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Academic literature on the topic 'Women's American ORT'

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Published: 26 July 2024
Last updated: 28 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Women's American ORT"

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Domański, Cezary W. "Was John B. Watson Inspired by Anna Wyczółkowska and Her Studies in the Mechanism of Speech?" ORGANON 53 (November 29, 2021): 5–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/00786500.org.21.001.14786.

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In 1913, an article by Anna Wyczółkowska entitled Theoretical and experimental studies in the mechanism of speech was published in the Psychological Review. It contains the results of her studies on internal speech and thought, which had been carried out by the author seven years earlier, in the psychological laboratory of the University of Chicago. John B. Watson was a participant in the study. Wyczółkowska believed that Watson was inspired by her research. Thanks to his participation, he gradually began to move away from his original interest in animal psychology, towards behaviourism. In his Behaviorist Manifesto published in the same year, Watson took, as one of the arguments for the rightness of his programme, the assumption that the thought process is really motor habits in the larynx, improvements, short cuts, changes, etc. According to Wyczółkowska, it was obviously inspired by her research. Her aforementioned article is still cited in the psychological literature today, and belongs to the canon of the most important early experimental studies in the field of research on thinking and speech processes. This text discusses the relationship between the research conducted by Wyczółkowska and some assumptions of behaviourism. Furthermore it presents the story of Wyczółkowska’s life, her scientific work, social commitment to women’s university education, and activities in the Polish American community.
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Oso, Laura. "Transnational Social Mobility Strategies and Quality of Work among Latin-American Women Sex Workers in Spain." Sociological Research Online 21, no. 4 (November 2016): 188–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.5153/sro.4129.

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The aim of this article is to analyse the quality of work of two of the main types of female sex work in Spain (clubs and in-call flats). In order to do so I will focus on the following working dimensions: wages, power relations, skills, alienation, health, violence, work life and stigma. Firstly, the article seeks to highlight the structural factors that condition the quality of work of Latin American female sex workers in Spain. These factors are closely connected to policies regarding migration and sex work, which foment irregular work arrangements (undocumented migrants and informal workers). Secondly, I analyse entry formats (indebted or autonomous migration) and how they impact on working conditions. Thirdly, the article considers the migrant women's work choices and the resulting living and working conditions they may encounter. I intend to show that Latin American women sex workers in Spain might opt for a certain type of work within the context of strategic decisions, as linked to their migratory and social mobility projects. These decisions have a family and a transnational scope (country of origin, country of destination). The analysis presented is based on qualitative fieldwork (semi-structured interviews) carried out in Galicia (north-west Spain).
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Stefanick, Marcia L., Abby C. King, Sally Mackey, Lesley F. Tinker, Mark A. Hlatky, Michael J. LaMonte, John Bellettiere, et al. "Women’s Health Initiative Strong and Healthy Pragmatic Physical Activity Intervention Trial for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention: Design and Baseline Characteristics." Journals of Gerontology: Series A 76, no. 4 (January 12, 2021): 725–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glaa325.

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Abstract Background National guidelines promote physical activity to prevent cardiovascular disease (CVD), yet no randomized controlled trial has tested whether physical activity reduces CVD. Methods The Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) Strong and Healthy (WHISH) pragmatic trial used a randomized consent design to assign women for whom cardiovascular outcomes were available through WHI data collection (N = 18 985) or linkage to the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (N30 346), to a physical activity intervention or “usual activity” comparison, stratified by ages 68–99 years (in tertiles), U.S. geographic region, and outcomes data source. Women assigned to the intervention could “opt out” after receiving initial physical activity materials. Intervention materials applied evidence-based behavioral science principles to promote current national recommendations for older Americans. The intervention was adapted to participant input regarding preferences, resources, barriers, and motivational drivers and was targeted for 3 categories of women at lower, middle, or higher levels of self-reported physical functioning and physical activity. Physical activity was assessed in both arms through annual questionnaires. The primary outcome is major cardiovascular events, specifically myocardial infarction, stroke, or CVD death; primary safety outcomes are hip fracture and non-CVD death. The trial is monitored annually by an independent Data Safety and Monitoring Board. Final analyses will be based on intention to treat in all randomized participants, regardless of intervention engagement. Results The 49 331 randomized participants had a mean baseline age of 79.7 years; 84.3% were White, 9.2% Black, 3.3% Hispanic, 1.9% Asian/Pacific Islander, 0.3% Native American, and 1% were of unknown race/ethnicity. The mean baseline RAND-36 physical function score was 71.6 (± 25.2 SD). There were no differences between Intervention (N = 24 657) and Control (N = 24 674) at baseline for age, race/ethnicity, current smoking (2.5%), use of blood pressure or lipid-lowering medications, body mass index, physical function, physical activity, or prior CVD (10.1%). Conclusion The WHISH trial is rigorously testing whether a physical activity intervention reduces major CV events in a large, diverse cohort of older women. Clinical Trials Registration Number: NCT02425345
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Chabot, Joceline, and Sylvia Kasparian. "Humanitarian Action and the Experience of Armenian Women Refugees in the Post-Genocidal Context (1919–1924): Resilience and Agency." Canadian Ethnic Studies 55, no. 3 (2023): 13–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ces.2023.a928882.

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Abstract: In this article, we examine through archival research the actions and roles of humanitarian workers of the Near East Relief (NER) and the American Women's Hospitals (AWH) working in the Middle East and Greece to help refugees from the Armenian genocide of 1915 and the post-genocide massacres (1919–1922), including the Smyrna disaster of 1922. This event in particular led to the forced displacement of hundreds of thousands of Greek and Armenian refugees in Greece. In this context, we emphasize the central role of women doctors and nurses in their humanitarian efforts to save this population. We pay close attention to their successful practices, achievements and support as allies of the survivors. We also examine the survivors' strategies as agents of their own resistance and resilience. In other words, we aim to understand how these survivors, with the support of organizations working in humanitarian emergencies, developed strategies to overcome their status as victims of both gender-based violence and genocide. Ultimately, we focus on the survivors' quest for agency and resilience, through an examination of how vocational education and training and also other support policies and strategies served as a gateway to refugee empowerment. Résumé: Dans cet article, nous examinons, à partir des archives, les actions et les rôles des travailleurs humanitaires du Near East Relief (NER) et de l'American Women's Hospitals qui ont oeuvré au Moyen-Orient et en Grèce pour aider les réfugiés du génocide arménien de 1915 et des massacres post-génocide (1919–1922), y compris la catastrophe de Smyrne en 1922. Cet événement plus particulièrement a conduit au déplacement forcé de centaines de milliers de réfugiés grecs et arméniens en Grèce. Dans ce contexte, nous soulignons le rôle central des femmes médecins et infirmières dans leurs efforts humanitaires pour sauver cette population en détresse. Nous accordons une attention particulière à leurs « modèles de réussite », à leurs réalisations et à leur soutien en tant qu'alliés des survivants. Nous examinons également les stratégies des survivantes en tant qu'agentes de leur propre résistance et résilience. En d'autres termes, nous cherchons à comprendre comment ces survivantes, avec le soutien des organisations travaillant dans des situations d'urgence humanitaire, ont développé des stratégies pour surmonter leur statut de victimes à la fois de violences genrées et de génocide. En fin de compte, nous nous concentrons sur la quête d'autonomie et de résilience des survivantes, en examinant comment l'éducation et la formation professionnelle, mais aussi d'autres politiques et stratégies de soutien, ont servi de passerelle vers l'autonomisation des réfugiés.
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Anderson, Kermyt G. "HIGH PREVALENCE OF VOLUNTARY STERILIZATION AMONG AMERICAN WOMEN EXPLAINED BY TRADE-OFFS RESULTING FROM MALE PARENTAL COMMITMENT." Journal of Biosocial Science 50, no. 4 (September 7, 2017): 505–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932017000414.

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SummaryTubal ligation is the modal form of family planning among American women aged 30 and older. As the preference for tubal ligation over cheaper, lower risk and more reliable methods, such as vasectomy, has puzzled experts, a theoretical approach that explains this preference would be useful. The present study investigates the high prevalence of voluntary sterilization among American women from the perspective of life history theory, arguing that the trade-offs between investing in current and future offspring will favour tubal ligation when women cannot obtain reliable male commitment to future parental investment. Data came from the National Survey of Fertility Barriers (NSFB), a nationally representative survey of 4712 American women aged 25–45 conducted between 2004 and 2007. Four novel predictions of the prevalence of tubal ligation, drawn from life history theory, were developed and tested: 1) it is most common among unpartnered women with children, and least common among married women with children; 2) it is negatively correlated with age at first birth; 3) it is least common among highly educated women without children, and most common among less educated women with children; and 4) among women with two or more children, it is positively correlated with lifetime number of long-term partners. These predictions were tested using multivariate regression analysis. The first prediction was not supported: women with children were more likely to be sterilized, regardless of their marital status. The other three predictions were all supported by the data. The results suggest that trade-offs influence women’s decisions to undergo voluntary sterilization. Women are most likely to opt for tubal ligation when the costs of an additional child will impinge on their ability to invest in existing offspring, especially in the context of reduced male commitment.
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Mathis, Wesley. "Review of "Vibrant Matter: A Political Ecology of Things by Jane Bennett," Bennett, J. (2010). Vibrant Matter: A Political Ecology of Things. Duke University Press." Communication Design Quarterly 10, no. 4 (December 2022): 42–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3531210.3531216.

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In Vibrant Matter: A Political Ecology of Things (2010), Jane Bennett encourages her readers to slow down the internal thoughts of human superiority over "intrinsically inanimate matter" --- thoughts that prevent them from "detecting...a fuller range of the nonhuman powers circulating around and within human bodies" and their political systems (p. ix). Some readers of CDQ may wonder why a book from 2010 is worth our attention in 2022. The COVID-19 pandemic, the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling on women's reproductive autonomy, and the restrictions placed on the EPA's control over carbon emissions all suggest a clear resurgence of what Bennett calls the oft-repeated "vitalism-materialism debate" (p. 90)---the debate over how far affect, agency, animacy, and vitality extend. Bennett resolves the tensions of that debate by fusing traditional ideas of mechanistic materialism with the notions of an unknowable agency in all matter (not just humans), an agency that lacks representation in current political thought. If technical communicators and designers dedicated to crisis/risk communication as well as those studying and producing political technologies (Cheek, 2021, 2022) didn't see the application of Bennett's "vital materialism" at the end of the Bush era's heated debates over stem cell research and the war in Iraq as well as the North American power blackout of 2003, then perhaps, given the current political climate, I can persuade them to find merit in revisiting Bennett's arguments.
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Powell-Wiley, Tiffany M., Marie F. Martinez, Kosuke Tamura, Sam J. Neally, Kelly J. O'Shea, Kaveri Curlin, Yardley Albarracin, et al. "The Impact of a Place-Tailored Digital Health App Promoting Exercise Classes on African American Women’s Physical Activity and Obesity: Simulation Study." Journal of Medical Internet Research 24, no. 8 (August 22, 2022): e30581. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/30581.

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Background The increasing prevalence of smartphone apps to help people find different services raises the question of whether apps to help people find physical activity (PA) locations would help better prevent and control having overweight or obesity. Objective The aim of this paper is to determine and quantify the potential impact of a digital health intervention for African American women prior to allocating financial resources toward implementation. Methods We developed our Virtual Population Obesity Prevention, agent-based model of Washington, DC, to simulate the impact of a place-tailored digital health app that provides information about free recreation center classes on PA, BMI, and overweight and obesity prevalence among African American women. Results When the app is introduced at the beginning of the simulation, with app engagement at 25% (eg, 25% [41,839/167,356] of women aware of the app; 25% [10,460/41,839] of those aware downloading the app; and 25% [2615/10,460] of those who download it receiving regular push notifications), and a 25% (25/100) baseline probability to exercise (eg, without the app), there are no statistically significant increases in PA levels or decreases in BMI or obesity prevalence over 5 years across the population. When 50% (83,678/167,356) of women are aware of the app; 58.23% (48,725/83,678) of those who are aware download it; and 55% (26,799/48,725) of those who download it receive regular push notifications, in line with existing studies on app usage, introducing the app on average increases PA and decreases weight or obesity prevalence, though the changes are not statistically significant. When app engagement increased to 75% (125,517/167,356) of women who were aware, 75% (94,138/125,517) of those who were aware downloading it, and 75% (70,603/94,138) of those who downloaded it opting into the app’s push notifications, there were statistically significant changes in PA participation, minutes of PA and obesity prevalence. Conclusions Our study shows that a digital health app that helps identify recreation center classes does not result in substantive population-wide health effects at lower levels of app engagement. For the app to result in statistically significant increases in PA and reductions in obesity prevalence over 5 years, there needs to be at least 75% (125,517/167,356) of women aware of the app, 75% (94,138/125,517) of those aware of the app download it, and 75% (70,603/94,138) of those who download it opt into push notifications. Nevertheless, the app cannot fully overcome lack of access to recreation centers; therefore, public health administrators as well as parks and recreation agencies might consider incorporating this type of technology into multilevel interventions that also target the built environment and other social determinants of health.
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Rohma Saleem and Najia Asrar Zaidi. "The Silenced Subjectivities in I Am Malala and Red, White and Muslim: An Interpretative Analysis of Two Muslim Women’s Memoirs." Journal of Contemporary Poetics 6, no. 2 (August 8, 2023): 68–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.54487/jcp.v6i2.2889.

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This paper draws upon the theory of subjectivity of Muslim women as enunciated by Saba Mahmood in her seminal work Politics of Piety. Grounding our analysis in her work, we critically engage with two selected memoirs I Am Malala: The Girl Who Stood Up for Education and Was Shot by the Taliban and Red, White and Muslim: My Story of Belief. Both books are written by Muslim women who are from two different locations; Pakistan and America. Via their memoirs, we probe into the kinds of representation the central characters exhibit and how these texts employ the ideas of subjectivity and agency. Our position is that the subjectivity and agency of Muslim women, as depicted and endorsed in these memoirs, is more in accordance with secular neoliberal paradigm. When a secularist model is employed as a yardstick to measure Muslim women’s agency, it makes her appear subjugated or oppressed. Representations are then curtailed within two extremes: that of a distressed damsel in need of liberation or a modern, chic woman who is empowered and not much different from her enlightened sisters in the West. In each case, the coveted ideal is the secularist, neoliberal model of what constitutes an agentic and free woman. This portrayal, we have attempted to argue, leaves much to be desired. It undermines the agency and subjectivity of women who opt for a more religious and more confined existence. Such women are deemed conservative and unenlightened because visibility in communal, public places is not their preference. Thus, this paper signals towards a need for a more nuanced portrayal of Muslim women. Keywords: Memoirs, Muslim women, secularism, subjectivity, agency
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Westrick, Ashly, Zinzi Bailey, and Matthew Schlumbrecht. "Abstract B076: Influence of residential segregation and women’s health provider density on advanced stage endometrial cancer diagnoses." Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 32, no. 12_Supplement (December 1, 2023): B076. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7755.disp23-b076.

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Abstract Background. Endometrial cancer (EC) is the most common gynecologic malignancy in the US, with an increasing incidence. Non-Hispanic Black (NHB) women are disproportionately impacted by EC but the complex mechanisms by which this is occurring are not yet fully understood. Taking a social ecological approach to this issue, our objective was to determine if there are associations between county-level OB-GYN provider density and residential segregation as measured by the Index of Concentration at the Extremes (ICE) on late-stage EC diagnoses in Florida. Methods. All malignant EC cases were identified from 2001 to 2016 in the Florida Cancer Database System (FCDS). Using 5-year estimates from the 2013-2017 American Community Survey, five county-level ICE variables were calculated: economic (high vs low), race and/or ethnicity (non-Hispanic white (NHW) vs. NHB and NHW vs. Hispanic), and racialized economic segregation (low-income NHB vs. high-income NHW and low-income Hispanic vs. high-income NHW). County-level provider density was calculated as the number of OB-GYN providers divided by the female population of each county multiplied by 100,000. Early stage was defined as local and late stage was defined as regional/distant. Multivariable-adjusted logistic regression models were specified to estimate the association between each ICE variable and provider density separately on late-stage diagnosis of EC. Results. There were a total of 50,363 EC cases in Florida from 2001 to 2016 with 44,678 (88.7%) having stage information. Of those with stage information, the mean age at diagnosis was 64.1 years (SD: 11.9), 71.8% were NHW, 11.5% were NHB, 14.0% were Hispanic, and 2.8% were other race. The majority of individuals had government insurance (50.6%). More NHB women (27.1%) were diagnosed with aggressive EC histologies relative to NHW (16.4%) and Hispanic women (15.5%) (p<0.001). 14,366 (32.2%) were diagnosed with late-stage EC. A larger proportion of NHB women were diagnosed with later-stage EC compared to NHW women and Hispanic women (43.7% vs. 30.3% and 32.4%, respectively, p<0.001). NHB and Hispanic women had significantly greater odds of being diagnosed with later-stage EC compared to NHW women, regardless of residential segregation (OR: 1.46, 95% CI: 1.36, 1.56 and OR: 1.09, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.17, respectively). Women living in more economically disadvantaged Hispanic segregated counties had a greater odds of being diagnosed with later-stage EC compared to those living in more NHW segregated areas (OR: 1.16, 95% CI: 1.00, 1.65). Provider density was not found to be associated with later-stage diagnosis. Discussion. Advanced stage EC at diagnosis among Black and Hispanic women in Florida seems to be largely independent of provider density and residential segregation, though NHB more commonly present with metastatic disease. Biologic drivers of oncogenesis and barriers to timely care in this group require further exploration. Given the diversity and representation from Afro-Caribbeans in Florida, community-level investigations are required. Citation Format: Ashly Westrick, Zinzi Bailey, Matthew Schlumbrecht. Influence of residential segregation and women’s health provider density on advanced stage endometrial cancer diagnoses [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 16th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2023 Sep 29-Oct 2;Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2023;32(12 Suppl):Abstract nr B076.
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Holder, Etienne X., Nuo N. Xu, and Julie R. Palmer. "Abstract B066: Neighborhood-level factors and breast cancer survival in U.S. Black women." Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 32, no. 12_Supplement (December 1, 2023): B066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7755.disp23-b066.

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Abstract Background: Black women living in the United States (U.S.) are 40% more likely to die from breast cancer than White women. There are multiple contributors to this disparity. One factor that warrants further research is the neighborhood environment. The legacy of structural racism, including redlining mortgage practices, has resulted in Black Americans being more likely to live in disadvantaged and economically deprived neighborhoods, regardless of their own individual socioeconomic (SES) status. We investigated the interplay of neighborhood-level and individual-level factors with breast cancer mortality in a cohort of breast cancer cases from the prospective Black Women’s Health Study. Methods: Included were 1,781 Black women with invasive breast cancer diagnosed at stages I-III. Data on individual-level factors were obtained by questionnaire and death data were obtained from the National Death Index. Participant addresses, updated every two years, were geocoded and linked with U.S. census data and American Community Survey data to create three neighborhood variables. Neighborhood SES and Neighborhood Disadvantage were based on factor analysis of items related to income, wealth, employment, etc., and provided a numerical score at the block group level, which was then analyzed as quartiles. The Index of Concentration at the Extremes (ICE) grouped locations into three income-based groups representing concentrated privilege, middle, and concentrated deprivation in each census tract. Participants were followed to time of breast cancer death, death from any other cause, or end of follow-up. Time to breast cancer death was calculated in months. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). All analyses were adjusted for age at diagnosis and stage at diagnosis. Results: During follow-up from 1997-2019, there were 464 deaths, of which 286 deaths were from breast cancer. The HR for living in the most disadvantaged neighborhood relative to the least disadvantaged was 1.71 (95% CI: 1.21, 2.42), and the HR for lowest quartile of neighborhood SES relative to highest was 1.44 (95% CI: 1.01, 2.06). Lastly, for women living in concentrated deprivation as compared to women living in concentrated privilege, the HR for breast cancer mortality was 1.64 (95% CI: 1.22, 2.20). Further control for body mass index, vigorous activity, smoking, alcohol intake, and initial treatments did not reduce the magnitude of the associations. In addition, the observed associations were similar for women with estrogen receptor positive and estrogen receptor negative breast cancer. Conclusion: In this study of U.S. Black women, those who lived in disadvantaged neighborhoods were more likely to die from their breast cancer, even after accounting for stage at diagnosis and lifestyle factors. The findings suggest that other attributes of the neighborhood environment, including chronic stress (e.g., from noise, violence, lack of green space) and distance to treatment facilities likely play a role. Citation Format: Etienne X. Holder, Nuo N. Xu, Julie R. Palmer. Neighborhood-level factors and breast cancer survival in U.S. Black women [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 16th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2023 Sep 29-Oct 2;Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2023;32(12 Suppl):Abstract nr B066.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Women's American ORT"

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Pena, Garcia Sabela. ""El angel del hogar se echo a volar"| La construccion de las nuevas feminidades en la novela de la Edad de Oro de las escritoras." Thesis, University of Colorado at Boulder, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10790226.

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En esta tesis doctoral se analiza el cambio del modelo de feminidad –de ángel del hogar a mujer moderna- en seis novelas publicadas en España entre los años 1909 y 1934. Argumentamos que no había una única mujer moderna en la literatura de la Edad de Oro, sino que la nueva feminidad era un concepto complejo y en ocasiones contradictorio.

La mayor aportación de esta tesis a la bibliografía de los estudios literarios del periodo es romper con el estereotipo de la nueva mujer como un ente uniforme y universal en las novelas españolas. Esta investigación demuestra que en España había un conjunto muy diverso de autoras, en cuanto a su formación, afiliación política o fe religiosa, que elegían la novela como medio de difusión de sus ideas sobre una emancipación femenina propiamente española. Mostramos además que esta tendencia en la literatura española permaneció durante todo el primer tercio del XX y fue transmitida a través de diferentes formas de expresión literaria.

El análisis se lleva a cabo a través de diversos aspectos que marcaron el cambio del modelo femenino y que definen la estructura de este trabajo. El segundo capítulo analiza la construcción de género en Ellas y ellos o ellos y ellas (1917) de Carmen de Burgos (1867-1932) y La trampa del arenal (1923) de Margarita Nelken (1894-1968). En el tercer capítulo se estudia el papel de la nueva mujer en el espacio público que se refleja en La virgen prudente (1929) de Concha Espina (1869-1955) y Tea rooms (1934) de Luisa Carnés (1905-1964). Por último, el cuarto capítulo se enfoca en la sexualidad de la nueva mujer presentada en Zezé (1909) de Ángeles Vicente (1878-¿?) y La indomable (1927) de Federica Montseny (1905-1994).

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Books on the topic "Women's American ORT"

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Gentry, Quinn M. Black women's risk for HIV: Rough living. New York: Haworth Press, 2007.

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Les combattantes de la liberté: Elles ont lutté dans l'ombre de Martin Luther King. Paris: Œuvre, 2009.

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Hatton, Anniel. Les combattantes de la liberté: Elles ont lutté dans l'ombre de Martin Luther King. Paris: Œuvre, 2009.

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Carol, Bruchac, Hogan Linda, and McDaniel Judith, eds. The Stories we hold secret: Tales of women's spiritual development. Greenfield Center, N.Y: Greenfield Review Press, 1986.

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Female subjectivity in African American women's narratives of enslavement: Beyond borders. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.

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Mollin, Marian, ed. Nasty Women: Transgressive Womanhood in American History. Virginia Tech Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21061/nasty-women.

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The saying goes that well-behaved women rarely make history. For centuries, American women have been carving out spaces of their own in a male-dominated world. From politics, to entertainment, to their personal lives, women have been making their mark on the American landscape since the nation’s inception, often ignored or overlooked by those creating the record. This collection takes the long view of the American woman and examines her transgressive behavior through the decades. Including stories of women enslaved, early celebrities, engineers, and more, these essays demonstrate how there is no such thing as an “average” woman, as even those ordinary women are found doing extraordinary things. This collection comes at a particularly poignant time, as August 2020 markedthe 100th anniversary of the ratification and adoption of the19th amendment, which – in a landmark for women’s right – granted American women the right to vote.
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Tannenbaum, Rebecca. Health and Wellness in Colonial America. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400662300.

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This book provides a broad introduction to medical practices among Anglo-Americans, Native Americans, and African Americans during the colonial period, covering everything from dentistry to childcare practices to witchcraft. It is ideal for college or advanced high school courses in early American history, the history of medicine, or general social history. Health and Wellness in Colonial America covers all aspects of medicine from surgery to the role of religion in healing, giving readers a comprehensive overall picture of medical practices from 1600 to 1800—a topic that speaks volumes about the living conditions during that period. In this book, an introductory chapter describes the ways in which all three cultures in colonial America—European, African, and Native American—thought about medicine. The work covers academic and scientific medicine as well as folk practices, women's role in healing, and the traditions of Native Americans and African Americans. Because of its broad scope, the book will be highly useful to advanced high school students; undergraduate students in various areas of studies, such as early American history, women's history, and history of medicine; and general readers interested in the history of medicine.
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Hoeveler, Diane Long, and Janet K. Boles, eds. Women of Color. Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216037514.

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Beginning in the late 1960s, women's studies scholars worked to introduce courses on the history, literature, and philosophies of women. While these initial efforts were rather general, women's studies programs have started to give increasing amounts of attention to the special concerns of women of color. The topic itself is politically charged, and there is growing awareness that the issues facing women of color are diverse and complex. Expert contributors offer chapters on the major concerns facing women of color in the modern world, particularly in the United States and Latin America. Each chapter treats one or more groups of women who have been underrepresented in women's studies scholarship or have had their experiences misinterpreted, including African Americans, Latina Americans, Asian Americans, and Native Americans. Women of Color includes chapters on theories related to race, gender, and identity. One section provides discussions of literature by women of color, including works by such authors as Toni Morrison and Maxine Hong Kingston. The book also focuses on the place of women of color in higher education, including chapters on women of color and the women's studies curriculum, and the role of librarians in shaping women's studies programs.
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Hendricks, Nancy. Women’s Equality in America. Bloomsbury Publishing Inc, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216183778.

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Written in vivid prose and with a keen eye for detail, Women’s Equality in America is a valuable resource for understanding the issues and trends that dominate public discourse in discussions of women’s rights and gender equality in America. Since its inception, the women’s equality movement in America has been criticized for moving too slowly, moving too quickly, being too demanding, or not being demanding enough. Some of its goals have aroused passionate opposition in those who believed women’s equality contradicted not only basic human biology, but also the word of God. Meanwhile, Americans voice starkly different opinions about where women stand in their quest for equality in American workplaces, classrooms, boardrooms, and homes. Women’s Equality in America: Examining the Facts presents sensibly organized and accurate summaries of the relevant facts concerning all of these claims and counterclaims. But while the volume is primarily concerned with providing an accurate picture of the state of women’s equality in the 21st century, it also provides vital contextual coverage of major historical turning points and important historical figures, from leaders of the Seneca Falls women’s rights convention in 1848 to the organizers of the #MeToo movement.
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Smith, Merril D., ed. Women's Roles in Seventeenth-Century America. Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. www.greenwood.com, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216038085.

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In Colonial America, the lives of white immigrant, black slave, and American Indian women intersected. Economic, religious, social, and political forces all combined to induce and promote European colonization and the growth of slavery and the slave trade during this period. This volume provides the essential overview of American women's lives in the seventeenth century, as the dominant European settlers established their patriarchy. Women were essential to the existence of a new patriarchal society, most importantly because they were necessary for its reproduction. In addition to their roles as wives and mothers, Colonial women took care of the house and household by cooking, preserving food, sewing, spinning, tending gardens, taking care of sick or injured members of the household, and many other tasks. Students and general readers will learn about women's roles in the family, women and the law, women and immigration, women's work, women and religion, women and war, and women and education. literature, and recreation. The narrative chapters in this volume focus on women, particularly white women, within the eastern region of the current United States, the site of the first colonies. Chapter 1 discusses women's roles within the family and household and how women's experiences in the various colonies differed. Chapter 2 considers women and the law and roles in courts and as victims of crime. Chapter 3 looks at women and immigration—those who came with families or as servants or slaves. Women's work is the subject of Chapter 4. The focus is work within the home, preparing food, sewing, taking care of children, and making household goods, or as businesswomen or midwives. Women and religion are discussed in Chapter 5. Chapter 6 examines women's role in war. Women's education is one focus of Chapter 7. Few Colonial women could read but most women did receive an education in the arts of housewifery. Chapter 7 also looks at women's contributions to literature and their leisure time. Few women were free to pursue literary endeavors, but many expressed their creativity through handiwork. A chronology, selected bibliography, and historical illustrations accompany the text.
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Book chapters on the topic "Women's American ORT"

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Bean, Judith Mattson. "Gaining a Public Voice: A Historical Perspective on American Women’s Public Speaking." In Speaking Out, 21–39. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230522435_2.

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Beall, Victoria D., and Tiffany D. Barnes. "Mapping Right-Wing Women's Policy Priorities in Latin America." In Sell-Outs or Warriors for Change?, 36–65. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003323228-3.

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Jones, Bernie D. "Introduction: Women, Work, and Motherhood in American History." In Women Who Opt Out, 1–30. New York University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9780814745052.003.0004.

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Kessler-Harris, Alice. "Limits of Independence in the Colonial Economy." In Out To Work: A History of Wage-Earning Women in the United States, 3–19. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195157093.003.0001.

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Abstract In the early settlements of seventeenth-century America, only one group of women—domestic servants—could properly be called wage earners. By the end of the colonial period, the stage had been set for women to take their places in the nineteenth-century movement of people into the wage labor force. Women’s transition from paid and unpaid family-centered roles to wage labor of all kinds began early in the American past. Separated from the European soil, and facing dramatically different conditions in the organization and availability of land and labor, the colonists might have reconsidered the roles of women. They had plenty of land, and in the early years they were desperately short of workers. But the colonists chose to create conditions of women’s work that resembled those of Europe more closely than they departed from them. European traditions and expectations regulated women’s access to apprenticeship and thus to the most lucrative skills. And in this new world, patterns of land distribution quickly confirmed old assumptions about women’s place. Together, women’s relationship to the land and to saleable skills permanently influenced their economic possibilities.
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"'Treading the Doable Path': American Women's Strategies for Legal Careers in the Interwar Generation, c.1920-1941." In Working Out Gender, 222–40. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315233413-21.

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"From the Periphery to the Centre: Changing Perspectives on American Farm Women." In Working Out Gender, 147–62. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315233413-17.

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"SEVEN The Mexican American Civil Rights Movement." In No Mexicans, Women, or Dogs Allowed, 183–95. University of Texas Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.7560/721098-009.

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Mindich, David T. Z. "The Decline of General News and the Deliberative Body." In Tuned Out, 95–111. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195161403.003.0006.

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Abstract In 1965, CBS ran a story from Vietnam showing U.S. Marines burning the village of Cam Ne. The report, by correspondent Morley Safer, brought CBS’s huge audience face-to-face with marines as they were setting the thatched roofs afire with Zippo lighters. Villagers, mainly women and children, watched in horror. The next morning, Frank Stanton, CBS’s president, was awakened by a telephone call. “Frank, are you trying to fuck me?” said the voice, which Stanton, in his sleepiness, did not recognize. “Frank, this is your president, and yesterday your boys shat on the American flag.” Lyndon Johnson was on the line.
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Halkitis, Perry N. "(Hyper) Masculinity." In Out in Time, 107–28. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190686604.003.0007.

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The identity development of gay men, their coming out, and their well-being is influenced by hypermasculinity, which permeates American society. Such conceptions of masculinity foster aggressiveness of men toward women and sexual minority men in the form of homophobia and homonegativity. Many gay men also adopt hypermasculine conceptions defining their manliness by social behavior, sexual prowess, and muscularity, a condition fueled by the heterosexism of American society. Gay men who espouse hegemonic masculinity often do so as a means of passing and covering—they stereotype sexual roles and diminish those within the population who do not adhere to these rigid gender norms. While this is evident across generations, the Queer Generation has been most vociferous in challenging the rigidity of hypermasculinity and expressing greater ease and comfort in adapting traditionally feminine attributes, representations, and behaviors. As a result a more inclusive and advanced conception of what it means to be a man is evidenced in younger gay men.
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Malloy, Sean L. "“We’re Relating Right Now to the Third World”." In Out of Oakland. Cornell University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501702396.003.0004.

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This chapter discusses how the Black Panther Party's (BPP) anticolonial vernacular sought to elide the differences between the black condition in the United States and anticolonial struggles in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Yet questions about how to translate these theoretical links into practical action remained unresolved. Issues of anticolonial violence and gender identity embedded within this anticolonial vernacular also produced lingering tensions within the party. Though women often appeared in Panther iconography of the period, including striking pictures of figures such as Kathleen Cleaver as well as more abstract depictions of women warriors modeled on revolutionary art of the Third World, they generally did so in the context of a heteronormative and patriarchal framework for understanding female agency.
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Conference papers on the topic "Women's American ORT"

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Vallina, Helen, and Karen Kim. "Abstract B85: Chinese American women's beliefs in mammogram." In Abstracts: Fifth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; Oct 27–30, 2012; San Diego, CA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.disp12-b85.

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Steck, Susan E., Rebecca Rosling, E. Angela Murphy, J. Mark Davis, and James R. Hebert. "Abstract A79: Vitamin D status and breast cancer aggressiveness among African American and European American women in South Carolina." In Abstracts: AACR International Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities‐‐ Sep 30-Oct 3, 2010; Miami, FL. American Association for Cancer Research, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.disp-10-a79.

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Sheppard, Vanessa, Kepher Makambi, Sherrie Wallington, Jennifer Sween, Lucile Adams-Campbell, and Teletia Taylor. "Abstract A80: Physical activity reduces breast cancer risk in African American women." In Abstracts: AACR International Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities‐‐ Sep 30-Oct 3, 2010; Miami, FL. American Association for Cancer Research, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.disp-10-a80.

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Hatcher, Jennifer. "Abstract B46: Fear as a barrier to mammography for African American women." In Abstracts: AACR International Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities‐‐ Sep 30-Oct 3, 2010; Miami, FL. American Association for Cancer Research, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.disp-10-b46.

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Boggs, Deborah A., Julie R. Palmer, and Lynn Rosenberg. "Abstract A72: Bilateral oophorectomy and cancer mortality in African American women." In Abstracts: Fifth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; Oct 27–30, 2012; San Diego, CA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.disp12-a72.

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Ruszczyk, Melanie, Gary Zirpoli, Karen Pawlish, Patricia Masso-Welch, Christine B. Ambrosone, Elisa Bandera, Dana H. Bovbjerg, et al. "Abstract B12: Associations between invasive breast cancer with and without a DCIS component and breast cancer risk factors in African American and European American women." In Abstracts: AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research‐‐ Oct 22-25, 2011; Boston, MA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1940-6207.prev-11-b12.

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Kaur, Judith S., Robert Vierkant, and Shannon Myers. "Abstract A55: Regional differences in breast cancer biomarkers in American Indian and Alaska Native women." In Abstracts: AACR International Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities‐‐ Sep 30-Oct 3, 2010; Miami, FL. American Association for Cancer Research, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.disp-10-a55.

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Carpten, John D. "Abstract PL07-02: Genome sequencing of triple-negative breast cancer in African American women." In Abstracts: Fifth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; Oct 27–30, 2012; San Diego, CA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.disp12-pl07-02.

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Sarkissyan, Marianna, Yanyuan Wu, and Jay Vadgama. "Abstract B72: Obesity and breast cancer in African-American and Latina Women: A hospital-based comparison study." In Abstracts: AACR International Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities‐‐ Sep 30-Oct 3, 2010; Miami, FL. American Association for Cancer Research, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.disp-10-b72.

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Bethea, Traci N., Lynn Rosenberg, Marjory Charlot, Lucille L. Adams-Campbell, and Julie R. Palmer. "Abstract A57: Body mass index in relation to incident lung cancer in African American women." In Abstracts: Fifth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; Oct 27–30, 2012; San Diego, CA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.disp12-a57.

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Reports on the topic "Women's American ORT"

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Goto, Junichi. Women in "Japan Incorporated": Outsiders or Catalysts for Change? Inter-American Development Bank, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0012217.

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Although Japan is much richer than Latin America and income distribution in Japan generally is much more equitable than in Latin America, the Japanese gender gap is one of the worst in the world, much worse than that of many Latin American countries. Using various data, I have tried in the present paper to explain the apparent paradox of the existence of a huge gender gap in an egalitarian society. The most probable explanation seems to be that women are often kept away from the mainstream system of Japan Incorporated, mainly due to career interruption for marriage and/or childbearing. Possible prescriptions for narrowing the gender gap in Japan seem to be twofold: (i) measures to include women within the mainstream system of Japan Incorporated and (ii) measures to make Japan Incorporated more humane to everyone, both men and women. Although the data presented in the paper are mainly Japanese data, there are many important lessons here for Latin America as well.
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Agüero, Jorge M. Causal Estimates of the Intangible Costs of Violence against Women in Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, August 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011490.

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Violence has a striking gender pattern. Men are more likely to be attacked by a stranger, while women experience violence mostly from their partners. This paper estimates the costs of violence against women in terms of intangible outcomes, such as women's reproductive health, labor supply, and the welfare of their children. The study uses a sample of nearly 83,000 women in seven countries from all income groups and all sub-regions in Latin American and the Caribbean. The sample, consisting of 26.3 million women between the ages of 15 and 49, strengthens the external validity of the results. The results show that physical violence against women is strongly associated with their marital status because it increases the divorce or separation rate. Violence is negatively linked with women's health. The study shows that domestic violence additionally creates a negative externality by affecting important short-term health outcomes for children whose mothers suffered from violence. To obtain the child health outcomes, the study employs a natural experiment in Peru to establish that these effects appear to be causal. Finally, the paper presents evidence indicating that women's education and age buffer the negative effect of violence against women on their children's health outcomes.
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Franco Silva, Adriana. Working paper PUEAA No. 19. Dissidences, learning, and organizational experiences of Latin American women: Decolonial Dialogues. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Programa Universitario de Estudios sobre Asia y África, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/pueaa.004r.2023.

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In recent years, violence against women has increased significantly in Latin America. Faced with this context, women have not been passive, but have organized themselves to confront the violence of the system. The community feminism of Bolivia and Guatemala, as well as the organization of black women in Brazil are just a few examples of the different women's movements throughout the region. The proposals that have come out of these groups have made visible the historical violence of capitalism and are also proposing new ways of socialization based on the recovery of their knowledge and experiences. In this way, in this text some of their approaches will be shared, emphasizing that the proposals confront the prevailing system and provide alternatives to face the crisis of civilization.
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Näslund-Hadley, Emma. Education among Adolescent Mothers, Non-mothers and All. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0005980.

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Teen mothers in Latin America complete 1.8 to 2.8 fewer years of education than Latin American women who delay bearing children. Pregnancy is often believed to be the reason why girls drop out of school.
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Rodríguez Chamussy, Lourdes, and María Mercedes Mateo-Berganza Díaz. Childcare and Women's Labor Participation: Evidence for Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, October 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0009205.

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Reliable and affordable non-parental childcare is intimately related to female participation and other outcomes in the labor market given the conflicting demand for women's time on both, work and care activities. In terms of policy, public provision and subsidy of childcare services lift some of the time constraints and contribute to help families in the transitions through the initial years of parenthood. Both enrollment and this in turn increases the probability for mothers to look for a job or to be employed. This paper summarizes the available evidence specifically discussing characteristics and impact of childcare policies and programs in the Latin American region. Almost all random assignment and quasi-experimental studies show consistent positive effects on the intensive or extensive margins of female labor supply. This document also provides a review of incipient evidence about factors that affect program take-up and demand for childcare services and other informal care arrangements.
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Berniell, Inés, Raquel Fernández, and Sonya Krutikova. Gender Inequality in Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0005328.

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This chapter examines gender inequality, focusing on two critical spheres in which gender inequality is generated: education and work. The objective is to provide a current snapshot of gender inequality across key indicators as well as a dynamic perspective that highlights successes and failures. Facilitating a cross-country comparison as well by grouping countries within Latin America by their level of economics development and drawing comparisons with countries outside the region. Finally, it reflect on differences in the ways that gender inequalities play out across different socio-economic groups, particularly those that highlight other sources of inequality. The second part of the chapter focuses on the worksphere. Here it document significant improvements in female labor force participation over the last 20 years, especially among the least-educated women (those with incomplete secondary education). However, progress has not been equal across all the countries in the region the pace of improvement in this dimension has been slowest in the least economically developed countries. These are also the countries where a significant proportion of the adult working population, especially among men, continue to hold highly conservative norms about women's participation in work.
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Howden, Sarah, and Caroline S. Fawcett. Gender Issues in Technical Training and Vocational Education. Inter-American Development Bank, October 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008895.

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The overall goal of the Bank's Women in Development (WID) Policy is to improve the socioeconomic situation of women in Latin America and the Caribbean and to improve the performance of Bank projects by enhancing women's contributions. To assist project officers in this task, gender guidelines, or resource books, are being prepared in specific sectors and economic structures and markets of Bank Activity. The information in this resource book is focused primarily on training issues regarding skills acquisition in the urban manufacturing and service sectors.
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Bustelo, Monserrat, Verónica Frisancho, and Mariana Viollaz. What Policies are Effective at Eradicating Violence Against Women? Inter-American Development Bank, December 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0005342.

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Violence against women is widespread in Latin America and the Caribbean. On average, every day, 10 women are murdered in the region, and of the 25 countries with the highest rates of femicide in the world, 13 are in this region. Violence against women invades womens everyday lives and takes place in both public and private spheres and within all socioeconomic groups. Most femicides are committed by their partners or former partnersone out of every three women between the ages of 15 and 49 in the region have experienced physical and/or sexual violence at the hands of a partner, with rates ranging between 17% (for the Dominican Republic) and 53% (for Bolivia). Violence against women has a negative impact (physical and psychological) on the health of victims, and it also affects their economic decisions and opportunities for development. Additionally, it increases the probability that children suffer abuse, corporal punishment, and/or negligent/dysfunctional care as well as the likelihood that minors end up reproducing this behavior when they are adults, perpetuating the cycle of violence.
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Barker, Gary, Jorge Lyra, and Benedito Medrado. The roles, responsibilities, and realities of married adolescent males and adolescent fathers: A brief literature review. Population Council, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/pgy22.1004.

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From the perspective of developing countries, we know relatively little about married adolescent males and adolescent fathers, and much of what we know is inferred from research with young women or comes from a few specific regions in the world. However, there has been a growing interest in the issue on the part of researchers, policy-makers, and program staff. This interest has coincided with increasing attention in general to men, with gender studies, and with sexual and reproductive health initiatives. Early marriage and early childbearing are much more prevalent among young women than young men, and the negative consequences are more significant among young women. Nonetheless, it is the behavior and attitudes of men, within social contexts where gender hierarchies favor men over women, that often create young women’s vulnerability. Much of the research and literature on adolescent fathers comes from Latin America, the Caribbean, North America, and Europe. This paper reviews some of the literature on young married men and young fathers, concluding with suggestions for engaging young men to promote better reproductive and sexual health and more favorable life outcomes for married adolescent women and young men.
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Piras, Claudia, Ruthanne Deutsch, Hugo R. Ñopo, and Andrew Morrison. Working Within Confines: Occupational Segregation by Gender in Three Latin American Countries. Inter-American Development Bank, August 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008945.

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Latin America has the dubious distinction of being the region with the highest level of occupational segregation in the world. In this context, this study poses four important questions. Has occupational segregation by sex decreased in the 1990s? Can we expect occupational segregation to decline as economic development occurs? To what extent does gender segregation explain the male-female wage gap? Are gender differences in employment opportunities especially injurious to poorly educated women, or are all women equally affected? By analyzing each of these questions, this study of gender-based occupational segregation in three countries of Latin America -Costa Rica, Ecuador and Uruguay- constitutes valuable reference material for policy-makers, researchers and activists interested in the advancement of equality between men and women.
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