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Journal articles on the topic 'Women’s labour'
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1
Kostiswaran, Prabha. "The laws of social reproduction: a lesson in appropriation." Northern Ireland Legal Quarterly 64, no. 3 (March 3, 2020): 317–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.53386/nilq.v64i3.353.
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This article offers insights into the law’s appropriation of women’s reproductive labour, namely, the intimate labours that they typically carry out in the context of marriage to biologically, socially, emotionally and culturally reproduce members of the household by offering a range of goods and services. Feminist legal scholars have long demonstrated the law’s failure to recognise, much less value, such reproductive labour. Where the law does recognise such labour, feminists argue that it is largely within the parameters of the institution of heterosexual marriage to the exclusion of other organisational forms. The article extends this line of feminist legal critique to reveal feminists’ own reluctance within the debates on social reproduction to recognise the reproductive labour performed by women outside the family and explicitly for the market. Through a cross-sectoral comparison of the law’s regulation of three such sectors of women’s abject labour, namely, sex work, bar-dancing and commercial surrogacy, the article demonstrates how, despite their regulation through criminal law, licensing law and contract law, there are several structural similarities in the political economies of these sectors. Consequently, any change in the rule network pertaining to any one sector of women’s reproductive labour affects women in that sector but also in other sectors. The article argues that it is only through an examination of the deep interconnectedness between sectors of women’s reproductive labour that feminists can assess whether an alternative regulatory matrix would further women’s claims to economic justice.
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Vennila, Soorya, and K. Ramesh. "Women’s Labour and Sustainable Agriculture." Indian Journal of Gender Studies 26, no. 3 (October 2019): 385–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0971521519861190.
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This article looks at the participation of women in irrigated agriculture in 32 districts of Tamil Nadu and found exceptional involvement in these three districts, which are topographically different from each other, namely Kanyakumari, Nilgiris and South Arcot. The study asked—how does contemporary agriculture support female participation and in turn how does this keep agricultural labour supply and food security sustainable? A range of research methods were used to explore the rationale for exceptional female participation in irrigated agriculture. It concluded that such participation arises because of the existing pattern of labour supply primarily by landowning farm women and labourers. This as a result of male preference for widespread skilled jobs, subsequent changing labour pattern due to male migration, matrilineal property ownership, cropping intensity, multi-tasking of women and the coordinated effort of women’s groups (SHGs) in accessing micro-credits. Finally, subsidies and incentives have further altered and effected greater labour supply of women in agriculture.
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Howell, Jude. "Organising around women and labour in China: uneasy shadows, uncomfortable alliances." Communist and Post-Communist Studies 33, no. 3 (September 1, 2000): 355–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0967-067x(00)00011-8.
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This article explores the changes in organisation around labour and women’s issues in China. It is argued that whilst the two fields of organisation share common features, they have also evolved in distinct ways, reflecting the relative salience of gender and labour issues and the approach of non-governmental women’s and labour groups towards the Party-state. This focus on women’s and labour groups provides more general insights into the emergence of civil societies, public spheres and corporatism in China. In particular, the contradictory implications of the divergent evolutionary paths of labour and women’s groups underline the need to think in terms of increasingly complex and fluid processes of interest intermediation.
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Mose, Naftaly. "Economic Growth and Female Participation in the Labour Market: Gender Disaggregated Data." Business and Economic Research 14, no. 2 (May 12, 2024): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ber.v14i2.21796.
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The study aims to examine the impact of economic growth on female labour market participation in Kenya with data spanning between 1991 and 2022. Labour-force data disaggregated by gender are important to monitor the dynamic of gender inequalities in the labour market. The secondary data used to construct the time series was obtained from the World Bank and the International Labour Organization sources. The research was informed by the Feminisation U hypothesis, which describes the tendency of female labour force participation to first decline and then rise in the process of economic growth. The study used a fully modified ordinary least square (FMOLS) and Granger causality test to analyse the long-run effect of economic growth on women's participation in the labour market. The study results indicate that economic growth positively and significantly contributes to women’s participation in the labour market in the long run. Furthermore, the results of the control variables suggest that education has a beneficial effect on women's workforce, while women’s access to the workforce is hampered by male labour market participation, fertility rate, female self-employment and rate of urbanization. The study suggests to policymakers that the strategy to success is to facilitate education, vocational training, and social change that enable women to play the same role as men in the labour market. Finally, women must be in productive sectors and government should remove barriers to ownership of factors of production to encourage them to participate in economic activities and the labour market.
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Ali, Balhasan, Preeti Dhillon, Sivakami Muthusamy, and Udaya Shankar Mishra. "Understanding Female Labour Force Participation and Domestic Work in India: The Role of Co-residence and Household Composition." Journal of Development Policy and Practice 8, no. 2 (July 2023): 162–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/24551333231165355.
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Despite a remarkable increase in girls’ educational enrolment and a significant decline in fertility over the last few decades, India witnessed a substantial decline in women’s labour force participation. This article investigates the nexus between family composition and women’s participation in domestic work and the labour force in India overtime. Domestic work participation of women with secondary and middle level of education has increased; however, it has declined among women with graduate degrees. This study finds evidences that the presence of the elderly women, not the elderly men, encourages other adult women’s engagement in labour force participation as against their domestic participation. This analysis also observes that the gender composition of elderly members within the household influence women’s labour force participation. It is also observed that higher educational level among women counters the adverse effect of family care burden and creates a supportive environment for women’s participation in the labour force.
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Carroll, Lorraine, Sinead Thompson, Barbara Coughlan, Teresa McCreery, Aisling Murphy, Jean Doherty, Lucille Sheehy, Martina Cronin, Mary Brosnan, and Denise O'Brien. "‘Labour Hopscotch’: Women’s evaluation of using the steps during labor." European Journal of Midwifery 6, September (September 9, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.18332/ejm/152492.
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Gisin, Martina, Angela Poat, Katharina Fierz, and Irena Anna Frei. "Women’s experiences of acupuncture during labour." British Journal of Midwifery 21, no. 4 (April 2013): 254–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjom.2013.21.4.254.
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Malina, Anna. "Assessment of women’s situation on the labour market in EU countries." Wiadomości Statystyczne. The Polish Statistician 65, no. 3 (April 17, 2020): 9–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.0458.
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The aim of the article is to analyse and evaluate the changes in women’s situation on the labour market of European Union countries in the years 2005–2018. The analysis focused on the economic activity of women and men and the following selected aspects of the labour market: the employment and unemployment rates and the relation between women and men’s wages. A hypothesis that women’s situation on the labour market improved, and the pay discrimination against women shrank in EU countries, has been formulated. The study utilised statistical data from the Eurostat Data Base. The evaluation of women’s situation was performed by means of a synthetic measure whose values were determined using the non-standard formula. That measure served as the basis for the linear ordering of EU countries according to the situation of women on the labour market. The study demonstrated that overall, women’s situation on the labour market improved in most EU countries in the analysed period. In all EU countries, the employment rate of women remains lower than the employment rate of men, and additionally, the former strongly varies throughout EU countries. The indicator which differentiates between the women’s and men’s labour markets to a large extent is the percentage of persons employed part-time. Part time employment is more popular in Western European countries and concerns women to a much greater extent than men. The study indicates that the levelling of women’s and men’s wages is taking place; nevertheless, women’s wages in nearly half of EU countries still do not exceed 80% of men’s average wages.
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Kidane, Asmerom, Esther William Dungumaro, Anita Lee, and Teh Wei Hu. "Women Tobacco Farmers in Tanzania: Comparing Actual and Potential Earnings." Utafiti 12, no. 1-2 (March 18, 2017): 91–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26836408-0120102006.
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This study attempts to measure women tobacco farmers’ labour input in Tanzania. A comparison is made with two other crops - maize and vegetables. For the coffee production cycle, women farmers’ output share was estimated to be 1.97 million Tanzanian shillings. Assuming alternative employment were available at a minimum wage, women tobacco farmers would earn 5.7 million Tanzanian shillings, almost a three fold increase if they did work other than farm tobacco. Besides this, 72.58% of total women’s labour for the period was earmarked for tobacco growing, while only 35.58% of total earnings are generated from tobacco production. 20.68% of women’s labour was earmarked for maize growing; on the other hand 39.20% of total revenue is generated from maize production. Only 6.74% of womens’ labour was earmarked for growing vegetables; whereas a substantial 25.22% of total revenue is generated from production of vegetables A Cobb Douglas type production was estimated, where output was regressed on labour input and acreage. While the returns from extra one-acre input were substantial and significant, returns from an extra one unit of labour yielded insignificant results. In other words, besides being hazardous to health, planting tobacco is not a worthwhile undertaking. Alternative employment should be sought.
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Barber, Pauline Gardiner. "Invisible Labour, Transnational Lives: Gendered Work and New Social Fields in Coastal Philippines." ANTHROPOLOGY OF WORK Guest editor: Greag Teal / ANTHROPOLOGIE DU TRAVAIL Sous la direction de Greg Teal 15, no. 2 (November 18, 2021): 5–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1083875ar.
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Feminist research on gender relations in fishing communities has established that through a narrowing of focus upon maritime pursuits, the coast is masculinized and men’s lives are privileged over women’s. The invisibility of women’s labour in coastal communities becomes particularly acute in situations where the labour is performed somewhere else, as is the case here. This comparison of gendered work practices and ideologies in some Philippines coastal households reveals that women’s work is crucial to the reproduction of fisheries sectors. But more than this, most coastal households are not sustained primarily through the fishery, nor through the labour of a male breadwinner. Nonetheless, local gender ideologies overstate men’s contributions to livelihood and understate the economic and social significance of women’s work: productive and reproductive; local and extra-local. Increasingly, the exporting of women’s labour "in service" is both a means of household livelihood and ironically, a strategy for servicing the national debt. Gendered class and cultural affinities are now articulated through transnational social fields creating new forms of consciousness and possibilities for political expression.
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Uunk, Wilfred, and Philipp M. Lersch. "The Effect of Regional Gender-Role Attitudes on Female Labour Supply: A Longitudinal Test Using the BHPS, 1991–2007." European Sociological Review 35, no. 5 (June 3, 2019): 669–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcz026.
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Abstract Despite considerable variation in gender-role attitudes across contexts and its claimed influence on female labour supply, studies provide little support for a contextual gender-role attitude effect. In this study, we reassess the contextual gender-role attitude effect on female labour supply because earlier studies are hampered by two shortcomings: (a) they are cross-nationally comparative, which makes it difficult to distinguish contextual attitude from institutional effects; (b) they are cross-sectional, which may bias the contextual attitude effect. We aim to overcome these shortcomings by performing longitudinal panel analyses on data from the British Household Panel Survey 1991–2007, comparing 138 counties within the United Kingdom. Our fixed-effects regressions report no significant and substantial association of regional, egalitarian gender-role attitudes with individual women’s labour supply, a finding which both holds for women’s probability to be active in the labour market and employed women’s working hours, and for women with and without (young) children. Female labour supply appears to be much stronger associated with women’s own and partners’ gender-role attitudes, in particular for women with (young) children.
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Hellawell, Sarah. "‘Sunderland Has Lost a Figure That Will Go Down in History’: Marion Phillips in the North East of England, 1923–1932." Labour History Review 88, no. 3 (December 19, 2023): 221–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/lhr.2023.10.
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Selected as the Labour Party’s chief woman officer in 1918, Dr Marion Phillips played a prominent role in the British labour women’s movement before, during and after the Great War. However, her brief stint as Labour MP for Sunderland between 1929 and 1931 has not attracted the same level of academic attention as the parliamentary careers of other early women MPs. Phillips’s connection to the North East of England throughout the 1920s illuminates her work as chief woman officer, as well as the prominence of the labour women’s movement in the region. This article focuses on Phillips’s relationship with the labour movement in County Durham to understand how she was selected as a parliamentary candidate for Sunderland. The annual women’s gala, first held in June 1923, and the Women’s Committee for the Relief of Miners’ Wives and Children formed in response to the 1926 General Strike, are crucial to understanding her early connections to the region. Phillips’s sudden death in early 1932 led to a wave of local and national commemorations demonstrating the legacy of her political work.
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Costa Martins, José Manuel, Carlos Fernandes da Silva, Marco Pereira, Henriqueta Martins, Célia Oliveira, Alexandra Puga, Rui Coelho, and Jorge Tavares. "Women’s Attachment as a Predictor of Pain During Labour and Post-Delivery: a Prospective Observational Study." Acta Médica Portuguesa 27, no. 6 (December 30, 2014): 692. http://dx.doi.org/10.20344/amp.4960.
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<p><strong>Introduction:</strong> Labour is considered to be one of the most painful and significant experiences in a woman’s life. The aim of this study was to examine whether women’s attachment style is a predictor of the pain experienced throughout labour and post-delivery.<br /><strong>Material and Methods:</strong> Thirty-two pregnant women were assessed during the third trimester of pregnancy and during labour. Adult attachment was assessed with the Adult Attachment Scale – Revised. The perceived intensity of labour pain was measured using a visual analogue scale for pain in the early stage of labour, throughout labour and post-delivery.<br /><strong>Results:</strong> Women with an insecure attachment style reported more pain at 3 cm of cervical dilatation (p < 0.05), before the administration of analgesia (p < 0.01) and post-delivery (p < 0.05) than those securely attached. In multivariate models, attachment style was a significant predictor of labour pain at 3 cm of cervical dilatation and before the first administration of analgesia but not of the perceived pain post-delivery.<br /><strong>Discussion:</strong> These findings confirm that labour pain is influenced by relevant psychological factors and suggest that a woman’s attachment style may be a risk factor for greater pain during labour.<br /><strong>Conclusion:</strong> Future studies in the context of obstetric pain may consider the attachment style as an indicator of individual differences in the pain response during labour. This may have important implications in anaesthesiology and to promote a relevant shift in institutional practices and therapeutic procedures.<br /><strong>Keywords:</strong> Labor Pain; Labor, Obstetric; Maternal-Fetal Relations; Object Attachment.</p>
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Rawstron, Kirsti. "Evaluating Women’s Labour in 1990s Japan: The Changing Labour Standards Law." New Voices 4 (January 2011): 57–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.21159/nv.04.03.
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Karacayir, Ebubekir, and Sinem Yapar Sacik. "Women's Labour In Turkey: A Comparasıon Wıth Selected Oecd Countrıes 49." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, no. 8 (March 30, 2016): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n8p142.
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Gender inequality that exists in every area of a society is experienced at an intense level in employment area in Turkey. This inequality, though has been decreasing, goes on in every aspect of employment such as female labor force participation rate, unemployment rate, underemployment rate, informal employment, salaries etc., and slows down the process of enhancement of women’s position in the society. Evaluating Turkey with regards to the United Nations Millennium Development Goals 2015, it is clearly observed that no significant progress could be achieved in reduction of social gender inequality. One of the important goals in the development process in the world is to enhance welfare in countries by increasing woman employment. As a consequence of expansion in services sectors in the last two decades, female labor force participation has approached to but it is still lower than that of males labor force. It is of necessity to present women’s labour through a comparison of data from various countries in order to shed light to the problem of gender-based inequality women live through in Turkey. Therefore, in this study, women’s labour has been evaluated through a comparative analysis of Turkey and preselected OECD countries. The findings of the study have reached several different features of Turkey and have defined similarities between Turkey and these countries.
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Bradley, Harriet. "Crisis at Work: Gender, Class, and the Dehumanization of Jobs." Historical Studies in Industrial Relations 41, no. 1 (September 1, 2020): 109–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/hsir.2020.41.5.
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Drawing on Huw Beynon’s paper in HSIR 40 (2019), this article surveys the position of women in the UK labour market over the last fifty years. It suggests that many of the developments Beynon describes are relevant to women’s employment, but with the added twist that women’s position in the labour market and society is structured by their responsibility within the total social organization of labour for reproductive labour. Despite increased women’s employment, gender segregation, both horizontal and vertical, is obstinately persistent, especially in working-class occupations. Two of these occupations, care work and retail, are used to illustrate how increasing precarity of jobs combined with technologies of control have brought about a dehumanization of work. It is concluded that the restructuring of global capitalism on neoliberal principles has negatively affected opportunities for women workers.
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Kamphuis, Kirsten. "Exploring entanglements of empire through women’s labour." Tijdschrift voor Genderstudies 24, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 75–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/tvgn2021.1.007.kamp.
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Lluis, Stephanie, and Yazhuo (Annie) Pan. "Marital Property Laws and Women’s Labour Supply." Canadian Public Policy 46, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 340–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cpp.2019-043.
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Buchmann, Marlis C., Irene Kriesi, and Stefan Sacchi. "Labour market structures and women’s employment levels." Work, Employment and Society 24, no. 2 (June 2010): 279–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0950017010362142.
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Paul, Sohini. "Women’s Labour Force Participation and Domestic Violence." Journal of South Asian Development 11, no. 2 (June 29, 2016): 224–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0973174116649148.
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Grover, Shalini, Thomas Chambers, and Patricia Jeffery. "Portraits of Women’s Paid Domestic-Care Labour." Journal of South Asian Development 13, no. 2 (August 2018): 123–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0973174118793782.
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Our introduction to this Special Issue draws out themes from all four articles which focus on India’s domestic-care economy: women’s paid domestic labour, care work and surrogacy. Through fine-grained ethnographic detail, all the articles nuance questions around agency and resistance, and actively challenge the ‘passive victim’ stereotype that continues to be the primary imaginary in many representations of domestic-care workers. We describe how the articles detail the intimacy, emotional labour and complex spatial dynamics inherent within a sector that often involves working in the homes of others, caring for children, and complex relationships with employers. Additionally, we show how care workers encounter quotidian forms of bodily control, distancing, segregation, authority, stigma, coercion, punitive sanctions and exploitation embedded in the intersections of class, race, caste, gender and ethnicity. To provide a wider framing for the articles, we utilize this introduction to situate them within broader historical and geographical contexts. Thus, we consider how global care chains (GCCs), labour markets, migration, and colonial/postcolonial considerations interplay in shaping the everyday lives of domestic-care workers in contemporary globalizing India.
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Ackah, Carol, and Norma Heaton. "Women’s labour market participation in Northern Ireland." International Journal of Social Economics 23, no. 12 (December 1996): 58–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03068299610149273.
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Sinkamba, Toddy. "Women’s Health Science Journal." Women's Health Science Journal 3, no. 2 (2019): 1–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/whsj-16000132.
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Despite the policy to stopping traditional birth attendants from conducting deliveries at home and encouraging all women to give birth at the health facility under skilled care, many women still give birth at home. A qualitative descriptive exploratory cross section survey was used to gather data by conducting structured interviews with 50 women of childbearing age who had a recent or previous home delivery. The following factors were found to be associated with home deliveries in Katondwe, Luangwa district; abrupt onset/precipitate labour, long distance/transport difficulties to reach the nearest health facility, having had successful HD, poverty/low income and gender though having a small percentage. Parity in which the majority were multiparas women, attitude was also associated with home deliveries and other unforeseen circumstances such as a funeral and being alone at home at the onset of labour.
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Varsa, Eszter. "The Women of Viharsarok: Peasant Women's Labour Activism in 1890s Hungary." International Review of Social History 69, no. 1 (April 2024): 99–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859024000130.
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AbstractThis article explores peasant women’s labour activism in 1890s Hungary, in the southeastern part of the Habsburg Empire, where repeated harvesters’ strikes and peasant uprisings took place during the second half of the nineteenth and early decades of the twentieth centuries, making it the first centre of agrarian workers’ socialist organizing in Hungary. Informed by a more inclusive approach to women’s activist histories and subaltern studies, this article develops a new perspective on the periodization and geography of the international and Hungarian history of women’s social movements, to contribute to the historiographies of peasant women’s labour activism in the Eastern European countryside.
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Andlib, Zubaria, Mudassira Sarfaz, and Muhammad Kamran. "Does the gender of the head of the household affect the labour market outcomes for females? An empirical analysis for Pakistan based on Labour Force Survey (LFS 2017-2018)." Argumenta Oeconomica 2022, no. 2 (2022): 71–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.15611/aoe.2022.2.04.
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Higher women’s labour force participation (LFP), is a significant contributing factor in achieving economic growth, poverty reduction, and female empowerment. Although women’s LFP increased from 14% in 2001-02, to 20% in 2017-18, Pakistan is still lagging behind in women’s labour market participation compared to countries on a similar development ladder. The presented study explored the contributing factors of low female LFP in Pakistan for male and female-headed households separately, using the micro data set from Pakistan Labour Force Survey 2017-18. The empirical evidence for the contributing factors of female LFP suggests that urban women are less likely to be engaged in work activities. Women with higher education, from extended families and those who received vocational training, will engage more in labour market activities. Regarding the heads of households, the results reveal that women from female-headed households supply their labour services more than those from male-headed households. The authors infer from their analysis that due to gender norms and patriarchy at the household level, most women from male-headed households are not part of the labour force.
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Laite, Julia. "Between Scylla and Charybdis: Women’s Labour Migration and Sex Trafficking in the Early Twentieth Century." International Review of Social History 62, no. 1 (February 3, 2017): 37–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002085901600064x.
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AbstractThis article explores the discursive and practical entanglements of women’s work and sex trafficking, in Britain and internationally, in the early twentieth century. It examines discussions about trafficking and women’s work during a period that was instrumental in codifying modern, international conceptions of ‘trafficking’ and argues that porous and faulty borders were drawn between sex work, women’s licit work, and their sexual exploitation and their exploitation as workers. These borders were at their thinnest in discussions about two very important sectors of female-dominated migrant labour: domestic and care work, and work in the entertainment industry. The anti-trafficking movement, the international labour movement, and the makers of national laws and policies, attempted to separate sexual labour from other forms of labour. In doing so, they wilfully ignored or suppressed moments when they obviously intersected, and downplayed the role of other exploited and badly-paid licit work that sustained the global economy. But these attempts were rarely successful: despite the careful navigations of international and British officials, work continued to find its way back into discussions of sex trafficking, and sex trafficking remained entangled with the realities of women’s work.
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WULANDARI, AYU. "SETIATI SURASTO DALAM PERJUANGAN BURUH PEREMPUAN PADA 1940AN-1960AN." Handep: Jurnal Sejarah dan Budaya 7, no. 1 (December 29, 2023): 23–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.33652/handep.v7i1.390.
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This research discusses the views and roles of Setiati Surasto in improving the fate of women labour between the 1940s and 1960s. This study stems from companies’ or employers’ discrimination that always considers female labour as cheap labour from time to time. Women labour were seen as unskilled workers, feasibly exploited and not appreciated. Consequently, women labour experiences discrimination in various forms, ranging from wages to violations of their rights. This study used historical research methods in which newspapers and magazines were primary sources. The findings indicate that the inequality that they experience generates women’s agency and activism. Setiati Surasto was one of the activists who voiced her views on equality and welfare for women labour through writing and direct action. This research has filled the gaps in Indonesian historiography, especially by presenting the biography of a women’s labour activist during the early period of Indonesian independence.
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Burbyka, Mykhailo, Alyona Klochko, Mykola Logvinenko, and Kateryna Gorbachova. "Separate aspects of legal regulation of women’s labour rights." International Journal of Law and Management 59, no. 2 (March 13, 2017): 271–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijlma-02-2016-0021.
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Purpose This paper aims to cover the problems arising in the process of women employment. The purpose is to investigate problems arising in the process of women employment, to analyse the existence of discriminatory aspects with regard to certain categories of workers, and to give recommendations for overcoming discrimination against women in the labour market. Design/methodology/approach The research was based on formal–logical and general scientific cognitive methods (analysis and synthesis, abstraction and concretization and deduction and induction). Systems and functional methods were used. The methods of concrete-sociological researches were used to gather, analyse and process legal information. The comparative-legal methods determined the actual realization of gender equality principles in different countries. Findings The Ukrainian labour legislation is imperfect and should be reformed, so as to not only declare but also protect women’s rights, in accordance with the current realities and fluctuations in the labour market. Practical implications The research helps overcome gender and age discrimination in Ukraine’s labour market, especially the relations that emerge at the employment stage. Discrimination against women at this stage is one of the most common forms of gender inequality. Originality/value Certain gaps in the labour legislation were found. The level of conformity of the current labour-relations-regulating legislation with the policy of equal rights and opportunities for women and men was determined. Recommendations, aimed at changing legal regulations to prevent gender discrimination, were developed, with a view to solving existing gender-related problems in the field of labour.
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Allen, Peter, and Sarah Childs. "The Grit in the Oyster? Women’s Parliamentary Organizations and the Substantive Representation of Women." Political Studies 67, no. 3 (August 31, 2018): 618–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032321718793080.
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This article addresses a foundational question of political representation: how do representatives act for those they represent? In a shift away from analyses of individual representatives’ attitudes and behaviour, we identify Women’s Parliamentary Organizations as potential critical sites and critical actors for women’s substantive representation. Offering one of the most in-depth studies to date, our illustrative case is the long-standing UK Parliamentary Labour Party’s Women’s Committee. With a unique data set, and using both quantitative and qualitative methods, we systematically examine the Parliamentary Labour Party’s Women’s Committee efforts to substantively represent women over more than a decade. We find that the Committee sustains its focus on a small number of women’s issues and interacts with party leadership to advance women’s interests in a feminist direction. Our findings capture processes of political change, a frequently under-explored stage in studies of substantive representation. We close by identifying the potential for comparative research in this area.
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Kalizinje, Frank. "A woman’s work is never done: fiscal policy and women’s labour supply in Malawi." African Multidisciplinary Tax Journal 2021, no. 1 (February 2021): 42–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.47348/amtj/2021/i1a3.
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The study sought to identify factors that fiscal policy can target to induce beneficial female labour force participation (FLFP) in formal wage, casual (ganyu) and agricultural labour. To achieve this, the study first used the Multinomial Logit Model on Malawi’s Second Integrated Household Survey dataset (IHS2) to predict the occupational distribution and to test for differences in the factors associated with the choice among the three labour outcomes. This helped to identify channels through which gender-responsive fiscal policies can target and enhance FLFP and in turn uplift women’s welfare. The empirical results revealed that when women are poor, residing in rural areas, not married or are heads of households and are least educated, they are more likely to supply casual and/or agricultural labour compared to formal wage labour. Therefore, to enhance women’s welfare through FLFP, gender-sensitive spending programmes should target women with such characteristics. The study further recommended increased gender-sensitive spending on farm credit and inputs, literacy education, girls’ education and public-works programmes. It further encouraged strict adherence to gender budgeting at national and local government level. To finance these proposals the study suggested introducing a levy on alcohol and tobacco the revenue of which should strictly be used to empower girls and enhance women’s labour supply.
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Bhuta, Aishwarya, and Mridula Muralidharan. "Not All Time Is Money: Women’s Burden of Unpaid Work." ANTYAJAA: Indian Journal of Women and Social Change 5, no. 2 (December 2020): 95–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/24556327211012843.
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Since the 1990s, India has been witnessing a downward trend in female labour force participation (FLFP). Feminist economists have argued that the invisible labour of unpaid household work is quintessential for the social reproduction of the labour force. Time-use statistics can be useful for estimating the value of unpaid work and lead policy responses towards increasing FLFP. This study analyses the report on Time Use in India-2019 to draw insights from data on women’s disproportionate burden of unpaid domestic and caregiving services. It is argued that this has implications for their participation in the labour market. The patriarchal structure of the family pushes the onus of domestic labour on women. This confines them to home-based, poorly remunerated and informal work, or excludes them from the labour market. Interventions in the form of generating non-agricultural job opportunities in rural areas, establishing infrastructural support mechanisms in workplaces and encouraging female education and employment can not only stimulate FLFP but also help to address the crisis of jobless growth.
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Zvaigzne, Anda, Inese Saulāja, and Aija Čerpinska. "COMPETITIVENESS OF WOMEN IN THE LABOUR MARKET IN LATGALE." Latgale National Economy Research 1, no. 6 (October 21, 2014): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/lner2014vol1.6.1174.
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Competitiveness in the labour market is a range of various factors that assist an employee in getting or retaining a job, while an employer can attract and maintain a labour force adequate to meet the employer’s needs. The research aim is to examine the competitiveness of women in the labour market in Latvia and to develop proposals for its improvement. The present research deals with employment trends, especially focusing on statistical data on women. The research also examines statistical data on job vacancies, unemployment, wages, and other related data. To identify the factors influencing women’s competitiveness, 214 women were surveyed in Latgale region. According to the survey, there are several factors influencing women’s competitiveness in the labour market. Education, length of service, and experience are the most significant factors. The longer women’s unemployment period is, the more these women require support to restart their employment and to be competitive in the labour market. Research methods employed: the monographic method, the descriptive method, analysis and synthesis, the graphic method, document analysis, statistical analysis, and a sociological method – a survey. The survey results were processed using the tools of the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) and Microsoft Excel
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Ren, Xiaoni. "Exploiting women’s aesthetic labour to fly high in the Chinese airline Industry." Gender in Management: An International Journal 32, no. 6 (August 7, 2017): 386–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/gm-03-2017-0033.
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Purpose Drawing upon the existing theoretical and empirical sourced knowledge of aesthetic labour and gender, this paper aims to explore the exploitation of women’s aesthetic labour in the Chinese airline industry and the underlying causes from a contextual point of view. Design/methodology/approach This qualitative study has emerged from a broader research project which aimed to explore women’s experiences of work-family conflict and their career aspirations in the Chinese airline industry in which aesthetic labour was prevalent as a significant issue during semi-structured interviews with female employees and HR/line management. Thus, the study draws upon interview data focusing on recruitment and selection of flight attendants in three Chinese airlines. This is complemented by secondary sources of data from Chinese television programmes and job advertisements. Findings This study reveals that aesthetics is both gendered and context-bound. It exposes that aesthetic labour in Chinese airlines is demanded from women but not men. It highlights that gendered aesthetic labour is continuously shaped by four influential contextual issues – legislation, labour market practices, national culture and airline management practices. Originality/value By uncovering the dynamic interconnectedness of gender and aesthetics and illustrating the exploitation of women’s aesthetic labour for commercial gains in Chinese airlines, this paper contributes to the understanding of the gendered aesthetics in the airline industry. It also offers new insights into the theory of aesthetic labour by locating it in a context that differs significantly from other socio-cultural contexts.
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Xia, Collin. "The womb: a site of domination and resistance in the Pre-emancipation British Caribbean." Caribbean Quilt 6, no. 1 (February 23, 2022): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.33137/cq.v6i1.35963.
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Beginning in the 1780s, British Caribbean plantocracies faced the looming threat of slave trade abolition which would end the flow of enslaved labour fundamental to colonial plantation economies. Enslaved women’s function as the source of blackness and legal slave status made their wombs essential to a future without readily available slave imports. The general narrative centring the intensifying colonial domination of enslaved women’s wombs highlight abolitionists and slave owner’s deployment of slave women’s reproductive labour in a slave-breeding program that would produce a self-sustaining source of labour. This narrative neglects the agency enslaved women exerted in exacting control over their sexuality, marriage status, pregnancies, childbirth experience, and child-rearing process that jeopardised the institution of slavery in “gynecological revolt.” This essay privileges the feminized, unarmed, sexual, bodily defiance of enslaved women within the greater, often masculinized Caribbean slavery scholarship to argue that the womb was a site of intensifying colonial domination in the Age of Abolition but more significantly a site of women’s revolutionary struggle against slavery.
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Sangster, Joan. "Waitresses in Action." Labour / Le Travail 92 (November 10, 2023): 13–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.52975/llt.2023v92.003.
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In the 1970s, women in Toronto created the Waitresses Action Committee to protest the introduction of a “differential” or lower minimum wage for wait staff serving alcohol. Their campaign was part of their broader feminist critique of women’s exploitation and the gendered and sexualized nature of waitressing. Influenced by their origins in the Wages for Housework campaign, they stressed the linkages between women’s unpaid work in the home and the workplace. Their campaign eschewed worksite organizing for an occupational mobilization outside of the established unions; they used petitions, publicity, and alliances with sympathizers to try to stop the rollback in their wages. They were successful in mobilizing support but not in altering the government’s decision. Nonetheless, their spirited campaign publicized new feminist perspectives on women’s gendered and sexualized labour, and it contributed to the ongoing labour feminist project of enhancing working-class women’s equality, dignity, and economic autonomy. An analysis of their mobilization also helps to enrich and complicate our understanding of labour and socialist feminism in this period.
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Iwayemi, Akin. "Women’s Labour Supply in Nigeria: An Econometric Analysis." IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science 8, no. 6 (2013): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/0837-0864151.
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Pozharova, O., and Yu Pozharov. "LEGAL REGULATION OF WOMEN’S LABOUR PROTECTION IN UKRAINE." “International Humanitarian University Herald. Jurisprudence”, no. 53 (2021): 74–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.32841/2307-1745.2021.53.15.
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John, Mary E. "The Problem of Women’s Labour: Some Autobiographical Perspectives." Indian Journal of Gender Studies 20, no. 2 (June 2013): 177–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0971521513482213.
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Sijapati, Bandita, Joelle Mak, Cathy Zimmerman, and Ligia Kiss. "Nepali Women’s Labour Migration: Between Protection and Proscription." Migration Letters 16, no. 4 (September 30, 2019): 611–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v16i4.847.
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With the increase in female migration, especially in the domestic sector, and accompanying reports of worker exploitation and abuse, labour-sending countries are grappling with the question of how to protect these workers. Drawing on a critical feminist policy analysis framework, this article analyses the policy and regulatory frameworks of Nepal related to female labour migration and examines their implications. Our analysis indicates that Nepal’s policy regime consist of a set of measures which are simultaneously liberal, protective and restrictive, and as such, they have not altered the structural conditions and economic reasons for women’s migration. Instead, women appear to be largely uninformed about government regulations, and most importantly, working conditions abroad are not affected by sending country policies, including the various migration bans put in place to protect women.
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Demis, Asmamaw, Addisu Getie, Adam Wondmieneh, Melaku Bimerew, Birhan Alemnew, and Getnet Gedefaw. "Women’s satisfaction with existing labour and delivery services in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis." BMJ Open 10, no. 7 (July 2020): e036552. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-036552.
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ObjectiveTo estimate the pooled prevalence of women’s satisfaction with existing labour and delivery services in Ethiopia.DesignSystematic review and meta-analysis.MethodsMEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, Hinari, Google Scholar and web of science electronic databases were searched for the study. This meta-analysis included nineteen cross-sectional studies. Cochrane I2 statistics were used to check the heterogeneity of the studies. Subgroup and sensitivity analysis were conducted with the evidence of heterogeneity. Egger test with funnel plot were used to investigate publication bias.ResultNineteen studies were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis. The overall prevalence of women’s satisfaction with existing labour and delivery services in Ethiopia was 70.54% (95% CI 60.94 to 80.15). Having informal education of the women (adjusted OR (AOR)=2.19; 95% CI 1.47 to 3.25), time to be seen by the healthcare providers within 20 min (AOR=2.97; 95% CI 2.11 to 4.19), receiving free service (AOR=5.01; 95% CI 2.87 to 8.75), keeping women privacy (AOR=2.84; 95% CI 1.46 to 5.55), planned delivery in the health institution (AOR=2.85; 95% CI 1.99 to 4.07), duration of labour within 12 hours (AOR=2.55; 95% CI 1.70 to 3.81) and have not antenatal care follow-up (AOR=4.03; 95% CI 2.21 to 7.35) were factors associated with women satisfaction with labour and delivery services in Ethiopia.ConclusionThe pooled prevalence of women’s satisfaction with existing labour and delivery services was high. Informal education of the women, antenatal care follow-up, planned delivery in the health institution, keeping women privacy, getting free service, time to be seen by the healthcare providers and duration of labour were factors associated with women’s satisfaction during labour and delivery services. This finding is important to design strategic policies and to prevent emergency neonatal and women complications during the childbirth and postpartum periods.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42020149217.
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Tonoyan, Vartuhi, Robert Strohmeyer, and Jennifer E. Jennings. "Sex-based labour market segregation and women's perceptions of entrepeneurship." Open Access Government 39, no. 1 (July 10, 2023): 328–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.56367/oag-039-10764.
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Sex-based labour market segregation and women's perceptions of entrepeneurship Here Professors Tonoyan, Strohmeyer, and Jennings investigate sex-based labour market segregation and women's perceptions of entrepreneurship. As noted in a prior Open Access Government article, women tend to participate in entrepreneurial activity at lower rates than men within most countries included in the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. Numerous plausible reasons for this gender gap exist. A large-scale study by Professors Vartuhi Tonoyan (California State University, Fresno), Robert Strohmeyer (University of Mannheim), and Jennifer E. Jennings (University of Alberta) put forth and examined the argument that women are likely to possess less favourable perceptions than men, on average, of how easy it would be to start a business. These scholars further argued that this disparity can be attributed to sex-segregated positions within traditional wage-and-salary employment, which present structural disadvantages for women’s entrepreneurship.
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Palriwala, Rajni. "Framing Care: Gender, Labour and Governmentalities." Indian Journal of Gender Studies 26, no. 3 (October 2019): 237–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0971521519861158.
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Care is performed at the intersections of various social differentiations in which its gendering appears tenacious. This article delineates four thematic clusters that variously focus on the work, relations, practices and politics of care, and elaborates on some organising concepts, studies and arguments. These framings overlap and question each other: the sexual division of labour, mothering, the economic and social value of women’s domestic work and the work/care regime; gendered critiques of welfare regimes and a care regime; the care economy, a sharpening care crisis and care deficit with neo-liberal policies and demands for a work–life balance; and the rationalities, biopolitics and governmentalities of the social organisation and morality of care. Discussions diverge and converge in debates on the making of gender relations in work and political economy. Taking the labour of care seriously in the struggle against women’s subordination and gender inequalities appears inescapable.
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Lupembe, Antony Mooke, and John Ndikaru Wa Teresia. "Drought Management by Formal and Informal Organizations of Kajiado County, Kenya; Special Reference to Role of Women." East African Journal of Environment and Natural Resources 3, no. 1 (August 17, 2021): 119–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.37284/eajenr.3.1.386.
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The study aimed at investigating the role of women’s organizations in the management and reduction of drought impact formally and informally in Kajiado County, Kenya. The study, therefore, examined how women’s organizations create awareness in ownership rights to empower women and determined how gender policies by women’s organizations influence the empowerment of women. The study also examined how income generating activities by women’s organizations led to women's empowerment and the extent to which women’s organizations mobilize resources to empower women. The systems theory of organizations was used to understand the dynamics of women group organizations. A total of 20 women group organizations were included in the study, accounting for 500 members. Questionnaires were used for data collection and the data was analysed through quantitative means. Most women’s organizations creating awareness in ownership rights to empower women do not own assets of their own and believe that the land they live in belongs to their husbands and that they are in control over it. Most of the organizations generate income for women through activities such as the sale of farm produce, cash from labour activities and cash from their husbands. Based on the findings, the study recommended that leaders should establish women’s councils to participate in leadership matters to empower them and be part of agenda formulation and decision making
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Yuden, Phuentsho. "Gender wage differential in the labour market of Bhutan (2009-2022)." International Journal of Publication and Social Studies 8, no. 1 (August 30, 2023): 14–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.55493/5050.v8i1.4871.
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This study investigated striking gender wage differentials trend in Bhutan between 2009 and 2022. In order to decompose the gender wage differentials, we used household level micro-data of Labor Force Survey (LFS), which was conducted by then Ministry of Labor and Human Resources (MoLHR) and National Statistics Bureau (NSB). The methodology estimates the sources of gender wage differentials by segregating gender-specific factors and general wage structure factors. The explanatory variables like women’s labor market skills (education, work experience) and women’s choice into certain occupational and industrial groups; and treatment towards women employees by employers (i.e., discrimination) are categorized into gender-specific factors. Whereas, the sum of observed prices of labor market skills (education and work experience) and price of women’s segregation into certain occupational and industrial groups and unobserved prices were termed wage structure factors. The result shows that gap in education and women’s choice into low paying jobs increased gender wage differentials. However, increase in women’s work experience narrowed the gender wage differential. Therefore, the widening gender wage differentials resulted from gender-specific factors by huge margin. The findings from this study will help decision and policy makers in developing policies which helps narrowing education and skills gaps between men and women. In addition, it will also help in drafting policies which helps women in getting better paying jobs.
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Borisova, N. A. "Gender Aspect and Contradictions in Managing Women’s Career." Vestnik of the Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, no. 6 (November 25, 2023): 128–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2413-2829-2023-6-128-132.
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The article focuses on the rising trend of women holding top positions in different sectors of economy. A serious contribution to this trend was made by government that took a strategic decision about reducing the list of jobs and positions with harmful and/or dangerous labour conditions, where the use of women’s labour is restricted. However, apart from state policy, we should point out to the growing activity of women themselves, who do their best to build the career on a level with men. The article shows trends, which testify to the fact that women hold top positions more frequently today and, at the same time it provides factors that can hinder the development of women’s career. Estimating the impact of all these factors can foster more accurate career planning. According to the author, higher quality of career management could raise the degree of job satisfaction, in particular in women’s quarters. Another important argument in favor of the necessity to improve the quality of women’s career is dependence of labour productivity on the degree of female workers’ satisfaction. Realization of work effectiveness is a source of inspiration and motivation. With regard to the rising trend of retaining personnel, cutting turnover and certain deficit on labour market career management becomes a factor of higher company competitiveness, as it can affect both productivity and personnel turnover, which is essential because of the high share of women in the general structure of employable population in the Russian Federation.
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Mehrtash, Hedieh, Meghan A. Bohren, Kwame Adu-Bonsaffoh, Theresa Azonima Irinyenikan, Blair O. Berger, Ernest Maya, Mamadou Dioulde Balde, et al. "Comparing observed occurrence of mistreatment during childbirth with women’s self-report: a validation study in Ghana, Guinea and Nigeria." BMJ Global Health 5, Suppl 2 (July 2023): e012122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2023-012122.
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BackgroundThere has been substantial progress in developing approaches to measure mistreatment of women during childbirth. However, less is known about the differences in measurement approaches. In this study, we compare measures of mistreatment obtained from the same women using labour observations and community-based surveys in Ghana, Guinea and Nigeria.MethodsExperiences of mistreatment during childbirth are person-centred quality measures. As such, we assessed individual-level and population-level accuracy of labour observation relative to women’s self-report for different types of mistreatment. We calculated sensitivity, specificity, percent agreement and population-level inflation factor (IF), assessing prevalence of mistreatment in labour observation divided by ‘true’ prevalence in women’s self-report. We report the IF degree of bias as: low (0.75<IF<1.5), moderate (0.50<IF<0.75 or 1.5<IF<2.0) or high (IF≤0.50 or IF≥2.0).Results1536 women across Ghana (n=779), Guinea (n=425) and Nigeria (n=332) were included. Most mistreatment items demonstrated better specificity than sensitivity: observation of any physical abuse (44% sensitive, 89% specific), any verbal abuse (61% sensitive, 73% specific) and presence of a labour companion (19% sensitive, 93% specific). Items for stigma (IF 0.16), pain relief requested (IF 0.38), companion present (IF 0.32) and lack of easy access to fluids (IF 0.46) showed high risk of bias, meaning labour observations would substantially underestimate true prevalence. Other items showed low or moderate bias.ConclusionUsing self-report as the reference standard, labour observations demonstrated moderate-to-high specificity (accurately identifying lack of mistreatment) but low-to-moderate sensitivity (accurately identifying presence of mistreatment) among women. For overall prevalence, either women’s self-report or observations can be used with low-moderate bias for most mistreatment items. However, given the dynamicity, complexity, and limitations in ‘objectivity’, some experiences of mistreatment (stigma, pain relief, labour companionship, easy access to fluids) require measurement via women’s self-report. More work is needed to understand how subjectivity influences how well a measure represents individual’s experiences.
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Lynch, Kathleen, and Mags Crean. "On the question of cheap care: Regarding A History of the World in Seven Cheap Things by Raj Patel and Jason W Moore." Irish Journal of Sociology 27, no. 2 (March 11, 2019): 200–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0791603519835432.
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One of the most engaging claims of Patel and Moore’s book is that abstract ideas have played a powerful role legitimating the exploitation of swathes of humanity, through distinguishing ontologically and epistemologically between nature and society. As most women, and indigenous people, were defined as part of nature, their labours and lives, including their care labour, were deemed to be part of nature and thereby legitimately exploitable. The authors claim that the cheapening of care arose from the separation of spheres between care work and paid work, between home and the economy, arising from the development of enclosures and the demise of the commons. What the book does not address, however, is how the exploitation of women’s domestic and care labour was not only beneficial to capitalism: men of all classes were and are beneficiaries of women’s unpaid care labour. The authors also suggest that the primary purpose of caring is to reproduce people for capitalism. But caring is not undertaken simply at the behest of capitalism. Nurturing and caring for others are defining features of humanity given the lengthy dependency of humans at birth and at times of vulnerability. The logic of care is very different to market logic.
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Banerjee, Supurna. "From ‘Plantation Workers’ to Naukrānī." Journal of South Asian Development 13, no. 2 (July 11, 2018): 164–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0973174118785269.
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The tea plantations of Dooars in West Bengal are founded on a gendered division of labour. The recent economic crisis faced by the tea plantations brought long-established labour practices into question. Mounting expenses and closures led to rising migration of plantation workers to distant urban areas in North and South India, in search of alternative employment. Many of these women found employment as domestic workers and care workers in Delhi and Gurgaon. Drawing on the in-depth narratives of these migrant domestic workers, this article explores self-perceptions and representations of work and brings to the forefront the ongoing process of skill acquisition on the one hand and its constant invisibilization on the other. This reproduces paid domestic and care work not only as women’s natural labour but as low skilled and low status work that is particularly suitable for migrant women. The women’s own perceptions help problematize and nuance otherwise monolithic understandings of labour in general and domestic labour in particular.
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Pepur, Sandra, Ivana Bulog, and Ana Rimac Smiljanić. "Household Financial Fragility During COVID-19: the Power of Financially Literate Women." Zagreb International Review of Economics and Business 25, s1 (December 1, 2022): 31–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/zireb-2022-0023.
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Abstract This paper analyses household financial fragility during the COVID-19 pandemic. Considering the barging theory in households’ decision-making, this paper proposes that women’s financial literacy and their involvement in paid and unpaid work will influence family financial fragility in times of crisis. The results show that women’s financial literacy, their participation in the labour market, and their financial independence have a significant and positive effect on the family’s financial situation during the pandemic. Moreover, the level of women’s unpaid work was identified as a significant element that jeopardizes family financial stability. The results further support the bargaining power theory regarding a better understanding of the complexity of decision-making within households. The results point to a new channel for preserving family financial stability, through the improvement of women’s financial literacy and the development of institutional and social support for their participation in the labour market.
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Blahová, Michaela, Parissa Haghirian, Tomáš Urbánek, and Přemysl Pálka. "Driving sustainable and competitive transition in enterprise performance management and measurement: The changing role of women in the Japanese labour market." Economics & Sociology 16, no. 2 (June 2023): 56–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.14254/2071-789x.2023/16-2/4.
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ABSTRACT. The objective of this paper is to examine the relationship between sustainable and competitive transition in enterprise performance management and measurement and the changing role of women in the Japanese labour market. The work correlates the proportion of female employees in leadership positions in relation to the sector type, firm age, profits and encouragement of women’s participation in the labour force over six significant periods. The study also examines correlations between the encouragement of women’s participation in the labour force and high productivity, improvement of work-life balance and higher integration of female staff in the workforce. A questionnaire survey was conducted in 152 Japanese companies as part of the research. Non-parametric tests and exploratory data analysis were used for evaluation. The linear-by-linear test was applied to ordinal categories to determine the trend between the proportion of female employees in leadership positions and the encouragement of women’s participation in the labour force. The results indicate that partial changes have occurred as far as women in the Japanese labour market are concerned and confirm that working women are faced with persistent obstacles in terms of higher integration of female staff in the workforce and improvement of work-life balance. A future research direction worth considering is a study focused on other countries in Asia, comparing the findings with this paper.