Eppel emphasized the value of studying the effendiyya, or what he called the “Westernized middle stratum,” and its dominance in political life to better understand Hashimite Iraq (1921–58). Members of this group, he argued, benefited from modern education and donned Western dress. They were young state employees (officials, teachers, health workers, engineers, and, later, military officers) who adopted Arab nationalism and Pan-Arab ideology as a means to cope with their socioeconomic and political discontent. From the 1930s, Eppel noted, the effendiyya created the radical political atmosphere that lent backing to the “militant-authoritarian trends” that led to the pro-German Rashid ʿAli coup and the war with Britain in 1941. After World War II, they joined with other nationalist forces to lead the 1948 Wathba (uprising) against prolonging the Anglo–Iraqi treaty. In 1958, the army officers among them overthrew the monarchy. This “middle stratum” differed from the Western concept of the “new middle class,” and the indigenous Arabic term effendiyya, as employed by Eppel, endeavored to grasp the essence of this difference. It reflected a common experience that was the result of its members’ similar education, culture, and concerns rather than their economic status, social origins, and type of employment.

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Pfau, Michael, Michel Haigh, Andeelynn Fifrick, Douglas Holl, Allison Tedesco, Jay Cope, David Nunnally, et al. "The Effects of Print News Photographs of the Casualties of War." Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 83, no. 1 (March 2006): 150–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107769900608300110.

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This investigation examined effect of news photographs of Iraq war casualties on reader emotional response and attitudes about U.S. military presence, and the impact of inoculation pretreatments. Three print news conditions were used: photographs with caption, photographs accompanied by full text, and text. Photographs plus caption elicited greater emotional response and reduced support for continued U.S. presence, although effect sizes were small. A second study revealed that inoculation treatments reduced the influence, but effects were limited to women.

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Rossiter, Alicia Gill, Rita D'Aoust, and Michaela R. Shafer. "Military Serving at What Cost? The Effects of Parental Service on the Well-Being Our Youngest Military Members." Annual Review of Nursing Research 34, no. 1 (January 2016): 109–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0739-6686.34.109.

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Since the onset of war in Iraq and Afghanistan in April 2002, much attention has been given to the effect of war on servicemen and servicewomen who have now been serving in combat for over thirteen years, the longest sustained war in American history. Many service members have served multiple tours in Iraq and Afghanistan and suffered from the visible and invisible wounds of war. Much work has been done in the Veterans Administration, the Department of Defense, and the civilian sector after observing the effects of multiple deployments and overall military service on the service member. A survey of the literature revealed that the ethics of conducting research on programs to assist these brave men and women is fraught with ethical concerns based on a military culture that often precludes autonomy and privacy. While strides have been made in developing strategies to assist service members deal with their military service issues, a serious lack of information exists on the impact of a parent's service on the health and well-being of military children. A discussion of current research on services for children is presented with an analysis of the ethical problems that have precluded adequate study of those who need society's help the most.

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Keith, Susan, and Carol B. Schwalbe. "Women and Visual Depictions of the U.S.-Iraq War in Print and Online Media." Visual Communication Quarterly 17, no. 1 (February 8, 2010): 4–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15551390903553614.

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Maki, Ghada K. "War in the Iraqi feminist novel." Humanities Journal of University of Zakho 1, no. 2 (December 30, 2013): 178–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.26436/hjuoz.2013.1.2.97.

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This study deals with a number of novels written by women after 2003 to know the extent to which the Iraqi political, economic, social situation has been reflected in these novels and to which extent this situation has affected psychology of women. Furthermore, it focused on the theme of ongoing wars in the life of Iraqis and how to express them from women point of view. The women writers have expressed this theme in a different way from the traditional ones in the novels written by men focused on the idea of struggle, sacrifice and principles for the country sake. Such women focused on the suffering of Iraqis because of such wars and what women suffered in particular, either because of war or the brutality of the dictatorship as the case of Huda, the heroine of the novel entitled "After Love" by Hadiya Hussein. Finally, such women novels expressed the brutality of authority at that time and showed all negative aspects of the ex-regime

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Salvage, Jane. "‘Collateral damage’: The impact of war on the health of women and children in Iraq." Midwifery 23, no. 1 (March 2007): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2006.12.004.

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Begikhani, Nazand, and Najat M. Faraj. "Legal Treatment of Honour Crimes: Comparison Between Iraqi National and the Kurdistan Region’s Laws." European Journal of Comparative Law and Governance 3, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 130–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134514-00302003.

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The article discusses the legal treatment of honour crimes in Iraq and the Iraqi Kurdistan Region. It examines the judicial context in Kurdistan Region, focussing on the criminal justice system and law implementation mechanisms in relation to honour-based violence in general and honour killings in particular. The article draws on several years’ research into honour crimes in the Iraqi Kurdistan Region, including an investigation into honour-based violence led by the University of Bristol between 2008–2010. The research involved 131 semi-structured interviews with stakeholders addressing honour crimes, including legal professionals, MPs, prosecutors, police officers, victims, women’s rights activists, government officials and members of national and international agencies, including unami and undp. The article will look at different sets of legal remedies for honour crimes along with the attempts and the challenges involved in establishing justice for women in the region torn by years of war, internal conflicts and the rise of radical ideologies in the form of political Islam.

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Ali, Basma Abdulhasan. "The Renovation of She-Tragedy in Heather Raffo’s Nine Parts of Desire." Al-Adab Journal 3, no. 137 (June 15, 2021): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.31973/aj.v3i137.1647.

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During the 1990’s and the years of siege that followed, Iraqi women suffered from the oppression of the brutal misogynist regimes, and the cruel male-controlled ideals. Accordingly, through their suffering, these women portrayed the truth of being woman in a horrific atmosphere of war and how these traumatised women managed to survive. In her Nine parts of Desire, Heather Raffo presents the characters of nine different women of different ages and professions linking them to show the dreadful reality of being woman in the times of war. In this play, Raffo renovated the She-tragedy genre. Even though that this genre deals with weak frustrated women who suffer from the effect of the long lack of stability, years of internal violence, external occupation and their cumulative generational effects, yet Raffo’s characters are strong, confident and have a self-awareness and they stand face to face to the shocking values of war.

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Kachachi, Inaam. "The American Granddaughter." Arab World English Journal For Translation and Literary Studies 6, no. 2 (May 24, 2022): 233–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.24093/awejtls/vol6no2.17.

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The American Granddaughter is a novel about the war-torn country, Iraq, following the horrific aftermaths caused by the American invasion of it in 2003. The story is told mainly by the young American-Iraqi woman, Zeina, who represents the third Iraqi generation. Zeiena’s mother, Betoul, who represents the second Iraqi generation, and Zeina’s grandmother, Rahma, who represents the first generation, were present too. Although it is very short, chapter one says a lot about Zeina , now back home in America, after a unique experience as an American Arabic-speaking translator recruited by an American contractor that extended over five years (2003-2008). The first chapter beautifully sets the scene for what will come next in the following chapters.

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Moreira, Elysyana Barros, Jucier Gonçalves Júnior, André Luis Sant´Anna, Antônio Marlos Duarte de Melo, Athena De Albuquerque Farias, Bárbara Maria Moreira Dante Santaguida, and Gisanne De Oliveira Marinho. "CONSIDERATIONS ON REFUGEE WOMEN IN BRAZIL." Amadeus International Multidisciplinary Journal 3, no. 5 (November 5, 2018): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/aimj.v3i5.47.

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Throughout history, women have been facing several situations of disregard for basic human rights. In times where entire populations are forced to leave their homes and countries to achieve protection and a minimum condition for survival, as in the case of armed conflicts and political crises, gender relations become even more evident, as women are easy targets of physical and psychological aggression. In these times of greater scarcity of basic resources, they are responsible for caring for the most vulnerable families, the elderly and children. The countries of origin of the refugees - Syria, Iraq, Venezuela, among others – also face problems like inequality and patriarchalism. Refugees are sometimes subjected to sexual violence and, in order to protect themselves, are also forced to marry as children, for instance. These women and girls are not generally seen as human beings but as objects of exchange and weapons of war. It is necessary for international authorities to guarantee protection, shelter and care for refugee women without being required in return for such needed assistance.

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Rafi, Muhammad Shaban. "Screen Image Of Muslim Women In The Popular Post-9/11 Films On War On Terror." Pakistan Journal of Gender Studies 15, no. 1 (September 8, 2017): 61–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.46568/pjgs.v15i1.128.

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The purpose of this study is to deconstruct the screen image of Muslim women in the post- 9/11films on American war on terror. The data was drawn from four popular films (i.e., American Sniper-2014, Jarhead 2: Field of Fire-2014, Zero Dark Thirty- 2012 and Body of Lies-2008) depicting the post 9/11American war on terror in the Muslim countries such as Afghanistan, Iraq, Jordan, Pakistan, Oman, and Syria (henceforth ‘the Muslim society’). The study built its theoretical foundation by drawing from discourse analysis, critical theory and deconstruction. It is observed that social reality projected in the selected films hinges on different discursive practices manifested through linguistic styles, actions, objects, settings, graphic illustrations and sound tracks. In addition to the identification of the Muslim women in the oppressive discourses, the study unlocks some hidden meanings by acknowledging their professional contributions in the social institutions. The Western Caucasian women, usually empowered to exercise their rights, present a huge contrast to the Muslim women who are dangerously marginalized mostly if not always by the abrogation of rights. The study suggests that the representation of educated and professional women along with those who are oppressed can be a powerful strategy to resist misogynist discourse prevailing in the Muslim society.

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A. Tayes, Amna, Saleh M. Rahim, and Enas M. Yaseen. "The Relation between Some Hormonal And Biochemical Parameters In Infertile Women." Tikrit Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 12, no. 1 (April 26, 2023): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjphs.2017.12.1.3.17.30.

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Infertility is the most gynecological problem which is increasing all over the world.Many studies were done and many theories were tried to put the pathophysiology andcauses of infertility in order to find solutions to this problem. The aim of this study is:-1. To study the distribution of the problem all over Tikrit governorate.2. To study the relation between some hormones, biochemical parameters and infertility.Patients and Methods: 600 infertile patients were enrolled .The study conducted atobstetrics and gynecology out-patient of Tikrit Teaching Hospital. The primaryinvestigations of infertility were done to all women. Seventy two patients complained ofovarian cause infertility were taken randomly as a group -1- and 18 normal fertilewomen as a control group or group -2- to study FSH, LH, prolactin, insulin, leptin, TSH,T3, T4, blood sugar, lipid profile, BMI ,Glutathione (internal anti-oxidant) andMalondialdehyde ( oxidative stress product). Results: infertility increased in Iraq after2003 war. The primary infertility is more than secondary infertility. Many factorsassociated with it such as: age, BMI, blood groups, blood sugar, lipids profile andhormones. Different relations between study’s hormones, Glutathione andMalondialdehyde. Conclusion: The environmental factors can participates in infertilitysince 2003 in Iraq. Different hormones such as FSH,LH,Prolactin,Insulin, TSH, T4, T3,Leptin and others play a role in pathogenesis and different mechanisms of infertility.These hormones and infertility at the end result would be affected by oxidative stress ofthe body.

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Nilsson, Marco. "Muslim Mothers in Ground Combat Against the Islamic State." Armed Forces & Society 44, no. 2 (March 24, 2017): 261–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095327x17699568.

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This study analyzes the experiences and identities of Kurdish women fighting the Islamic State (IS) in northern Iraq as part of the Peshmerga Army. The case is especially interesting because these women have engaged in ground combat and because there is an empirical gap in knowledge, especially concerning Muslim women’s experiences as soldiers. Wars bring great destruction but can also catalyze social change. While seeking balance between their identities as good mothers and professional soldiers, many Kurdish women see their war participation as a chance to increase their agency and improve equality in society, as combat operations create a window of opportunity to change perceptions of women’s roles. Women soldiers still face prejudices and feel that they must prove their worth as fearless warriors in ground combat. However, interviewed soldiers said that they were not striving for equality but equivalency, stressing those qualities that women in particular can contribute in battle.

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KUWERT, PHILIPP, and HARALD JÜRGEN FREYBERGER. "The unspoken secret: sexual violence in World War II." International Psychogeriatrics 19, no. 4 (April 23, 2007): 782–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610207005376.

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War is a complex, enduring trauma composed of variable forms of extreme stress, such as violence, fear of death, displacement, loss of family members, abuse and starvation (Berman, 2001). More than 90% of war victims are civilians (UNICEF, 2006). Children and women are extremely vulnerable to traumatic experiences in times of war and the risk continues even in post-war-situations (Shanks and Schull, 2000). As far as former war-children are concerned, a high prevalence of post-traumatic stress symptoms is apparent even six decades after World War II (Kuwert et al., 2006). In the 1990s, the world was shocked by reports about systematic and widespread rape in the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda (Shanks and Schull, 2000). The Lancet has published articles about wartime rape and demanded the development of clear strategies against sexual violence in conflict (Hargreaves, 2001). However, it can be concluded that sexual violence was and is common in nearly all crisis zones. One recent example was the rape and murder of a 14-year-old girl by U.S. soldiers of the 101st Airborne Division in Iraq (The Times, 2006).

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Nazim, Zabeda. "No Shame for the Sun." American Journal of Islam and Society 21, no. 2 (April 1, 2004): 114–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v21i2.1799.

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Shahla Haeri’s groundbreaking work could not have emerged at a moredesperately needed time. In the aftermath of 9/11 and the war on Iraq, thewestern media have worked feverishly to bombard the West with imagesand messages about Muslim women and Islam. Whether it is the imageof Afghanistan’s burqa-clad women or Iraq’s veiled women, the messagehas been the same: All Muslim women are speechless, powerless, andoften invisible victims of an oppressive monolithic Islam.In No Shame for the Sun: Lives of Professional Pakistani Women,Haeri presents the reader with an insightful and poignant look at the livesof six educated, middle-class and upper-middle class, professionalPakistani women. Situated against Pakistan’s changing social, political,economic, cultural, and religious landscapes, their successes, costs, andstruggles “challenge the notion of a ‘hegemonic’ and monolithic Islam thatvictimizes Muslim women” (p. xi).The book’s preface spells out its main purpose: to render visible theexperiences of professional Pakistani women within the larger goal of disruptingthe dominant western stereotypes and beliefs of Muslim women.In the introduction, Haeri situates herself by raising a series of questionsemerging from her own experiences as an Iranian-born, middle-class, educated,professional Muslim woman living and working in the UnitedStates. Namely, she questions her own invisibility resulting from the persistenceof western stereotypical images and beliefs of women in theMuslim world and then offers an overview of the theoretical and historicalrationale for their persistence ...

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Lizotte, Mary-Kate. "Investigating the Origins of the Gender Gap in Support for War." Political Studies Review 17, no. 2 (July 7, 2017): 124–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1478929917699416.

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Gender is an important source of influence on foreign policy attitudes but has received less research attention than it deserves. In the United States, gender differences on support for military interventions average around 8 percent, with women less likely than men to support the use of force. This gap has surfaced in many conflicts, including World War II, the Korean and Vietnam wars, through to the Gulf War and the conflict in Iraq. The existence of a modest though persistent gender difference in support of the use of military force thus arouses considerable interest among political researchers. This piece critically discusses four explanations, the empirical evidence to date, and future directions for studying and testing the origins of this gender gap. The four explanations are economic/political marginalization, feminist identity, Social Role Theory, and value differences.

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Atkin, Natalie. "A Few Good Women: America's Military Women From World War I to the Wars in Iraq and Afghanistan (review)." Register of the Kentucky Historical Society 108, no. 3 (2010): 301–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/khs.2010.0042.

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Moulfi, Leila, and Dalal Sarnou. "Re-thinking Literary Space in Huda Barakat’s the Stone of Laughter." Traduction et Langues 13, no. 2 (December 31, 2014): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.52919/translang.v13i2.812.

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The Arab woman not only has contributed to the changing of the contemporary Arab literature but also has used her pen in times of wars and conflicts as a kind of resistance. Nawal Saadawi says: “does anything more than danger stimulate our creativity? And does anything threaten our creativity more than danger?” (N. Saadawi, 1996:157). In her article “Mapping Peace”, the literary critic Miriam Cooke claims that women have a stake in interpreting their war experiences. In fact, writing during war time is an experience that is part of war itself, an experience that informs the socio-political roles that precede it. The Lebanese, the Palestinian, and most recently the Iraqi women writers are vivid, genuine representatives of what a woman can create during times of war, how she can re-shape her experience of war and which portrait she can give to this experience. Hanane Sheikh, Sahar Khalifah, Mai Ghoussoub and Huda Barakat’s writings are instances of the Arab woman’s creativity in moments of conflicts, of wars and of danger. Women’s war literature allows the intolerable to be written because women do not take part in wars with arms but rather with their pens, their voices and their intellects. In fact, women writers subvert time, space and thus history to create their own world and their own records. This trend of Arab literature is viewed as an authoritative tool against the violence of war and as a passive resistance. It is also authoritative in terms of representing space and time as reshaped by wars. Contemporary Arab women writers have shown a big interest of creativity in writing novels, poems and short stories that lucidly portray the transformations war brings, and they have also shown a genuine capacity of subverting moments of war and transforming war time into moments of creation and metamorphosis. The present paper unveils Arab women writers’ genuine ability in creating a narrative space and a narrative time that is proper to moments of wars through their literary writings. Huda Barakat’s The Stone of Laughter is going to be our corpus as it represents a vivid depiction of the Lebanese Civil War, and “the best novel written about the Lebanese civil war.”

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Jani, Bushra Juhi. "Survival and Storytelling: Scheherazade and Lutfiya al-Dulaimi’s Saturn Ladies." English Language and Literature Studies 13, no. 2 (March 5, 2023): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ells.v13n2p16.

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This essay analyzes Lutfiya al-Dulaimi’s novel, Saturn Ladies, which explores the trauma, suffering, and difficulties faced by women in war and exile, particularly in Iraq during and after the US-led invasion. The author draws comparisons between the character of Hayat in the novel and Scheherazade from The Thousand and One Nights, highlighting the use of storytelling as a means of survival and resistance in the face of violence and oppression. Overall, the essay argues that Saturn Ladies revives the legacy of Scheherazade to communicate contemporary events and to keep the country’s history alive through storytelling.

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Zangana, Haifa. "Women and learning in the Iraqi war zone." International Journal of Lifelong Education 27, no. 2 (March 2008): 153–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02601370801936325.

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Jacqueline S. Ismael. "Iraqi Women in Conditions of War and Occupation." Arab Studies Quarterly 36, no. 3 (2014): 260. http://dx.doi.org/10.13169/arabstudquar.36.3.0260.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Women and war – Iraq'

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