Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'WOMEN'S PARTICIPATION TO LABOUR'
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1
Hotton, Tina Lynn. "Labour force participation and women's criminal victimization risk." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ36038.pdf.
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Gordon, Margaret. "Women's labour lost - mothers' labour's cost : workforce participation when children have disabilities /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2004. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe18561.pdf.
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Laurie, Heather. "Household financial resource distribution and women's labour market participation." Thesis, University of Essex, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.296586.
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Zwiener-Collins, Nadine. "Women's work and political participation : the links between employment, labour markets, and women's institutional political participation in Europe." Thesis, City, University of London, 2018. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/21779/.
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This study explores the links between women's work, gendered labour markets, and women's institutional political participation in 25 European countries. Although employment is a standard predictor of (women's) political participation, previous research has treated women's work mostly as a characteristic of individual women, disregarding the broader structural inequalities that are behind women's work patterns. Using data from the fifth round of the European Social Survey, in combination with detailed information on work-family policies and labour market structures of the countries included, this study aims to contribute to a more contextual understanding of the effects of employment. My research explores whether the effects of employment status, working hours, and job level are shaped by the context, in which they are embedded. Although labour markets and political systems vary considerably across countries and existing research has provided inconsistent findings, the context-dependency of employment effects has not yet been systematically assessed. Moreover, little research has focussed on direct effects of the labour market; therefore, this study explores the effects of two labour market characteristics that have a particularly gendered meaning: work-family policies and gendered structures in the labour market. The findings indicate that the effects of employment are more complex than often assumed in the literature. Employment can not only affect, for example, mothers and non-mothers differently, but there is also an indication that some employment effects are shaped by the labour market context. Contextual characteristics also affect women's political participation directly by redistributing resources and shaping women's experiences in the work-place. Overall, the findings show that the political effects of work should be understood within the wider context.
5
Luci, Angela. "Women's labour market participation interacting with macroeconomic growth and family policies." Phd thesis, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00638278.
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Cette thèse de doctorat en économie recherche le lien entre l'emploi des femmes et la croissance macroéconomique en prenant en compte les effets des politiques familiales. Tandis que plusieurs modèles théoriques et analyses empiriques montrent un impact strictement positif de l'emploi des femmes sur la croissance macroéconomique, l'impact inverse de la croissance sur l'emploi des femmes n'est pas si clair. Quelques economistes suggèrent un impact strictement positif, mais des études empiriques recentes estiment que la croissance du PIB baisse d'abord l'emploi des femmes et l'augmente seulement à mi et long terme à partir d'un certain niveau de développement économique. Cet impact convexe (" feminisation U " hypothesis) n'est pas encore prouvé par des études empiriques, car les études existantes se basent seulement sur des donnés de séries temporelles ou de séries transversales et n'apportent pas des résultats explicites. Je propose donc une propre analyse empirique de l'impact de la croissance macroéconomique sur l'emploi des femmes, basée sur des données de panel, qui contiennent des observations de plus de 180 pays et de plus de 40 ans. La structure de la base de données me permet de prendre en compte des problèmes d'endogeneité. Mon analyse confirme un impact convex de la croissance macroéconomique sur l'emploi des femmes. Ce résultat montre que pour promouvoir l'emploi des femmes, on ne peut pas toujous compter sur la croissance. Des institutions promouvant l'égalité hommes-femmes sont nécessaires pour encourager l'emploi des femmes, et surtout l'emploi des mères, non seulement dans les pays en developpement mais aussi dans les pays industrialisés. Pourtant, dans de nombreux pays européens, le caractère redistributif de plusieurs instruments de la politique familiale risque de decourager l'offre d'emploi des mères. Par conséquent, il apparait essentiel de créer un set coherent d'instruments de politique familiale pour en même temps prévenir les familles de la pauvreté et encourager l'emploi des mères et la fécondité.
6
Soobedar, Zeenat. "Essays on women's labour market outcomes and welfare participation in the UK." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2010. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/425.
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The thesis examines the changes in the labour market behaviour and welfare participation of women in the UK. Over recent decades the UK has seen a dramatic rise in women's labour force participation. This growth led to remarkable shifts in the families employment structure. The UK has seen a rapid decline in the male breadwinner model of employment due to rising dual-earner and single-adult households over the years. In spite of this, the employment rate of single mothers is one of the lowest amongst other mothers and other OECD countries. While Chapter 1 and Chapter 2 evaluate two of the largest welfare transfers in the UK in search for potential explanations for it, Chapter 3 traces the factors behind the rise in dual-earner households. More precisely Chapter 1 investigates the impact of the automatic withdrawal of Income Support on labour supply decisions of single mothers with no qualifications. Consistent with a simple labour supply model, a substantial rise in mothers employment rate and an increase in job search effort are reported. Indeed 20% of single mothers who were initially on Income Support enter work following the benefit withdrawal. Chapter 2 studies the potential causal relationship between the benefit withdrawal and the availability of disability transfers. It is observed that 25% of single mothers with no qualifications who lose Income Support transit into disability benefits rather than work, in line with the predictions of a model of benefits choice. Finally, Chapter 3 uses a decomposition exercise à-la-DiNardo-Fortin-Lemieux (1996) to pin down the rise in dual-earner households to changes in: (1) returns to female characteristics conditional on female labour force participation; (2) returns to male characteristics; (3) assortative mating; and (4) female characteristics. Female labour force participation appears to be the primary factor while assortative mating plays a modest role.
7
Undurraga, Rosario. "Between family and work : women's participation in the labour market in Chile." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2011. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/35786/.
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Chile enjoys relative economic and political stability, but has enormous class, gender and labour market inequalities. Women’s employment participation is low – the lowest in Latin America. This research aims to explain this low female participation rate by looking at women’s experiences, the continuing barriers they face around paid employment, the tension between paid work and family life, and the factors that lead to the decisions they make. It examines normative gendered roles and gendered relations, highlighting diverse experiences between social groups. The study is qualitative, based on 60 semi-structured interviews with upper/middle- and working-class women in Santiago, Chile. The conceptual framework is based on the Total Social Organisation of Labour and is informed by the concepts of gender regime and gender order. I explore the way in which women conceptualise work and the implications of this for their self-esteem, the valuation of women’s work, and their place in society. The conceptualisation of work shapes (mis)recognition, (mis)representation and (mal)distribution of un/paid labour. I argue that structural and cultural factors put women off the labour market. The main obstacles women face when engaging with paid employment are structural (lack of childcare, education, transport time and costs, long working hours) and cultural (machismo, discrimination, traditional division of labour). Most women experience these barriers, which take different forms according to class. Women would like more support, a smaller gender pay gap, wider childcare provision and fewer working hours. The Chilean gender order is characterised by a ‘traditional’ gender division of labour in a ‘modern’ context. It displays a male-breadwinner/female-home-carer model with little State support, meaning women rely on individual (re)sources. The distribution of un/paid work is a private problem variously resolved by individual (gendered) strategies. This research contributes to knowledge by providing feminist analysis and understanding of the low female workforce participation rate.
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Doumenis, Ioannis G. "On married women's labour market participation considerations : empirical applications and some econometric issues." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.416079.
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Gorkoff, Kelly. "The feminization of the labour movement?, women's participation in the Manitoba Government Employees Union." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/mq23319.pdf.
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Watana, Paranee. "Female labour force participation in Thailand." Thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/130346.
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In Thailand, female labour force participation rates are quite high
by international standards. Women work for various purposes without any
constraints. In this study, many socio-economic factors are investigated
in order to find their relationship with female labour force
participation. Data from the 1980 Population Census are used.
The relationship between female labour force participation and
socio-economic factors is positive. Many factors show a close
association such as education and number of children living in the
household. As education increases , so does the proportion of women in
the labour force. The existence of children in the household has a
different effect on ever married women. A higher percentage of Widows
and divorcees with children work than currently married women with
children. As anticipated, ever married women with no children have the
highest participation rates.
The investigation of marital status, age at marriage and religion
shows little effect on female labour force participation, Whatever their
marital status, age at marriage or religion, a large proportion of Thai
women participate in the labour force.
When the fertility levels of working women and housewives are
examined, many variables including age, education age at marriage and
the practice of contraception are considered. Working women have a lower
fertility level than housewives. However, those working women who
practice contraception have a larger number of children ever born than
do housewives. This is because birth control has only recently become
widespread in Thailand. Among working women, agricultural workers have
the highest fertility level.
11
Wincott, Daniel Edward. "The policy configurations of 'welfare states' and women's role in the workforce in advanced industrial societies." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1999. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1533/.
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Comparative political economy studies of welfare states have focused on either general processes of modernization or the evolution of different welfare state 'regimes' - such as the social democratic, liberal and conservative types identified by Esping-Andersen. Variations in women's role in the workforce tend to be seen as closely allied with 'welfare regime' types or associated with welfare state modernization. But there are relatively few empirical studies in the political economy field of how, within the overall policy configuration of the state, welfare policies influence women's labour force participation. First, using a quantitative analysis of country-level data for 17 OECD countries from 1960 to 1987, this study identifies clusters of countries consistent with the Esping-Andersen classification, which share distinct patterns of women's role in the workforce and have different paths of development over time. However, the analysis shows that important anomalies exist and key questions remain unresolved. Second, case studies are used to analyse policy configurations and developments in women's employment over time. 'Core' examples are drawn from each main welfare regime - the USA (liberal), Sweden (social democratic) and Germany (conservative). The Netherlands is examined as a key anomalous case. Third, the lessons from the empirical analyses are used to reconsider aspects of the 'social democratic' and 'modernization' models of welfare state development. Across the period as a whole female labour force participation has grown in most countries. The most rapid growth of women's involvement has taken place in core countries with either liberal or social democratic welfare configurations (the USA and Sweden). There has been less change in 'conservative' countries (such as Germany) and in the Netherlands despite its 'social democratic' classification. Yet apparent linkages between labour market trends and welfare policies do not necessarily stand up to close over-time or comparative analysis. In the USA there are only weak connections between welfare policies and women's changing role in the labour market, whereas the two factors are closely and directly linked in Sweden. Particular policies contributed to expanding women's employment in Germany, but the overall policy configuration has bolstered broader patterns of social stratification inimical to women playing a larger role. In the Netherlands, welfare policies have clearly restrictive effects on women's participation in job markets, although some growth has occurred since the 'welfare explosion' of the 1960s. These findings show that welfare states' impacts on women's employment do not fit neatly into the 'modernization' or 'social democratic' models. 'One path fits all' models perform particularly poorly, but even differentiated analyses of 'welfare state regimes' pay insufficient attention to the location of social welfare within the state's overall policy configuration. A clearer distinction between the 'welfare state' construed as form of state and as a particular sector of state activity can help comparative analysis eliminate the residual influence of 'one-path' models, and provide more compelling analyses of variations in women's employment trajectories.
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Lee, Chi-yung, and 李志勇. "Female labour force participation in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1991. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31976578.
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Blix-Lindström, Sabine. "Decision-making related to augmentation of labour : women's and midwives' perceptions regarding influencing factors /." Stockholm, 2005. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2005/91-7140-488-0/.
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Horrell, Sara Helen. "Working wife households : inside and outside the home; an analysis of women's labour force participation and household expenditure." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.386310.
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Kim, Kyung-Ai. "Married women's labour force participation and status : a study of the working class in South Korea." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.386434.
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The factors affecting the supply side of married women's working participation in the working class and the impact of women's paid work on their Btatus at home are the main concern of the current Btudy. For the argument, homeworkers and workers outside the home were compared. The baBic points in thiB study are: The age of the youngest child was one of the biggeBt barriers to married women's labour force participation. However, the age barrier seemed not to be absolute or the whole story in decisionmaking over married women's paid working participation. Another traditional domeBtic responsibility, housework, to exercise only a slight influence on the female labour participation in Korea. seems force An important factor influencing women's acceSB to paid work was the huabanda ' attitude. In particular, the control of women'B sexuality because of the fear of infidelity seemed to be the most important reaBon of the husbands' opposition to their wives working outside the home. For the same reaBon, women's working conditionB were controlled by their husbands. Economic needs resulting from the husbands' inability to sustain the household forced them to allow their wiveB to work for an incom~._ HowE'v~r, this did not automatically lead to the hUBbands giving perrr:'ssionfor the wives to take up paid work. Women struggled against, and resiBted, their hUBbands control over them. Their income earning was not likely to enhance women's status in relation to their huabanda at home because of the husbands' control of married women's labour power and their working conditions. The status of women at home Beemed primarily to be the cause of their position in the labour force participation, rather than the result. However, women's high income could only reinforce the status of those women who already had a good relationship with their husbands
16
Sasso, Alessandro. "Labour force participation and occupational outcomes among Italian women." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2018. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/22882/.
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This thesis is made of three related yet independent empirical studies, exploring the determinants of different labour market outcomes among women, using Italian data. The first study investigates the determinants of the reservation wage gap between unemployed women and men, using data drawn from the Italian Labour Force Survey (LFS). The results indicate that a large part of the gender reservation wage gap is explained by different job preferences between males and females, and by unobserved factors which may be associated with occupational discrimination. These factors shed light on the different employment rates between males and females. The second study uses the Italian Sample Survey on Births to investigate the effect of housework and childcare on female labour force participation, and the relationship between child care and occupational attainment. The findings show that those mothers who receive help with housework and childcare are more likely to be employed three years after the birth of the child. In addition, the use of paid childcare options (nursery or baby-sitters) is positively associated with being employed in managerial positions, but negatively related to non-standard forms of employment such as temporary and part-time employment. In a country characterized by a lack of family-friendly policies, motherhood appears still to be a limiting factor for the career of women. The third study uses the Italian LFS to investigate the determinants of self-employment and different types of self-employment among women. It also examines the determinants of hours worked and satisfaction with respect to hours worked of self-employed females. Our findings show little evidence of gender differences in the determinants of self-employment. However, women are less likely to work in self-employment categories that involve management of other employees. The determinants of hours worked differ between self-employed men and self-employed women. For example, the number of children is inversely associated with the hours worked by self-employed women but positively related to the hours supplied by self-employed men. This is consistent with the traditional division of household work in Italian families. Finally, mothers working as employees are less satisfied with hours when they work long hours compared to those without children, whereas the opposite is found among self-employed women. Self-employment may offer the flexibility that helps Italian women to reconcile career with childcare responsibilities.
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Kim, Bonnie (Bonnie Won Hee) Carleton University Dissertation International Affairs. "Factors affecting the labour force participation of Korean women." Ottawa, 1991.
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Aytac, Isik Akin. "The effect of women's labor force participation on marital instability." PDXScholar, 1985. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3428.
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This thesis examines the effect of women's labor force participation on marital instability. It is hypothesized that women's income-earning affects marriage in two ways: 1) the "independence effect" facilitates divorce by enabling women to be self-supporting; 2) the "parallel marriage effect" improves marital satisfaction and the quality of the marital relationship because women with higher incomes generally have more power in marriage. The "independence effect" is measured by whether or not women's income is sufficient, defined as income above the poverty line for the appropriate family size as established by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. "Parallel marriage" is measured by the wife-husband income ratio. Both women's own income level and wife-husband income ratio are taken two years prior to her divorce.
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Patet, Nisha. "Women in the construction labor force : women's participation in the construction sector in India /." This resource online, 1991. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-02162010-020112/.
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Dearing, Helene. "Does parental leave influence the gender division of labour? Recent empirical findings from Europe." Institut für Sozialpolitik, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2015. http://epub.wu.ac.at/4501/1/WP_HD_gesamt.pdf.
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There has been increasingly interest in parental leave policies as instruments for the implementation of gender equality in society. This review essay explores the link between parental leave policies and the gender division of labour - referring to both paid employment and unpaid family work. Against this backdrop the essay systematically reviews evidence from quantitative empirical research on the effects of parental leave policies on mothers' employment and fathers' involvement in family work. The article suggests that there are several aspects of parental leave that seem to be especially relevant for the gender division of labour, such as the duration of leave, the provision of payments, and an individual entitlement of non-transferable leave rights. In a concluding section the article summarizes the results, discusses doubts and questions raised by the material and identifies promising areas of future research that are crucial for a better understanding of the effects of parental leave on the gender division of labour. (author's abstract)Series: Working Papers / Institut für Sozialpolitik
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Strayhorn, Kali-Ahset Amen. "Women's paid labor force participation and child immunization a multilevel model /." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/3583.
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Thesis (M.A.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2006.Thesis research directed by: Dept. of Sociology. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Chutubtim, Piyaluk. "Home-based work, human capital accumulation and women's labor force participation." Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/4348.
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This dissertation examines the effect of changes in the stock of human capital on
the labor force participation decision of women aged 25-54. Without the option of homebased
work, some women choose to leave the labor market and stay at home temporarily
for family reasons. Working women realize that time out of the labor force could impose
penalties on their work careers. This is because during the break, they do not accumulate
any new human capital while the existing job skills continuously depreciate.
Nowadays, home-based work becomes possible for many jobs because rapid
development in personal computers and advances in information and communications
technology have reduced employersâ cost of offering home-based work arrangements.
Working women can resolve the time conflict between demand for paid work and family
responsibility by working from home. In a previous study, the home-based work
decision depends on the fixed cost of working and potential home production. Women
who are disabled, have small children, or live in rural areas are likely to work from home
because they have high fixed costs of working and high potential home production. However, none of the existing studies applies the human capital theory of labor supply to
the home-based work decision.
Using data on the female labor force from the Integrated Public Use Microdata
Series (IPUMS) of housing units from the 2000 U.S. Census, I estimate a nested logit
model to examine the effects of expected costs of non-participation, in terms of forgone
earnings, forgone human capital accumulation and human capital depreciation, on
womenâÂÂs labor force participation decision. I find that, other things being equal, women
aged 25 to 44 who have potentially high human capital accumulation and high human
capital depreciation are likely to stay in the labor force. In the case that the value of their
home time is so high that they choose to stay at home, they prefer to work for pay at
home than to be out of the labor force.
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Yamanaka, Jackie E. "The Effect of Oral Contraceptives on Women's Labor Force Participation Rates." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2013. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/270.
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The first oral contraceptive was introduced in the United States during the 1960s, and, subsequently, there was an increase in women’s labor force participation rates. Although the economic role of oral contraceptives is still highly debated by scholars, previous studies have found that the pill had a statistically significant impact on women’s labor force participation rates. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Young Women, I will analyze how hours worked, hourly wages, weekly earnings and occupations for women were affected by oral contraceptives. By controlling for various governing statutes that affected the availability of the use and distribution of oral contraceptives in different states, I am able to provide evidence highlighting the extent of the pill’s significance. I find that early legal access (ELA) to oral contraceptives that resulted from residential states legalizing abortion before others positively and significantly affects women’s hours worked, hourly wages, weekly earnings and whether or not women entered into professional occupations.
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Salazar, Leire. "Women's Educational Expansion. Effects of changes in Female Participation in the Labour Market and Household Formation on inter-household earnings inequality." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.508694.
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Gush, Karon Elizabeth. "Mothers, daughters and workers? An analysis of the relationship between women's family caring, social class and labour market participation in the UK." Thesis, University of Essex, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.601505.
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This thesis concerns the family caring that women do or do not do, coupled with the implications this has for the time they spend in paid work. Comprising three separate papers, each takes a new approach to the old problem of 'who cares?' and how this is related to UK women's lives in the 21st century. Using data from the Millennium Cohort Study and the British Household Panel Survey, I analyse three separate aspects ofinfonnal family caring. Chapter 2 takes an innovative look at the evolution of women's work/family balance in light of demographic changes in the age of motherhood and life expectancy. The fmdings suggest that caring for parents and children simultaneously is linked to reduced labour market participation for older women and women with older parents. Chapters 3 and 4 both take a different approach from most studies in recognising the heterogeneity across various forms of eldercare and childcare. Chapter 3 examines the extent of class variation in the provision of different types of eldercare to parents and the results suggest that a certain types of support are socially patterned. Chapter 4 considers different childcare options and employer support in relation to the length oftime a mother takes to return to work post childbirth. The findings suggest that childcare usage by type is linked to timings of post-childbirth returns into full- and part-time work. The results also suggest that the extent to which a work-place is family-friendly can also influence the speed of return.
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Ratniece, Luïze. "Changing paradigms of women's labor market participation: cases of Denmark and the USA." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/668239.
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This thesis contributes to knowledge about gender differences in labor market attachment by using a longitudinal, life-course approach, and consists of three empirical articles. The first one establishes the profile of those most likely to have spent many years out of the labor force, examining how these absences are linked to traditional family roles and Other variables structuring one's life chances in two very different policy environments, Denmark and the USA. The Other two chapters explore labor market attachment patterns among young (American) and mature (Danish) adults, estimating the degree of gender convergence in labor market attachment, and identifying which factors promote or hamper this convergence. Major strengths of this thesis include the throughout life-coursè approach, focus on cohort comparison, and use of interactions to reveal the sub-group heterogeneity.Esta tesis contribuye al conocimiento de las diferencias de género en cuanto a los patrones de apego al mercado laboral usando la perspectiva del curso de vida y datos longitudinales. Consiste de tres capítulos empíricos. El primero establece el perfil de las personas con la más alta probabilidad de haber pasado muchos años fuera del mercado laboral, examinando cómo estas ausencias se vinculan con roles tradicionales dentro de la familia y con otras variables que estructuran las oportunidades de la vida en dos contextos muy diferentes, Dinamarca y los Estados Unidos. Los siguientes dos capítulos exploran los patrones de apego al mercado laboral de jóvenes (en EEUU) y adultos (en Dinamarca), calculando el grado de convergencia de género en cuanto a éste apego e identificando los factores que lo facilitan u obstruyen. Los puntos fuertes de ésta tesis son su enfoque del curso de vida, comparaciones entre varias cohortes de nacimiento, y uso de interacciones para descubrir la heterogeneidad que hay entre los subgrupos de las sociedades observadas.
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Dikhtyar, Oksana A. "Determinants of Russian Women's Labor Force Participation at or after State Pension Age." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1626456584700884.
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Barry, Anne-Marie. "Women, politics and participation : a study of women and the Labour Party 1979-1987." Thesis, University of York, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.238650.
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Masinghe, Egodage Kusumawathie. "Female labour force participation in Sri Lanka with special reference to graduate women." Master's thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/131159.
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This study is an analysis of the economic activity of
women focussing on secondary and university educational
development in Sri Lanka. In this study males are compared
to females to ascertain levels of labour force participation
of females; all women are compared to graduate women to show
the effects of education on labour force participation of
women.
Educational policies prevalent in Sri Lanka have
resulted in an expansion of secondary and university
education for females. However, currently available sources
of data are inadequate to study the quality of education or
the effects of education on socio-demographic and sociocultural
and economic factors that influence labour force
participation of females. Differences in definitions used
by different censuses and surveys to collect information on
the economic activity of the population of Sri Lanka create
serious problems of comparability of time series data.
Even though the male labour force in Sri Lanka is
larger than the female labour force, the female labour force
has grown much faster with increasing numbers of educated
females entering the labour force. Those with education up
to university level have tended to have the highest levels
of labour force participation, with more than 90 per cent of
graduate women being employed. Most graduate women are
employed in the government sector in professional, technical
and related occupations, with a majority in the teaching profession. A considerable number of female graduates are
in mismatched employment.
Unemployment is acute among economically active
females, particularly those who have junior and senior
secondary educational qualifications.
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Mahali, Lesala. "An exploratory study of female labour force participation in South Africa: 1995 - 2010." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1007050.
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The role that women play in the economy of any society is a desirable goal for equity and efficiency considerations. Just as with the rest of the world, the South African women lagged behind their male counterparts within the economic empowerment space and in the formal labour force. However, the role of women has undergone some transformations with issues relating to employment opportunities, such that their labour force participation has risen considerably since 1994. The female labour force participation rate is still seen to be persistently lower compared to the male participation rate even in the second decade of democracy. The rate of women labour force participation is even lower than the average. On the other hand, the increases have also been coupled with the rising rate of unemployment among women. The objective of this study was to investigate the determinants of female labour force participation in the South African labour market. The study uses a regression analysis on a cross sectional panel data covering a period of 1995 to 2010. Unlike most popular beliefs, the findings of this study reveal that fertility though not statistically significant, positively influences labour force participation of women. Other variables that are statistically significant in explaining female labour force are HIV/AIDS, marital status, age, household income and education. Race was found to be insignificant in explaining female labour force participation in the South African labour force.
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Gerwel, Heinrich John. "The effects of labour policies in the Piedmont Region of Italy on equity in the labour market: reflections on women in Labour." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/2122.
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Magister Economicae - MEconThe study concentrates on a particular type of state intervention in social policy. It considers whether policy reforms and subsequent provision of information with regards to the issue of parental leave and part-time work arrangements, makes an impact on gender equity in the labour market (Del Boca, 2002; Naldini & Saraceno, 2008). Giddens' theory of structuration is the conceptual framework from which this study approaches these questions. It is thus held that agents (in this instance, women) are constrained by structures (labour policy framework and institutionalised labour practices) to achieve specific social goals. And further: that the apparent lack of power on the part of agents requires intervention on the part of the state apparatus to correct the failure (or inability) of the labour market to deliver the social justice as aspired to in the cited European Employment Strategy, as well as fostering economic efficiency (Barr, 1992). I further contend that not only are agents constrained by structural properties, but that institutional reform (in the form of labour policy reform) is constrained by the human action1 of the management of firms and enterprises as economic agents within the policy framework.
South Africa
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Al-Shanfari, Amal Said Ahmed. "Participation of women in higher education and labour market : a case study in Muscat, Oman." Thesis, University of Reading, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.429919.
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Le, B. Khanh. "Capabilities, labor participation, and women's freedom a discourse on the relation between paid employment and female agency /." Diss., Connect to the thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10066/718.
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Pitt, Jr Richard N. "Domestic capital, portative capital and gender capital: The effects of independent living and family of destination on men's household labor participation." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/280318.
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This study argues that domestic skills--accumulated, transferred, and elicited by different aspects of the life course--act as a major influence on men's household labor participation. Specifically, I argue that as men increase their skills via independent living, as they are presumed to have more relevant skills when raising older biological/step male children, or as they become more proficient in skills relative to other household workers, they are more or less likely to assume (or be assigned) different responsibilities in the household. First, I tested to what extent the years a man lives without some kind of caregiver--whether that caregiver is tied to him through consanguinal, romantic, or institutional ties--affected the amount of housework he does once married. I discovered that men who live independently for long periods of time are responsible for creating less housework than men who are not. They do not do any more or less housework than their peers who are married, cohabiting, or in military service longer, but their wives have less of it to do. A man's years of independent living is unrelated to his own contribution to housework. I also tested whether a husband's holdings of particular occupational characteristics--namely, high levels of female sex composition, a service orientation, and routine and repetitive work tasks--affect the amount of housework he does in the home and his share of the overall housework that is done. I found mixed effects of these characteristics on household division of labor. Men whose jobs are especially routine and repetitive create more housework and do more of the additional housework they create. Conversely, wives do spend more time doing housework when their jobs are more masculine in composition and/or less service oriented than their husbands' jobs. Finally, I investigated the relationship between children's characteristics--sex, age, birth order, and relationship to the father--and their father's contributions to both housework and childcare interactions. I found no effect of children's characteristics on men's housework particiatipation and limited effects of children's characteristics on men's childcare interactions; men spend more time in unorganized play/non-play activities when they have male children.
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Keinan, Julia A. "A Comparative Analysis of Indicators for Female Labor Force Participation across Developed and Developing Countries." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2015. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1015.
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Female labor force participation varies widely across regions and cultures, typically with more working women in developed than developing countries. Because there are significant differences between developed and developing countries that go beyond GDP, this paper examines the effects of certain development indicators on female workforce participation across these countries. Using models from past literature, I include indicators that cover personal and labor market characteristics. In this analysis, I find that education and unemployment rates continue to be significant determinants of female labor force participation in both developed and developing countries, with several key differences in the effect of various types of unemployment. Furthermore, my study supports the existence of an initial tradeoff between female labor force participation and development as the economic sectors within a country shift. These results provide valuable insights on these general trends across national borders and therefore are important for policy makers.
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Brusentsev, Vera. "A comparison of the labour market participation of married women in three countries, Australia, Canada and the United States of America." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape7/PQDD_0019/NQ57359.pdf.
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Bingley, Lindsey, and University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. "From overalls to aprons? The paid and unpaid labour of southern Alberta women, 1939-1959." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Faculty of Arts and Science, 2006, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/339.
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Canada's declaration of war in 1939 resulted in the creation of a "total war"
economy that necessitated the absorption of all available men, and led to the wide scale
recruitment of women into the military and labour force. The end of the war resulted in
government and media encouragement to return to the home, but despite this emphasis on
home and family, many women developed a two-phase work history. In this thesis, I use
the oral history of sixteen Southern Alberta women to analyze the effect of World War II
on Southern Alberta women's work and family choices, focusing specifically on the
years between 1939 and 1959. I argue that, although the war did not significantly change
the status of women in the paid workforce, it did affect the geographic mobility of
women and the perception of their own work, both paid and unpaid.vi, 181 leaves ; 29 cm.
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Wahaga, Esther. "An exploration of effects of technology transfer on women's participation in agricultural development programmes in two rural communities in Northern Ghana : a case study of cowpea." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2012. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/57207/.
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This thesis is a product of a case study on how innovation transfer affects women‘s participation in cowpea production in two communities in northern Ghana. The study addresses issues relating to how gender relations modify technological development, impact upon innovation transfer, dissemination and adoption among local farmers and how they affect the inclusion of women in agricultural development programmes. The context of the research is the growing awareness of the importance of involving women in agricultural development programmes. This change has occurred due to the realisation of women‘s key contribution to the agricultural sector and the need to focus technological development on both men and women. The thesis draws upon primary data produced during 12 months fieldwork in northern Ghana. This fieldwork utilised three research tools: interviews, observations and focus group discussions. Data for the interviews was collected by purposive sampling and included 65 male and female cowpea farmers, living in three villages. In addition, seven observations were undertaken in two villages and focusing on their cowpea storage practices. Finally, eight staff from The Savanna Agricultural Research Institute, The Ministry of Food and Agriculture and World Vision Ghana were also interviewed in order to gain the views and perspectives of agricultural development agencies. It is argued here that that gender equality is crucial for effective agricultural development because women are hugely involved in the agricultural sector. It is also argued that if women‘s role in ensuring effective development of cowpea production is not taken into account, the consequences will not only affect the lives of women but will also have negative consequences for the communities in which they live. Debates in technological advancement in the agricultural sector indicate that the participation of farmers in the processes of innovation development and diffusion enhances innovation adoption. The thesis argues that the development of agricultural innovations is not based on a comprehensive analysis of gender roles and as a result does not offer equal opportunities for women and men to participate and benefit. It offers further explanations on how the national agricultural development agencies are working around to actively involve both men and women in the processes of innovation development and transfer. Furthermore, the thesis argues that, notwithstanding farmers‘ interest in new and improved agricultural innovations, they are most likely to incorporate their traditional norms and values when using new or improved agricultural innovations. Thus it offers insights on how new innovations that bear similarities to older ones, are widely adopted.
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Jansson, Sara. "Women in Power = Economic Growth? : A regression analysis of female representation in national parliaments and the connection to economic growth in African countries." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-416776.
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The objective of the paper is to study the effect that female representation in national parliaments have on economic growth in African countries. The foundation for this research question is the assumption that an increase in female representation will lead to an increase in female education and female labour force participation and this will cause a positive effect on economic growth. To test the hypothesis panel data from 50 African countries is used during the time period 2008-2018. An OLS, entity fixed effect and time and entity fixed effect regression was conducted to test the research questions and control variables are included in the regression. The results showed no statistically significant effects of female representation on economic growth and the relationship was negative which contradicts earlier research and the initial hypothesis.
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Bayanpourtehrani, Ghazal. "Women, Fertility and Labor Market." OpenSIUC, 2011. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/366.
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In this dissertation research, the empirical analyses are developed to investigate the role of different factors on female's fertility decisions as well as female labor force participation. This research contains two major parts related to women: first, the impact of State Children Health Insurance (SCHIP) on female's fertility decision is examined. In 1997, Congress enacted the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) to provide matching funds to states to provide health insurance for children who do not qualify for Medicaid. The implementation of SCHIP, however, differs across states. For example, some states provide SCHIP benefits to parents while others do not. Controlling for state and female characteristics, are women in states with more generous SCHIP benefits more likely to have children than are women in states with less generous benefits? After classifying state benefits as "generous" or "not generous" under different criteria, I do not find support that the type of SCHIP matters for future pregnancy decisions. Moreover, the association between pregnancy decisions and SCHIP do not change across ethnic groups, income levels, marital status, etc. Second, using a cross-sectional empirical specification, I examine whether female labor force participation (FLFP) in a cross-section of countries between 1985 and 2005 varies depending upon the religion practiced in these countries. I initially find that FLFP is lower in Muslim countries. However, the association between Islam and FLFP greatly diminishes once other controls are included in the regression, suggesting that Islam might not diminish FLFP as some have argued. Moreover, once these additional controls are included, the association between Islam and FLFP is similar to that between Catholicism and FLFP. Countries where Protestantism is prevalent or where no religion is practiced have higher FLFP. Besides, focusing on FLFP and using a panel data from 1980 to 2005, this study examines whether democratization is associated with subsequent labor force participation rates for women. I consider a panel to exploit the within country variation in political regimes and to employ country fixed effects that can control for cultural factors that influence both women's rights and political outcomes. We find a negative association between democratization (as measured by the Freedom House indices) and FLFP. Democratization appears to lower FLFP. Part of this finding stems from the decline in FLFP in former Communist countries. But the fall of Communism is not a complete explanation. Perhaps authoritarian regimes more generally pushed more people into the labor force to maintain higher output levels even when this was not optimal for individual households.
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Abrams, M. "Ikitchini : the hidden side of women's labour." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/15856.
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Bibliography: pages 233-248.This dissertation seeks to examine an area of South African historiography which has largely been ignored, that is, domestic labour. It posits a relationship between working class women, domestic labour paid and unpaid. The material has been arranged around the primary objective of examining the silence around domestic labour and highlighting the gender content of domestic work. It is divided into two parts. The first part examines the conceptualization of class and gender struggles, while the second part examines aspects of working class women's experience of this. Chapter One deals with why women have been ignored in recorded history; Chapter Two examines Marxist approaches to the Woman Question. Chapter Three examines the silence arourid women's experience in South African historiography, while Chapter Four is a critical examination of the recorded history of domestic workers. Chapter Five examines aspects of black working class women's experience of domestic labour in their own families, while Chapter Six documents the experience of a group of organized workers in Cape Town. The study concludes that the way forward is to develop a gender sensitive class analysis as outlined in the work of Lise Vogel. This will open up new areas for research, for example, the rise of the public and private dichotomy, the separation of productive and reproductive labour, the ideology of motherhood and sexuality as well as the changing nature of the social construction of gender identity.
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Thompson, Adrian. "Labour-force participation and disability in the UK labour-market." Thesis, Keele University, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.339778.
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Gould, Jennifer Margaret. "The Women's Corps : the establishment of women's military services in Britain." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1988. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1317607/.
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My thesis is an account of the 'Women's Corps movement': the efforts to organise women's non-industrial employment, which led to the establishment of women's military services in Britain during the First World War. I survey the background to their introduction both before and during the First World War, and consider the development of pre-war women's organisations in the context of official thinking about defence. The outbreak of war prompted the formation of numerous women's voluntary organisations, and a number of women worked to extend women's role, but it was the continuing manpower crisis which, in 1916, persuaded defence ministers and others seriously to consider forming corps of women to substitute for men in the Army. The recommendations of both the Manpower Distribution Board and a military report advocating substitution of women in certain jobs, together with the desire of senior War Office staff to gain control over women's voluntary groups working for the Army, combined to secure the formation early in 1917 of the first of the three women's military corps, the Women's Army Auxiliary Corps. This was followed soon after by the Women's Royal Naval Service and the Women's Royal Air Force, and I review some of the problems which inevitably accompanied this innovation, such as the spreading of rumours of immorality in the corps, and the manner in which a lack of formal status created difficulties for the women in command. I examine the decision that the Corps should cease to exist after the First World War; the attempts during the 1930s to reorganise a women's corps to work for the armed forces; the formal bestowal of 'military status' upon members of the Auxiliary Territorial Service and Women's Auxiliary Air Force in 1941, and, finally, with the Army and Air Force (Women's Services) Act in 1948, the inclusion of women's services in Britain's peacetime defence organisation.
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Rashid, Saman. "Immigrants' income and family migration." Doctoral thesis, Umeå : Univ, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-221.
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Harrington, Jane. "Women's local level trade union participation." Thesis, University of the West of England, Bristol, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.327308.
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This thesis explores the participation of women in trade union activity at local level. The central question it addresses is why do women participate in trade unions at this level? It identifies the factors that shape and influence women's participation and, in particular, the role of gender. In addition the thesis critically exatnines the concept of women's interests. The methodological approach is that of a case study of women activists in the South Wales and Western division of the Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers (USDA W), and a principal case study of women activists in the South and West area of the Banking, Insurance and Finance Union (BIFU). In recent years there has been a growing body of research considering the role of women in trade unions. The main focus of these studies has been the barriers to women's participation. Where women's participation has been investigated the majority of studies have been concerned with women full time officers and 'senior' trade union leaders. Within trade union renewal debates women have been highlighted as one of the groups to target in recruitment campaigns. As such, it is appropriate to consider women's trade union participation at local level. The general literature suggests that people join and participate for traditional collective reasons. This proposition is critically examined. The findings present a model of trade union activity that differs significantly from typologies created to examine 'senior' women leaders. Equally, studies of women at local level which attach one ideological position to women's attitudes and behaviour are argued to fail to capture the diversity of views evident at local level. As such, the typology developed from this study places the WOlnen activists in four groups; the individualist, the collectivist, the carer and the equal rights representative. These groups reflect the context in which the women are situated and the varied interpretations of their activism. The findings suggest the problems of addressing equal opportunities through the union structures and raise, in particular, the difficulties of developing 'separatist' policies for women. Barriers to women's participation in trade unions remain significant for local level activism. The thesis suggests that trade union renewal strategies need to recognise the richness and diversity of attitudes and interests that women bring to the trade union movement.
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Naqshabandī, Bari'ah. "Women's changing political participation in Jordan." Thesis, Durham University, 1995. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/998/.
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Van, Vlerah Abagail Lea. "Women's Participation in Endurance Motorcycle Challenges." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1382372924.
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Custers, Petrus Joseph Johannes Maria. "Capital accumulation and women's labour in Asian economies /." [Nijmegen] : Derde Wereld centrum, 1995. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37491524h.
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Robinson, Helen. "Intermittent participation, wages and the labour market." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/9406962c-3dc0-49b3-8737-8d636c09e588.
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Wan, Kam-ming Galaxy. "Application of logistic regression to female labor force participation in Hong Kong." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1993. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13781467.
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