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Wang, Chen. "Highly Skilled Chinese Immigrant Women’s Labour Market Marginalization in Canada: An Institutional Ethnography of Discursively Constructed Barriers." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/42505.
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Canada has been active in attracting highly-skilled, foreign-trained workers to overcome its labour shortage, facilitate its economic growth, and enhance its global competency. While promoting gender equality in the workplace and advancing women’s labour market participation are ongoing focuses of Canada’s attention, the arrival of an increased number of skilled immigrant women and their marginalized experiences in the Canadian labour market reflects a critical problem that the underuse of highly skilled immigrant women’s professional skills might be a loss for both Canada and individual immigrants.
This research reveals the lived experience of highly skilled Chinese immigrant women in the Canadian labour market, and analyzes how the barriers to their career restoration were constructed. It adopts Seyla Benhabib’s weak version of postmodern feminist theory and Dorothy Smith’s Institutional Ethnography methodology. Based on interview data with 46 highly skilled Chinese immigrant women, this research identifies these immigrant women’s standpoint within the institutional arrangements and understands the barriers to their career restoration as discursively constructed outcomes. This research contends that the settlement services for new immigrants funded by the federal government fall short of meeting the particular needs of highly skilled immigrants who intend to find highly skilled jobs that match their qualifications. This research also makes recommendations for improving existing language training and employment-related settlement services in order to better assist highly skilled immigrants in using their skills to a larger extent.
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Bazinet, Renée. "Language, Gender, and Work: Investigating Women’s Employment Outcomes in Ottawa-Gatineau’s Federal Public Service." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/41627.
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Women and men experience work differently owing to the gendered nature of work and workplaces, but there is limited insight into whether language and gender intersect to shape employment outcomes. This thesis project examines full-time employment in Ottawa-Gatineau to determine whether being French, English, or bilingual meaningfully influences employment status in the federal public service in terms of occupational attainment and employment income. A series of descriptive and inferential statistical analyses using the 2016 Canadian census are used to examine whether commuting patterns, occupational attainment, and annual employment income are significantly different across industrial sectors and between women and men, as well as between official language communities. The analysis reveals important differences in residential distribution between Anglophones and Francophones working in the federal public service as well as differences in commuting times, especially to suburban office locations. There are also important differences in occupational attainment and income attainment between women and men across official language communities, with women, especially francophone women, being more likely to occupy relatively low-pay administrative jobs in the federal public service compared to men or anglophone and bilingual women. In many ways, bilingualism in the federal public service is made real by the work of francophone women, although they are concentrated in some of the least-well paid occupations and stand to have ever more time consuming commutes as jobs are moved to suburban locations in Ottawa.
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Dunne, Carmel Lynne. "A mixed-method study to investigate the relationship between the number of social support people present during labour, women’s perceptions and birth outcomes." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2012. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/52681/1/Carmel_Dunne_Thesis.pdf.
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The birth of a baby is a significant event for women and their families, with the event being influenced by the prevailing social and cultural context. Historically, women throughout the world have given birth at home assisted by other women who helped them cope with the stress of labour and birth. In the middle of the twentieth century, the togetherness, caring and support that were provided within the social and cultural context of childbirth began to change; women in most developed countries, and to some extent in developing countries, laboured and gave birth in institutions that isolated them from the support of family and friends. This practice is referred to as the medical model of childbirth and, over time, birthing within this model has come to be viewed by women as a dehumanising experience. In an attempt to secure a more supportive experience, women began to demand the presence of a supportive companion; namely their partner. This event became the catalyst for a number of studies focusing on different types of support providers and their contribution to the phenomenon of social support during labour. More recently, it has become a common practice for some women to be supported during labour by a number of people from their social network. However, research on the influence of such supportive people on women’s experience of labour and birth and on birth outcomes is scarce.
The aim of this study is to examine the influence of various support arrangements from a woman’s family and social network on her experience of labour and birth and on birth outcomes. The mixed-method study was conducted to answer three research questions:
1. Do women with more than one support person present during labour and birth have similar perceptions and experiences of support compared to women with one support person?
2. Do women with more than one support person present during labour and birth have similar birth outcomes compared to women with one support person?
3. Do women with different types of support providers during labour and birth have similar birth outcomes? Methods Phase one of this study developed, pilot tested and administered a newly developed instrument designed to measure women’s perceptions of supportive behaviours provided during labour. Specific birth outcome data were extracted from the medical records. Phase two consisted of in-depth interviews with a sample of women who had completed the survey.
Results:
The results identified a statistically significant relationship between women’s perceptions of social support and the number of support providers: women supported by one person only rated the supportive behaviours of that person more highly compared to women who were supported by a number of people. The results also identified that women supported by one person used less analgesia. An additional qualitative finding was that some women sacrificed the support of female relatives at the request of their partners.
Conclusion:
By using a mixed-method approach, this study found that women were selective in their choice of support providers, as they chose individuals with whom they had an enduring affectionate attachment. Women place more emphasis on a support person’s ability to fulfil their attachment needs of close proximity and a sense of security and safety, rather than their ability to provide the expected functional supportive behaviours.
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Kljajevic, Bobana. "Women’s work is never done: a sociological exploration of gender into the household division of labour and mothering roles and its contemporary implications for women in performing the “second shift”." Thesis, Kljajevic, Bobana (2011) Women’s work is never done: a sociological exploration of gender into the household division of labour and mothering roles and its contemporary implications for women in performing the “second shift”. Honours thesis, Murdoch University, 2011. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/6323/.
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This thesis will examine why women are still expected to perform the “second shift” of both housework and childcare within contemporary society. To discuss this, an exploration of gender and feminist literature will explain the way men and women become associated with different gender traits and roles which occur through the socialisation process. In addition, a contemporary perspective will examine the changes that have occurred for women within the public areas of work and the implications for women in combining both their work and family obligations. This thesis will demonstrate that while feminine roles have been analysed by gender theory, further work needs to be done to challenge men’s roles within the home which has reinforced women’s continued association with their familial responsibilities.
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Gordon, Margaret. "Women's labour lost - mothers' labour's cost : workforce participation when children have disabilities /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2004. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe18561.pdf.
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Raymond, Melanie. "Labour pains : working class women in employment, unions and the Labor party in Victoria, 1888-1914 /." Connect to thesis, 1987. http://eprints.unimelb.edu.au/archive/00000326.
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Russell, Helen. "Women's experience of unemployment : a study of British women in the 1980s." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.339032.
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Morton, Bess. "Making diamonds from dust : a working class history of British Labour Party women, 1906-1956 /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1991. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ARM/09armm889.pdf.
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Abrams, M. "Ikitchini : the hidden side of women's labour." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/15856.
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Bibliography: pages 233-248.This dissertation seeks to examine an area of South African historiography which has largely been ignored, that is, domestic labour. It posits a relationship between working class women, domestic labour paid and unpaid. The material has been arranged around the primary objective of examining the silence around domestic labour and highlighting the gender content of domestic work. It is divided into two parts. The first part examines the conceptualization of class and gender struggles, while the second part examines aspects of working class women's experience of this. Chapter One deals with why women have been ignored in recorded history; Chapter Two examines Marxist approaches to the Woman Question. Chapter Three examines the silence arourid women's experience in South African historiography, while Chapter Four is a critical examination of the recorded history of domestic workers. Chapter Five examines aspects of black working class women's experience of domestic labour in their own families, while Chapter Six documents the experience of a group of organized workers in Cape Town. The study concludes that the way forward is to develop a gender sensitive class analysis as outlined in the work of Lise Vogel. This will open up new areas for research, for example, the rise of the public and private dichotomy, the separation of productive and reproductive labour, the ideology of motherhood and sexuality as well as the changing nature of the social construction of gender identity.
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Case, Bridgette Dawn. "The Women's Protective Union: union women activists in a union town, 1890-1929." Thesis, Montana State University, 2004. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2004/case/CaseB1204.pdf.
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Hotton, Tina Lynn. "Labour force participation and women's criminal victimization risk." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ36038.pdf.
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Custers, Petrus Joseph Johannes Maria. "Capital accumulation and women's labour in Asian economies /." [Nijmegen] : Derde Wereld centrum, 1995. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37491524h.
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Briar, Celia. "Women in state employment policy, 1905-1986 : a description and analysis of policies affecting women's work in twentieth century Britain." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.338203.
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Meschi, Maria Meloria. "Female labour supply and wage discrimination in the Italian labour market." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.388640.
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Abbas, Ali. "Determinants of women's labour supply in Bangladesh and Pakistan." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Nationalekonomi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-83500.
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Laurie, Heather. "Household financial resource distribution and women's labour market participation." Thesis, University of Essex, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.296586.
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Gould, Jennifer Margaret. "The Women's Corps : the establishment of women's military services in Britain." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1988. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1317607/.
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My thesis is an account of the 'Women's Corps movement': the efforts to organise women's non-industrial employment, which led to the establishment of women's military services in Britain during the First World War. I survey the background to their introduction both before and during the First World War, and consider the development of pre-war women's organisations in the context of official thinking about defence. The outbreak of war prompted the formation of numerous women's voluntary organisations, and a number of women worked to extend women's role, but it was the continuing manpower crisis which, in 1916, persuaded defence ministers and others seriously to consider forming corps of women to substitute for men in the Army. The recommendations of both the Manpower Distribution Board and a military report advocating substitution of women in certain jobs, together with the desire of senior War Office staff to gain control over women's voluntary groups working for the Army, combined to secure the formation early in 1917 of the first of the three women's military corps, the Women's Army Auxiliary Corps. This was followed soon after by the Women's Royal Naval Service and the Women's Royal Air Force, and I review some of the problems which inevitably accompanied this innovation, such as the spreading of rumours of immorality in the corps, and the manner in which a lack of formal status created difficulties for the women in command. I examine the decision that the Corps should cease to exist after the First World War; the attempts during the 1930s to reorganise a women's corps to work for the armed forces; the formal bestowal of 'military status' upon members of the Auxiliary Territorial Service and Women's Auxiliary Air Force in 1941, and, finally, with the Army and Air Force (Women's Services) Act in 1948, the inclusion of women's services in Britain's peacetime defence organisation.
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Patet, Nisha. "Women in the construction labor force : women's participation in the construction sector in India /." This resource online, 1991. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-02162010-020112/.
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Morrill, Melinda Sandler. "Women's labor supply and the family." College Park, Md.: University of Maryland, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/8503.
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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2008.Thesis research directed by: Dept. of Economics. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Choi, Seulki Mouw Ted. "Women's fertility and labor force dynamics." Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2009. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,2618.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2009.Title from electronic title page (viewed Oct. 5, 2009). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Sociology." Discipline: Sociology; Department/School: Sociology.
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Kirkham, Mavis J. "Basic supportive care in labour : interaction with and around women in labour." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.378365.
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Rees, Teresa. "The reproduction of gender segregation in the labour market." Thesis, Cardiff University, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.259986.
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Libby, Caitlin A. "Consuming modernity : media's role in normalizing women's labor in India and Thailand /." Norton, Mass. : Wheaton College, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10090/15513.
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Ho, Chan Foong M. C. "Intergenerational resource allocation, elderly women's labour supply, and optimal policy." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2010. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/20222/.
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In this thesis, we analyse how grandchild care needs affect elderly women's transfers and labour supply behaviour, and derive relevant policy implications. In the first chapter, we present background information on the intergenerational family with a particular focus on grandparent involvement in grandchild care in the United States. In the second chapter, we model intergenerational resource allocation within a general collective framework and estimate the impact of grandchild care needs on elderly women's time and money transfers, and labour supply behaviour. We find that grandchild care needs have important impacts on intergenerational transfers of time and money, but small net impacts on labour supply suggesting that elderly women adjust mainly leisure to meet child care needs. In the next chapter, we evaluate how the US 1996 PRWORA welfare-to-work reform which targeted low income young mothers, affected the related grandmothers via intergenerational transfers of time and money. Our results are consistent with an intergenerational family resource sharing network where higher child care subsidies motivate the family to shift away from grandmother provided child care to formal child care, and where elderly women increase money transfers to either help cover the remaining cost of formal care or to partly compensate for the loss in benefits of young welfare leavers. In the fourth chapter, we design an optimal disability insurance scheme taking into account the fact that elderly agents can engage in unobserved informal grandchild care activities. We show how a combination of lump sum transfers and child care subsidies can implement the constrained efficient allocation as though the government could observe informal child care. We then calibrate an overlapping generations model with child care needs to the US economy and estimate the cost savings from adopting the optimal policy. Finally, we conclude and discuss potential directions for future research.
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Schuster, Mary Francine 1943. "WOMEN'S ADAPTIVE RESPONSES TO EARLY LABOR CONTRACTIONS." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276383.
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Jourdain, De Muizon M. M. J. L. "Women labour supply and country specific institutions." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2014. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1421426/.
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In this thesis, I study the influence of country-specific institutions on the labour supply decision of prime-aged women. In chapter 1, I use reduced-form methods, to evaluate the impact of wide changes to the benefit system and childcare subsidies targeted at households with pre-school age children in France. I estimate strong responses to maternity leave type benefits, and a positive impact of childcare subsidies on mothers employment rates in the long-run. In chapter 2, I develop and estimate a static labour supply model with part-time wage equations as well as demand-side constraints. I can compare the elasticities estimates and predictions from tax reform simulations to those of models assuming a unique hourly productivity and the absence of any employment constraint. The structural model also enables me to clearly simulate the impact of each component of the wide policy reform studied in the first chapter. In chapter 3, I try to understand why the number of hours worked by British married women is lower than that of French married women. I find that in the presence of children, British mothers are far more responsive to financial incentives. Husbands’ earnings and their interaction with childcare prices seem to play an important role. Nevertheless, the fall in hours worked in the British households with children, despite facing lower taxes than in France, remains somewhat puzzling. It could be mainly attributed (in the framework used) to different preferences. In the final chapter, I study the impact of joint-taxation on the labour supply choices of married women with working husbands in France. I simulate a revenue-neutral reform that would cancel the tax penalty or gain associated with being married. I find that the overall labour supply of these women would increase by 1.2%.
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Watana, Paranee. "Female labour force participation in Thailand." Thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/130346.
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In Thailand, female labour force participation rates are quite high
by international standards. Women work for various purposes without any
constraints. In this study, many socio-economic factors are investigated
in order to find their relationship with female labour force
participation. Data from the 1980 Population Census are used.
The relationship between female labour force participation and
socio-economic factors is positive. Many factors show a close
association such as education and number of children living in the
household. As education increases , so does the proportion of women in
the labour force. The existence of children in the household has a
different effect on ever married women. A higher percentage of Widows
and divorcees with children work than currently married women with
children. As anticipated, ever married women with no children have the
highest participation rates.
The investigation of marital status, age at marriage and religion
shows little effect on female labour force participation, Whatever their
marital status, age at marriage or religion, a large proportion of Thai
women participate in the labour force.
When the fertility levels of working women and housewives are
examined, many variables including age, education age at marriage and
the practice of contraception are considered. Working women have a lower
fertility level than housewives. However, those working women who
practice contraception have a larger number of children ever born than
do housewives. This is because birth control has only recently become
widespread in Thailand. Among working women, agricultural workers have
the highest fertility level.
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Lee, Chi-yung, and 李志勇. "Female labour force participation in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1991. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31976578.
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Swarbrick, Ailsa. "Revaluing women's work : the combination of commitments as career." Thesis, University of York, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.359278.
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Clement, Sarah. "Women's occupational choice and entry into male-dominated occupations." Thesis, Goldsmiths College (University of London), 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.296410.
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Luci, Angela. "Women's labour market participation interacting with macroeconomic growth and family policies." Phd thesis, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00638278.
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Cette thèse de doctorat en économie recherche le lien entre l'emploi des femmes et la croissance macroéconomique en prenant en compte les effets des politiques familiales. Tandis que plusieurs modèles théoriques et analyses empiriques montrent un impact strictement positif de l'emploi des femmes sur la croissance macroéconomique, l'impact inverse de la croissance sur l'emploi des femmes n'est pas si clair. Quelques economistes suggèrent un impact strictement positif, mais des études empiriques recentes estiment que la croissance du PIB baisse d'abord l'emploi des femmes et l'augmente seulement à mi et long terme à partir d'un certain niveau de développement économique. Cet impact convexe (" feminisation U " hypothesis) n'est pas encore prouvé par des études empiriques, car les études existantes se basent seulement sur des donnés de séries temporelles ou de séries transversales et n'apportent pas des résultats explicites. Je propose donc une propre analyse empirique de l'impact de la croissance macroéconomique sur l'emploi des femmes, basée sur des données de panel, qui contiennent des observations de plus de 180 pays et de plus de 40 ans. La structure de la base de données me permet de prendre en compte des problèmes d'endogeneité. Mon analyse confirme un impact convex de la croissance macroéconomique sur l'emploi des femmes. Ce résultat montre que pour promouvoir l'emploi des femmes, on ne peut pas toujous compter sur la croissance. Des institutions promouvant l'égalité hommes-femmes sont nécessaires pour encourager l'emploi des femmes, et surtout l'emploi des mères, non seulement dans les pays en developpement mais aussi dans les pays industrialisés. Pourtant, dans de nombreux pays européens, le caractère redistributif de plusieurs instruments de la politique familiale risque de decourager l'offre d'emploi des mères. Par conséquent, il apparait essentiel de créer un set coherent d'instruments de politique familiale pour en même temps prévenir les familles de la pauvreté et encourager l'emploi des mères et la fécondité.
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Erdoğan, Emine. "Tomato land : women's labour in food production and processing in Turkey." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2016. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/88626/.
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This thesis is about the place of gender roles and relations in global food production, based on an extensive ethnography of tomato production and processing in Turkey. Broadly, it looks at how attempts to integrate Turkish agriculture and food industries into the global economy have affected rural populations including women and men, but particularly the transformative consequences for women’s labour. The main question guiding the research is to ask how constructions of, and the availability of, women’s labour shapes and is shaped by the interaction between the global economy and local dynamics. In order to answer this question, I chose to engage with tomato production and processing because tomatoes have the highest export rate of all fresh and processed fruit and vegetables in Turkey. My participant-observation followed the path taken by tomatoes produced in Western Turkey for one of the biggest Japanese tomato processing brands. This included my work on the tomato fields for all of the spring planting and the summer harvest in 2013 and in a tomato-processing factory in late summer and autumn 2014. The research also drew on in-depth interviews with different social actors in the global tomato production chain in Turkey, including members of landowning families and the factory manager. I completed my fieldwork by travelling to South-eastern Anatolia (March, 2014) and staying in the homes of the Kurdish seasonal migrant workers, with whom I worked on the land in Western Turkey (in 2013). In looking at the transformation of rural women’s labour in Turkey, my sociological focus comprised the gendered division of labour in factory, field and domestic work; different forms of patriarchy; the intersection of inequalities, including those of gender, ethnicity, class and age; forms of workers’ consent and resistance, as well as the interwoven nature of the relations of production and reproduction. Focusing on these aspects of women’s lives has reshaped this research; it began as a study of women’s labour and turned into research about gender in global food production, although women’s experiences are still at its heart. My thesis is that these processes can be best understood by applying the term ‘intersectional patriarchy’ and its material manifestation 'el âlem'. The ultimate goal and contribution of my research is to integrate women’s reproductive work into global commodity chain analysis and contribute to labour process theory with the help of these ‘locally’ developed terms.
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Ugolini, Laura. "Independent Labour Party men and women's suffrage in Britain, 1893-1914." Thesis, University of Greenwich, 1997. http://gala.gre.ac.uk/6325/.
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This thesis is a study of the attitudes towards women's enfranchisement, and involvement within the British women's suffrage movement, of the male members of the Independent Labour Party, a mixed sex socialist organisation. The period covered ranges from 1893, the year of the party's foundation, to the outbreak of the First World War in 1914. The aim of this study is to contribute to our understanding of a hitherto neglected aspect of suffrage history: the male supporters. Suffrage historians have generally considered Independent Labour Party men's attitudes towards women's enfranchisement to have been positive: their ideas and activities are now placed under careful scrutiny. The theoretical underpinnings of the thesis lie in gender history, most especially in the field of historical studies of masculinities, which in themselves have been informed by the ideas and writings of women's history. Independent Labour Party men are viewed not as a group of individuals with certain physical characteristics in common, but as sharing gendered identities as socialists and as men, which influenced their attitudes towards the roles deemed appropriate for men and women within society, and towards women's emancipation in particular. Furthermore, the thesis assesses how their ideas and identities were themselves challenged by developments within the suffrage movement. Chapter 1 considers the years between 1893-5, a period characterised by few formal links between Independent Labour Party men and the suffrage movement, and assesses how supportive attitudes towards women's enfranchisement fitted into prevailing understandings of socialism and independent labour representation. Chapters 2 and 3, focusing respectively on the periods between 1895-1905, and 1905-1911, consider the impact of a burgeoning suffrage movement, active within the ranks of the labour movement itself, and characterised by its own priorities, objectives and tactics. Chapter 4, dealing with the years between 1911-1914, concludes by assessing Independent Labour Party men's responses to a shift in the suffrage debate, as the introduction in Parliament of adult suffrage became a practical proposition.
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Cheyne, Helen L. "The development and testing of an algorithm to support midwives’ diagnosis of active labour in primiparous women." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/494.
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The research in this thesis aimed to develop an algorithm to support midwives’ diagnosis of active labour in primiparous women and to compare the effectiveness of the algorithm with standard care in terms of maternal and neonatal outcomes. Four linked studies are presented following the template suggested by the Medical Research Council (MRC 2000) Framework for development and evaluation of randomised controlled trials (RCT) for complex interventions to improve health. Study one Aim: To develop an algorithm for diagnosis of active labour in primiparous women. Methods: An informal telephone survey was conducted with senior midwives to assess the need for a decision support tool for the diagnosis of active labour. A literature review identified the key cues for inclusion in the algorithm which was then drafted. Focus group interviews were conducted with midwives to ascertain the cues used by midwives in diagnosing active labour. Findings: Thirteen midwives took part in focus groups. They described using informational cues which could be separated into two categories: those arising from the woman (Physical signs, Distress and coping, Woman's expectations and Social factors) and those from the institution (Midwifery care, Organisational factors and Justifying actions). Study Two Aim: Preliminary testing of the algorithm Methods: Vignettes and questionnaires were used to test the consistency of midwives’ judgements (inter-rater reliability), the content of the algorithm and its acceptability to midwives (face and content validity). The study was conducted in two stages: the first stage (23 midwives) involved vignettes and questionnaires and the second stage (20 midwives) involved vignettes only. Findings: In the first stage a Kappa score of 0.45 indicated only moderate agreement between midwives using the algorithm. After modifying the algorithm, the Kappa score in stage two was 0.86, indicating a high level of agreement. While the majority of the midwives reported that the algorithm was easy to complete, most were able to identify snags or make suggestions for its improvement. Based on the findings of this study the algorithm was modified and the final version was developed. Study three Aim: To assess the feasibility of carrying out a cluster randomised trial (CRT) of the algorithm, in Scotland. Specifically, to identify maternity units potentially willing to participate in a CRT, to test the implementation strategy for the trial and to collect baseline data to inform the sample size calculation. Methods: A questionnaire and interviews were used. The CRT methods were piloted in two maternity units and the algorithm was used for a three-month period in order to test its acceptability and provide estimates of compliance and consent rates. Results: All maternity units surveyed expressed an interest in the proposed study. Midwives’ compliance with study protocol differed between units, although the consent rate of women was high (89% and 84%). Ultimately, one unit achieved 100% of the required sample and the other 60%. The midwives reported that the algorithm was acceptable and was a useful tool, particularly for teaching inexperienced midwives. Study four Aim: To compare the effectiveness of the algorithm for diagnosis of active labour in primiparous women with standard care in terms of maternal and neonatal outcomes. Method: A cluster randomised trial Participants: Fourteen maternity units in Scotland. Midwives in experimental sites used the algorithm to assist their diagnosis of active labour. Seven experimental units collected data from 1029 women at baseline and 896 post intervention. The seven control units had 1291 women at baseline and 1287 after study implementation. Outcomes: The primary outcome was the percentage use of oxytocin for augmentation of labour. Secondary outcomes were medical interventions in labour, labour admission management, unplanned out of hospital births and clinical outcomes for mothers and babies. Results: There was no significant difference between groups in percentage use of oxytocin for augmentation of labour or for the use of medical interventions in labour. Women in the algorithm group were more likely to be discharged from the labour suite following their first labour assessment and subsequently have more pre-labour admissions. Conclusion The studies presented in this thesis represent the full process of developing and testing a complex healthcare intervention (the algorithm). The final study, a national cluster randomised trial, demonstrated that the use of the algorithm did not result in a reduction in the number of women who received oxytocin for augmentation or the use of medical interventions in labour. The results suggest that misdiagnosis of labour is not the main reason for higher rates of intervention experienced by women admitted to labour wards while not yet in active labour. These studies contribute significantly to the debate on care of women in early labour, the organisation of maternity care and to maternity care research.
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Masinghe, Egodage Kusumawathie. "Female labour underutilization in Sri Lanka /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1994. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phm3972.pdf.
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Warren, Tracy Bernadette. "Women's part-time employment : a comparison of Britain and Denmark." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.367006.
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Jørgensen, Lotte Kofoed. "Women's Labor Supply - Competitive Preferences and Informal Caregiving." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3425904.
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Chapter 1: We study gender differences in competitive behavior, running an experiment with Danish schoolchildren. We control for individual performance, risk preferences, confidence, stereotypes, and interactions with the opposite gender and we find Danish girls are 8.4 % less likely to choose a competitive scheme. More-over, we elicit the network of friends within each class and we find that girls are 9.9 % more likely to enter a tournament if one more of her friends competes. Finally, the gender gap increases to 12.7 % when we focus our analysis on children performing above the average. When we compute the payoff maximizing decision, we discover that with age, girls avoid the competition when they should choose it.
Chapter 2: Using SHARE data, I examine the effect of retirement on daily caregiving to parents and parents-in-law. I focus on individuals aged 50-70 in 18 European countries. I account for the possible simultaneity bias of the retirement decision and the choice to provide informal care, by instrumenting the retirement status with having reached country-specific pension eligibility ages for early and statutory retirement. I find a significant and positive causal effect of retirement on daily caregiving. Moreover, I find evidence of heterogeneous effects across European regions.
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Anderson, Pauline. "Women and unemployment : a case study of women's experiences of unemployment in Glasgow." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1993. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/34634/.
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This study investigates women's experiences of unemployment in Glasgow and will contribute to a literature in which there are very few studies on women's unemployment. The thesis seeks to challenge the marginality of women's unemployment in sociological discourses. The research is based on interviews with forty unemployed women and sixteen women engaged on Employment Training schemes in Glasgow. The research questions the assumptions and discourses of the mainstream sociological literature on work and unemployment. It highlights the ways in which these sociological discourses draw upon and give legitimacy to existing gendered ideologies about female roles. Contrary to the dominant sociological paradigm which marginalises the importance of women's unemployment, the evidence presented in this thesis demonstrates that waged work is a central and valued part of women's social identity. The data shows that in unemployment women lose their economic identity and this has a detrimental impact upon their social and domestic identities. Women's domestic role did not compensate for the loss of their paid employment. Rather, the experience of unemployment made women value waged work more.
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Greenhalgh, Patricia. "Women and work, the labour market experiences of recent immigrant women." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0006/MQ36821.pdf.
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Collins, Clare L. "Women and Labour politics in Britain, 1893-1932." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.320146.
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Soobedar, Zeenat. "Essays on women's labour market outcomes and welfare participation in the UK." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2010. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/425.
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The thesis examines the changes in the labour market behaviour and welfare participation of women in the UK. Over recent decades the UK has seen a dramatic rise in women's labour force participation. This growth led to remarkable shifts in the families employment structure. The UK has seen a rapid decline in the male breadwinner model of employment due to rising dual-earner and single-adult households over the years. In spite of this, the employment rate of single mothers is one of the lowest amongst other mothers and other OECD countries. While Chapter 1 and Chapter 2 evaluate two of the largest welfare transfers in the UK in search for potential explanations for it, Chapter 3 traces the factors behind the rise in dual-earner households. More precisely Chapter 1 investigates the impact of the automatic withdrawal of Income Support on labour supply decisions of single mothers with no qualifications. Consistent with a simple labour supply model, a substantial rise in mothers employment rate and an increase in job search effort are reported. Indeed 20% of single mothers who were initially on Income Support enter work following the benefit withdrawal. Chapter 2 studies the potential causal relationship between the benefit withdrawal and the availability of disability transfers. It is observed that 25% of single mothers with no qualifications who lose Income Support transit into disability benefits rather than work, in line with the predictions of a model of benefits choice. Finally, Chapter 3 uses a decomposition exercise à-la-DiNardo-Fortin-Lemieux (1996) to pin down the rise in dual-earner households to changes in: (1) returns to female characteristics conditional on female labour force participation; (2) returns to male characteristics; (3) assortative mating; and (4) female characteristics. Female labour force participation appears to be the primary factor while assortative mating plays a modest role.
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Undurraga, Rosario. "Between family and work : women's participation in the labour market in Chile." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2011. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/35786/.
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Chile enjoys relative economic and political stability, but has enormous class, gender and labour market inequalities. Women’s employment participation is low – the lowest in Latin America. This research aims to explain this low female participation rate by looking at women’s experiences, the continuing barriers they face around paid employment, the tension between paid work and family life, and the factors that lead to the decisions they make. It examines normative gendered roles and gendered relations, highlighting diverse experiences between social groups. The study is qualitative, based on 60 semi-structured interviews with upper/middle- and working-class women in Santiago, Chile. The conceptual framework is based on the Total Social Organisation of Labour and is informed by the concepts of gender regime and gender order. I explore the way in which women conceptualise work and the implications of this for their self-esteem, the valuation of women’s work, and their place in society. The conceptualisation of work shapes (mis)recognition, (mis)representation and (mal)distribution of un/paid labour. I argue that structural and cultural factors put women off the labour market. The main obstacles women face when engaging with paid employment are structural (lack of childcare, education, transport time and costs, long working hours) and cultural (machismo, discrimination, traditional division of labour). Most women experience these barriers, which take different forms according to class. Women would like more support, a smaller gender pay gap, wider childcare provision and fewer working hours. The Chilean gender order is characterised by a ‘traditional’ gender division of labour in a ‘modern’ context. It displays a male-breadwinner/female-home-carer model with little State support, meaning women rely on individual (re)sources. The distribution of un/paid work is a private problem variously resolved by individual (gendered) strategies. This research contributes to knowledge by providing feminist analysis and understanding of the low female workforce participation rate.
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Furniss, Allison. "“Je Cherche La Vie!”: Women's Labour Politics in Masisi's Artisanal Coltan Mines." Master's thesis, Faculty of Humanities, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/33895.
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In considering how women navigate the complexity and gendered aspects of the artisanal mining industry, this study seeks to unpack women's labour at step one of the global supply chain of coltan, in the post-conflict context of eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Female miners are largely excluded from mine work by blurry regulatory frameworks, gendered social norms and financial disparities, however they manage to remain active labourers in the artisanal mining industry. Within a broader socio-political context of poverty, political instability and rural livelihoods, women maintain access to mine work through strategies, often premised on a gendered solidarity, such as organizing into collectives, engaging in small group collaborations and employing creative ruses to maintain the secrecy of their labour. This thesis seeks to analyze women's exclusions from mine work and the subsequent strategies they employ to circumvent those exclusions and maintain work in the mines. Based on three months of ethnographic fieldwork at artisanal coltan mine sites in Masisi Territory in the province of North Kivu, this study employs ethnographic observations, focus group and interview methodologies.
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Gerwel, Heinrich John. "The effects of labour policies in the Piedmont Region of Italy on equity in the labour market: reflections on women in Labour." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/2122.
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Magister Economicae - MEconThe study concentrates on a particular type of state intervention in social policy. It considers whether policy reforms and subsequent provision of information with regards to the issue of parental leave and part-time work arrangements, makes an impact on gender equity in the labour market (Del Boca, 2002; Naldini & Saraceno, 2008). Giddens' theory of structuration is the conceptual framework from which this study approaches these questions. It is thus held that agents (in this instance, women) are constrained by structures (labour policy framework and institutionalised labour practices) to achieve specific social goals. And further: that the apparent lack of power on the part of agents requires intervention on the part of the state apparatus to correct the failure (or inability) of the labour market to deliver the social justice as aspired to in the cited European Employment Strategy, as well as fostering economic efficiency (Barr, 1992). I further contend that not only are agents constrained by structural properties, but that institutional reform (in the form of labour policy reform) is constrained by the human action1 of the management of firms and enterprises as economic agents within the policy framework.
South Africa
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Simpson, Melanie Joy. "Women's perspectives on supportive care during labout and delivery." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/5753.
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Women’s perceptions of the support that they received during labour and delivery
is the focus of this study. Its purpose is to document a sampling of women’s experiences
with supportive care during childbirth. Vivid descriptions from the women provided
information on when support was most essential, the types and levels of support that they
required, and from whom.
The interviewees were eight primiparous women who gave birth at the same
labour, delivery, recovery, and postpartum (LDRP) unit in a major metropolitan hospital,
and who were supported by teams that they had chosen. Each woman had her husband
present and an LDRP nurse assigned to care for her. Each participated in one open-ended,
semi structured interview, conducted at her home; all interviews were audio taped,
transcribed verbatim, and analyzed for themes and patterns. A qualitative, interpretive,
descriptive methodological approach included theoretical and snowball sampling.
The outcome of this study indicates that there are intricacies surrounding the
various kinds and degrees of supportive care that women require and receive during
childbirth, and that meaningful support is multifaceted. Supporting women during
childbirth is complex, as each woman and her supportive team are unique and come to
the LDRP unit with their own distinctive dynamics.
Among the predictors of a quality birth experience is the woman’s capacity for
self-support, along with the support team’s mindfulness that she may need to draw on her
inner strength, and that her requirements for support might change from one moment to
the next. Some of the contextual factors of effective supportive care during childbirth
include: the woman’s sense of having some control over the experience of labour and
delivery; her inner strength and confidence; privacy; intuitiveness of the support team;
and the encouragement, compassion, and empathy of supporters.
The results of this study demonstrate the need for further exploration of the
supportive care that women receive during childbirth. To help gain a better understanding
of the support needs of all women, research should take in women from other cultures
and lower socioeconomic backgrounds, those with high-risk complications, women who
do not have partners, and those living with abusive partners or otherwise enduring
unusual hardships.
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Mansi, Kamel Mahmoud Saleh. "Socio-economic and cultural obstacles to ethnic minority women's engagement in economic activity : a case study of Yemeni women in the UK." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2005. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.673819.
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Perry, S. M. "Women, part-time work and the 'Women and Employment Survey'." Thesis, Keele University, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.372830.
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Zwiener-Collins, Nadine. "Women's work and political participation : the links between employment, labour markets, and women's institutional political participation in Europe." Thesis, City, University of London, 2018. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/21779/.
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This study explores the links between women's work, gendered labour markets, and women's institutional political participation in 25 European countries. Although employment is a standard predictor of (women's) political participation, previous research has treated women's work mostly as a characteristic of individual women, disregarding the broader structural inequalities that are behind women's work patterns. Using data from the fifth round of the European Social Survey, in combination with detailed information on work-family policies and labour market structures of the countries included, this study aims to contribute to a more contextual understanding of the effects of employment. My research explores whether the effects of employment status, working hours, and job level are shaped by the context, in which they are embedded. Although labour markets and political systems vary considerably across countries and existing research has provided inconsistent findings, the context-dependency of employment effects has not yet been systematically assessed. Moreover, little research has focussed on direct effects of the labour market; therefore, this study explores the effects of two labour market characteristics that have a particularly gendered meaning: work-family policies and gendered structures in the labour market. The findings indicate that the effects of employment are more complex than often assumed in the literature. Employment can not only affect, for example, mothers and non-mothers differently, but there is also an indication that some employment effects are shaped by the labour market context. Contextual characteristics also affect women's political participation directly by redistributing resources and shaping women's experiences in the work-place. Overall, the findings show that the political effects of work should be understood within the wider context.
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Shirahase, Sawako. "Women in the labour market : mobility and work history of Japanese women." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.385677.
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Bayanpourtehrani, Ghazal. "Women, Fertility and Labor Market." OpenSIUC, 2011. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/366.
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In this dissertation research, the empirical analyses are developed to investigate the role of different factors on female's fertility decisions as well as female labor force participation. This research contains two major parts related to women: first, the impact of State Children Health Insurance (SCHIP) on female's fertility decision is examined. In 1997, Congress enacted the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) to provide matching funds to states to provide health insurance for children who do not qualify for Medicaid. The implementation of SCHIP, however, differs across states. For example, some states provide SCHIP benefits to parents while others do not. Controlling for state and female characteristics, are women in states with more generous SCHIP benefits more likely to have children than are women in states with less generous benefits? After classifying state benefits as "generous" or "not generous" under different criteria, I do not find support that the type of SCHIP matters for future pregnancy decisions. Moreover, the association between pregnancy decisions and SCHIP do not change across ethnic groups, income levels, marital status, etc. Second, using a cross-sectional empirical specification, I examine whether female labor force participation (FLFP) in a cross-section of countries between 1985 and 2005 varies depending upon the religion practiced in these countries. I initially find that FLFP is lower in Muslim countries. However, the association between Islam and FLFP greatly diminishes once other controls are included in the regression, suggesting that Islam might not diminish FLFP as some have argued. Moreover, once these additional controls are included, the association between Islam and FLFP is similar to that between Catholicism and FLFP. Countries where Protestantism is prevalent or where no religion is practiced have higher FLFP. Besides, focusing on FLFP and using a panel data from 1980 to 2005, this study examines whether democratization is associated with subsequent labor force participation rates for women. I consider a panel to exploit the within country variation in political regimes and to employ country fixed effects that can control for cultural factors that influence both women's rights and political outcomes. We find a negative association between democratization (as measured by the Freedom House indices) and FLFP. Democratization appears to lower FLFP. Part of this finding stems from the decline in FLFP in former Communist countries. But the fall of Communism is not a complete explanation. Perhaps authoritarian regimes more generally pushed more people into the labor force to maintain higher output levels even when this was not optimal for individual households.