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Academic literature on the topic 'WOMEN'S PARTICIPATION TO LABOUR'

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Published: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "WOMEN'S PARTICIPATION TO LABOUR"

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Harvie, Charles, Chris Nyland, and Stuart Svensen. "Protective Legislation and Women's Labour Market Participation." Journal of Industrial Relations 35, no. 4 (December 1993): 554–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002218569303500403.

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Hunter, Janet. "Women's labour force participation in interwar Japan." Japan Forum 2, no. 1 (April 1990): 105–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09555809008721382.

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ABRAMO, Laís, and Maria Elena VALENZUELA. "Women's labour force participation rates in Latin America." International Labour Review 144, no. 4 (December 2005): 369–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1564-913x.2005.tb00574.x.

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Bibi, Tamanna, Amjad Amin, and Jabbar ul Haq. "Women Status in Labour Market of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa." Global Economics Review VI, no. III (September 30, 2021): 12–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/ger.2021(vi-iii).02.

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This study analyses the woman's status labour market of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Four working states: self-employed, paid employees, and unpaid family helpers were investigated. Data were collected about individuals and household characteristics of women aged between (15-60) years from the Pakistan Social and Living Standard Measurement Survey (PSLM, 2014-15). The estimated results based on Multinomial Logit (MNL) suggest a positive and significant impact of women's age on all working categories in the labour market. The woman who owns a house, or the married woman, with multiple children or having a combined family system, or the residents of the countryside have less likelihood to take part in paid works. Participation in paid works decreases with the increase in the number of children, whereas participation in self-employment increases with the increase in the number of children. The probability of female participation in all four working states increases with the increase in the number of working individuals in the family. Whereas, probability of women's participation in the labor market decrease with the Joint family system, house owning, marriage, or higher household income.
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Mahon, Evelyn. "Book Review: Women's Participation in the Irish Labour Market." Irish Journal of Sociology 2, no. 1 (May 1992): 186–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/079160359200200116.

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Lokshin, Michael, and Monica Fong. "Women's labour force participation and child care in Romania." Journal of Development Studies 42, no. 1 (January 2006): 90–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00220380500356746.

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Hutton, Sandra. "Men's and Women's Incomes: Evidence from Survey Data." Journal of Social Policy 23, no. 1 (January 1994): 21–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279400021309.

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ABSTRACTThe article highlights the discordance between the reality and the perception of women's independence and equality. The changes in legislation and increased female participation in the labour market since the 1960s give the impression of considerable progress. Equal treatment of men and women has been proposed. Evidence from national survey data however, shows that women's income is still lower than men's with no matching increase with age and career. Social security policy has always been based on labour market participation but women's labour market participation is quite different from that of men. Because of childcare responsibilities many women work parttime at some time in their working lives. Equal pay legislation has had little influence on the incomes from part-time work. The failure of real income from part-time work to rise over time has been a major cause along with job segregation and the segmentation of the labour market in maintaining the difference between men's and women's incomes. Women's continued lack of personal income has consequences for the support for women and children, particularly evident in the case of lone mothers. The incomes available to a woman are unlikely to be high enough to provide an adequate independent living standard for herself and any dependent children.
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OMRAN, Emad Attia Mohamed, and Yuriy BILAN. "Female Labour Force Participation and the Economic Development in Egypt." European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 14, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.24818/ejis.2022.01.

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Economic literature highlights the vital role that women can play in enhancing the economic development of nations. However, there is still gender inequality in developing countries, especially in education and labour market participation. Although women represent nearly half of the population in Egypt, their labour force participation rate is still very low compared to men. This paper's primary goal is to investigate the short and long-run associations between female labour force participation and Egypt's GDP growth rate. The study used annual time series data from 1990-2019, where the vector error correction model (VECM) was employed. The study found that female labour force participation and the gross fixed capital formation growth rate can enhance the GDP growth rate in the long run. Nevertheless, there is no statistically significant relationship in the short run. This paper's main recommendations are that the Egyptian government needs to implement policies that encourage women's labour force participation and decrease gender inequality. These policies could be changes in legislation, modernization of social norms, Job flexibility, and increasing access to childcare. Moreover, they need to focus on both the demand and supply sides of the quality of female labour force participation by matching the women’s education with the creation of suitable jobs.
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Domènech, Jordi, and Alexander Elu-Terán. "Women's Paid Work in an Urban Developing Economy. Barcelona in 1930." Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 26, no. 3 (2008): 375–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0212610900000392.

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AbstractIn this paper we explore the determinants of women's work using data from Barcelona in 1930. Although participation rates were much lower in Barcelona than in cities in the UK or the US at roughly the same time, our estimates of the labour supply suggest women in Barcelona did respond to wage incentives. The most distinguishable feature of the household division of labour in Barcelona is the lack of substitution effects among family members, especially among women. The sensitivity of the participation of each individual woman to the participation of other members of the household might indicate that labour markets were highly segmented and anticipates the existence of large differences in household earnings and welfare. We argue that the persistence of labour-intensive methods of production requiring on-the-job training might explain the type of household division of labour that we find in Barcelona.
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Tan, Peck Leong, Muhammad Adidinizar Zia Ahmad Kusair, and Norlida Abdul Hamid. "Tertiary Educated Muslim Women's Work Decision." Journal of Emerging Economies and Islamic Research 3, no. 2 (May 31, 2015): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/jeeir.v3i2.9057.

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The participation of women in the labour force has been steadily rising over the years, especially with tremendous human capital investment in educating more women at tertiary levels. However, the tertiary educated women labour participation remains low, particularly among Muslim women. Therefore, this paper explores how tertiary educated Muslim women make their decision to work. This study surveyed 139 tertiary educated women and found their decisions to work are affected by their families’ needs and/or responsibilities, and may not be due to their lives’ goals and dreams. The majority of them work for the sake of money and hence will work if offered jobs meet their expectations in term of salary and position. Furthermore, they will leave the workforce if they need to fulfil their responsibilities at home. Therefore, to retain or to encourage more women especially those with high qualifications to be in the labour market, stakeholders must provide family-friendly jobs and suitable work environment such as flexible working arrangements. More importantly, stakeholders must be able to convince the family members of tertiary educated women to release them to the labour market.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "WOMEN'S PARTICIPATION TO LABOUR"

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Hotton, Tina Lynn. "Labour force participation and women's criminal victimization risk." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ36038.pdf.

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Gordon, Margaret. "Women's labour lost - mothers' labour's cost : workforce participation when children have disabilities /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2004. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe18561.pdf.

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Laurie, Heather. "Household financial resource distribution and women's labour market participation." Thesis, University of Essex, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.296586.

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Zwiener-Collins, Nadine. "Women's work and political participation : the links between employment, labour markets, and women's institutional political participation in Europe." Thesis, City, University of London, 2018. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/21779/.

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This study explores the links between women's work, gendered labour markets, and women's institutional political participation in 25 European countries. Although employment is a standard predictor of (women's) political participation, previous research has treated women's work mostly as a characteristic of individual women, disregarding the broader structural inequalities that are behind women's work patterns. Using data from the fifth round of the European Social Survey, in combination with detailed information on work-family policies and labour market structures of the countries included, this study aims to contribute to a more contextual understanding of the effects of employment. My research explores whether the effects of employment status, working hours, and job level are shaped by the context, in which they are embedded. Although labour markets and political systems vary considerably across countries and existing research has provided inconsistent findings, the context-dependency of employment effects has not yet been systematically assessed. Moreover, little research has focussed on direct effects of the labour market; therefore, this study explores the effects of two labour market characteristics that have a particularly gendered meaning: work-family policies and gendered structures in the labour market. The findings indicate that the effects of employment are more complex than often assumed in the literature. Employment can not only affect, for example, mothers and non-mothers differently, but there is also an indication that some employment effects are shaped by the labour market context. Contextual characteristics also affect women's political participation directly by redistributing resources and shaping women's experiences in the work-place. Overall, the findings show that the political effects of work should be understood within the wider context.
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Luci, Angela. "Women's labour market participation interacting with macroeconomic growth and family policies." Phd thesis, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00638278.

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Cette thèse de doctorat en économie recherche le lien entre l'emploi des femmes et la croissance macroéconomique en prenant en compte les effets des politiques familiales. Tandis que plusieurs modèles théoriques et analyses empiriques montrent un impact strictement positif de l'emploi des femmes sur la croissance macroéconomique, l'impact inverse de la croissance sur l'emploi des femmes n'est pas si clair. Quelques economistes suggèrent un impact strictement positif, mais des études empiriques recentes estiment que la croissance du PIB baisse d'abord l'emploi des femmes et l'augmente seulement à mi et long terme à partir d'un certain niveau de développement économique. Cet impact convexe (" feminisation U " hypothesis) n'est pas encore prouvé par des études empiriques, car les études existantes se basent seulement sur des donnés de séries temporelles ou de séries transversales et n'apportent pas des résultats explicites. Je propose donc une propre analyse empirique de l'impact de la croissance macroéconomique sur l'emploi des femmes, basée sur des données de panel, qui contiennent des observations de plus de 180 pays et de plus de 40 ans. La structure de la base de données me permet de prendre en compte des problèmes d'endogeneité. Mon analyse confirme un impact convex de la croissance macroéconomique sur l'emploi des femmes. Ce résultat montre que pour promouvoir l'emploi des femmes, on ne peut pas toujous compter sur la croissance. Des institutions promouvant l'égalité hommes-femmes sont nécessaires pour encourager l'emploi des femmes, et surtout l'emploi des mères, non seulement dans les pays en developpement mais aussi dans les pays industrialisés. Pourtant, dans de nombreux pays européens, le caractère redistributif de plusieurs instruments de la politique familiale risque de decourager l'offre d'emploi des mères. Par conséquent, il apparait essentiel de créer un set coherent d'instruments de politique familiale pour en même temps prévenir les familles de la pauvreté et encourager l'emploi des mères et la fécondité.
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Soobedar, Zeenat. "Essays on women's labour market outcomes and welfare participation in the UK." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2010. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/425.

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The thesis examines the changes in the labour market behaviour and welfare participation of women in the UK. Over recent decades the UK has seen a dramatic rise in women's labour force participation. This growth led to remarkable shifts in the families employment structure. The UK has seen a rapid decline in the male breadwinner model of employment due to rising dual-earner and single-adult households over the years. In spite of this, the employment rate of single mothers is one of the lowest amongst other mothers and other OECD countries. While Chapter 1 and Chapter 2 evaluate two of the largest welfare transfers in the UK in search for potential explanations for it, Chapter 3 traces the factors behind the rise in dual-earner households. More precisely Chapter 1 investigates the impact of the automatic withdrawal of Income Support on labour supply decisions of single mothers with no qualifications. Consistent with a simple labour supply model, a substantial rise in mothers employment rate and an increase in job search effort are reported. Indeed 20% of single mothers who were initially on Income Support enter work following the benefit withdrawal. Chapter 2 studies the potential causal relationship between the benefit withdrawal and the availability of disability transfers. It is observed that 25% of single mothers with no qualifications who lose Income Support transit into disability benefits rather than work, in line with the predictions of a model of benefits choice. Finally, Chapter 3 uses a decomposition exercise à-la-DiNardo-Fortin-Lemieux (1996) to pin down the rise in dual-earner households to changes in: (1) returns to female characteristics conditional on female labour force participation; (2) returns to male characteristics; (3) assortative mating; and (4) female characteristics. Female labour force participation appears to be the primary factor while assortative mating plays a modest role.
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Undurraga, Rosario. "Between family and work : women's participation in the labour market in Chile." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2011. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/35786/.

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Chile enjoys relative economic and political stability, but has enormous class, gender and labour market inequalities. Women’s employment participation is low – the lowest in Latin America. This research aims to explain this low female participation rate by looking at women’s experiences, the continuing barriers they face around paid employment, the tension between paid work and family life, and the factors that lead to the decisions they make. It examines normative gendered roles and gendered relations, highlighting diverse experiences between social groups. The study is qualitative, based on 60 semi-structured interviews with upper/middle- and working-class women in Santiago, Chile. The conceptual framework is based on the Total Social Organisation of Labour and is informed by the concepts of gender regime and gender order. I explore the way in which women conceptualise work and the implications of this for their self-esteem, the valuation of women’s work, and their place in society. The conceptualisation of work shapes (mis)recognition, (mis)representation and (mal)distribution of un/paid labour. I argue that structural and cultural factors put women off the labour market. The main obstacles women face when engaging with paid employment are structural (lack of childcare, education, transport time and costs, long working hours) and cultural (machismo, discrimination, traditional division of labour). Most women experience these barriers, which take different forms according to class. Women would like more support, a smaller gender pay gap, wider childcare provision and fewer working hours. The Chilean gender order is characterised by a ‘traditional’ gender division of labour in a ‘modern’ context. It displays a male-breadwinner/female-home-carer model with little State support, meaning women rely on individual (re)sources. The distribution of un/paid work is a private problem variously resolved by individual (gendered) strategies. This research contributes to knowledge by providing feminist analysis and understanding of the low female workforce participation rate.
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Doumenis, Ioannis G. "On married women's labour market participation considerations : empirical applications and some econometric issues." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.416079.

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Gorkoff, Kelly. "The feminization of the labour movement?, women's participation in the Manitoba Government Employees Union." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/mq23319.pdf.

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Watana, Paranee. "Female labour force participation in Thailand." Thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/130346.

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In Thailand, female labour force participation rates are quite high by international standards. Women work for various purposes without any constraints. In this study, many socio-economic factors are investigated in order to find their relationship with female labour force participation. Data from the 1980 Population Census are used. The relationship between female labour force participation and socio-economic factors is positive. Many factors show a close association such as education and number of children living in the household. As education increases , so does the proportion of women in the labour force. The existence of children in the household has a different effect on ever married women. A higher percentage of Widows and divorcees with children work than currently married women with children. As anticipated, ever married women with no children have the highest participation rates. The investigation of marital status, age at marriage and religion shows little effect on female labour force participation, Whatever their marital status, age at marriage or religion, a large proportion of Thai women participate in the labour force. When the fertility levels of working women and housewives are examined, many variables including age, education age at marriage and the practice of contraception are considered. Working women have a lower fertility level than housewives. However, those working women who practice contraception have a larger number of children ever born than do housewives. This is because birth control has only recently become widespread in Thailand. Among working women, agricultural workers have the highest fertility level.
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Books on the topic "WOMEN'S PARTICIPATION TO LABOUR"

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Kealey, Linda. Factor's affecting women's labour force participation. [St. John's, Nfld.]: Royal Commission on Employment and Unemployment, Newfoundland and Labrador, 1986.

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Callan, Tim. Women's participation in the Irish labour market. Dublin: National Economic and Social Council, 1991.

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Shale, M. M. Lesotho women's labour force participation and fertility. [Maseru]: Population and Manpower Division, Ministry of Planning, Govt. of Lesotho, 1993.

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Zeleza, Tiyambe. Labour, unionization and women's participation in Kenya, 1963-1987. Nairobi: Friedrich Ebert Foundation, 1988.

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author, Hassendeen Shafinaz, Gunatilaka Ramani author, and International Labour Organization (Colombo, Sri Lanka), eds. Factors affecting women's labour force participation in Sri Lanka. Colombo: International Labour Organization, ILO Country Office for Sri Lanka and the Maldives, 2016.

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Lahey, Kathleen A. Women and employment: Removing fiscal barriers to women's labour force participation. [Ottawa]: Status of Women Canada, 2005.

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Ntuli, Miracle. Determinants of South African women's labour force participation, 1995--2004. Bonn, Germany: IZA, 2007.

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Davies, Lisa. Women's labour force participation in New Zealand: The past 100 years. Wellington: Social Policy Agency / Rōpū Here Kaupapa, 1993.

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Walsh, Brendan M. Labour force participation and the feminising of the labour force. Dublin: University College Dublin, Department of Economics, 1992.

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Begum, Nazma. Labour force participation of women in Bangladesh. Dhaka: A.K. Prokashani, 1992.

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Book chapters on the topic "WOMEN'S PARTICIPATION TO LABOUR"

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Llamas, Rogelio Varela. "Women's Participation in Mexico's Labor Market." In The Economics of Women and Work in the Global Economy, 40–70. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003198314-4.

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Gunatilaka, Ramani, and Ranmini Vithanagama. "Women’s Labour Force Participation in Sri Lanka’s North." In Women’s Economic Empowerment, 207–32. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge ; Ottawa : International Development Research Centre, 2021. |: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003141938-13.

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Aromolaran, Adebayo B. "Female Schooling and Women’s Labour Market Participation in Nigeria." In Economic Policy Options for a Prosperous Nigeria, 397–428. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230583191_17.

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Al-Botmeh, Samia. "The Political Economy of Palestinian Women’s Labour Market Participation." In Development Challenges and Solutions after the Arab Spring, 175–99. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137541406_10.

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Huang, Yuqin. "Political Participation of Two Generations of Women’s Director, 1944–2013." In Transforming the Gendered Organisation of Labour and Leisure, 197–215. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6438-3_10.

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Hu, Xinying. "Childcare Policy Reform and Women’s Labour Force Participation in China." In Global Economic Crisis and the Politics of Diversity, 155–77. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137293688_7.

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Subaşi, Selen. "Non-formal learning participation as leisure for Syrian refugee women in Turkey." In Women, leisure and tourism: self-actualization and empowerment through the production and consumption of experience, 92–103. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789247985.0009.

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Abstract The Syrian civil war has caused thousands of deaths and the displacement of millions since 2011. Turkey currently serves as the new home to over 3.6 million refugees. Resettlement is particularly challenging for Syrian women. In addition to their patriarchal-assigned gender roles, women refugees encounter multidimensional difficulties. Unlike their male counterparts, they face overwhelming language barriers due to culturally imposed restrictions to their education in Turkey. Previous studies indicate women refugees have low levels of well-being and life satisfaction, as well as increased risk of depression. This chapter examines the types, practices, and benefits of leisure participation among Syrian refugee women in Turkey. Its findings reveal that throughout the resettlement process, leisure plays many roles, such as relieving trauma, increasing well-being and mental health, and supporting their integration into society and the labour market. Despite the abundance of learning opportunities, research on the outcomes of their participation is limited. Therefore, future studies should also focus on the effects of their participation in education to address the needs of Syrian women refugees. However, further research should be conducted on participation constraints to establish ways of encouraging refugee women's involvement in educational activities.
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Ogawa, Naohiro, Robert D. Retherford, and Yasuhiko Saito. "Care of the Elderly and Women’s Labour Force Participation in Japan." In Aging in Advanced Industrial States, 223–61. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3553-0_10.

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Shibatal, Aiko. "The Effects of Japanese Income Tax Provisions on Women’s Labour Force Participation." In Women’s Work in the World Economy, 169–79. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13188-4_9.

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Marois, Guillaume, and Samir KC. "Building Alternative Scenarios." In SpringerBriefs in Population Studies, 71–79. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79111-7_5.

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AbstractNew dimensions added in the projection models in Chap. 10.1007/978-3-030-79111-7_4, the labour force participation and the sector of activity, are modelled using regression parameters. In this chapter, we show how building alternative scenarios with this type of inputs. In the first example, we test an assumption in which women with young children at home have the same participation rate as other women. The second example, we test a scenario in which labour force participation rates of women gradually increase and reach those of men by 2060. The code to implement those alternative scenarios is explained, and some results are presented.
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Conference papers on the topic "WOMEN'S PARTICIPATION TO LABOUR"

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Nikore, Mitali, Manvika Gupta, Poorva Prabhu, and Vidhi Narang. "India’s Missing Working Women: How COVID-19 Pushed Women out of Formal Labour Markets." In 12th Women's Leadership and Empowerment Conference. Tomorrow People Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52987/wlec.2021.004.

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Abstract India’s women were disproportionately impacted by COVID-19 induced lockdowns and economic disruptions. Recent high frequency data demonstrates that that women suffered massive job and income losses. In December 2020, nine months into the lockdown, there were still 11.5 million fewer persons in the labour force vs. December 2019, 4 million men and 7.5 million women. The overall size of the labour force shrunk by 2.6% between December 2019 to December 2020, yet the size of the female labour force shrunk by 14%, vs. 1% for men. Women faced stricter mobility restrictions, limiting their access to workplaces. Across income strata, women’s unpaid domestic responsibilities increased, with some estimates showing a 30% increase in carework, leaving them little time for seeking renumerated employment. Gender digital divides worsened, leaving women without access to digital business and online education, increasingly important in a post-COVID-19 economy. Most importantly, women faced the scourge of the shadow pandemic of domestic violence, rendering them insecure and unable to work. Despite being one of the world’s fastest growing emerging economies, only a quarter of Indian women were in the labour force even pre- COVID-19. Analysis of time series data over the last five decades (1970-2018), shows that women’s labour force and workforce participation rates have secularly declined to their lowest levels since Independence. Given this disparate impact of COVID-19, in the absence of targeted policy interventions designed to support retention and promote women’s workforce participation, women are likely to continue being excluded from India’s spectacular growth story. Keywords: Women, labour force, wage gaps, India, post-COVID-19 recovery
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Algan, Neşe, and Duygu Serin Oktay. "Women's Labor Force Participation and Economic Growth: Evidence from Transition Economies." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c13.02532.

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Sustainable economic growth at national and global level depends on the significant participation of women in the labor force. Because women compose half of the world population in terms of human capital and labor. Despite the developments in recent years, there is still gender inequality in labor markets around the world and labor force participation rate of women is lower than men. There are many factors affecting the participation of women in the labor force in all developed and developing countries. The effect levels of these factors on the participation rate differ depending on the development levels of the countries. In this context, the role of women's education and labor force participation on development is an important issue especially for all developing country. Therefore, the aim of the study is to examine the relationship between women's labor force participation rates and economic growth in transition economies. For this purpose, the generalized method of moments, which is a dynamic panel data analysis technique, is applied in the study using data between 1995-2019. Analysis findings reveal that there is a U-shaped relationship between women's labor force participation rate and economic growth in transition economies competible with the literature. As a result, reducing gender inequality and increasing women's labor force participation rates positively affect economic growth, income inequality and social welfare, so it is great importance that policy practitioners create a comprehensive women's employment policy and ensure that women play an active role in the labor force.
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Demiral, Ezgi. "Comparative Analysis of Female Poverty in Turkey with OECD Countries." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c13.02558.

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The significant a reason of female poverty is that in general, women aren't considered to be in the labour market. Women that are in the labour market either in lower status from men or perform informal jobs or get paid less money even when they're employed in the same jobs. Female employment rate or women's education level are indicator of female poverty. The aim of this paper is to analyse female poverty in Turkey and selected OECD countries. This study obtained the female employment rate and women's education level data from the Economic Co-operation and Development database for the years between 2008-2019. Graphic by these data were analyzed comparative data analysis. In addition, specifically for the analysis of structure of women's employment in Turkey was to get data related to part-time employment, informal jobs and unpaid family workers from Turkish Statistical Institute. The results show that both women in labour market and women's education levels are extremely low level in Turkey compared to selected OECD countries. Part-time employment, informal jobs and unpaid family workers have place in women's employment. When women's employment increases it's expected to see that women poverty decreases. But women in Turkey mostly works in informal jobs or flexible working hours. This situation isn't enough effective enough to struggle fight female poverty and this resulted working women poverty. Firstly, policies should be developed to improve women will have increased participation in the qualified workforce and to length of stay in education by governments.
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Karaca, Erol. "Investigation of the Reliability and Validity of Attitude Scale on Labor Force Participation of Women with a Structral Equation Model." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c04.00617.

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This study is designed to find out the relationship between labour force participation of women, internal and external factors that limiting to their labour force participation and negatives of working. This research was carried out with 900 women between the ages of 15-64, living in Eskişehir. The data was collected through “Attitude Scale on Labor Force Participation of women” developed by researchers. These data were analyzed with Second Order Confirmatory Factor Analysis by using the statistical package LISREL. The findings from the study revealed that the scale was valid and reliable and that internal factors and external factors that limiting to their labour force participation and negatives of working affect directly labour force participation of women.
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Dmitrieva, E. V., and M. A. Fesenko. "ON THE USE OF WOMEN'S LABOR IN RAILWAY TRANSPORT." In The 16th «OCCUPATION and HEALTH» Russian National Congress with International Participation (OHRNC-2021). FSBSI “IRIOH”, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31089/978-5-6042929-2-1-2021-1-177-180.

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Abstract: The article discusses the issue of women's labor in the position of an assistant driver, analyzes the main harmful factors that women may encounter in the process of work. The labor intensity, in particular psycho-emotional stress and shift work, affects health, including reproductive health. The issue of conducting research within the framework of this issue is being discussed. Conclusions: The combination of unfavorable factors of the production environment and the labor process can have a harmful effect on the health (including reproductive health) of female machinists and assistant machinists. Under these conditions, the peculiarities of the functioning of the female body – increased sensitivity to the effects of harmful production factors during certain periods of the menstrual cycle require additional full-scale physiological and hygienic studies.
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Hendricks, Winston, and Babawande Olawale. "Bridging the Gender-Based Digital Divide: Empowerment of Women Through ICT." In Tenth Pan-Commonwealth Forum on Open Learning. Commonwealth of Learning, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56059/pcf10.9136.

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This paper explores how digital transformation can bridge the gender-based digital divide and empower women for civic engagement in a digital world. This is because, in recent times, women in developing countries such as South Africa have been marginalized due to the patriarchal sentiment prevalent in society. While gender equality is not only a universal human right, recognizing the importance of gender equality in ensuring the advancement of society will go a long way to reducing the existing gender gaps in digital inclusion. While it has been argued that digital transformation perpetuates gender-related inequality, empowering women has the potential to generate a new source of global economic growth that is more inclusive. In addition, the incorporation of computer-based technologies into an organization's products, processes, and strategies, often referred to as 'digital transformation' is capable of providing an avenue for more equal women participation in labour markets and entrepreneurship. However, despite the advantages of digital transformation for women’s empowerment, women’s marginalisation in digital technologies continues to be evident in South Africa and its education system. The present study, therefore, investigates how digital transformation can bridge the gender-based digital divide and empower women for civic engagement in a digital world by promoting gender equality in the digital communities. Underpinned by an Interpretivist paradigm, the study employs a qualitative research approach and a case study design. Thus, to investigate how digital transformation can bridge the gender-based digital divide and empower women for civic engagement in a digital world, data for the study was collected through interviews from ten female university students in a rural university in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. The findings from the study revealed that while there are several opportunities that the digital technologies present in the quest for women empowerment, the lack of skills and expertise, literacy gaps, traditional and social norms, and a lack of confidence in experimenting with technology, among many others are the key factors that widen the digital gender gap. Based on the findings, recommendations were made that universities and higher education institutions partners should promote women's empowerment by supporting women's meaningful and equal participation in decision making where digital technologies are concerned.
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Vančo Véghová, Veronika. "Participation of the Female Wokforce and Its Impact on the Economic Development of the Country." In EDAMBA 2021 : 24th International Scientific Conference for Doctoral Students and Post-Doctoral Scholars. University of Economics in Bratislava, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53465/edamba.2021.9788022549301.541-548.

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The labor market situation is complex and influenced by many unwritten and mostly unconscious norms and prejudices that apply to both women and men. However, more women in society pay for this setting. Firstly, by offering them a priori lower wages than equally qualified men (although "only" by women, the second thing is that more women than men work in human resources, so discrimination has a greater real impact) and secondly because men who perceive that they can be socially (less positively) and economically punished (more frequent dismissals) if they are not the best and if they prefer family and / or health if necessary will not be willing to promote a more equal distribution of responsibilities at home and in childcare. This in turn leads to a greater burden on women's unpaid work and slower career growth for women. A vicious circle is forming where the notion that domestic work and caring for children and other members of the household is a "women's" specialization persists, forcing women to combine family life with work and men to work earlier. career (although perhaps both would prefer a family-work balance). Such an approach has far-reaching consequences, not only economic but also psychological.
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Avcı, Ülcay Ecenur, and Aslı Cansın Doker. "The Role of Women on the Economic Development as the “Secondary” Production Factor: An Analysis on Nuts-2." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c08.01871.

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In underdeveloped societies, in both the reflection of the limitations on the position of women in social life, as a result of business life is also restricted. However, optimum use of production factors is essential at the forefront of the elements of sustainable development. The reflections of economic exclusion of women are the increase of dependency and the deepening of poverty. According to data, it is observed that labor force participation rates of women in Turkey are relatively inadequate and unbalanced. Women are not able to participate in employment because of low education, professional skills and qualifications, etc. and therefore are more exposed to poverty and social exclusion risk. Moreover, global economic crises in Turkey and similar countries are accompanied by a high unemployment rate resulting from the shrinkage of the markets. On the other hand, new emerging micro-entrepreneurship, which began in Turkey, which counts more than 8 million poor women for "a contribution to the family income," but in fact it is seen as a way to stay alive. Through this initiative developing self-esteem of women, family and community is growing in reputation. Additionally, quality of the human capital, which is the most important source of the countries, passes through the family institution. In the study, social policy will be made by subjecting micro-credits to comparative analysis of regional development, poverty, nature of women's employment and role of women in social life in the light of face-to-face interviews on five families using micro-credit and data on poverty in NUTS-2.
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Lukovnikova, L. V., L. A. Lelbiks, and E. E. Lesiovskaya. "EFFECT OF NICKEL AND ITS INSOLUBLE INORGANIC COMPOUNDS ON REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION OF WHITE RATS." In The 16th «OCCUPATION and HEALTH» Russian National Congress with International Participation (OHRNC-2021). FSBSI “IRIOH”, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31089/978-5-6042929-2-1-2021-1-326-329.

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Abstract. Introduction. The problem of women's health protection in enterprises producing and using nickel and its compounds is particularly relevant, since women make up a significant contingent of workers at some stages of production. Nickel and its compounds are used in the production of high-alloy steels, alloys with copper, chromium, aluminum, as a catalyst in the processes of hydrogenation of fats, in the production of batteries, nickel-plating of metal products. In case of violations of the technological process, labor protection conditions, workers may be exposed to nickel aerosol and its oxides. Purpose. To study the effect of nickel and its insoluble compounds on the reproductive function of white rats. Method of research. The studies were carried out on sexually mature female white rats weighing 180-200 g with a stable estrous cycle lasting 4-6 days. Experimental studies were conducted in accordance with national and international regulatory requirements ensuring humane treatment of animals used in experiments: Directive 2010/63/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of the European Union of September 22, 2010 on the protection of animals used in scientific purposes, Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation of 01.04.2016 No. 199n «On approval of the Rules of good laboratory Practice». The industrial conditions for the action of aerosol of insoluble nickel compounds were simulated in a special chamber with an individual intake of aerosol into the breathing zone at a concentration of 0.2 mg / m3 daily for 4 hours during the entire gestation period. The animals were assessed for the dynamics of body weight on the 1st, 8th, 14th and 20th days of pregnancy. On the 20th day of pregnancy, the number of yellow bodies of pregnancy, placentas and fetuses was determined, pre-, post-implantation and total intrauterine death, average length and weight of fetuses, and average placenta weight were calculated. The total number of pregnant females and fetuses was recorded with the subsequent calculation of the number of fetuses per female. Results. The action of an aerosol of insoluble nickel compounds at a concentration of 0.2 mg / m3 in this mode did not lead to a violation of the reproductive function of white rats in all the studied parameters. Conclusion. The experimental data obtained indicate that insoluble nickel compounds at the level of the maximum permissible concentrations for the air of the working area will not pose a risk of developing reproductive health pathology in working women.
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Ustabaş, Ayfer, and Tanses Yasemin Gülsoy. "The Relationships Between the Female Labor Force Participation Rate and Economic Development: A Correlation Analysis for Turkey." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c08.01912.

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Integration of women into the labor market has been a crucial indicator of economic development and social welfare. Although Turkey has taken important steps in terms of integrating with the world economy by shifting from an import-substituting industrialization model to an export-oriented growth strategy from the 1980s onward, female labor force participation rates and the significant regional variations in these rates indicate that women’s integration into the labor force has not kept pace with economic development. The influence of economic growth on female employment participation has been discussed in many studies. But, studies analyzing the interdependent relationship of female labor force participation and economic growth as well as the interplay of labor force participation and sectoral GDP growth have been limited. The purpose of this study is to fill this gap by evaluating the relationships between female labor force participation rate and economic growth expressed by GDP per capita levels in Turkey for the 1990-2015 period, using data from the World Development Indicators (WDI) 2017 database of the World Bank. The empirical findings point to a strong correlation between the rate of female labor force participation in industry and services sectors and economic development.
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Reports on the topic "WOMEN'S PARTICIPATION TO LABOUR"

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Aytac, Isik. The effect of women's labor force participation on marital instability. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.5307.

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Albanesi, Stefania, and María José Prados. Slowing Women's Labor Force Participation: The Role of Income Inequality. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w29675.

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Mahé, Clotilde, Wladimir Zanoni, and María Laura Oliveri. Women’s informal labor market participation in Ecuador. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004646.

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This paper describes trends, correlates, and critical patterns driving women's labor force participation in Ecuador between 2015 and 2021. We aim to understand better what factors cause women to choose to work in the informal sector in that country. To do that, we process data from seven waves (2015 to 2021) of the Ecuadorian National Survey of Employment and Unemployment. We document changes through time in female employment trends, and isolate key patterns of the statistical associations between household characteristics and those trends. We found an increase in the share of 15-year-old or older women who were active and occupied, as well as an increase in their holding of informal jobs. In addition, OLS estimates point to working informally as a second-best strategy where women -economically constrained, low-skilled agents- substitute for formal employment, opting for informal jobs when facing obstacles in meeting basic needs.
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Joshi, Kuhu, K. Chaitanya, and Avinash Kishore. Women's labor force participation in rural India: Current status, patterns and drivers. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.133589.

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Fernandez, Raquel, Alessandra Fogli, and Claudia Olivetti. Preference Formation and the Rise of Women's Labor Force Participation: Evidence from WWII. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, June 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w10589.

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Boustan, Leah Platt, and William Collins. The Origins and Persistence of Black-White Differences in Women's Labor Force Participation. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, May 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w19040.

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Rodríguez Caballero, Carlos Vladimir, and Arnoldo López - Marmolejo. Assessing the Effect of Gender Equality before the Law on Female Labor Participation and GDP per capita in Central America Panama and the Dominican Republic. Inter-American Development Bank, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003113.

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Women's participation in the labor market in Central America is low for the international standard. Increase such participation is on the agenda of many policymakers who want to improve women's access to quality employment. In this paper, we use data from Central America, Panama, and the Dominican Republic to assess whether gender equality in the law helps increasing women's participation in the labor force and, therefore, boosts GDP per capita. The study is based on two econometric methodologies to evaluate distinct aspects of the economic mechanism.
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Quak, Evert-jan. The Link Between Demography and Labour Markets in sub-Saharan Africa. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), January 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.011.

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This rapid review synthesises the literature from academic, policy, and knowledge institution sources on how demography affects labour markets (e.g. entrants, including youth and women) and labour market outcomes (e.g. capital-per-worker, life-cycle labour supply, human capital investments) in the context of sub-Saharan Africa. One of the key findings is that the fast-growing population in sub-Saharan Africa is likely to affect the ability to get productive jobs and in turn economic growth. This normally happens when workers move from traditional (low productivity agriculture and household businesses) sectors into higher productivity sectors in manufacturing and services. In theory the literature shows that lower dependency ratios (share of the non-working age population) should increase output per capita if labour force participation rates among the working age population remain unchanged. If output per worker stays constant, then a decline in dependency ratio would lead to a rise in income per capita. Macro simulation models for sub-Saharan Africa estimate that capital per worker will remain low due to consistently low savings for at least the next decades, even in the low fertility scenario. Sub-Saharan African countries seem too poor for a quick rise in savings. As such, it is unlikely that a lower dependency ratio will initiate a dramatic increase in labour productivity. The literature notes the gender implications on labour markets. Most women combine unpaid care for children with informal and low productive work in agriculture or family enterprises. Large family sizes reduce their productive labour years significantly, estimated at a reduction of 1.9 years of productive participation per woman for each child, that complicates their move into more productive work (if available). If the transition from high fertility to low fertility is permanent and can be established in a relatively short-term period, there are long-run effects on female labour participation, and the gains in income per capita will be permanent. As such from the literature it is clear that the effect of higher female wages on female labour participation works to a large extent through reductions in fertility.
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Arias, Karla, David López, Segundo Camino-Mogro, Mariana Weiss, Dylan Walsh, Livia Gouvea, and Michelle Carvalho Metanias Hallack. Green Transition and Gender Bias: An Analysis of Renewable Energy Generation Companies in Latin America. Edited by Amanda Beaujon Marin. Inter-American Development Bank, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004461.

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This study analyzes how the energy transition might change gender bias in power-generating industries. To this end, this paper employs a sample of 102 renewable energy generation companies from six countries in Latin America and the Caribbean: Bolivia, Chile, Costa Rica, Panama, Mexico, and Uruguay. The analysis of collected data shows that renewable generation companies with the highest relative efficiency in the labor-capital ratio are those with the highest participation of women. In addition, the results show that renewable companies are incrementing recruitment of women in energy generation. Nevertheless, in the analyzed sample, the participation of women in renewables is still lower than the sectorial average. Moreover, there is no structural change with respect to roles that women occupy, when comparing renewables companies with others generation companies. Considering the companies size, bigger renewables companies (with higher installed generation capacity) tend to hire more women, but those women occupy mostly non-technical positions. In addition, women's participation decreases in positions requiring more technical occupations. Women represent 36% of STEM1 employees, 39% of non-STEM employees, and 48% of non-qualified employees of the renewable generation companies surveyed. Concerning the role of women in decision making roles within energy companies, wide gender gaps exist in executive and management positions; the proportion of females in the boardroom and in management roles for renewables generation companies was 24% and 22%, respectively. Furthermore, 68% of surveyed companies did not have a gender policy in place. This study confirms that a change in technology alone does not generate qualitative changes in the labor market from a gender perspective. Such changes would be achieved by complementing technological change with inclusion policies, encouraging women to study careers related to science and technology to fill the shortage of female professionals in these areas, and closing the knowledge gap through systematic data collection and sharing about gender in the energy workforce.
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Arango-Thomas, Luis Eduardo, and Carlos Esteban Posada. Labor participation of married women in Colombia. Bogotá, Colombia: Banco de la República, November 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.357.

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