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1
Casey, Maeve. Domestic violence against women: The women's perspective. Dublin: Social & Organisational Psychology Research Unit, UCD, 1987.
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2
Johnson, Holly. Dangerous domains: Violence against women in Canada. Toronto: Nelson Canada, 1996.
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3
1948-, Flitcraft Anne, ed. Women at risk: Domestic violence and women's health. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, 1996.
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4
Niaz-Anwar, Unaiza. Violence against women: Women's rights are human rights. Karachi: Sorotimist Club International, Pakistan Chapter, 1995.
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5
Mohan, N. Shantha. Stakeholders address violence: Violence against women. Bangalore: National Institute of Advanced Studies, 2000.
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6
1966-, Swisher Karin, Wekesser Carol 1963-, and Barbour William 1963-, eds. Violence against women. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press, 1994.
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7
Bachman, Ronet. Violence against women. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1994.
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8
Wolff, Lisa. Violence against women. San Diego, CA: Lucent Books, 1999.
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9
Wolff, Lisa. Violence against women. San Diego, CA: Lucent Books, 1999.
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10
Office, Home. Violence against women. London: Home Office, 1986.
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11
Judiciary, United States Congress Senate Committee on the. Women and violence. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1990.
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12
Frazee, David. Violence against women. Deerfield, N.Y: Clark Boardman Callaghan, 1997.
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13
Thomas, Jakana L. Women’s Participation in Political Violence. Edited by Derek S. Reveron, Nikolas K. Gvosdev, and John A. Cloud. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190680015.013.8.
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Women have a complicated relationship with violence. While they are affected by conflict disproportionately, they are also perpetrators and enablers of violence. These female militants are not rare nor are they aberrations. Countless women have contributed to wars fought from antiquity to the present. Yet, their impact on the security realm is often overlooked or underestimated. This oversight is consequential as it is impossible to truly understand international relations without considering women’s diverse contributions to global politics. This chapter examines female participation in the execution of political violence across time and space and discusses how gender diversity in conflicts across the world affects U.S. national security.
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Britton, Hannah E. Ending Gender-Based Violence. University of Illinois Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252043093.001.0001.
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South Africa’s democratization has been celebrated internationally for the remarkable advances of women in political office. Despite these visible steps forward, South Africa continues to face exceedingly high levels of sexual assault, rape, and intimate-partner violence. This book is about this juxtaposition between women’s national political power and these egregious violations of human rights. The South African women’s movement initially pursued state feminism, specifically using insider strategies to construct institutions and enact policies for women’s advancement. Yet the most poignant measure of the shortcomings of state feminism is the persistence of gender-based violence. The recent turn toward carceral feminism, with its focus on arrests and prosecutions, also fails to address the complexity of interpersonal violence. Through fieldwork in nine local communities, this book contains the voices of service providers, religious leaders, traditional leaders, police officers, and medical professionals who address gender-based violence at the community level. Specifically, this book examines how community networks are created on a landscape that is still marked by apartheid legacies of racism, inequality, and violence. It is also a story about understanding how place and space affect policy implementation. Rather than becoming immobilized by this complexity, policy makers could support street-level workers who are at the cutting edge of the struggle to end gender-based violence.
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Gorman, Sara, Judith Currier, Elise Hall, and Julia del Amo. Women’s Issues. Edited by Mary Ann Cohen, Jack M. Gorman, Jeffrey M. Jacobson, Paul Volberding, and Scott Letendre. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392742.003.0035.
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This chapter explores some of the unique challenges that often put women at higher risk of HIV infection and that create a course of illness that may differ from that found in men living with HIV. The first portion of the chapter discusses manifestations of HIV infection and the course of infection in women. It also addresses the particular issues associated with antiretroviral treatment (ART) and women, and the interactions between ART and depression in women. The chapter then goes on to broach an important topic that puts many women at high risk for HIV infection: gender-based violence, as well as some of the key, albeit limited, research on effective interventions for gender-based violence and HIV prevention. The third part of the chapter addresses issues related specifically to HIV and pregnancy, including vertical transmission. Finally, the chapter concludes with a discussion of a relatively neglected topic, HIV and menopause.
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Arnold, Gretchen. U.S. Women’s Movements to End Violence against Women, Domestic Abuse, and Rape. Edited by Holly J. McCammon, Verta Taylor, Jo Reger, and Rachel L. Einwohner. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190204204.013.15.
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Movements to end violence against women in the United States have brought the issues of rape, incest, wife-beating, and sexual harassment to public attention, given birth to community support systems for survivors, laid the foundation for research, and triggered significant cultural change. However, they have not been without their critics. After tracing the history of the battered women’s and the anti-rape movements, this chapter explores three areas of controversy surrounding both movements. The first is the charge that activists have abandoned their feminist political agendas and have become part of the social service mainstream. The second criticism is that the movements have excluded minority women and, as a result, have supported policies that do more harm than good. The third debate surrounds whether these movements have been co-opted by the state and are used more to regulate and control the poor and minorities than to challenge existing structures of power.
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Shuster, Lynne T., and Deborah J. Rhodes. Women’s Health. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199755691.003.0752.
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The science and practice of women's health have evolved considerably during the past 15 years. Increasingly, internal medicine physicians are expected to manage diseases and conditions unique to women (like menstruation, menopause, and pregnancy), more prevalent (contraception, infertility, breast conditions) or more serious in women, or for which risk factors or interventions are different in women than in men (coronary heart disease). Domestic violence issues are also reviewed.
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Gulesci, Selim. Forced Migration and Attitudes Towards Domestic Violence. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198829591.003.0005.
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This chapter explores the long-term effects of internal displacement caused by the Kurdish-Turkish conflict on women’s attitudes towards domestic violence. Using the Turkish Demographic and Health Survey, we show that Kurdish women who migrated from their homes during the conflict are more likely to believe that a husband is justified in beating his wife; and the spouses of migrant women were more likely to have tried to control their wives by limiting their movements or social interactions. In a novel dataset of applicants to a women’s shelter, we find that forced migrant women have endured violence for longer and of greater intensity before deciding to seek assistance. We discuss possible mechanisms through which forced migration may affect migrants’ attitudes towards domestic violence.
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Crenshaw, Kimberle, and Janelle Monáe. #SayHerName: Black Women’s Stories of State Violence and Public Silence. Haymarket Books, 2021.
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Crenshaw, Kimberle, and Janelle Monáe. #SayHerName: Black Women’s Stories of State Violence and Public Silence. Haymarket Books, 2021.
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21
Gross, Kali N. Black Women, Criminal Justice, and Violence. Edited by Paul Knepper and Anja Johansen. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199352333.013.12.
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This essay offers a concise overview of black women’s experiences with early criminal justice, beginning with the colonial period and ending in the early twentieth century. It also identifies aspects of the historiography on black women and crime that merit greater scholarly attention. Historians have examined race and violence, particularly interracial violence, but should also explore intraracial violence in relation to gender, crime, and criminal justice. In an attempt to address some of these gaps, this chapter provides an overview of the incarceration of black women in the United States and explores intraracial intimate partner violence through a late nineteenth-century Philadelphia case. In doing so, it especially examines the conduct and motives of the black woman at the center of the crime.
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Krook, Mona Lena. Violence against Women in Politics. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190088460.001.0001.
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Women have made significant inroads into politics in recent years, but in many parts of the world, their increased engagement has spurred attacks, intimidation, and harassment intended to deter their participation. This book provides the first comprehensive account of this phenomenon, exploring how women came to give these experiences a name—violence against women in politics—and lobby for its increased recognition by citizens, states, and international organizations. Drawing on research in multiple disciplines, the volume resolves lingering ambiguities regarding its contours by arguing that violence against women in politics is not simply a gendered extension of existing definitions of political violence privileging physical aggressions against rivals. Rather, it is a distinct phenomenon involving a broad range of harms to attack and undermine women as political actors. Incorporating a wide range of country examples, the book illustrates what this violence looks like in practice, catalogues emerging solutions around the world, and considers how to document this phenomenon more effectively. Highlighting its implications for democracy, human rights, and gender equality, the volume concludes that tackling violence against women in politics requires ongoing dialogue and collaboration to ensure women’s equal rights to participate—freely and safely—in political life around the globe.
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Ortbals, Candice, and Lori Poloni-Staudinger. How Gender Intersects With Political Violence and Terrorism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.308.
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Gender influences political violence, which includes, for example, terrorism, genocide, and war. Gender uncovers how women, men, and nonbinary persons act according to feminine, masculine, or fluid expectations of men and women. A gendered interpretation of political violence recognizes that politics and states project masculine power and privilege, with the result that men occupy the dominant social position in politics and women and marginalized men are subordinate. As such, men (associated with masculinity) are typically understood as perpetrators of political violence with power and agency and women (associated with femininity) are seen as passive and as victims of violence. For example, women killed by drone attacks in the U.S. War on Terrorism are seen as the innocent, who, along with children, are collateral damage. Many historical and current examples, however, demonstrate that women have agency, namely that they are active in social groups and state institutions responding to and initiating political violence. Women are victims of political violence in many instances, yet some are also political and social actors who fight for change.Gendercide, which can occur alongside genocide, targets a specific gender, with the result that men, women, or those who identify with a non-heteronormative sexuality are subject to discriminatory killing. Rape in wartime situations is also gendered; often it is an expression of men’s power over women and over men who are feminized and marginalized. Because war is typically seen as a masculine domain, wartime violence is not associated with women, who are viewed as life givers and not life takers. Similarly, few expect women to be terrorists, and when they are, women’s motivations often are assumed to be different from those of men. Whereas some scholars argue that women pursue terrorism for personal (and feminine) reasons, for example to redeem themselves from the reputation of rape or for the loss of a male loved one, other scholars maintain that women act on account of political or religious motivations. Although many cases of women’s involvement in war and terrorism can be documented throughout history, wartime leadership and prominent social positions following political violence have been reserved for men. Leaders with feminine traits seem undesirable during and after political violence, because military leadership and negotiations to end military conflict are associated with men and masculinity. Nevertheless, women’s groups and individual women respond to situations of violence by protesting against violence, testifying at tribunals and truth commissions, and constructing the political memory of violence.
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Fuchsel, Catherine. Understanding Domestic Violence among Immigrant Latina Women. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190672829.003.0003.
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This chapter examines domestic violence among immigrant Latina women, including prevalence and barriers to accessing services such as fear of deportation, lack of legal status, inability to speak English, and the challenges of separating from family members. Transnational elements for immigrant Latinas experiencing domestic violence is an important concept because of the implications in accessing services and support systems. In addition, help-seeking behaviors, barriers to reporting incidences of domestic violence, and understanding legal rights and services are discussed. Under the Violence Against Women’s Act, immigrant Latina women who lack legal status have legal rights in the United States and can apply for specific visas determining they were in a domestic violence–related relationship. Immigrant Latina women are also eligible to receive public benefits. Finally, an examination of domestic violence programs and interventions in community-based agencies is discussed, specifically, intervention programs for immigrant Latina women.
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Johnson, Janet Elise. Foreign Intervention and Violence Against Women. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.182.
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Violence against women represents the most popular gender related issue for global women’s activists, international development agencies, and human rights advocates. Although state responsiveness to violence against women was previously seen by feminist political scientists as only a domestic issue, international studies scholars have begun to theorize how states’ responsiveness is shaped by foreign interventions by global actors. As countries around the world began to adopt new policies opposing violence against women, social scientists adept in both feminist theory and social science methods began the comparative study of these reforms. These studies pointed to the importance of the ideological and institutional context as structural impediments or opportunities as well as suggested the more effective strategic alliances between activists, politicians, and civil servants. Those studies that attempt a deeper analysis rely upon indirect measures of effectiveness of policies and interventions, such as judging policy on how feminist it is and judging reforms based on the recognition of the relationship between violence against women and gender based hierarchies. Through these measures, feminist social scientists can estimate the response’s impact on the sex–gender system, and indirectly on violence against women, which is seen to be a result of the sex–gender system. The next challenge is differentiating between the various types of intervention and their different impacts. These various types of intervention include the “blame and shame,” in which activists hold countries up against standards; bilateral or transnational networking among activists; the widespread availability of international funding; and traditional diplomacy or warfare.
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Brysk, Alison. Mobilization: Standing Up for Women’s Security. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190901516.003.0004.
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Social mobilization has been the catalyst, guarantor, and pathway for fulfillment of human rights worldwide. Social movements represent marginalized populations, raise consciousness of new issues, establish or bridge compelling frames for social problems, foster transnational networks, translate international norms into locally appropriate vocabularies, advocate, occupy public and forbidden space, mobilize culture change, and persuade decision makers, elites, and mass publics. This chapter treats the complementary pathways of mobilization to contest violence against women: voice, advocacy, transnationalism, vernacularization, and information politics. We will see voice against femicide in Pakistan and Brazil, alongside public protest and lobbying for reform over all types of gender violence in the Philippines, Algeria, and Argentina. Transnational mobilization strategies in Mexico and Nigeria contrast with vernacular translation of international norms by grassroots movements in India. Meanwhile, online campaigns create new repertoires and vocabularies to protest harassment, rape, and honor cultures in Pakistan, Egypt, India, and Brazil.
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Joachim, Jutta. Women’s Rights as Human Rights. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.430.
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For centuries, women have been struggling for the recognition of their rights. Women’s rights are still being dismissed by United Nations (UN) human rights bodies and even governments, despite the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948 prohibiting discrimination on the basis of sex. It was not until the 1993 UN World Conference on Human Rights in Vienna, Austria that states began to recognize women’s rights as human rights. However, this institutional change cannot solely be credited to the UN, but more importantly to the work of international women’s organizations. According to the social movement theory, these organizations have been permeating intergovernmental structures and, with the help of their constituents and experienced leaders, framing women’s rights as human rights in different ways throughout time. It is through mobilizing resources and seizing political opportunities that women’s rights activists rationalize how discrimination and exclusion resulted from gendered traditions, and that societal change is crucial in accepting women’s rights as fully human. But seeing as there are still oppositions to the issue of women’s rights as human rights, further research still needs to be conducted. Some possible venues for research include how well women’s rights as human rights travel across different institutions, violence against women, how and in what way women’s rights enhance human rights, and the changes that have taken place in mainstream human rights and specialized women’s rights institutions since the late 1980s as well as their impact.
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Field, Robin E. Writing the Survivor. Liverpool University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781942954835.001.0001.
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Writing the Survivor: The Rape Novel in Late Twentieth-Century American Fiction identifies a new genre of American fiction, the rape novel, that recenters narratives of sexual violence on the survivors of violence and abuse, rather than the perpetrators. The rape novel arose during the women’s liberation movement as women writers collectively challenged the traditional erasure of female subjectivity and agency found in earlier representations of sexual violence in American fiction. The rape novel not only foregrounds survivors and their stories in a textual centering that affirms their dignity and self-worth, but also develops new narratological strategies for portraying violent, disturbing subject matter. In bringing together many key women’s texts of the last decades of the 20th century, the rape novel demonstrates the centrality of sexual assault to women’s fiction of this era. The rape novels of the 21st century continue the political activism inherent in the genre—educating readers, offering community to survivors, and encouraging social activism—as the stories of male survivors are increasingly told. A radical reconsideration of late twentieth-century American novels, Writing the Survivor underscores the importance of women’s activism upon the novel’s form and content and reveals the portrayal of rape as rape to be an interethnic imperative.
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Brysk, Alison. Norm Change. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190901516.003.0010.
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Changes in attitudes, values, and beliefs about the many manifestations of violence against women are a necessary complement to globalizing rights standards, law enforcement, public policy, and grassroots empowerment. In Chapter 10, we will analyze the requisites and results of campaigns for norm change in women’s agency, masculine identities, and sexual self-determination. Communication campaigns aim to reshape community consciousness of gender regimes in South Africa, India, and Brazil. Global programs adopted by local movements promote women’s agency and empowerment to resist violence in India and Pakistan. Both global programs and transnational coalitions work to engage men and transform violent masculinities in India, South Africa, and Brazil. Finally, we will trace a variety of civil society cultural initiatives asserting sexual self-determination in Mexico, Pakistan, Russia, Ukraine, and China.
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Engle, Karen. A Genealogy of the Centrality of Sexual Violence to Gender and Conflict. Edited by Fionnuala Ní Aoláin, Naomi Cahn, Dina Francesca Haynes, and Nahla Valji. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199300983.013.11.
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This chapter explores the two dominant understandings of sexual violence in conflict: that it is the predominant and paradigmatic concern at the nexus of gender and conflict, and that it is a tactic of war that is fueled by impunity. The chapter deconstructs the United Nations’ approaches to sexual violence in conflict and the increasingly penal response to sexual violence. It then tracks the roots of dominant understandings related to sexual violence to the women’s human rights movements of the early 1990s. The chapter concludes with critiques of sexual violence portrayals and the assumption that peace occurs in the absence of sexual violence. It also critiques the carceral response to sexual violence, which has problematically allied feminists with the police and neoliberal restructuring.
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Medie, Peace A. Global Norms and Local Action. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190922962.001.0001.
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When and why do states implement international women’s rights norms? Global Norms and Local Action is an examination of states’ responses to violence against women (VAW) in Africa and their implementation of the international women’s justice norm. Despite the presence of laws on various forms of VAW in most African countries, most victims face barriers to accessing justice through the criminal justice system. This problem is particularly acute in post-conflict countries. International organizations such as the United Nations and women’s rights advocates have, therefore, promoted the international women’s justice norm, which emphasizes the establishment of specialized mechanisms within the criminal justice sector to address VAW. With a focus on the response of the police to rape and intimate partner violence in post-conflict Côte d’Ivoire and Liberia, this book theorizes the United Nations’ and women’s movements’ influence on the implementation of the international women’s justice norm. It draws on over 300 interviews in both countries to demonstrate that high international and domestic pressures, combined with favorable political and institutional conditions, are key to the rapid establishment of specialized mechanisms within the police force and to how police officers respond to rape and intimate partner violence cases. It argues that despite significant weaknesses, specialized mechanisms have improved women’s access to justice. The book concludes with a discussion of why a holistic approach to addressing VAW is needed.
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Dutta, Urmitapa. The Everyday and the Exceptional. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190614614.003.0008.
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This chapter makes a case for reconceptualizing human rights “from below” by grounding human rights discourses in women’s particularities and their voices rather than prescriptive policy standards. It does so by bringing together feminist perspectives grounded in decoloniality and liberation psychology. It presents findings from activist scholarship in Northeast India to offer a critical feminist analysis of civil society’s (non)response to gender-based violence and counternarratives of Garo women protagonists who explain these (non)responses. Following Garo women protagonists in their understanding of violence illuminates the fundamental heterogeneity of violence against women as well as underlying cultural institutional and structural processes. By moving between situated narrative and wider analysis, this chapter explicates the connections between “exceptional” violence and pervasive violations of women’s human rights. The research, action, and policy implications for feminist psychologists engaged in human rights scholarship are discussed.
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Dewey, Susan, Bonnie Zare, Catherine Connolly, Rhett Epler, and Rosemary Bratton. Outlaw Women. NYU Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479801176.001.0001.
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This book argues that unique rural cultural dynamics shape women’s experiences of incarceration and release from prison in the remote, predominantly white communities that many Americans still think of as “the Western frontier.” Together, these dynamics comprise an architecture of gendered violence, a theoretical lens applicable to women’s experiences of prison throughout the United States in its focus on how the synchronous operations of addiction and compromised mental health, poverty, fraught relationships, and felony-related discrimination undergird women’s lives. The architecture of gendered violence that comprises the primary pathway to incarceration among the Wyoming women in this study reflects the way the suite of concerns facing currently and formerly incarcerated women throughout the United States manifests in a remote rural context far from the coastal metropolises that dominate the production of criminal justice discourse and scholarship.
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Brysk, Alison. The Struggle for Freedom from Fear. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190901516.001.0001.
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One out of three women in the world has suffered gender-based violence. Yet from #metoo to Malala to Maria da Penha, women are rising up and pushing back. The purpose of this book is to show how to transform fear to freedom through a combination of international action, legal reform, public policy, mobilization, and value transformation. The Struggle analyzes drivers of violence and strategies for resistance in the semi-liberal countries at the frontiers of globalization. These hot-spots of violence represent the highly unequal middle-income countries, with declining citizenship and surging social conflict that now host two-thirds of the world’s population. The book profiles struggles against femicide, rape, trafficking, and related abuses in Brazil, India, South Africa, Mexico, the Philippines, Egypt, and Turkey in detail, with contrast cases beyond. Using the dual lenses of human rights and feminist theory of “gender regimes,” the book argues that different repertoires of abuse require distinct dynamics of change. Thus, The Struggle profiles strategies for transforming gendered power relations through multi-level campaigns on access to law and impunity, rights-based public policy, promotion of women’s agency, transforming violent masculinity, and reproductive rights. This study of campaigns to end gender violence at the frontiers of globalization expands our understanding of human rights reform pathways worldwide, and the interdependence of women’s rights with all struggles for justice.
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Shepherd, Laura J. Women in UN Peacebuilding Discourse. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199982721.003.0004.
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This chapter explores the representation of women in UN peacebuilding discourse that the author has curated and outlines the various ways in which women are associated with, and determined as subjects by, peace and security practices. The chapter develops an analysis of women as victims of violence and the representation of women as “agents of change,” with particular reference to the constitution of women’s economic agency, and the construction of women as rights-bearing subjects upon whom various expectations are placed in the peacebuilding context. The author argues, ultimately, that the association of women with civil society, and the depoliticization of their roles as economic actors, even as great emphasis is placed on the centrality of women’s empowerment to peacebuilding success, function to heavily circumscribe women’s meaningful participation in peacebuilding.
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Patten, Pramilla. Unlocking the Potential of CEDAW as an Important Accountability Tool for the Women, Peace and Security Agenda. Edited by Fionnuala Ní Aoláin, Naomi Cahn, Dina Francesca Haynes, and Nahla Valji. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199300983.013.14.
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This chapter explores the application of the Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) to conflict and post-conflict contexts as detailed in General Recommendation 30. It examines the implications of CEDAW and General Recommendation 30 on gender-based violence, the trafficking of women, the situation of internally displaced persons (IDPs) and refugees, women’s participation, and women’s access to health, education, employment, and justice. It also focuses on CEDAW’s reporting procedure, and suggests that this tool be utilized more effectively to address women’s situations in conflict and post-conflict situations. The chapter also examines the Optional Protocol to CEDAW as an accountability tool. The chapter concludes by emphasizing the importance of CEDAW acting in synergy with the Women, Peace, and Security Agenda.
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Lykes, M. Brinton. Critical Reflection of Section Three. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190614614.003.0009.
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Conversing with Dutt’s and Dutta’s chapters suggests that activist scholars in psychology seeking to accompany women as they construct more just and inclusive communities might benefit from engaging dialogically with critical transitional justice, toward articulating and performing a more holistic “bottom-up” vernacularization of intersectional human rights. Within distinctive geographic and historical sites with contrasting possibilities vis-à-vis women’s protagonism and leadership, Dutt and Dutta share a commitment to engage with local women to document and understand multiple experiences of violence and violation in their everyday lives. Both authors collaborate with women in rural and/or remote areas of Nicaragua (Dutt) and India (Dutta) where women’s lived experiences are constrained by racialized and gendered economic and political structures that frequently exclude them from accessing their basic needs. Both authors help us to discern distinctive possibilities of women’s political engagement through the lens of civic participation (Dutt) and protagonism in the everyday (Dutta).
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Jaising, Indira, and Pinki Mathur Anurag, eds. Conflict in the Shared Household. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199489954.001.0001.
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The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005 (PWDVA) was enacted following a concerted campaign by the Indian women’s movement. The Lawyers Collective authored the law in consultation with women’s groups from across the country. Contributors to this volume address critical and hitherto less addressed areas pertaining to domestic violence and the law in India. The volume is divided into three parts. Part I includes chapters that cover the nature of structural inequality that perpetuates and condones domestic violence as a lesser ‘wrong’ or ‘crime’ and present the historical background to the fight against domestic violence in India, focusing on legislative developments. Part II presents essays around critical issues such as ‘right to residence’, marital rape, rights of cohabitees or ‘relationship in the nature of marriage’, secular nature of the PWDVA and its harmonious existence with personal law and criminal law. Analyses in this section reflect international standards in addressing domestic violence and present in-depth debates. Research studies in Part III engage with the expectations from the PWDVA and its enforcement through analysis of court orders that indicate the nature of relief sought by women, forms of domestic violence complained against, orders passed by courts and the multiagency response system created under the PWDVA, indicating the nature of services available to the domestic violence survivors. Areas where the PWDVA has been successful in providing protection and relief from domestic violence have been presented alongside challenges yet to be overcome, such as response mechanisms and budgetary constraints in its implementation.
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Khan, Kausar S. Four ‘Ordinary’ Deaths. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190656546.003.0011.
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This chapter by Kausar S. Khan draws continuities between her early research in unplanned settlements (katchi abadis) in Orangi, her activism in the Karachi’s Women’s Action Forum, and her academic research into the effects of structural, gendered and political violence on women and marginalized communities. She offers a moving account of the deaths of four friends in 2013. Khan writes using the first person, forcing the reader into an intimate, uncomfortable relation with the text, and the emotional landscape she engages. This compelling auto-ethnographic piece highlights the contradiction in experiences of loss and grief which are deeply unfathomable, compared with the need to crystallize their articulation in activist agendas. Thereby it comprises a view into violence’s lasting effects, ways research and activism co-constitute spaces of mourning, and the basis of a hardening desire to oppose violence by the means available.
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Srinivasan, Priya. Domesticating Dance. Edited by Rebekah J. Kowal, Gerald Siegmund, and Randy Martin. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199928187.013.27.
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This chapter examines three scenes of “movement”—from the 2004 Tamil film Chandramukhi, the controversial documentary India’s Daughter that aired on BBC in March 2015, and the Star Plus Television serial of the Mahabharata focusing on the “Draupadi Vastra Haran” in 2014—to question how women’s bodies continue to be domesticated to delegitimize the upwardly mobile woman’s desire for remaking herself. The chapter suggests that neoliberalism has specific choreographies of violence perpetrated against women’s bodies. In particular, the author argues that within the choreographies of neoliberalism, neither public nor private space is safe for women in India. The chapter suggests that where women’s erotic dancing has been domesticated by institutionalized patriarchy in the service of capitalist systems, haunting and possession emerge as movement possibilities of the corporeal/incorporeal body that can negotiate the public/private space of a permeating neoliberal order.
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Sobieraj, Sarah. Credible Threat. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190089283.001.0001.
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This book argues that the rampant hate-filled attacks against women online are best understood as patterned resistance to women’s political voice and visibility. This abuse and harassment coalesces into an often-unrecognized form of gender inequality that constrains women’s use of digital public spaces, much as the pervasive threat of sexual intimidation and violence constrain women’s freedom and comfort in physical public spaces. What’s more, the abuse exacerbates inequality among women, those from racial, ethnic, religious, and/or other minority groups, are disproportionately targeted. Drawing on in-depth interviews with women who have been on the receiving end of digital hate, Credible Threat shows that the onslaught of epithets and stereotypes, rape threats, and unsolicited commentary about their physical appearance and sexual desirability come at great professional, personal, and psychological costs for the women targeted—and also with underexplored societal level costs that demand attention. When effective, identity-based attacks undermine women’s contributions to public discourse, create a climate of self-censorship, and at times, push women out of digital publics altogether. Given the uneven distribution of toxicity, those women whose voices are already most underrepresented (e.g., women in male-dominated fields, those from historically undervalued groups) are particularly at risk. In the end, identity-based attacks online erode civil liberties, diminish public discourse, limit the knowledge we have to inform policy and electoral decision making, and teach all women that activism and public service are unappealing, high-risk endeavors to be avoided.
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Violence against Women: Criminological perspectives on men's violences. Routledge, 2015.
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Brysk, Alison. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190901516.003.0011.
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The gender gap in human security remains the most serious threat to the dignity and well-being of the world’s people in the 21st century. After examining patterns and cases of gender violence and response worldwide, what have we learned about how to bring half the world’s women toward freedom from fear? The concluding chapter will assess the record of action against gender violence in the cases visited, the promise and pitfalls of the pathways for reform, and the implications for women’s human rights campaigns. We will trace critical struggles for reproductive rights in global institutions, Ireland, Mexico, and a migrant family. This section will explore how the campaign to end violence against women can enhance all struggles for human dignity.
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Anderson, Siwan, Lori Beaman, and Jean-Philippe Platteau. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198829591.003.0001.
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Women’s empowerment in the developing world has become a primary policy goal. Apart from being a fundamental right, increased female autonomy has been shown to create other long-term benefits—such as reduced fertility, better educational and health outcomes for children, and a stronger female political voice. The landmark United Nations Millennium Declaration committed member states to promoting gender equality as an effective way to combat poverty, hunger, disease, and to stimulate sustainable development. Many outcomes for women have improved—with unprecedented gains in rights, education and health, access to employment, and political positions. While significant progress towards gender equality and women’s empowerment has been achieved, women and girls continue to suffer discrimination and violence throughout the developing world. The starkest manifestations of gender discrimination is the notion of ‘missing women’, first coined by Sen, with current estimates of more than 200 million women who are demographically missing worldwide.
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Macdonald, Catherine. The Role of Gender in the Extractive Industries. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817369.003.0021.
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Recognizing that women’s participation is necessary for the achievement of sustainable development, extractives industry companies are increasingly committed to integrating gender equality and women’s economic empowerment into aspects of their operations. This chapter reviews recent literature on gender and the extractive industries and considers the following questions emerging from the scholarship. How is gender understood in the extractives sector and has this changed over time? What are the gendered impacts of the extractive industries? Are women passive victims of the sector rather than active participants or even resisters to industrial expansion? What is the nature of extractives-associated sex work and gender-based violence in various settings? In addition, the chapter evaluates industry efforts towards achieving improved gender balance in the sector.
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Block, Sharon. Sexual Coercion in America. Edited by Ellen Hartigan-O'Connor and Lisa G. Materson. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190222628.013.4.
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Sexual violence has a surprisingly static history, whether regarding methods of sexual assault, the relationship of sexual vulnerability to economic and social vulnerability, an underlying suspicion of women’s claims of sexual force, or an emphasis on physical violence as the only believable means of coercion. This chapter explores the legal, social, and cultural meanings of rape throughout US history from the seventeenth to the twenty-first century. It includes discussions of feminist activism, rape culture, racism, and the overall relationships between social power and sexual power. While legal treatment of sexual violence has changed over time, the ability for powerful men to coerce less powerful women into sexual acts remains a remarkably consistent feature of America’s social, economic, and cultural past and present.
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Davis, Lisa. The Gendered Dimensions of Torture. Edited by Metin Başoğlu. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199374625.003.0011.
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Through decades of concerted grassroots organizing and creative lawyering, women’s and gender justice activists achieved the international recognition that gender-based violence is not just a “private” matter, but is, in fact, violence that can rise to the level of torture in certain cases. As states and other actors continue to resist this development by rejecting their due diligence obligations, it is vital that human rights advocates understand the history and theories underlying this critical gain. This chapter focuses on the development of the legal determination that rape specifically can rise to the level of torture, as it has the most developed legal history, and thus provides a useful means for understanding the struggle to eliminate gender-based violence. Alongside case analysis and theory, the chapter presents the women’s rights movement history, its subsequent deepening to include LGBTI persons, and the successes that these movements achieved at the international level.
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van der Heijden, Manon. Women and Crime, 1750–2000. Edited by Paul Knepper and Anja Johansen. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199352333.013.10.
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This essay discusses women and patterns of crime in the Western world across time. Although criminologists generally agree that women are responsible for a considerably smaller proportion of prosecuted crime than men, historical studies indicate that they played a much more prominent role in crime before the twentieth century. This essay pays attention to explanatory factors for past high female crime rates, such as level of urbanization, migration patterns, and women’s public lifestyles. It also examines various important historical debates on changes in patterns of crime and gender, including the debate about the decline of female crime in Western Europe after 1800 and the discussion regarding women’s changing attitudes toward violence beginning in the eighteenth century. Finally, it examines shifts in female crime rates in the last two decades, concluding that more systematic data on male and female crime rates that include variation across time and space are needed.
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Arriola, Leonardo, Martha Johnson, and Melanie Phillips, eds. Women and Power in Africa. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192898074.001.0001.
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This book examines women’s experiences in African politics as aspirants to public office, as candidates in election campaigns, and as elected representatives. Part I evaluates women’s efforts to become party candidates in four African countries: Benin, Ghana, Malawi, and Zambia. The chapters draw on a variety of methods, including extensive interviews with women candidates, to describe and assess the barriers confronted when women seek to enter politics. The chapters help explain why women remain underrepresented as candidates for office, particularly in countries without gender-based quotas, by emphasizing the impact of financial constraints, fears of violence, and resistance among party leaders. Part II turns to women’s experiences as candidates during elections in Kenya and Ghana. One chapter provides an in-depth account of a woman’s presidential bid in Kenya, demonstrating how gendered ethnicity undermined her candidacy, and another chapter presents a novel evaluation of the media’s coverage of women candidates in Ghana. Part III turns to women as legislators in Namibia, Uganda, and Burkina Faso, asking whether women engage in substantive representation on gendered policy issues once in office. The chapters challenge the assumption that a critical mass of women is necessary or sufficient to achieve substantive representation. Taken together, the book’s chapters problematize existing hypotheses regarding women in political power, drawing on understudied countries and a variety of empirical methods. By following political pathways from entry to governance, the book uncovers how gendered experiences early in the political process shape what is possible for women once they attain political power.
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Donahue, Jennifer. Taking Flight. University Press of Mississippi, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496828637.001.0001.
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Caribbean women have long utilized the medium of fiction to break the pervasive silence surrounding abuse and exploitation. Contemporary works by authors such as Tiphanie Yanique and Nicole Dennis-Benn illustrate the deep-rooted consequences of trauma based on gender, sexuality, and race, and trace the steps that women take to find safer ground from oppression. Taking Flight takes a closer look at the immigrant experience in contemporary Caribbean women’s writing and considers the effects of restrictive social mores. In the texts examined in Taking Flight, culturally sanctioned violence impacts the ability of female characters to be at home in their bodies or in the spaces they inhabit. The works draw attention to the historic racialization and sexualization of Black women’s bodies and continue the legacy of narrating Black women’s long-standing contestation of systems of oppression. Arguing that there is a clear link between trauma, shame, and migration, with trauma serving as a precursor to the protagonists’ emigration, the work focuses on how female bodies are policed, how moral, racial, and sexual codes are linked, and how the enforcement of social norms can function as a form of trauma. Taking Flight positions flight as a powerful counter to disempowerment and considers how flight, whether through dissociation or migration, operates as a form of resistance.