Relevant bibliographies by topics / WLS STATE ESTIMATION

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'WLS STATE ESTIMATION'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 11 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "WLS STATE ESTIMATION"

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Khan, Zahid, Katrina Lane Krebs, Sarfaraz Ahmad, and Misbah Munawar. "POWER SYSTEM STATE ESTIMATION USING A ROBUST ESTIMATOR." NED University Journal of Research XVI, no. 4 (August 30, 2019): 53–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.35453/nedjr-ascn-2018-0038.

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State estimation (SE) is a primary data processing algorithm which is utilised by the control centres of advanced power systems. The most generally utilised state estimator is based on the weighted least squares (WLS) approach which is ineffective in addressing gross errors of input data of state estimator. This paper presents an innovative robust estimator for SE environments to overcome the non-robustness of the WLS estimator. The suggested approach not only includes the similar functioning of the customary loss function of WLS but also reflects loss function built on the modified WLS (MWLS) estimator. The performance of the proposed estimator was assessed based on its ability to decrease the impacts of gross errors on the estimation results. The properties of the suggested state estimator were investigated and robustness of the estimator was studied considering the influence function. The effectiveness of the proposed estimator was demonstrated with the help of examples which also indicated non-robustness of MWLS estimator in SE algorithm.
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Gomez-Quiles, Catalina, Antonio de la Villa Jaen, and Antonio Gomez-Exposito. "A Factorized Approach to WLS State Estimation." IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 26, no. 3 (August 2011): 1724–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrs.2010.2096830.

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Chakrabarti, S., and E. Kyriakides. "PMU Measurement Uncertainty Considerations in WLS State Estimation." IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 24, no. 2 (May 2009): 1062–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrs.2009.2016295.

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Yuan, Chen, Yuqi Zhou, Guangyi Liu, Renchang Dai, Yi Lu, and Zhiwei Wang. "Graph Computing-Based WLS Fast Decoupled State Estimation." IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 11, no. 3 (May 2020): 2440–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2019.2955695.

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Kalpanadevi, M., and R. Neela. "BBO Algorithm for Line Flow Based WLS State Estimation." Materials Today: Proceedings 5, no. 1 (2018): 318–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2017.11.088.

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Zhong, S., and A. Abur. "Auto Tuning of Measurement Weights in WLS State Estimation." IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 19, no. 4 (November 2004): 2006–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrs.2004.836182.

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Dabush, Lital, Ariel Kroizer, and Tirza Routtenberg. "State Estimation in Partially Observable Power Systems via Graph Signal Processing Tools." Sensors 23, no. 3 (January 26, 2023): 1387. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23031387.

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This paper considers the problem of estimating the states in an unobservable power system, where the number of measurements is not sufficiently large for conventional state estimation. Existing methods are either based on pseudo-data that is inaccurate or depends on a large amount of data that is unavailable in current systems. This study proposes novel graph signal processing (GSP) methods to overcome the lack of information. To this end, first, the graph smoothness property of the states (i.e., voltages) is validated through empirical and theoretical analysis. Then, the regularized GSP weighted least squares (GSP-WLS) state estimator is developed by utilizing the state smoothness. In addition, a sensor placement strategy that aims to optimize the estimation performance of the GSP-WLS estimator is proposed. Simulation results on the IEEE 118-bus system show that the GSP methods reduce the estimation error magnitude by up to two orders of magnitude compared to existing methods, using only 70 sampled buses, and increase of up to 30% in the probability of bad data detection for the same probability of false alarms in unobservable systems The results conclude that the proposed methods enable an accurate state estimation, even when the system is unobservable, and significantly reduce the required measurement sensors.
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Kang, Jeong-Won, and Dae-Hyun Choi. "Distributed multi-area WLS state estimation integrating measurements weight update." IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution 11, no. 10 (July 13, 2017): 2552–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2016.1493.

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Liu, Min. "Distribution System State Estimation with Phasor Measurement Units." Applied Mechanics and Materials 668-669 (October 2014): 687–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.668-669.687.

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With phasor measurement units (PMU) become available in the distribution system; the estimation accuracy of the distribution system state estimation (DSSE) is expected to be improved. Based on the weighted least square (WLS) approach, this paper proposed a new state estimator which takes into account the PMU measurements including voltage magnitude and phasor angle, and load current magnitude and phasor angle. Simulation results indicate that the estimation accuracy is obvious improve by adding PMU measurements to the DSSE. Furthermore, the estimation accuracy changes with the installation site of PMU, and can be maximized by choosing the installation site appropriately.
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Adi, Faya Safirra, Yee Jin Lee, and Hwachang Song. "State Estimation for DC Microgrids using Modified Long Short-Term Memory Networks." Applied Sciences 10, no. 9 (April 26, 2020): 3028. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10093028.

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The development of state estimators for local electrical energy supply systems is inevitable as the role of the system’s become more important, especially with the recent increased interest in direct current (DC) microgrids. Proper control and monitoring requires a state estimator that can adapt to the new technologies for DC microgrids. This paper mainly deals with the DC microgrid state estimation (SE) using a modified long short-term memory (LSTM) network, which until recently has been applied only in forecasting studies. The modified LSTM network for the proposed state estimator adopted a specifically weighted least square (WLS)-based loss function for training. To demonstrate the performance of the proposed state estimator, a comparison study was done with other SE methods included in this paper. The results showed that the proposed state estimator had high accuracy in estimating the states of DC microgrids. Other than the enhanced accuracy, the deep-learning-based state estimator also provided faster computation speeds than the conventional state estimator.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "WLS STATE ESTIMATION"

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Vieira, Camila Silva. "Processamento de erros grosseiros através do índice de não-detecção de erros e dos resíduos normalizados." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18154/tde-22032018-144505/.

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Esta dissertação trata do problema de processamento de Erros Grosseiros (EGs) com base na aplicação do chamado Índice de Não-Detecção de Erros, ou apenas UI (Undetectability Index), na análise dos resíduos do estimador de estado por mínimos quadrados ponderados. O índice UI foi desenvolvido recentemente e possibilita a classificação das medidas de acordo com as suas características de não refletirem grande parcela de seus erros nos resíduos daquele estimador. As medidas com maiores UIs são aquelas cujos erros são mais difíceis de serem detectados através de métodos que fazem uso da análise dos resíduos, pois grande parcela do erro dessas medidas não aparece no resíduo. Inicialmente demonstrou-se, nesta dissertação, que erros das estimativas das variáveis de estado em um sistema com EG não-detectável (em uma medida de alto índice UI) podem ser mais significativos que em medidas com EGs detectáveis (em medidas com índices UIs baixos). Justificando, dessa forma, a importância de estudos para tornar possível o processamento de EGs em medidas com alto índice UI. Realizou-se, então, nesta dissertação, diversas simulações computacionais buscando analisar a influência de diferentes ponderações de medidas no UI e também nos erros das estimativas das variáveis de estado. Encontrou-se, então, uma maneira que destacou-se como a mais adequada para ponderação das medidas. Por fim, ampliaram-se, nesta dissertação, as pesquisas referentes ao UI para um estimador de estado por mínimos quadrados ponderados híbrido.
This dissertation deals with the problem of Gross Errors processing based on the use of the so-called Undetectability Index, or just UI. This index was developed recently and it is capable to classify the measurements according to their characteristics of not reflecting their errors into the residuals of the weighted least squares state estimation process. Gross errors in measurements with higher UIs are very difficult to be detected by methods based on the residual analysis, as the errors in those measurements are masked, i.e., they are not reflected in the residuals. Initially, this dissertation demonstrates that a non-detectable gross error (error in a measurement with high UI) may affect more the accuracy of the estimated state variables than a detectable gross error (error in a measurement with low UI). Therefore, justifying the importance of studies that make possible gross errors processing in measurements with high UI. In this dissertation, several computational simulations are carried out to analyze the influence of different weights of measurements in the UI index and also in the accuracy of the estimated state variables. It is chosen a way that stood out as the most appropriate for weighing the measurements. Finally, in this dissertation, the studies referring to the UI is extended for a hybrid weighted least squares state estimator.
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Primadianto, Anggoro, and 安諾. "Comparative Study of WLS Based Distribution System State Estimation." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/70827755326583038343.

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碩士
國立中山大學
電機電力工程國際碩士學程
103
Advanced analytical applications for global controls and optimization of distribution systems have not been widely adopted by utilities because of lacking real-time complete system models. With the deployment of smart grid initiatives, more Intelligent Electronic Devices (IED) with two-way communications are being employed, so the amount of quasi real-time data gathered at different rates by various automation systems is increasing. In the customer side, more Advanced Metering Infrastructures (AMIs) are expected to be installed. AMI data can be utilized by Distribution System Operator (DSO) to obtain a more accurate load model. With effective integration of data from IED, AMI, as well as feeder and substation automation systems, a series of steady state snapshots distribution system state estimations (DSSE) will be a key feature to enable real-time optimization, adaptive protection and control, voltage control, demand response, and many other smart grid features. This thesis briefly reviews the state of the art of DSSE methods, as well as comparison study of WLS based DSSE, focusing on the requirements for smart distribution grid applications, the effects of distribution network characteristics, and bad data effects on estimator results.
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Books on the topic "WLS STATE ESTIMATION"

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Vaez-Zadeh, Sadegh. Rotor Position and Speed Estimation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198742968.003.0006.

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The ultimate importance of rotor position and speed information in permanent magnet synchronous (PMS) machines control, and the industry interest to the rotor and speed sensorless systems as a cost-saving and practical alternative to the motor control with mechanical sensors are emphasized. Major position and speed estimation schemes are then presented in detail. These are the: back electromotive force (EMF)-based method; flux linkage method; hypothesis rotor position method; saliency-based method, including high frequency signal injection and inverter switching harmonics schemes; and finally, the observer-based method, including state observer and extended Kalman filter-based schemes. Each scheme was discussed by presenting the corresponding fundamental principles, followed by the appropriate motor model, estimation procedure, and the implementation. Demanding criteria such as accuracy, robustness, swiftness, and capability of working over the entire range of motor operation are discussed with each method.
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Book chapters on the topic "WLS STATE ESTIMATION"

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Takahashi, Kazushi. "A UFO? Assessment of System of Rice Intensification from the Agricultural Economics Perspective." In Emerging-Economy State and International Policy Studies, 87–97. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5542-6_7.

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AbstractThere has been a heated debate among researchers over the impact of a set of new rice-growing cultivation methods, known as the system of rice intensification (SRI). Farmers’ field-level observations showed that the yield of SRI was more than that of conventional management practices. However, these observations were criticized because of the lack of scientific bases. Indeed, well-managed experimental fields showed no yield gains in SRI practice. In an attempt to reconcile these conflicting observations, this chapter revisits the yield potential of SRI by reviewing recent empirical evidence in agricultural economics that employs a rigorous estimation strategy. All the papers reviewed consistently showed a positive and statistically significant impact on rice yield. Thus, I argue that the yield potential of SRI may be real and not something like an agronomic unconfirmed field observation (UFO) that was once cynically expressed to evoke an unidentified flying object. In addition, I argue that careful management practice exemplified by SRI is important for improving rice yield, which has also played a crucial role in the rice Green Revolution in Asia.
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Liang, Qingzhu, Changhong Peng, Hang Zhang, and Jianchao Lu. "A Multi-state Degradation Model for Reliability Assessment of Multi-component Nuclear Safety Systems Considering Degradation Dependency and Random Shocks." In Springer Proceedings in Physics, 297–311. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-1023-6_28.

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AbstractThe degradation (e.g., wear, stress corrosion cracking, and fatigue) of nuclear safety systems is an inherently irreversible process, which will lead to system failure when the accumulated damage reaches a threshold level, resulting in catastrophic consequences. Therefore, it is essential to understand and model the degradation behavior of nuclear safety systems to predict and prevent potential failures and thus effectively avoid subsequent losses. This paper proposes a multi-state degradation model for multi-component nuclear safety systems, considering the dependency among the degradation processes and the effect of random shocks. The degradation processes of the system were modeled by the Semi-Markov process. The arrival of random shocks obeys a Poisson process. The transfer kernel function of the holistic model was derived, based on which the Monte Carlo algorithm for estimation of the system reliability was developed. Based on a simple case, the correctness of the proposed model is verified. The model is applied to the reliability analysis of one sub-system of the residual heat removal system of a nuclear power plant.
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Dumaru, Rakesh, Hugo Rodrigues, and Humberto Varum. "Seismic Performance Assessment, Retrofitting and Loss Estimation of an Existing Non-Engineered Building in Nepal." In Case Studies on Conservation and Seismic Strengthening/Retrofitting of Existing Structures, 43–70. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/cs002.043.

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<p>The non-engineered building built before 2004 remained after Gorkha earthquake although such structures demonstrate seismic deficient. Therefore, the present study aims to carry out detail seismic performance of such building to investigate as-built seismic performance and its performance after intervention of retrofit measures. Two in situ tests were performed, which includes Schmidt hammer test and ambient vibration test. The adaptive pushover analysis and dynamic time history analyses were performed for as-built and retrofitted building. The retrofit measures increase the stiffness and maximum base shear capacity of the buildings. In addition, such retrofit measures improved single storey drift concentration in existing building such that uniform drift profile can be attained. Furthermore, the probability of exceeding damage states can be significantly reduced and mainly found to be more effective in minimizing higher damage states, such as partial collapse and collapse states. The maximum expected annual loss occurs between 0.1 g and 0.2 g PGA (Peak Ground Acceleration). It was revealed that the steel braced building was found to be relatively more effective in enhancing the seismic performance, whereas reinforced concrete shear wall found more economic feasible retrofit measure for this particular building.</p>
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Geng, Yiwa, and Xiongbin Liu. "Numerical Simulation of the Transient Flow Characteristics and Thermal Stratification Phenomena in the Passive Residual Heat Removal System of NHR-200-II." In Springer Proceedings in Physics, 1031–45. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-1023-6_87.

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AbstractThe NHR-200-II nuclear heating reactor is a multi-purpose small integral pressurized water reactor (iPWR) developed by the Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology (INET) of Tsinghua University. The design of NHR-200-II features a reactor core with thermal power of 200MW, in-vessel hydraulically-driven control rods and passive residual heat removal (PRHR) systems, et.al. Passive residual heat removal experiments were conducted in a scaled integral test facility for NHR-200-II. The PRHR experiments in the scaled facility were simulated by a layered RELAP5 system model to study the flow characteristics of the PRHR system in different primary fluid temperatures and different valve states. The phenomenon of reversed flow occurred in some primary heat exchangers in the numerical simulations when the primary fluid temperature was higher than certain level, which was consistent to the experiments. The simulated uneven outlet temperature distribution of the primary heat exchangers was also consistent with the experimental data when the isolation valves for the steam generator was kept open. Thermal stratification effect in the headers of the PRHR system played an important role in the phenomenon of uneven outlet temperature distributions, and the layered RELAP5 model was proven to be an efficient method for preliminary estimation of thermal stratification effect in the headers.
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Tan, Alexander, Isfenti Sadalia, and Rulianda Purnomo Wibowo. "The Efficiency of Project Planning in IT Service Provider Using Traditional Methods, and CPM." In Proceedings of the 19th International Symposium on Management (INSYMA 2022), 1170–76. Dordrecht: Atlantis Press International BV, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-008-4_144.

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AbstractThis research was conducted in an IT service provider that provides the installation of information systems for customers. Planned projects often did not meet their target set by both provider and customer. For example, an SAP project that was set to be completed in six months was delayed until two years by some problems in operational activities. So, the CPM methods were conducted to be used in this case to see the efficiency of meeting the target set previously. Generally, these methods are completed in steps such as identifying the scope and breaking it down into components activities; dependency logic settings and development project network; estimating the duration of each activity; identifying critical path, float, and completion time duration; and crashing stage in several activities needed. This will give a result of comparison between the traditional method delivered and the CPM method using units of time completion. The traditional method using a Bar Chart results in 150 days of project schedule and the CPM Method can be faster with 140 days of Project Schedule. The most efficient method will be proposed to be used in time-consuming projects in the future with the additional recommendation.
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Bado, Souleymane, Fatemeh Maghuly, Vitor Varzea, and Margit Laimer. "Mutagenesis of in vitro explants of Coffea spp. to induce fungal resistance." In Mutation breeding, genetic diversity and crop adaptation to climate change, 344–52. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789249095.0036.

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Abstract Coffee is one of the most valuable commodity tree crops worldwide. However, it suffers from several devastating diseases and pests, for example coffee leaf rust and coffee berry borer, whose impact is being amplified by changing climatic conditions. Development of new adapted varieties remains a laborious effort by conventional breeding due to the long juvenile period in tree crops. Plant cell/tissue culture represents the ultimate method to produce large amounts of true-to-type healthy plants and of explants for mutation breeding. In fact, mutation induction combined with in vitro cell/tissue culture techniques has proved to be effective for developing improved cultivars of perennial crops. Prior to mutation breeding, cell and tissue radiosensitivity tests to various mutagens need to be performed, so that optimal treatments can be applied for large population development. Thus, different in vitro explants (plantlet, leaf, callus, embryogenic callus, globular and torpedo stage embryos) of Coffea arabica and Coffea canephora were exposed to different gamma-ray doses (0, 10, 15, 20, 40, 60 and 80 Gy). After 9-21 weeks incubation, a radiosensitivity test was conducted on the different explants and LD50 doses corresponding to 50% of viability or survival of callus, embryogenic callus, globular and torpedo stage embryos and 50% growth reduction (GR50) of shoot were also determined. Callus explants showed a relatively high radio-resistance (LD30-LD50 50-100 Gy) in comparison with entire plantlets or embryos (LD30-GR50 8-46 Gy). Globular embryo development into plantlets and also leaf area of irradiated plantlets were more severely affected by irradiation than other explants. It was possible to confirm the relative radio-resistance of unicellular explants compared with multicellular explants. Estimation of optimal mutation induction dosage range for various in vitro explants is important for tree crops, especially for coffee improvement.
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Okumura, Taiga, Noriko Yamaguchi, and Toshihiro Kogure. "Structure, Composition, and Physicochemical Properties of Radiocesium-Bearing Microparticles Emitted by the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident." In Agricultural Implications of Fukushima Nuclear Accident (IV), 63–78. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-9361-9_8.

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AbstractDuring the accident at TEPCO’s Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant, radiocesium-bearing microparticles (CsMPs) were released from damaged reactors into the environment. These micron-sized spherical particles with high specific radioactivity have not been reported in previous nuclear accidents. Herein, the current understanding of the structure, composition, and physicochemical properties of CsMPs is summarized. Electron microscopy revealed that the CsMP matrix is composed of silicate glass containing Na, Cl, K, Fe, Zn, Rb, Sn, and Cs as major constituents. These elements are often inhomogeneously distributed, depending on the particle radius, and Cs was concentrated around the outer side of the particles. In addition, nanocrystals including Cr-rich oxides and chalcogenides were frequently found inside CsMPs. The average valence state of Fe in the CsMP glass matrix was almost Fe2+, indicating formation under a reducing atmosphere through condensation from the gas phase. Radiocesium diffused away from the CsMPs when heated to >600 °C. Accordingly, CsMPs may lose their high specific radioactivity when related radiation-contaminated waste is incinerated at sufficiently high temperatures. Although CsMP solubility is low, they cannot be regarded as “insoluble” materials owing to their small size. CsMP dissolution rates depend on the pH and dissolved species in the solution, and their dissolution behavior is comparable to that of silica-rich glass. Based on these dissolution properties, a method for estimating CsMP abundance and spatial distribution in the environment was proposed. The findings detailed herein contribute to the comprehensive elucidation of CsMP environmental dynamics.
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Irnanda, Cut Riska, Isfenti Sadalia, and Nazaruddin. "Contract Analysis for Design and Build Lump Sum Price." In Proceedings of the 19th International Symposium on Management (INSYMA 2022), 1162–69. Dordrecht: Atlantis Press International BV, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-008-4_143.

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AbstractA toll road is one of the National Strategic Projects with complete problems and needs highspeed performance during construction. So, contract construction that is usually applied to these projects is design and build contract. Furthermore, best practice for Design and Build is combined with Lump Sum as an estimation cost aspect, so the type of contract used is Design and Build Lump Sum Price. This study aims to review the implementation of the Design and Build Lup Sum Price Contract based on the terms and conditions in the Indonesian Legislation and FIDIC on the Trans Sumatra Toll Project Kuala Tanjung – Inderapura Section 2 according to the contractor’s point of view to mitigating the negative risks that arise especially in the financial aspect. This research is descriptive research with a qualitative data analysis method by comparing the implementation of the contract according to the applicable law. The first step was to collect secondary data in a contractual resume, then make a study based on existing legal standards. Based on the results, it can be stated that the design and build Lump Sum price contract is a construction work contract in order to complete a job within a certain period of time according to the basic design scope as the basis for quotation, which has fixed costs as long as no intervention results in changes contract documents that may give additional payments for the rights. In the construction of the Kuala Tanjung – Inderapura Toll Road Section 2, there was an additional scope of the contract which resulted in additional work due to instructions from the owner and other parties, as well as an intervention to change specifications due to differences in the basic design at the tender which poses negative risks to the financial aspect for the contractor.
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Vannucci, Giulia, Anna Gottard, Leonardo Grilli, and Carla Rampichini. "Random effects regression trees for the analysis of INVALSI data." In Proceedings e report, 29–34. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-304-8.07.

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Mixed or multilevel models exploit random effects to deal with hierarchical data, where statistical units are clustered in groups and cannot be assumed as independent. Sometimes, the assumption of linear dependence of a response on a set of explanatory variables is not plausible, and model specification becomes a challenging task. Regression trees can be helpful to capture non-linear effects of the predictors. This method was extended to clustered data by modelling the fixed effects with a decision tree while accounting for the random effects with a linear mixed model in a separate step (Hajjem & Larocque, 2011; Sela & Simonoff, 2012). Random effect regression trees are shown to be less sensitive to parametric assumptions and provide improved predictive power compared to linear models with random effects and regression trees without random effects. We propose a new random effect model, called Tree embedded linear mixed model, where the regression function is piecewise-linear, consisting in the sum of a tree component and a linear component. This model can deal with both non-linear and interaction effects and cluster mean dependencies. The proposal is the mixed effect version of the semi-linear regression trees (Vannucci, 2019; Vannucci & Gottard, 2019). Model fitting is obtained by an iterative two-stage estimation procedure, where both the fixed and the random effects are jointly estimated. The proposed model allows a decomposition of the effect of a given predictor within and between clusters. We will show via a simulation study and an application to INVALSI data that these extensions improve the predictive performance of the model in the presence of quasi-linear relationships, avoiding overfitting, and facilitating interpretability.
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"Alternative Formulations of the WLS State Estimation." In Power System State Estimation. CRC Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203913673.ch3.

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Conference papers on the topic "WLS STATE ESTIMATION"

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Dhaikar, Ankit Kumar, and S. T. Nagarajan. "State Estimation Along WLS-Phasor Measurements in Power System." In 2021 8th International Conference on Signal Processing and Integrated Networks (SPIN). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/spin52536.2021.9566012.

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Yao, Yubin, Zhiliang Wu, and Dan Wang. "Selecting Weights for Different Type Measurements in WLS State Estimation." In 2014 International Conference on Mechatronics, Electronic, Industrial and Control Engineering. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/meic-14.2014.288.

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Pau, Marco, Paolo Attilio Pegoraro, and Sara Sulis. "Performance of three-phase WLS distribution system state estimation approaches." In 2015 IEEE International Workshop on Applied Measurements for Power Systems (AMPS). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/amps.2015.7312752.

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Meriem, Majdoub, Cheddadi Bouchra, Belfqih Abdelaziz, Sabri Omar Boukherouaa Jamal, El Mariami Faissal, and Cherkaoui Nazha. "Study of state estimation using weighted-least-squares method (WLS)." In 2016 International Conference on Electrical Sciences and Technologies in Maghreb (CISTEM). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cistem.2016.8066820.

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Chen, Jiaxiong, Yuan Liao, and Bei Gou. "Study of WLS state estimation convergence characteristics under topology errors." In IEEE SOUTHEASTCON 2013. IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/secon.2013.6567383.

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Abur, Ali. "Use of PMUs in WLS and LAV based state estimation." In 2015 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting. IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pesgm.2015.7286181.

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Hu, Zheng, Yue Xin, Dongchen Li, and Tiancheng Li. "Monte Carlo WLS Fuser for Nonlinear/Non-Gaussian State Estimation." In 2021 International Conference on Control, Automation and Information Sciences (ICCAIS). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccais52680.2021.9624493.

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Rossoni, Aquiles, Sergio Halpern Braunstein, Rodrigo Daniel Trevizan, Arturo Suman Bretas, and Newton Geraldo Bretas. "Contribution to distribution systems technical and nontechnical losses estimation using WLS state estimator." In 2017 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting (PESGM). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pesgm.2017.8273804.

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Shabani, Faridoon, Masoumeh Seyedyazdi, Mohanmad Vaziri, Mahyar Zarghami, and Suresh Vadhva. "State Estimation of a Distribution System Using WLS and EKF Techniques." In 2015 IEEE International Conference on Information Reuse and Integration (IRI). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iri.2015.101.

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Zamora-Cardenas, E. A., A. Pizano-Martinez, M. A. Gomez-Martinez, J. M. Lozano-Garcia, H. J. Estrada-Garcia, and C. R. Fuerte-Esquivel. "Practical implementation of a VSC-HVDC in WLS-based state estimation." In 2014 IEEE International Autumn Meeting on Power, Electronics and Computing (ROPEC). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ropec.2014.7036315.

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Reports on the topic "WLS STATE ESTIMATION"

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Brosh, Arieh, David Robertshaw, Yoav Aharoni, Zvi Holzer, Mario Gutman, and Amichai Arieli. Estimation of Energy Expenditure of Free Living and Growing Domesticated Ruminants by Heart Rate Measurement. United States Department of Agriculture, April 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7580685.bard.

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Research objectives were: 1) To study the effect of diet energy density, level of exercise, thermal conditions and reproductive state on cardiovascular function as it relates to oxygen (O2) mobilization. 2) To validate the use of heart rate (HR) to predict energy expenditure (EE) of ruminants, by measuring and calculating the energy balance components at different productive and reproductive states. 3) To validate the use of HR to identify changes in the metabolizable energy (ME) and ME intake (MEI) of grazing ruminants. Background: The development of an effective method for the measurement of EE is essential for understanding the management of both grazing and confined feedlot animals. The use of HR as a method of estimating EE in free-ranging large ruminants has been limited by the availability of suitable field monitoring equipment and by the absence of empirical understanding of the relationship between cardiac function and metabolic rate. Recent developments in microelectronics provide a good opportunity to use small HR devices to monitor free-range animals. The estimation of O2 uptake (VO2) of animals from their HR has to be based upon a consistent relationship between HR and VO2. The question as to whether, or to what extent, feeding level, environmental conditions and reproductive state affect such a relationship is still unanswered. Studies on the basic physiology of O2 mobilization (in USA) and field and feedlot-based investigations (in Israel) covered a , variety of conditions in order to investigate the possibilities of using HR to estimate EE. In USA the physiological studies conducted using animals with implanted flow probes, show that: I) although stroke volume decreases during intense exercise, VO2 per one heart beat per kgBW0.75 (O2 Pulse, O2P) actually increases and measurement of EE by HR and constant O2P may underestimate VO2unless the slope of the regression relating to heart rate and VO2 is also determined, 2) alterations in VO2 associated with the level of feeding and the effects of feeding itself have no effect on O2P, 3) both pregnancy and lactation may increase blood volume, especially lactation; but they have no effect on O2P, 4) ambient temperature in the range of 15 to 25°C in the resting animal has no effect on O2P, and 5) severe heat stress, induced by exercise, elevates body temperature to a sufficient extent that 14% of cardiac output may be required to dissipate the heat generated by exercise rather than for O2 transport. However, this is an unusual situation and its affect on EE estimation in a freely grazing animal, especially when heart rate is monitored over several days, is minor. In Israel three experiments were carried out in the hot summer to define changes in O2P attributable to changes in the time of day or In the heat load. The animals used were lambs and young calves in the growing phase and highly yielding dairy cows. In the growing animals the time of day, or the heat load, affected HR and VO2, but had no effect on O2P. On the other hand, the O2P measured in lactating cows was affected by the heat load; this is similar to the finding in the USA study of sheep. Energy balance trials were conducted to compare MEI recovery by the retained energy (RE) and by EE as measured by HR and O2P. The trial hypothesis was that if HR reliably estimated EE, the MEI proportion to (EE+RE) would not be significantly different from 1.0. Beef cows along a year of their reproductive cycle and growing lambs were used. The MEI recoveries of both trials were not significantly different from 1.0, 1.062+0.026 and 0.957+0.024 respectively. The cows' reproductive state did not affect the O2P, which is similar to the finding in the USA study. Pasture ME content and animal variables such as HR, VO2, O2P and EE of cows on grazing and in confinement were measured throughout three years under twenty-nine combinations of herbage quality and cows' reproductive state. In twelve grazing states, individual faecal output (FO) was measured and MEI was calculated. Regression analyses of the EE and RE dependent on MEI were highly significant (P<0.001). The predicted values of EE at zero intake (78 kcal/kgBW0.75), were similar to those estimated by NRC (1984). The EE at maintenance condition of the grazing cows (EE=MEI, 125 kcal/kgBW0.75) which are in the range of 96.1 to 125.5 as presented by NRC (1996 pp 6-7) for beef cows. Average daily HR and EE were significantly increased by lactation, P<0.001 and P<0.02 respectively. Grazing ME significantly increased HR and EE, P<0.001 and P<0.00l respectively. In contradiction to the finding in confined ewes and cows, the O2P of the grazing cows was significantly affected by the combined treatments (P<0.00l ); this effect was significantly related to the diet ME (P<0.00l ) and consequently to the MEI (P<0.03). Grazing significantly increased O2P compared to confinement. So, when EE of grazing animals during a certain season of the year is estimated using the HR method, the O2P must be re measured whenever grazing ME changes. A high correlation (R2>0.96) of group average EE and of HR dependency on MEI was also found in confined cows, which were fed six different diets and in growing lambs on three diets. In conclusion, the studies conducted in USA and in Israel investigated in depth the physiological mechanisms of cardiovascular and O2 mobilization, and went on to investigate a wide variety of ruminant species, ages, reproductive states, diets ME, time of intake and time of day, and compared these variables under grazing and confinement conditions. From these combined studies we can conclude that EE can be determined from HR measurements during several days, multiplied by O2P measured over a short period of time (10-15 min). The study showed that RE could be determined during the growing phase without slaughtering. In the near future the development microelectronic devices will enable wide use of the HR method to determine EE and energy balance. It will open new scopes of physiological and agricultural research with minimizes strain on animals. The method also has a high potential as a tool for herd management.
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Willson. L51756 State of the Art Intelligent Control for Large Engines. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), September 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010423.

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Computers have become a vital part of the control of pipeline compressors and compressor stations. For many tasks, computers have helped to improve accuracy, reliability, and safety, and have reduced operating costs. Computers excel at repetitive, precise tasks that humans perform poorly - calculation, measurement, statistical analysis, control, etc. Computers are used to perform these type of precise tasks at compressor stations: engine / turbine speed control, ignition control, horsepower estimation, or control of complicated sequences of events during startup and/or shutdown. For other tasks, however, computers perform very poorly at tasks that humans find to be trivial. A discussion of the differences in the way humans and computer process information is crucial to an understanding of the field of artificial intelligence. In this project, several artificial intelligence/ intelligent control systems were examined: heuristic search techniques, adaptive control, expert systems, fuzzy logic, neural networks, and genetic algorithms. Of these, neural networks showed the most potential for use on large bore engines because of their ability to recognize patterns in incomplete, noisy data. Two sets of experimental tests were conducted to test the predictive capabilities of neural networks. The first involved predicting the ignition timing from combustion pressure histories; the best networks responded within a specified tolerance level 90% to 98.8% of the time. In the second experiment, neural networks were used to predict NOx, A/F ratio, and fuel consumption. NOx prediction accuracy was 91.4%, A/F ratio accuracy was 82.9%, and fuel consumption accuracy was 52.9%. This report documents the assessment of the state of the art of artificial intelligence for application to the monitoring and control of large-bore natural gas engines.
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Bajwa, Abdullah, and Timothy Jacobs. PR-457-17201-R03 Residual Gas Fraction Estimation Based on Measured In-Cylinder Pressure - Phase III. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011996.

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An experimental study was carried out to characterize the scavenging behavior of a cross-scavenged, piston-aspirated, two-stroke, natural gas engine to aid in the development of computationally inexpensive simple scavenging models for onboard engine control by (1) studying the effects of changing operational parameters on the engine's scavenging performance, and (2) identifying the underlying phenomena driving the observed effects. Tracer based methods were used to quantify the scavenging and trapping performance of the engine - CO2 was used as a tracer for combustion products and pre-mixed fuel was used as a fresh charge tracer. CO2 concentration was measured on a crank angle resolved basis both in the engine cylinder and exhaust using portable NDIR sensors, while unburned fuel concentration was measured in the exhaust using the FID module of a standard five gas analyzer. It was found that scavenging took place in three stages, an initial perfect displacement type stage, followed by a short-circuiting, and a perfect mixing type stage. Engine speed and load changes were found to have the strongest effects on the trapping and scavenging performance of the engine; spark timing effects were less significant. Changes in measured scavenging and trapping efficiencies at different operating points resulted from a combination of influences, namely (1) reduced time for gas exchange at high speeds, (2) higher expansion and scavenging pressures at high loads and retarded spark timings, and (3) phasing of the reflected 'scavenging' and 'plugging' pulses in the exhaust pipe relative to BDC and EPC, respectively. Increasing engine load made the engine scavenge significantly better and increasing engine speed resulted in a larger fraction of the delivered air being trapped. The combined effect of these scavenging changes and changes in the engine's fuel conversion efficiency resulted in the engine running leaner at high speeds (more air delivered and higher trapping efficiency) and at low loads (higher trapped residuals). The results were then used to gauge the performance of the simple scavenging model (the hybrid model) developed in phase II of the project. While encouraging results were obtained at high speed, the trapped air mass was overestimated at medium speed; suggesting the need for adding a low scavenging efficiency sub-model. Recommendations have been made about adding a short-circuiting zone to address this limitation of the model.
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Méndez-Vizcaíno, Juan C., and Nicolás Moreno-Arias. A Global Shock with Idiosyncratic Pains: State-Dependent Debt Limits for LATAM during the COVID-19 pandemic. Banco de la República, October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.1175.

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Fiscal sustainability in five of the largest Latin American economies is examined before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. For this purpose, the DSGE model in Bi(2012) and Hürtgen (2020) is used to estimate the Fiscal Limits and Fiscal Spaces for Peru, Chile, Mexico, Colombia, and Brazil. These estimates advance the empirical literature for Latin America on fiscal sustainability by offering new calculations stemming from a structural framework with alluring novel features: government default on the intensive margin; dynamic Laffer curves; utility-based stochastic discount factor; and a Markov-Switching process for public transfers with an explosive regime. The most notable additions to the existing literature for Latin America are the estimations of entire distributions of public debt limits for various default probabilities and that said limits critically hinge on both current and future states. Results obtained indicate notorious contractions of Fiscal Spaces among all countries during the pandemic, but the sizes of these were very heterogeneous. Countries that in 2019 had positive spaces and got closer to negative spaces in 2020, have since seen deterioration of their sovereign debt ratings or outlooks. Colombia was the only country to lose its positive Fiscal Space and investment grade, thereby joining Brazil, the previously sole member of both groups
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Mas’ud, Abdulsalam, Sani Damamisau Mohammed, and Yusuf Abdu Gimba. Digitalisation and Subnational Tax Administration in Nigeria. Institute of Development Studies, August 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2023.031.

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Recently, there has been an expansion in the deployment of digital systems and digital IDs among taxing authorities. However, little is known about the extent to which such technologies are being adopted, or about whether the data from them is being used strategically to improve tax administration. Even less is known about this in the context of subnational tax administration, although this could be very relevant in some contexts, such as Nigeria. This study investigates the extent of the adoption and strategic usage of data from e-tax systems and digital IDs among state internal revenue services (SIRSs) in Nigeria. Data was collected through qualitative interviews conducted within the SIRSs – one from each of the country’s six geopolitical zones, and within the Federal Inland Revenue Service (FIRS). The qualitative data from the interviews was evaluated using thematic analysis. The findings revealed that there is scope for improvement in the adoption and usage of data from e-tax systems and digital IDs among the SIRSs. It was also found that the extent of adoption and strategic data usage from e-tax systems by SIRSs likely improves states’ per capita internally generated revenue (IGR), but similar insights on the impact of digital IDs have not been obtained. Lastly, it was found that there are some lessons SIRSs could learn from FIRS in terms of strategic use of data from e-tax systems and digital IDs. Specifically, SIRSs need to integrate an audit risk engine and machine learning for performing analytics into their e-tax systems, and also automate the estimation of annual credits for withholding tax suffered, tax refunds and penalties, as well as tax audit management including case selection, allocation of auditors and generating audit reports. Some policy recommendations are offered that are consistent with these findings.
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Bajwa, Abdullah, Tim Kroeger, and Timothy Jacobs. PR-457-17201-R04 Residual Gas Fraction Estimation Based on Measured Engine Parameters - Phase IV. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0012176.

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Based on experimental characterization of the scavenging behavior of a cross-scavenged, piston-aspirated, two-stroke, natural gas engine in phase III of the current project, a computationally inexpensive simple scavenging model was improved in this phase. Experimental results using fast nondispersive infrared (NDIR) CO2 measurements from the cylinder and the exhaust, as well as experiments using unburned fuel pre-mixed in the scavenging chamber as a tracer for short-circuiting during scavenging, were used in this phase to validate the improved model. The model represents the fundamental phenomenological characteristics revealed by those experiments. The experiments and literature show that scavenging takes place by the following phenomena: blowdown, displacement of residuals by incoming air, mixing of residuals and air, and short-circuiting of fresh air. To reflect this, the improved hybrid model features the following: isentropic blowdown, non-isothermal perfect displacement, non-isothermal perfect mixing, and a concurrent direct short-circuiting of air (unmixed with residuals). The validated improved hybrid model rectified the primary shortcoming of the phase III model. By adding the discrete short-circuiting zone, trapped mass could be modeled at both medium and high crankshaft speeds, whereas the phase III model could not capture the full scope of scavenging inefficiencies at medium speed using its perfect mixing stage alone. Furthermore, using the hybrid model to predict NOx using an exponential NO and shy;x-TER curve fit revealed that the improved phase IV hybrid model predicts NOx approximately as well as the experimentally-calculated TER from the phase III experiments. Additionally, GT-Power, a 1D fluid dynamics and engine simulation software, was used to identify whether hybrid model tuning could be aided by relatively inexpensive 1D simulation rather than CFD or fast NDIR experiments. Using three-pressure analysis (with in-cylinder, exhaust, and scavenging chamber pressures as boundary conditions) and scavenging profiles derived from the hybrid model itself, GT-Power was shown to be a plausible tool for scavenging model tuning.
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Hedegaard, Holly, and Margaret Warner. NVSR 70-13. Evaluating the cause-of-death information needed for estimating the burden of injury mortality: United States, 2019. National Center for Health Statistics ( U.S.), December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15620/cdc:110638.

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This study evaluated the quality of the cause-of-death information on death certificates for injury deaths, by determining the percentage of deaths for which the underlying cause was a nonspecific injury mechanism.
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Payne, Krista. Median Age at First Marriage, 2019. National Center for Family and Marriage Research, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25035/ncfmr/fp-21-12.

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The median age at first marriage in the United States has increased steadily since the mid-20th century. In the mid-1950s, the median age was at a record low of just over 20 for women and 22 for men, but by 2020, the median age was 28 for women and 30 for men (see Figure 1). The median age at first marriage has increased similarly for both men and women. Consequently, the gender gap in the median age at first marriage has persisted, fluctuating between 1.6 and 2.7 years. This profile uses data from the 2019 American Community Survey (ACS), 1-year estimates to track the trends in women’s and men’s median ages at first marriage. The ACS is ideal because it provides the best annual data on marital status and demographic characteristics allowing for direct estimation of the median age at first marriage (Simmons & Dye, 2004). This is an update to our previous profiles on the topic for the years 2017 (FP-19-06), 2014 (FP-16-07), 2013 (FP-15-05), 2010 (FP-12-07), and 2008 (FP-09-03).
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Semiga and Tiku. PR-214-104505-R02 Improved Methods for Estimating Remaining Fatigue Life of ERW Pipelines. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), June 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010204.

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While the general fracture mechanics methodology for calculating fatigue life is well documented and validated, its application in the definition of pipeline system fatigue lives have differed from field experience. The source and magnitude of the conservatism inherent in the calculated fatigue life estimates are a concern when establishing integrity management programs. Of particular interest are the fatigue life estimates used in the integrity management programs for ERW pipeline systems that are primarily concerned with pipe wall anomalies oriented along the pipe axis. This project was initiated to consider several elements of the fatigue life estimation process to identify if there were sources of conservatism that could be better managed to permit integrity management programs to produce life estimates with known levels of conservatism. The project considered: - Ovality and misalignment stress concentration factors; - Fatigue crack growth rate (da/dN) material performance; and - Bulging correction factor. Both experimental and numerical simulation techniques were used to consider the impact of these factors on rate of fatigue crack growth of pipeline axially oriented defects. The project results were compared to existing codified treatments to quantify the level of conservatism inherent in the current state of practice. Recommendations were provided to enhance the precision and manage conservatism in fatigue crack growth rate calculations used in integrity management. This work has a related webinar.
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Grundy, Helen H., Lucy C. Brown, Mark Sykes, M. Rosario Romero, and Dominic Anderson. Review of allergen analytical testing methodologies. Food Standards Agency, September 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.noe660.

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The Food Information Regulation (FIR) states that accurate and understandable allergen information needs to be supplied to consumers for the 14 priority allergens. Food allergies affects between 1-2% of the UK population, with some allergens responsible for hospital admissions with anaphylaxis. Food businesses have a legal responsibility to provide food that is safe, which means declaring allergens present as ingredients and warning consumers about their potential unintended presence due to cross-contact. A system needs to be implemented for testing allergens in foods, responding to incidents, and manage risks to protect consumers. This review was prepared to inform FSA on the current state of the art of allergen testing methodologies and the remaining challenges. This project combined a critical literature review of testing methods with assessments of allergen proficiency testing data, consultation with stakeholders from the food industry, and consultation with industry experts regarding multiplex methodologies and the harmonisation of methods in an unbiased review of the current status of testing capabilities for the 14 EU-retained regulated food allergens. Gaps in testing capabilities were highlighted in order to inform future direction, including a lack of transparent public data for the performance and applicability of commercial test kits. Cross-reactivities of kits were also highlighted along with the need for development of fast and accurate point-of-use tests to support food production. A review of allergen proficiency testing data revealed gaps in testing capabilities and variations between the outputs of different test kits when testing for the same allergen. This review critically compares current testing methods to progress towards a suitable harmonised testing protocol that facilitates allergen risk management, and to mitigate limitations and evidence gaps. Suitable workflows outlining recommended testing protocols are presented for priority allergens to provide a resource for compliant testing and incident management. Estimations of the cost of setting up new testing laboratories to support allergen workflows are also included in addition to detailing the cost of testing by established laboratories.
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