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Journal articles on the topic 'Women and Defence Force'
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1
Wake, Nicola. "Battered Women, Startled Householders and Psychological Self-Defence: Anglo-Australian Perspectives." Journal of Criminal Law 77, no. 5 (October 2013): 433–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1350/jcla.2013.77.5.868.
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This article provides a timely and critical reappraisal of the interconnected, but discrete, doctrines of loss of self-control, under ss 54–56 of the Coroners and Justice Act 2009, and self-defence within s. 76 of the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008. The loss of control conceptualisation renders it difficult for defendants to claim the partial defence where exculpatory self-defence has been rejected, and fear of serious violence is adduced. This doctrinal incoherence has been exacerbated by the fact that s. 43 of the Crime and Courts Act 2013 effectively legitimises the use of disproportionate force in self-defence, but only in ‘startled householder’ cases. A more appropriate avenue of reform is provided by developments in Australian jurisdictions. This comparative extirpation engages the introduction of a new partial defence of self-preservation/psychological self-defence predicated on the notion of excessive utilisation of force in self-defence as in New South Wales, supplemented with a ‘social framework’ provision, akin to that in Victoria. The new defence would avoid the problems associated with requiring the abused woman to establish a loss of self-control and/or affording an affirmative defence in ‘startled householder’ cases.
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Smith, Hugh, and Ian McAllister. "The Changing Military Profession: Integrating Women in the Australian Defence Force." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Sociology 27, no. 3 (December 1991): 369–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/144078339102700305.
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Molekane, Ellen. "THE ROLE OF WOMEN IN THE SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL DEFENCE FORCE (SANDF)." African Security Review 5, no. 5 (January 1996): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10246029.1996.9627822.
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Smith, Hugh. "Women in the Australian Defence Force: In Line for the Front Line?" Australian Quarterly 62, no. 2 (1990): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20635580.
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Duriesmith, David, and Georgina Holmes. "The masculine logic of DDR and SSR in the Rwanda Defence Force." Security Dialogue 50, no. 4 (June 24, 2019): 361–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0967010619850346.
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Since the 1994 genocide and civil war, the Rwandan government has implemented an externally funded disarmament, demobilization and reintegration/security sector reform (DDR/SSR) programme culminating in the consolidation of armed groups into a new, professionalized Rwanda Defence Force. Feminists argue that DDR/SSR initiatives that exclude combatant women and girls or ignore gendered security needs fail to transform the political conditions that led to conflict. Less attention has been paid to how gendered relations of power play out through gender-sensitive DDR and SSR initiatives that seek to integrate women and transform hyper-masculine militarized masculinities. This article investigates how Rwanda’s DDR/SSR programme is governed by an oppressive masculine logic. Drawing on critical studies on men and masculinities and feminist work on peacebuilding, myths and the politics of belonging, it argues that Rwanda’s locally owned DDR/SSR programme places the military and militarization at the centre of the country’s nation-building programme. Through various ‘boundary-construction’ practices, the Rwandan government attempts to stabilize the post-1994 gender order and entrench the hegemony of a new militarized masculinity in Rwandan society. The case study draws on field research conducted in 2014 and 2015 and a discourse analysis of historical accounts, policy documents and training materials of the Rwanda Defence Force.
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Lee, Jennifer E. C., Irina Goldenberg, Ann-Renée Blais, Caitlin Comeau, Carina Daugherty, Eva Guérin, Christine Frank, et al. "Trials and tribulations among members of Canada’s Defence Team early in the pandemic: key insights from the COVID-19 Defence Team Survey." Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention in Canada 42, no. 3 (March 2022): 104–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.24095/hpcdp.42.3.04.
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Introduction Due to the unprecedented impact of COVID-19, there is a need for research assessing pandemic-related challenges and stressors. The current study aimed to assess key concerns and general well-being among members of Canada’s Defence Team, including Canadian Armed Forces personnel and members of the Department of National Defence (DND) Public Service. Methods The COVID-19 Defence Team Survey was administered electronically to Defence Team staff in April and May of 2020 and was completed by 13 688 Regular Force, 5985 Reserve Force and 7487 civilian DND Public Service personnel. Along with demographic information, the survey included assessments of work arrangement, pandemic-related concerns, general well-being and social and organizational support. Weighted data (to ensure representation) were used in all analyses. Results The majority of respondents were working from home, with a small minority unable to work due to restrictions. Though many concerns were endorsed by a substantial proportion of respondents, the most prevalent concerns were related to the health and well-being of loved ones. The majority of respondents reported their partner, family, supervisors, friends, colleagues and children provided general support. Half of the civilian defence staff and one-third of military respondents reported a decline in mental health. Women, younger respondents, those with dependents and, in some cases, those who were single without children were at risk of lower well-being. Conclusion The pandemic has negatively impacted a substantial portion of the Defence Team. When responding to future crises, it is recommended that leaders of organizations provide additional supports to higher-risk groups and to supervisors who are ideally positioned to support employees during challenging times.
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Prezelj, Iztok, Olivera Injac, and Anja Kolak. "Democratisation of Defence Policies and Systems in Slovenia and Montenegro: Developmental and Comparative Aspects." Politics in Central Europe 16, no. 3 (December 1, 2020): 713–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pce-2020-0032.
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Abstract The democratisation of national defence policies and systems plays a vital role in making any country more democratic. The democratic transition of this sector in Slovenia and Montenegro has experienced a challenging reform process and it is now time for reflection. This paper aims to identify the main characteristics and issues of the democratisation process in the field of national defence in both countries and, by comparing them, to look for key similarities and differences. The paper argues and confirms that the Slovenian and Montenegrin national defence and security systems were initially faced with serious post-socialist democratic deficits, but gradual democratisation then brought drastic improvements to the quality of their democracy. The process of joining NATO and the change from a military threat perception to a non-military threat perception created space for many reforms. Greatest steps forward in democratisation in both countries entailed nominating civilian defence ministers, having a reasonable number of civilian defence experts involved in the military business, establishing working parliamentary monitoring committees, reducing defence budgets and reallocating funding to other sectors. Progress was also observed in reducing the total number of soldiers, establishing a fully professional armed force, assuring that women in the armed forces were properly represented and increasing the deployment of soldiers to foreign stabilisation operations in a sign of becoming security providers.
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Prezelj, Iztok, Olivera Injac, and Anja Kolak. "Democratisation of Defence Policies and Systems in Slovenia and Montenegro: Developmental and Comparative Aspects." Politics in Central Europe 16, no. 3 (December 1, 2020): 713–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pce-2020-0032.
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AbstractThe democratisation of national defence policies and systems plays a vital role in making any country more democratic. The democratic transition of this sector in Slovenia and Montenegro has experienced a challenging reform process and it is now time for reflection. This paper aims to identify the main characteristics and issues of the democratisation process in the field of national defence in both countries and, by comparing them, to look for key similarities and differences. The paper argues and confirms that the Slovenian and Montenegrin national defence and security systems were initially faced with serious post-socialist democratic deficits, but gradual democratisation then brought drastic improvements to the quality of their democracy. The process of joining NATO and the change from a military threat perception to a non-military threat perception created space for many reforms. Greatest steps forward in democratisation in both countries entailed nominating civilian defence ministers, having a reasonable number of civilian defence experts involved in the military business, establishing working parliamentary monitoring committees, reducing defence budgets and reallocating funding to other sectors. Progress was also observed in reducing the total number of soldiers, establishing a fully professional armed force, assuring that women in the armed forces were properly represented and increasing the deployment of soldiers to foreign stabilisation operations in a sign of becoming security providers.
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van der Pols, Jolieke C., Jeeva Kanesarajah, Alison Bell, and Chi-Wai Lui. "Current dietary supplement use of Australian military veterans of Middle East operations." Public Health Nutrition 20, no. 17 (August 15, 2017): 3156–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980017001975.
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AbstractObjectiveTo assess patterns and levels of dietary supplement use among Australian Defence Forces, previously deployed to the Middle East Area of Operations.DesignA cross-sectional study. Participants of a large survey self-completed questions about dietary supplement use, health status, personal and job-related characteristics, and lifestyle factors. Frequency of current use of supplements was assessed in three categories (bodybuilding, energy and weight loss).SettingMiddle East Area of Operations post-deployment health survey.SubjectsCurrent and ex-serving Australian Defence Force personnel (n 14 032) who deployed to the Middle East between 2001 and 2009.ResultsBodybuilding supplements were used by 17·5 % of participants, energy supplements by 24·5 % and weight-loss supplements by 7·6 %. Overall, 32·3 % of participants used any of these supplements. Bodybuilding and energy supplements were more often used by men, younger persons and those in the Army, while weight-loss supplements were more commonly used by women and Navy personnel. Supplements in all three categories were more commonly used by persons in lower ranks, active service and combat roles. Users of bodybuilding supplements had healthier lifestyles and better health status, while users of energy and weight-loss supplements had less healthy lifestyles and poorer mental and physical health status. Overall, 11·7 % of participants used supplements containing caffeine and 3·6 % used a creatine-containing product.ConclusionsUse of dietary supplements among Australian Defence Force personnel is common, and patterned by lifestyle factors and health status.
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Moore, Brenda L. "Introduction to Armed Forces & Society." Armed Forces & Society 43, no. 2 (March 1, 2017): 191–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095327x17694909.
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This Armed Forces & Society issue is on women in the contemporary armed forces in the United States and other nations to include the South African National Defense Force and the Australian Defense Force. This issue contains a collection of nine papers, each reviewing a current aspect of women serving in the military since the post–Vietnam War Era. There are also two review essays of Megan Mackenzie’s book, Beyond the Band of Brothers: The US Military and the Myth That Women Can’t Fight. An overview of changing laws and the expanding role of women in the military is provided in this introduction, as well as summaries of the nine articles, and comments on the two book reviews mentioned above.
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Tapias Torrado, Nancy R. "Overcoming Silencing Practices: Indigenous Women Defending Human Rights from Abuses Committed in Connection to Mega-Projects: A Case in Colombia." Business and Human Rights Journal 7, no. 1 (February 2022): 29–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bhj.2021.54.
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AbstractMany of those who dare to raise their voices in defence of human rights in response to abuses committed in connection to mega-projects are being repressed in the Americas. In this context, Indigenous women leaders face multiple forms of violence, including gender-based violence. The prevailing narrative of ‘progress’ and ‘development’ that accompanies mega-projects in the region often stands in stark contrast to their lived experiences, as Indigenous women human rights defenders frequently face silencing practices from companies, authorities and other groups including paramilitary forces. In this article, I contend that Indigenous women leaders have managed to overcome the silence that is being imposed on them. But what are silencing practices? What does gender-based violence mean in this context? How do Indigenous women leaders overcome silencing practices? The article responds to these questions by focusing on the Wayúu Women’s Force mobilization in Colombia and drawing on the emerging ‘braided action’ theoretical framework.
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Wells, Celia. "Battered woman syndrome and defences to homicide: where now?" Legal Studies 14, no. 2 (July 1994): 266–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-121x.1994.tb00502.x.
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For many women, the abuse of power in the form of physical and emotional battering by their so-called ‘partners’ is a fact of life. Individual women feel the pain, the humiliation, the fear and the anger. But the debate about how legally we should respond to a woman who finally kills her abuser is significant beyond the individual. Whatever the predicament of women such as Sara Thornton, or Kiranjit Ahluwalia, sentenced to life imprisonment and forced to scale seemingly impossible obstacles in the appeal process, the exponential rise in literature on this subject is quite disproportionate to the number and increase (if any) in such cases. The real significance of the ‘self-defence for battered women’ movement lies less in these concrete examples and more in its metaphorical role as witness to the social reality of the abuse of women.
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Van Schaack, Beth. "The Crime of Aggression and Humanitarian Intervention on Behalf of Women." International Criminal Law Review 11, no. 3 (2011): 477–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157181211x576375.
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AbstractThis article is part of a larger project to analyse the rarely-considered gender aspects of the crime of aggression and to explore whether or not the amendments adding the crime of aggression to the Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC) represent an advancement for women. This piece focuses on the potential for the new provisions to chill bona fide exercises of humanitarian intervention given that (1) the crime is expansively drafted to potentially cover all uses of sovereign force, (2) delegates rejected efforts by the United States to include an express exception for military operations launched to prevent the commission of other crimes within the jurisdiction of the ICC, and (3) other proposals that would have prevented humanitarian interventions from being considered 'acts of aggression' were not fully explored or implemented. The article acknowledges that feminist theory may never fully come to terms with a notion of humanitarian intervention given the doctrine's valorisation of militarism, especially in light of the fact that women are so often excluded from decisions about uses of force. It nonetheless argues that if we want to hold out the possibility of humanitarian intervention being deployed in defence of women, elements of the new provisions (such as the terms 'manifest', 'character', 'gravity', and 'consequences') should be interpreted to exclude situations involving the nascent responsibility to protect doctrine.
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Mmakola, KL. "A Model for Women Representation in the South African National Defense Force: Concealing the Delusion of Femininity and Masculinity." African Journal of Gender, Society and Development (formerly Journal of Gender, Information and Development in Africa) 12, no. 4 (December 1, 2022): 27–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31920/2634-3622/2022/v11n4a2.
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This paper presents a model for women representation in the South African National Defence force (SANDF). The dominance of patriarchy and masculinity has frequently jeopardised the representation of women in combat roles in the SANDF. Male military officers have always predominated in the military hierarchy. Since World War I, women, like males, have played vital roles in the military as warriors; nonetheless, they have been marginalised, unrecognised, and underrepresented. The researcher used liberal feminist theory because she thinks that women, like men, have the right to engage in all political and social roles (including war roles) in all political and social roles (including war roles). The qualitative approach and an exploratory research design were used in this study. The population of the study comprised all female military officers in the Limpopo province. Snowballing sampling was used to identify the research participants and a total of fifteen female military officers were selected to take part in in-depth interviews. Data was analysed using thematic content analysis. The study identified elements that impact women's participation in the military as well as the institution's capacity to meet their requirements.. The nature of representation between men and women in the SANDF was found instrumental in concealing the delusion of femininity and masculinity. These findings were instrumental in developing the model for gender representation in the SANDF. The model has four components namely the society, women, government and SANDF. The SANDF is at the centre of the model and the other three components play a pivotal role in naturing the force to ensure gender representation. The study concludes that gender representation in the SANDF can only be achieved if all the three components are considered. Two recommendations were made: the importance of outreach and provision of information.
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Booley, Ashraf. "SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL DEFENCE FORCE (SANDF) DROPS CHARGES AGAINST HIJAB-WEARING OFFICER: CASE IN POINT SOUTH AFRICA." Jurnal Syariah 29, no. 2 (August 31, 2021): 195–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/js.vol29no2.2.
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Over the last few decades, a piece of fabric has become a powerful and divisive symbol worldwide. Since the tragic events of 9/11, this piece of fabric has become a topic of great debate, at local, national, regional and international level. The veil as worn by some Muslim women has assumed iconic proportions around the globe. To some it symbolizes piety to others, oppression. To some it is a rejection of Western morality to others, a rejection of modernity. To some, it is a religious statement supporting Islam as a way of living; to others, a political statement supporting violent Islamists. These disparate attributions exemplify the power of nonverbal communication and support the maxim that words and objects contain no inherent meaning; only people assigned meaning. This article discusses the status of religious rights and freedoms under the South African Constitution. One aspect of this change is the change that has affected the various religions, cultures, and customs in South Africa. It is therefore, viewed by many as a constitution for the people of South Africa which includes a Bill of Rights. Historically speaking, for the very first time since colonialism, all religions were guaranteed the of religion. Furthermore, religions, cultures and languages are deep-rooted in the various constitutional provisions, namely, sections 9(3), 15(1) to (3), 30, 31, 185 and 234 respectively. These constitutional provisions are solidified by section 7 which obliges the state to respect, protect, promote and fulfil the provisions set forth in the Bill of Rights. The article concludes with an argument for the recognition of plurality of religions and religious legal systems in South Africa.
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Kaufman, Whitley R. P. "Self-Defense, Imminence, and the Battered Woman." New Criminal Law Review 10, no. 3 (2007): 342–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/nclr.2007.10.3.342.
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A traditional element of self-defense doctrine is the imminence rule, restricting the use of force in self-defense to cases where the threatened harm is imminent, about to happen. In recent years, this rule has been subject to increasing criticism, especially in the context of cases involving battered women, and some commentators have even called for its elimination. This essay presents the case for the imminence rule as reflecting the requirement that in a civil society, the use of force be reserved to the state, with only one exception. This exception applies to cases where an individual is faced with an imminent threat. In such circumstances, the state would not be able to intervene in time to protect the person, and hence the individual is permitted to use force in her own defense.
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Muskaan Dalal. "Secretary, Ministry of Defence v. Babita Puniya; (2020) 7 SCC 469." Legal Research Development: An International Refereed e-Journal 6, no. III (March 30, 2022): 16–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.53724/lrd/v6n3.07.
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The research article titled “Permanent Commission and Gender Equality- a Step Forward” is a case commentary on the case of Secretary, Ministry of Defence v. Babita Puniya; (2020) 7 SCC 469 which is a recent judgment granting Permanent Commission to the women officers in the Indian Armed Forces. The article provides a background of the case which basically involves the discussion about the main issue i.e., permanent commission and why it is important for the women officers and how the non-granting of the same led to gender inequality. Then, it moves onto the main facts, issues and judgment of the case in brief along with a detailed analysis of the opinions of the judges and how it is a landmark and a progressive judgment in terms of gender equality. The conclusion provides the suggestions and the author’s take on the issue.
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Passmore, Leith. "Defending the Family: Female Begging and the Policing of Female Begging on the Streets of Pinochet's Santiago (1973–90)." Journal of Latin American Studies 52, no. 3 (May 29, 2020): 521–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x20000589.
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AbstractEconomic crises during Chile's civic–military dictatorship (1973–90) forced a growing number of people onto the streets, including women who commuted from peripheral neighbourhoods to beg in downtown Santiago. Under military rule, impoverished women in public spaces became a police problem. Despite their constant presence on the streets throughout the twentieth century, Chile's begging laws were rarely applied to women, except for a brief period under Pinochet, when begging emerged as a female crime in Santiago. This paper examines female begging and the policing of female begging, revealing both to be framed as a defence of the family.
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Salem, James M. "Busting Out: African-American Culture from the 1954 Republican Lincoln Day Box Supper to the 1955 Emmett Till Lynching as Documented by the Chicago Defender." Prospects 29 (October 2005): 541–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s036123330000185x.
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Black newspapers began to compete with the church as an institution influential in shaping black public opinion as early as 1878 in Chicago and, by World War II, according to the authors of Black Metropolis, they represented “one of the most powerful forces among Negroes in America.” The most prominent and influential of these weekly newspapers was the Chicago Defender, founded in 1905 by Robert S. Abbott, the “son of slaves,” who was encouraged to believe by his minister-stepfather that “a newspaper was one of the strongest weapons a Negro could have in the defense of his race.” Abbott, his biographer contends, “was one of the first Negroes in the United States to become a millionaire — and, in the process, he revolutionized the Negro press, today [1955] the greatest single force in the Negro world.” Though Abbott would have been proud of the compliment, he would not have printed it in his paper because during his lifetime the Defender was not permitted to use the terms Negro or black. Abbott preferred Race, Race men, and Race women.
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Benz, Terressa A. "Black Femininity and Stand Your Ground: Controlling Images and the Elusive Defense of Self-Defense." Critical Sociology 46, no. 7-8 (July 1, 2020): 1093–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0896920520932980.
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Stand Your Ground (SYG) laws are color-blind and gender neutral in language, providing all citizens the right to use deadly force with no obligation to retreat when they experience a “reasonable” threat. However, SYG protections depend on implicit racial and gender biases. Using the case of Siwatu-Salama Ra, the elusive nature of SYG protections is explored as it relates to dominant stereotypes regarding Black femininity. The argument is made that this othering of Black women as aggressive, fearless, and in need of discipline is a miscarriage of justice and provides the ideological groundwork for the exclusion of Black women from self-defense protections.
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Györffy, Ágnes, and Judit Bolgár. "The Characteristics of Women Soldiers’ Profession Socialization, Integration, Adaptation and Their Emphasized Fields of Manifestation in the Different Types of Corps." Academic and Applied Research in Military and Public Management Science 13, no. 2 (June 30, 2014): 379–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.32565/aarms.2014.2.15.
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The acceptance of women soldiers still poses questions in the organization of Hungarian Defence Forces although they are more than a countable amount of active members in the last decade. Besides this, their professional socialization in military jobs could be problematic in some ways. Professional socialization is highly influenced by the type of corps (fighting; fight–supporting; serving–supporting) where the woman soldier fulfils her duty, because henceforth she will adapt herself to the requirements and expectations of the corps in question. In order to map the differences of the corps from this aspect we have organized focus groups and by doing this our “hidden aim” was to promote the acceptance of women soldiers and facilitate them in their socialization. As a result we have gained information on the problematic points of adaptation, also the specification of the different types of corps from this point of view. These data will be shown and interpreted in this article.
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Waruszynski, Barbara T., Kate Hill MacEachern, Suzanne Raby, Michelle Straver, and Eric Ouellet. "Desire to serve: Insights from Canadian defence studies on the factors that influence women to pursue a military career." Journal of Military, Veteran and Family Health 8, s1 (April 1, 2022): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/jmvfh-2021-0089.
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LAY SUMMARY The Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) continues to highlight the need to promote greater diversity and inclusion in its ranks. An increased representation of women in the Canadian military would enable greater capacity and capabilities to serve people, both domestically and abroad, and would contribute to a more diverse and inclusive military. To better understand how the CAF could increase the representation of women in the Canadian military, this article provides the key findings of three internal research studies on women’s perceptions of joining the military and women’s experiences as CAF members. These research studies examined the factors that influence women to join the military, the possible challenges impacting women’s decisions to join the military, and the improvements required for enabling a more effective military culture, including recruitment strategies that may help to increase the representation of women. The findings highlight specific factors and recommendations military leaders may consider to help promote greater capacity and capabilities through a more diverse and inclusive military.
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Hennessey, Eileen M. "‘…the cheapest thing in Australia is the girls’: Young Women In Townsville 1942–45." Queensland Review 1, no. 1 (June 1994): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1321816600000519.
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Australian foreign policy reached a watershed in late 1941/early 1942. As the Japanese continued their rapid advance through Southeast Asia and into New Guinea, apprehensive Australians believed their country could be next. The government also knew their traditional ally Britain would not come to their aid should the Japanese invade Australia, and as most of their own forces were already out of the country, the remainder would have provided a totally inadequate defence. For Prime Minister Curtin and his advisers it was America that had to provide protection for Australia; both for its own sake, and as the base from which the Japanese advance through the Eastern Pacific rim from North to South could be halted.
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Otonkorpi-Lehtoranta, Katri, Minna Leinonen, Risto Nikkanen, and Tuula Heiskanen. "Intersections of gender, age and occupational group in the Finnish defence forces." Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal 34, no. 7 (September 21, 2015): 593–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/edi-03-2015-0016.
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Purpose – Addressing the challenges expressed by organization researchers and Leslie McCall with her conceptual framework of intercategorical analysis, this paper contributes to the methodological debate on intersectionality. The purpose of this paper is to explore intersectionality on the organizational level in the Finnish defence forces (FDF). In the paper, the authors explore how the interactions between categories of gender, age, and position in the organization explain the concerns of employees in the changing military organization. Furthermore, the authors also investigate the types of intersectional mechanisms behind the empirical observations. Design/methodology/approach – The logistic regression analysis is based on a survey addressed to the whole salaried personnel in the FDF in 2011 (n=8,093, response rate being 54 per cent). Findings – In line with McCall’s (2005) intercategorical approach, the analysis shows that the plain examination of main effects of the variables will not suffice, but the interaction effects of the variables must also be examined. The analysis indicates that even though women in general experienced more concerns, gender does not alone explain the concerns expressed by the members of the FDF, but age and especially personnel group are significant in understanding configurations of positions in relation to the organizational change process. Research limitations/implications – The methodological limitation of the study is that although the data were large, it was not possible to conduct three-ways analysis, because of the size of some groups. Originality/value – The study offers a noteworthy addition to the rare research of practising intersectionality in the conceptual framework using quantitative methods.
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Ombati, Mokua. "Crossing Gender Boundaries or Challenging Masculinities? Female Combatants in the Kenya Defence Forces’ (KDF) War against Al-Shabaab Militants." Masculinities & Social Change 4, no. 2 (June 21, 2015): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.17583/mcs.2015.1510.
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<p>Few institutions have historically presented more defined gender boundaries than the military. This study examines gender and war through the lens of military combat roles. Military combat roles have traditionally relied on and manipulated ideas about masculinity and femininity. Women arrive in the army with different types of capital and bring with them a shared cultural ‘tool kit’ (womanhood). Following the military’s labour allocation process, they are assigned combat roles, which is at variance to their gendered character. Assignment in non-traditional feminine roles means crossing gender boundaries. Ethnographic studies of the Kenya Defence Forces operations in Somalia reveal the different gendered characteristics of the military roles as reflected in the women’s soldiery experiences. The encounter with military power and authority challenges the women soldiers to redefine their feminine capital, to interpret the military reality via a gendered lens and, therefore, to critically (re)examine the patriarchal order. Grounded on the twin theoretical frameworks of socio-cultural capitals and cultural scripts, and structured on a gender framing of women’s military roles, the study illustrates the complex and contradictory realities of women in the army. The study unpacks the relationship between masculinity and femininity, and, war and the military. It underpins the value of the female soldier as a figurative illustration of the complex interrelations between the gendered politics of masculinity and femininity. It considers what the acts, practices and performances constitutive of female soldiering reveal about particular modes of governance, regulation and politics that arise from the sacrifices of soldiers in combatant.</p><p align="center"> </p>
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Ombati, Mokua. "Crossing Gender Boundaries or Challenging Masculinities? Female Combatants in the Kenya Defence Forces’ (KDF) War against Al-Shabaab Militants." Masculinities & Social Change 4, no. 2 (June 21, 2015): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.17583/msc.2015.1510.
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<p>Few institutions have historically presented more defined gender boundaries than the military. This study examines gender and war through the lens of military combat roles. Military combat roles have traditionally relied on and manipulated ideas about masculinity and femininity. Women arrive in the army with different types of capital and bring with them a shared cultural ‘tool kit’ (womanhood). Following the military’s labour allocation process, they are assigned combat roles, which is at variance to their gendered character. Assignment in non-traditional feminine roles means crossing gender boundaries. Ethnographic studies of the Kenya Defence Forces operations in Somalia reveal the different gendered characteristics of the military roles as reflected in the women’s soldiery experiences. The encounter with military power and authority challenges the women soldiers to redefine their feminine capital, to interpret the military reality via a gendered lens and, therefore, to critically (re)examine the patriarchal order. Grounded on the twin theoretical frameworks of socio-cultural capitals and cultural scripts, and structured on a gender framing of women’s military roles, the study illustrates the complex and contradictory realities of women in the army. The study unpacks the relationship between masculinity and femininity, and, war and the military. It underpins the value of the female soldier as a figurative illustration of the complex interrelations between the gendered politics of masculinity and femininity. It considers what the acts, practices and performances constitutive of female soldiering reveal about particular modes of governance, regulation and politics that arise from the sacrifices of soldiers in combatant.</p><p align="center"> </p>
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Hopkins, Dawnkimberly, and Candy Wilson. "Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Active Duty Service Women: A Retrospective Analysis." Military Medicine 184, no. 9-10 (February 27, 2019): 440–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usz023.
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Abstract Introduction Women make up 16.3% of the Department of Defense (DoD) active duty military population. January 2016, the Secretary of the Defense opened all military positions to women, including combat positions. Identifying conditions that may impact health and military readiness are essential to maintaining a fit and ready force. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a condition that has significant health and military readiness implications for active duty service women (ADSW). Some of the common manifestations of PCOS, overweight, obesity, and abnormal menstrual cycles, have a direct impact on the deployment readiness of ADSW, which effects military operations. The prevalence of PCOS in ADSW must be identified to ascertain true numbers in the DoD to appropriately support, treat, and manage this population; therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore the prevalence of PCOS diagnosis, in ADSW. Materials and Methods A retrospective analysis of electronic health record data from the Department of Defense Military Health Systems DataMart was conducted for calendar years January 2011 – December 2016, using ICD 9 and 10 codes. ADSW with symptoms and conditions that were present with PCOS but did not have the ICD 9 or 10 code for PCOS were also identified to explore the potential undiagnosed prevalence of PCOS. The diagnosed symptoms and conditions included for analysis were weight gain, obesity, dyslipidemia, glucose intolerance, hypertension, acne, acanthosis nigricans, infertility, and menstrual irregularity. Results There are 11,190 (0.2%) ADSW diagnosed with PCOS, and 9,112 (0.17%) diagnosed with symptoms that meet the profile and characteristics present in PCOS, but have no diagnosis. All branches of service and ranks were represented in these numbers Conclusions PCOS is present in ADSW. Obtaining an accurate prevalence rate of this condition helps reveal the extent of its presence, helps increase awareness, and identify that there is a population in need of targeted support and interventions to maintain a fit and ready force.
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Singer, Max. "Moral Standards Under Pressure: The Israeli Army and the Intifada." Ethics & International Affairs 4 (March 1990): 135–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7093.1990.tb00250.x.
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“The PLO practice of hiding behind civilians has produced severe tests for the IDF [Israeli Defense Force].” Have Israeli soldiers abandoned their moral obligations in war during the time of Intifada? The moral code of the “purity” of arms (tohar haneshek) has served as an absolute standard for the Israeli Army since the creation of Israel. The author emphasizes that although televised beatings of Palestinian women and children have caused an outcry, it would be unrealistic to hold Israeli soldiers to the same moral standards given the political situation; hence the IDF cannot be criticized for having committed some immoral acts under the unique circumstances of the intifada. The Israeli Defense Force has not abandoned its tohar haneshek and has maintained its commitment to moral values in national and international behavior.
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Šaranović, Jovanka, Brankica Potkonjak-Lukić, and Tatjana Višacki. "ACHIEVEMENTS AND PERSPECTIVES OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF UNSCR 1325 IN THE MINISTRY OF DEFENCE AND THE SERBIAN ARMED FORCES." WOMEN, PEACE AND SECURITY ON THE 15TH ANNIVERSARY OF UN SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTION 1325/ ŽENSKE, MIR IN VARNOST OB 15. OBLETNICI SPREJETJA RESOLUCIJE VARNOSTNEGA SVETA ORGANIZACIJE ZDRUŽENIH NARODOV 1325, VOLUME 2016/ ISSUE 18/3 (September 30, 2016): 65–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.33179/bsv.99.svi.11.cmc.18.3.6.
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This paper reviews positive experiences in the implementation of the UNSC Resolution 1325 in the Ministry of Defence and the Serbian Armed Forces (MoD and SAF). Since the first National Action Plan for the Implementation of the UNSC Resolution 1325 – Women, Peace and Security in the Republic of Serbia (2010- 2015) is no longer valid, the best evidence of the significant improvements that have been made regarding gender equality in the MoD and SAF are the achieved results. In addition to improved gender awareness, and a higher representation of women in the defence system, these results also indicate that the roles, positions and protection of women have been improved. Future responses to all the challenges that stand in a way of full objectification of gender equality in the MoD and SAF require additional efforts for their timely identification, comprehensive understanding, correct interpretation and objective presentation. Today, as was the case with the pervious document, the MoD of the Republic of Serbia has a key role in drafting the new National Action Plan for the period 2016-2020, especially with regard to the definition of its objectives and determining the dynamics of their implementation, thereby taking into consideration contemporary standards in the area of gender equality, accumulated knowledge, lessons learned, empirical research findings and experience gained by other countries at the regional and global level. V članku so predstavljene pozitivne izkušnje pri izvajanju Resolucije OZN 1325 na Ministrstvu za obrambo in v Vojski Srbije. Ker prvi nacionalni akcijski načrt za uresničevanje Resolucije OZN 1325 – Ženske, mir in varnost v Republiki Srbiji (2010–2015) ni več v veljavi, so doseženi rezultati najboljši dokaz pomembnih izboljšav na področju enakosti spolov na Ministrstvu za obrambo in v Vojski Srbije. Poleg boljše ozaveščenosti na področju spolov in večje zastopanosti žensk v obrambnem sistemu ti rezultati kažejo tudi na izboljšane vlogo, položaj in zaščito žensk. Za prihodnje odgovore na izzive, ki se še pojavljajo na poti do popolne objektivizacije enakosti spolov na Ministrstvu za obrambo in v Vojski Srbije, so nujna dodatna prizadevanja, da se pravočasno odkrijejo, celovito razumejo, pravilno tolmačijo in objektivno predstavijo. Danes, podobno kot pri pripravi prejšnjega dokumenta, ima Ministrstvo za obrambo Republike Srbije glavno vlogo pri oblikovanju novega nacionalnega akcijskega načrta za obdobje 2016–2020, še zlasti pri opredeljevanju ciljev in določanju dinamike njihovega uresničevanja. Pri tem se upoštevajo sodobni standardi na področju enakosti spolov, pridobljeno znanje, učenje iz izkušenj, rezultati empiričnih raziskav ter izkušnje drugih držav na regionalni in globalni ravni.
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Khodr, Zeina, Anna Bukowinski, Clinton Hall, Gia Gumbs, Natalie Wells, and Ava Marie Conlin. "The Department of Defense Birth and Infant Health Research Program: Assessing the Reproductive Health of U.S. Active-Duty Women." Seminars in Reproductive Medicine 36, no. 06 (November 2018): 351–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1678751.
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AbstractAs the percentage of women serving in the active-duty military continues to grow, and as their roles continue to expand, the importance of monitoring reproductive health in the military community increases. The Department of Defense Birth and Infant Health Research (BIHR) program conducts ongoing epidemiologic studies to assess potential increased risks for adverse reproductive and infant health outcomes in the military population. Military personnel endure unique physical and mental demands as a part of their occupational duties (e.g., extensive preventive care, numerous trainings, and deployments), which require special consideration as parental exposures in reproductive health research that cannot be well assessed in the general population. From 2003 to 2014, the BIHR program captured 250,604 pregnancies among approximately 2.4 million active-duty women of reproductive age when limited to non-cadet Army, Air Force, Navy, and Marine Corps personnel. Approximately 15,000 live births occurred each year, and the live birth rate ranged from 76.9 per 1,000 in 2003 to 71.0 per 1,000 in 2014. Safety of military-unique preventive measures, environmental exposures, and occupational hazards in pregnancy are summarized herein. Reproductive health is important to our service members and their families, and optimizing the health of military families ultimately contributes to force readiness.
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Di Bacco, Vincenzo E., Mehran Taherzadeh, Olivier Birot, and William H. Gage. "The effects of single versus multiple training sessions on the motor learning of two Krav Maga strike techniques, in women." PeerJ 8 (February 13, 2020): e8525. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8525.
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Background Experts of the Krav Maga (KM) self-defense system propose that KM techniques are based on simple body movements which are suggested to be learned rapidly and retained. This study investigated the acquisition, retention, and further improvement with additional training of two KM strike techniques among novice female practitioners: straight punch and defensive kick. Methods Sixteen healthy females (age: 23 ± 3.7 years) without any previous martial arts/self-defense experience volunteered to participate. All participants received an initial 30-min instruction session (AQ), taught by a certified KM instructor, where each technique was deconstructed into three checkpoints (defined as a component of the entire movement) for learning. Participants were divided into two groups, one of which received additional training. Several kinematic and kinetic measures were recorded at four timepoints: immediately before AQ, immediately after AQ, 5 days after AQ, and 12 days after AQ. Results Results suggest that both techniques were learned rapidly, as checkpoint performance was significantly improved after AQ. Kick velocity and impact force also increased significantly after AQ; however, these measures did not change after AQ for the punch technique. Additional training did not improve either punch or kick performance beyond that learned during AQ. Conclusion The findings from this study suggest that a single training session may be sufficient to learn and retain KM strike techniques relatively permanently; and the acquisition of the kick technique may lead to concomitant improvements in kick velocity and impact force.
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Brown, Vanessa. "Locating Feminist Progress in Professional Military Education." Atlantis 41, no. 2 (April 2, 2021): 26–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1076198ar.
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A continuing debate in feminist scholarship on gender, security, and the military has been whether militaries can facilitate feminist progress and be forces for good. Feminists committed to working outside of militaries note that gender perspectives have often been used to advance the military’s goals of winning wars rather than commitments to feminist social transformation of military institutions and societies. However, influences from international normative frameworks on Women, Peace and Security; Canada’s feminist foreign policy; and an emphasis on diversity and inclusion within Canada’s Defence Policy have presented the Canadian Armed Forces with a solid platform from which it has begun to make change. The central tenets of this broad feminist platform have begun to permeate Canadian Professional Military Education (PME) through the collective efforts of educators, staff, and military students at Canada’s defence colleges. Drawing on a review of policy and programmes as well as a qualitative analysis of interviews with educators, staff, and military students, the article demonstrates that feminist transformational change by military members is possible by exploring its nascent reality. The article highlights the challenges and benefits of incorporating feminist perspectives in Canadian PME and demonstrates how and under what conditions military graduates with this education have begun to apply gender and cultural learning to make local feminist interventions both within and outside their institution. Ultimately, this research shows that collective efforts toward localized and incremental changes by military members are paving the way for meaningful feminist progress within the military.
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Eichenberg, Richard C., and Richard J. Stoll. "The Acceptability of War and Support for Defense Spending." Journal of Conflict Resolution 61, no. 4 (July 10, 2016): 788–813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002715600760.
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We study the factors that influence citizen support for defense spending in fourteen democracies over the period 2004–2013. We pose two research questions. First, what factors influence citizen support for war and military force? We refer to this as the acceptability of war. Second, in addition to the acceptability of war, what other factors affect support for defense spending? Our principal finding is that citizen acceptance of war and support for defense spending are most influenced by basic beliefs and values. Gender also has a strong negative influence on attitudes toward war and thus indirectly lowers support for defense spending among women. Attitudes toward war and defense spending are also sometimes influenced by short-term threats and by alliance considerations, but the effects are not as substantively meaningful. We conclude with a summary of the results and a discussion of the implications for theory and policy.
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Hermann Léopold, HOUESSOU. "THE " REPUBLICAN POLICEMAN" ACCORDING TO THE OTHER IN ABOMEYCALAVI (BENIN)." International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Bioresearch 07, no. 04 (2022): 01–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.35410/ijaeb.2022.5739.
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In Benin, the "Republican Police" is defined as a single internal security force, resulting from the merger of the former national police and the former national gendarmerie of Benin in accordance with law N ° 2017-41 of December 29, 2017. Article 2 of Decree No. 2018-314 of July 11, 2018 stipulates that the Republican Police is a paramilitary force established to ensure public security, the maintenance of order and the execution of laws. It has jurisdiction over the entire territory, including paramilitary and military personnel as well as military barracks, air bases and naval force buildings. The police officer is therefore invested with missions that can put him in “situation” with all the components of society, including his own colleagues. This state of affairs generates a host of opinions related to the police in the execution of their sovereign missions. This research aims to analyze the perceptions of the Republican policeman in the town of Abomey-Calavi. To achieve this, recourse is made to a methodological approach based on documentary research, field investigation and observation. The interviews carried out with 32 respondents composed of citizens, municipal elected officials, road users, prisoners, market women, but also agents of public security and defense forces were approached. It emerges from the analysis of the data carried out under the prism of the symbolic interactionism of H. Blumer, that the Republican police officer is much more concerned with something other than the security and the free movement of people and their goods. Some people surveyed think that the police officer is often misunderstood and is the object of contempt. For still others, the police officer must be more professional to avoid prejudices that are detrimental to the institution.
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Bobrova, Yuliia Yu, and Yuriy O. Bobrov. "Respect for gender equality as a component of civilian democratic control over the military organisation of the state." Journal of the National Academy of Legal Sciences of Ukraine 28, no. 1 (March 24, 2021): 52–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.37635/jnalsu.28(1).2021.52-60.
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The analysis of numerous scientific publications demonstrates the great relevance of gender studies at the current stage of Ukrainian social development, in almost all spheres of social relations. As for ensuring equal participation of men and women in the functioning of the military organisation of the state, the implementation of such a gender balance contributes to improving civilian control over it through the possibility of developing the capacity of regulatory bodies in gender issues, promoting dialogue between the community and control bodies, and drawing public attention to the problems of accountability of institutions of this organisation. The main purpose of this study is to highlight the state of gender equality in the military organisation of the state through the lens of civilian democratic control. The study determined the state of legislative regulation of the concept of military organisation of the state and civil democratic control. The study analysed the introduction of a gender perspective in Ukraine in the subject matter and the dynamics of establishing a gender balance in the military organisation of the state; the impact on existing trends of legislative initiatives. It is stated that the modern Ukrainian army is mostly “male”. Despite the fact that women are allowed to serve in the military, they do not take part in making socially important decisions, they do not hold high military positions, and career growth is challenging for them. The study identified the main problems of implementing gender equality in the Armed Forces of Ukraine and other structures of the Defence Forces of Ukraine, which are more based on social stereotypes of pre-defined roles for men and women. Civil control over the Armed Forces is described as a socio-political process in this area
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Kleimola, A. M. "“S” is for “Seriously?” The Staritskii Plots as “Disorienting Defense”." Russian History 47, no. 1-2 (June 10, 2020): 58–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/18763316-04701005.
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The role of the succession question in court politics during the reign of Ivan iv has been a recurrent theme in Muscovite historiography, with particular focus on the “dynastic crisis” of 1553 as the first in a series of plots by Ivan’s cousin Vladimir Staritskii to gain the throne. But the true instigator, according to our sole source (interpolations in the Tsarstvennaia kniga segment of the Illuminated Chronicle), was Vladimir’s mother Evfrosin’ia. Somehow she was behind all the treasonous plots involving her son, and indirectly a guiding force behind all Ivan’s problems with disloyalty among the Muscovite elite. How she managed this is not at all clear, given the circumscribed role of women in Muscovy and her own absence from the capital. But the internal logic of the narrative clearly had a powerful appeal, and her image as the wicked witch of Muscovite domestic politics became the basis of “alternative facts” that have deflected historians from considering other explanations of Ivan’s dealings with his court.
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Tchopev, Zahari, Alex Carrizales, Jorey Cunico, Vincent Mysliwiec, Alan Peterson, David Kim, Shana Hansen, Tyler Powell, and Matthew Brock. "0831 Identifying Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders in Underserved Demographics Using Commercial Portable Monitoring Devices: A Case Report." Sleep 45, Supplement_1 (May 25, 2022): A359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsac079.827.
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Abstract Introduction An estimated twenty-five percent of American women are at high risk of having obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). However, male sex is the predominantly reported risk factor. Women are less likely to report “classic” symptoms such as snoring that prompt referral for sleep evaluation. This dichotomy potentially represents a disparity in clinical evaluation and treatment of OSA in women. Consumer digital health devices are frequently used to monitor sleep in people with and without sleep disturbances. They are generally highly sensitive yet have lower specificity when compared with formal actigraphy or polysomnography. They may be used in conjunction with physician evaluation to guide decision-making. Report of Cases: A 33 year-old female with a pertinent past medical history of obesity (BMI 37.83 kg/m ), depression, chronic pain, and anxiety was referred to our sleep center with a multi-year history of excessive daytime fatigue and non-restorative sleep that persisted despite healthy habits counseling and unremarkable lab evaluation. She ultimately presented her primary care physician with biometric data collected by her Garmin watch and Oura ring. This data, which included a reported low SpO of 83%, motivated a referral to Sleep Medicine. Her presentation Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) score and Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) were 14 and 17, respectively. Polysomnography revealed an AHI of 32.6/hr, oxygen nadir of 79%, ODI of 28.7/hr, and a 97.2% sleep efficiency. PLMS index was 23.2/hour but did not contribute to sleep fragmentation and there was increased proportion of stage N3 sleep (28.2%). Severe OSA was treated with APAP. The two month follow-up ESS and ISS improved to 9 and 4, respectively. Device data revealed greater than 6 hours of consistent nightly use with a residual AHI of 3.1/hr. She subjectively stated APAP “has been a life changer” personally and professionally, as well as spousal report of resolution of snoring. Her consumer devices similarly reported improved sleep measures. Conclusion Minorities and women may be underserved in evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of OSA. Portable monitoring using readily available consumer biometric devices may be a viable strategy for patients to further identify high risk features and prompt referral by primary care. Support (If Any) This work was supported by the Defense Health Agency, Defense Medical Research and Development Program, Clinical Research Intramural Initiative for Military Women’s Health (DM170708; Mysliwiec) and the Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio (FA8650-18-2-6953; Peterson).
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Al Ansari, Ahmed. "A Comparison Study of Communication Skills between General Surgery and General Practice Residents on First-time Patient Visits." Canadian Medical Education Journal 3, no. 1 (April 30, 2012): e42-e51. http://dx.doi.org/10.36834/cmej.36583.
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Background: There is little published research about differences in doctor-patient communication of different specialties. Accordingly, we compared doctor-patient communication skills in two different specialties, general surgery (GS) and general practice (GP). Methods: Twenty residents training at the Bahrain Defence Force Hospital (10 men and 10 women; mean age 28 years; 10 GS and 10 GP) participated in 200 patient first visit consultations. The consultations were video-recorded and analysed by four trained observers using the MAAS Global scale. Results: 1) Internal consistency reliability of the MAAS Global (> 0.91) and Ep2 = 0.84 for raters was high, 2) GP residents spent more time (12 minutes) than GS residents (7 minutes), in the visits, 3) There were several differences on the MAAS Global items between GP and GS residents (GS > GP, p < 0.05 on history taking, diagnosis and medical aspects; GP > GS, p < 0.05 on information giving), and 4) The present participants performed well compared to normative samples as well as to criterion-referenced cut-off scores. The general level of communication skills in both specialties, however, was ‘unsatisfactory’ and ‘doubtful’, as it is for normative samples. Conclusion: Excellent doctor-patient communication is essential but does not appear to receive the amount of attention that it deserves in practice settings. There are some differences between specialties as well as unsatisfactory communication skills for both specialties, since residents from both programs spent less time than recommended on each consultation. Our findings emphasize the need to improve the communication skills of physicians in general and for surgeons in particular.
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Gago, Verónica, Ni Una Menos, Ramsey McGlazer, Verónica Carchedi, and Liz Mason-Deese. "Critical Times / The Earth Trembles." Critical Times 1, no. 1 (April 1, 2018): 158–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/26410478-1.1.158.
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Abstract This text shows how the strike has been appropriated and reinvented by feminist movements to politicize the problem of violence against women and to link it to broader social, economic, and political issues. It underscores how a wide variety of unexpected alliances and coalitions have been enabled by the strike and how they have multiplied its impacts and meanings. This political process has involved efforts to forge a new internationalism, with precarity as a common concern, but one that takes singular forms in concrete conflicts. In this way, feminist struggles are producing new images of counter-power, of a popular sovereignty that challenges faith in the state, of insurgencies that have renewed the dynamics of decision and autonomy, and of self-defense and collective force.
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Peltekova, Iren. "TARGETING DEVELOPMENT OF THE SPECIFIC CONDITIONAL QUALITIES OF THE BASKETBALL STUDENTS." Trakia Journal of Sciences 17, Suppl.1 (2019): 736–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/tjs.2019.s.01.120.
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This report is provoked by the specific work with students from Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”. The contingent of the study was 77 students (men and women) who chose to practice basketball in group-educated groups at the University. The report is based on the results of conducted sport-pedagogic testing that was made on field conditions. In order to determine the level of the specific conditional qualities of the students it was used the international test battery “SPARQ”, specialized for basketball players. The test battery contains eight tests: fastness, upper limb force, explosive force, strength endurance, flexibility, agility in basketball defense movement. The aim of the study is to provide information on changes in the level of the specific conditional qualities of the basketball students as a result of specialized training. The results of the study are subject to mathematical and statistical processing under SPSS – 19. The ANOVA dispersion analysis was used to test the hypothesis for comparing three or more Fisher F-criteria samples. The analysis of the result confirms that there was a significant change in the groups and a significant difference between them, with better values of the experimental groups.
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King, Erika Lee, and Diana M. DiNitto. "Historical policies affecting women’s military and family roles." International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 39, no. 5/6 (June 10, 2019): 427–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijssp-01-2019-0010.
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Purpose The US military depends on women to meet recruiting goals, but women participate at lower rates than men. Theorists suggest that military and family policies affect women’s lower participation. Research has confirmed the impact of policy changes on women’s military service during specific time periods. The purpose of this paper is to examine how and when military policies affecting women developed over the course of history, exploring two related hypotheses: first, when women’s military participation is vital, policies affecting their military and family roles punctuate in tandem, and second, cultural values impact policy solutions to reconcile women’s roles. Design/methodology/approach Punctuated equilibrium and a women’s military participation theory informed the hypotheses. US Census and Defense Department data were used to identify periods of service when women’s military participation was vital. Historical policies were mapped and analyzed to identify policy patterns and themes affecting women’s military participation 1895–2015. Findings Evidence supports both hypotheses. When women are needed during wartimes, policies simultaneously encourage their service and regulate their family roles. However, policies evolved from separating servicewomen’s roles prior to the 1970s (e.g. prohibiting motherhood), to supporting their families (e.g. maternity leave) – a shift precipitated by sweeping changes in broader society and the military’s change from the draft to an All-Volunteer Force. Originality/value Findings elucidate the link between military and family policies affecting US women’s military participation and retention. Results may inform policy advocacy aimed at optimizing the US Department of Defense’s diversity efforts.
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Bytnar, Julie A., Celia Byrne, Cara Olsen, Catherine T. Witkop, Mary Beth Martin, Amanda Banaag, and Tracey Koehlmoos. "The Impact of Mammography Screening Guideline Changes Among Women Serving in the U.S. Military." Military Medicine 185, no. 11-12 (November 1, 2020): e2088-e2096. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usaa176.
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Abstract Introduction The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) modified their screening guidelines for breast cancer in November 2009. Previous studies evaluated the impact of these guideline changes among privately and Medicare insured populations. Women in the military form a unique population exposed to many social, environmental, and occupational hazards that may increase breast cancer incidence. By evaluating mammography screening rates among women in the military before and after the USPSTF guideline changes, this study evaluated the impact of the USPSTF breast cancer guideline change on screening mammography use within the military population and determined whether current guidelines were followed for this high-risk population with universal health care access. Materials and methods This study evaluated the impact of the 2009 guideline changes among the population of universally insured military servicewomen, comparing the proportion of active duty women aged 40 to 64 receiving mammograms from fiscal years 2006 to 2015 using an interrupted time series analysis. Stratified analyses evaluated differences by age (aged 40–49, 50–64), race, military branch, and rank. This research is considered exempt by the Uniformed Services University Institutional Review Board. Results The proportion of insured military servicewomen receiving mammograms increased from October 2005 through September 2009. A significant decrease occurred in the first quarter of 2010 following the publication of the screening guideline update. From this new baseline, the proportion of women screened increased again through September 2015. Comparative analyses showed more pronounced effects both immediately and over time among the women aged 50 to 64 compared to those aged 40 to 49 years and among older enlisted women compared with their officer counterparts. The patterns were near identical in all subgroups; however, no changes in rate were evident among Air Force and black servicewomen aged 50 to 64 and Army and Navy/Marine Corps servicewomen aged 40 to 49 years. No racial disparities in screening or impact were noted. Conclusions The USPSTF guidelines had differential impacts among some subpopulations. While older women, aged 50 to 64 years, had a greater temporary reduction immediately after the guideline change, younger women aged 40 to 49 years had a longer-term reduction in screening following the guideline changes. No racial disparities in the proportion screened or in the impact of the guideline change were noted in this population with universal health coverage. The lack of Department of Defense standard breast cancer screening guidelines was evident from the different patterns of mammography utilization observed among military branches. To completely understand the impact of the updated screening guidelines, future studies must incorporate research focusing on changes in breast cancer morbidity and mortality as well as updated cost-benefit analyses.
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Mingo, AnneMarie. "Black and Blue: Black Women, ‘Law and Order,’ and the Church’s Silence on Police Violence." Religions 12, no. 10 (October 15, 2021): 886. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel12100886.
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During the mid-twentieth century, many southern White religious leaders proudly championed police brutality and other forms of state-sanctioned violence against Black citizens. In Martin Luther King, Jr’s Letter from Birmingham Jail, he defends direct-action non-violent protests as he responds to criticisms and offers his own critique of the clergymen who gave commendations to “the police force for keeping ‘order’ and ‘preventing violence,’” while ignoring the “ugly and inhumane treatment” that the police exerted on non-violent Black protestors who sought to stand up for their rights. King intentionally includes examples of violence against older Black women and girls in his critique. In this article, the historical grounding in King’s critique is expanded to reflect longstanding support of police violence in White communities and a form of sanction through silence in Black communities centered around communal survival in the face of violent White power structures. This article highlights religious communities which ignored at best and sanctioned at worst police violence against Black women and girls and identifies the need for change in the twenty-first century. Ultimately, it calls for leaders to be in proximate location to police violence so when they see it, they can be moved ethically to address it.
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Beranek, Vaclav, Petr Stastny, Frederic Turquier, Vit Novacek, and Petr Votapek. "Analysis of the Contact Area for Three Types of Upper Limb Strikes." Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology 7, no. 2 (June 17, 2022): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfmk7020050.
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Performance in strike combat sports is mostly evaluated through the values of the net force, acceleration, or speed to improve efficient training procedures and/or to assess the injury. There are limited data on the upper limb striking area, which can be a useful variable for contact pressure assessment. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the contact area of the upper limb in three different strike technique positions. A total of 38 men and 38 women (n = 76, 27.3 ± 8.5 years of age, 73.9 ± 13.8 kg of body weight, 173.3 ± 8.4 cm of body height) performed a static simulation of punch with a fist, palm strike, and elbow strike, where three segments of the right upper limb were scanned. The analysis of 684 images showed a correlation (r = 0.634) between weight and punch technique position in men and significant differences in elbow strike (p < 0.001) and palm strike (p < 0.0001) between women and men. In both groups, the palm demonstrated the largest area and the elbow the smallest one. These data may be used to evaluate strike contact pressure in future studies in forensic biomechanics and assessment of injury in combat sports and self-defense.
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HENK, DAN. "THE BOTSWANA DEFENCE FORCE." African Security Review 13, no. 4 (January 2004): 85–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10246029.2004.9627322.
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Savicheva, A. M., and P. A. Shadrova. "Potential use of lactic acid in obstetrics and gynecology." Russian Journal of Woman and Child Health 5, no. 2 (2022): 138–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.32364/2618-8430-2022-5-2-138-145.
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nflammatory diseases and dysbiosis provoked by opportunistic microbes currently rank first among lower reproductive tract infections in women. Lactobacilli are predominant in the vaginal microecosystem that is considered the first line of defense against infectious agents. Changes in hormonal profile, the pattern of intimate hygiene and sex life, and other factors impair the vaginal microecosystem. Diseases resulting from the activation of aerobic and anaerobic opportunistic microbes are particularly harmful during pregnancy, since they cause serious reproductive disorders and significantly increase the risks of perinatal complications. Frequent recurrences due to growing antibiotic resistance and the lack of potential antimicrobial treatment in the first trimester of pregnancy force to search for alternative therapeutic tools with good efficacy and safety. Topical agents containing lactic acid decrease vaginal pH and provide unfavorable conditions for the activity of opportunistic microbes, thereby maintaining the protective functions of Lactobacilli. Lactic acid is a natural chemical for this locus. As a result, agents containing this compound are virtually lacking side effects. They can be used along with antibiotics or as monotherapy. KEYWORDS: bacterial vaginosis, aerobic vaginitis, lactic acid, opportunistic microbes, vaginal microbiota, Lactobacilli, dysbiosis, pregnancy, normal flora. FOR CITATION: Savicheva A.M., Shadrova P.A. Potential use of lactic acid in obstetrics and gynecology. Russian Journal of Woman and Child Health. 2022;5(2):138–145 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.32364/2618-8430-2022-5-2-138-145.
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Warner, Rachelle, Jodie C. Avery, Susan Neuhaus, and Michael J. Davies. "Australian Veterans of the Middle East Conflicts 2001–2010: Select Reproductive Health Outcomes Part 2 — Prenatal, Fetal, and Neonatal Outcomes." Fertility & Reproduction 02, no. 02 (June 2020): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2661318220500085.
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Background: Following on from Part 1 of these companion articles, which described the maternal and paternal cohort of the Middle East Area of Operations (MEAO) Census Study, this manuscript aims to describe fetal and infant characteristics and outcomes from the self-report data, including live deliveries, stillbirths, all other pregnancy losses, and unknown outcomes. Methods: A descriptive analysis was performed on the clinical variables where data were reported. Descriptive statistics (means, frequencies, percentiles) were used to describe the occurrence of adverse gestational outcomes. Odds ratios were also calculated for perinatal outcomes. Infant characteristics and outcomes were evaluated using statistical analysis software IBM SPSS v26. Results: There were 15,417 pregnancies reported by respondents to the MEAO Census Study. Of these, 74% (11,367) resulted in a live delivery, 0.75% in a stillbirth, and 20% in another type of pregnancy loss (ectopic pregnancy, miscarriage, termination). The unadjusted odds of an adverse perinatal outcome were higher in the MEAO Census population than in the general Australian population, notably stillbirth (OR = 3.11, 95% CI 2.56–3.80), perinatal death (OR = 3.80, 95% CI 3.26–4.44), and neonatal death (OR = 5.43, 95% CI 4.27–6.91). There were 499 cases of birth defects reported and 85 cases of childhood cancer in the MEAO population. The unadjusted odds of childhood cancer were slightly higher (OR = 1.7, 95% CI 0.09–3.28) in the MEAO population, and the unadjusted odds of birth defects were lower (OR = 0.52, 95% CI 0.40–0.68). The male:female infant sex ratio of babies born to respondents was 102 (5939 males:5823 females). Conclusions: The MEAO Census Study presents a generally reassuring picture of reproductive health for women serving in the Australian Defence Force with regards to the risk of pregnancy loss and perinatal outcomes. The increased odds of perinatal and neonatal death and stillbirth are worthy of further study and evaluation, as is the increase in likelihood of childhood cancer in the offspring of MEAO veterans.
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Arimoto, Hideki, Shinsuke Furuya, Kimiko Yamashita, Kazuharu Tanaka, Tomoko Maruyama, Muneyuki Takeuchi, Kazuko Wada, et al. "Disaster Medical Management of Pediatric and Perinatal Disaster Medical Liaison (PPDML) for Children and Pregnant Women in Osaka, Japan." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 34, s1 (May 2019): s121—s122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x19002619.
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Introduction:Children are a vulnerable population in disasters. However, there were few pediatricians, neonatologists, and obstetricians in the Japan Disaster Medical Assistance Team (DMAT), so disaster medical headquarters had limited knowledge to solve these problems. Pediatric and perinatal disaster liaison coordinators were trained to improve disaster medical management for children and pregnant women since the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake.Aim:To analyze and report the activity of PPDML during these years in Osaka, Japan.Methods:The records of PPDML in major disasters and disaster drills from 2017 to 2018 were reviewed.Results:The DMAT had disaster drills twice a year in Osaka, and PPDML participated in the drill for the first time in July 2017. In the drill, PPDML coordinated the pediatric and perinatal issues with DMAT and Japan Ground Self-Defense Force (JGSDF) in disaster headquarters. In June 20184. months after the drill, PPDML participated for the second time in February 2018 when the North Osaka Earthquake occurred. PPDML coordinated transport of 22 children and babies with congenital heart disease from the damaged National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Hospital. The operation was finished within 5 hours after requested transportation.Discussion:To protect children and pregnant women, cooperation between the disaster medical network and the pediatric and perinatal network is absolutely important for any phase in disaster. Because PPDML had attended in disaster drills before, the experience could make PPDML achieve good performance in a real disaster in North Osaka Earthquake. It can be concluded that cooperation between disaster medical network and PPDML is very useful to manage the disaster issues for children and pregnant women, and the most important thing is to cooperate not only in disaster but also in ordinary days.
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le Roux, Len. "Defining defence requirements: Force design considerations for the South African National Defence Force." African Security Review 8, no. 5 (January 1999): 56–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10246029.1999.9627764.
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Carlston, Erin G. "‘An Inverted Eden’: Modernity and Anti-Modernism in D'Arcy Cresswell's The Forest." Modernist Cultures 15, no. 3 (August 2020): 341–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/mod.2020.0300.
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In 1952, D'Arcy Cresswell published a verse play, The Forest, set in New Zealand's forested Southern Alps. In what Cresswell called a ‘tremendous defense of homosexuality’, The Forest depicts a pair of gay male poets pitted against the archangel Lucifer and women, who are in league together to force men to work the land and thereby desacralize it. Cresswell argues that the pressures on Pākehā men to be economically productive and heterosexually reproductive are manifestations of a literally Satanic plot to alienate men from one another and Nature. While many of Cresswell's New Zealand literary contemporaries espoused a Pākehā masculinity involving matey comradeship and a life spent working the land, Cresswell celebrates a New Zealand wilderness he perceives as the last refuge of male love and inspired poetry. Simultaneously queering Milton, inverting Judeo-Christian history by relocating Eden in the Antipodes, and reversing New Zealand history by undoing the modernity that settler colonialism had created, Cresswell counters the terms of his own exclusion from the literary canon by imagining a world upside-down – and inside-out.