Journal articles: 'Within and across generations'

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Giles, Howard, Beatrice Liang, Kimberly A. Noels, and Robert M. McCann. "Communicating across and within generations." Journal of Asian Pacific Communication 11, no. 2 (December 31, 2001): 161–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/japc.11.2.04gil.

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Previous studies of people’s perceptions of intergenerational communication in many countries around the Pacific Rim suggest that aspects of intergenerational communication in some East Asian nations may be more problematic than in some Western ones. This study extends the earlier work by considering similarities and differences between Taiwanese and American young adults’ perceptions of communication with same-age peers and adults 65 years of age and older. As well, in an attempt to discover how the acculturation process may affect intergenerational relations, the perceptions of young Chinese-Americans were also examined. Two-hundred and three participants (including 98 Taiwanese, 47 Euro-Americans, and 59 Chinese-Americans) completed a questionnaire that assessed their perceptions of accommodation and nonaccommodation from members of the two age groups. Also assessed was the extent to which the participants felt deferential towards and avoidant of communication with these two age groups, as well as the experience of positive emotions in these interactions. Consistent with earlier work, young adults were more positive with regards to communication with other younger adults than with older adults, and Euro-Americans generally perceived interactions more positively than people in Taiwan. The Chinese-Americans were similar to the Taiwanese in some respects and similar to the Euro-Americans in others.

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Duncan, G., M. Hill, and S. Hoffman. "Welfare dependence within and across generations." Science 239, no. 4839 (January 29, 1988): 467–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.3277267.

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Duncan, GJ, MS Hill, and SD Hoffman. "Welfare dependence within and across generations." Science 239, no. 4839 (January 29, 1988): 467–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.239.4839.467.

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Embree, Christina. "Intercessory Prayer across Generations: A Case Study." Christian Education Journal: Research on Educational Ministry 14, no. 1 (May 2017): 128–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073989131701400111.

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The American church, much like the surrounding society, has become more age segregated with age-specific ministry defining the landscape of the church. However, Scripture indicates that generational discipleship, the passing of faith from one generation to another, is the normative practice of a community of faith, which requires the interaction and engagement of multiple generations. Intercessory prayer has been shown to have positive effects on a variety of social relationships and is a spiritual discipline available to all, regardless of age or spiritual maturity. This article explores the possibility of intercessory prayer being used as a vehicle to connect generations and create space for increased generational interactions within a local church context.

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Walsh, Matthew R., Frank Cooley, Kelsey Biles, and Stephan B. Munch. "Predator-induced phenotypic plasticity within- and across-generations: a challenge for theory?" Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1798 (January 7, 2015): 20142205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.2205.

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Much work has shown that the environment can induce non-genetic changes in phenotype that span multiple generations. Theory predicts that predictable environmental variation selects for both increased within- and across-generation responses. Yet, to the best of our knowledge, there are no empirical tests of this prediction. We explored the relationship between within- versus across-generation plasticity by evaluating the influence of predator cues on the life-history traits of Daphnia ambigua . We measured the duration of predator-induced transgenerational effects, determined when transgenerational responses are induced, and quantified the cues that activate transgenerational plasticity. We show that predator exposure during embryonic development causes earlier maturation and increased reproductive output. Such effects are detectable two generations removed from predator exposure and are similar in magnitude in response to exposure to cues emitted by injured conspecifics. Moreover, all experimental contexts and traits yielded a negative correlation between within- versus across-generation responses. That is, responses to predator cues within- and across-generations were opposite in sign and magnitude. Although many models address transgenerational plasticity, none of them explain this apparent negative relationship between within- and across-generation plasticities. Our results highlight the need to refine the theory of transgenerational plasticity.

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Pouokam, Nathalie. "Sharing Resource Wealth Inclusively Within and Across Generations." IMF Working Papers 2021, no. 097 (April 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781513582429.001.

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Whitelaw, Nadia C., and Emma Whitelaw. "How lifetimes shape epigenotype within and across generations." Human Molecular Genetics 15, suppl_2 (October 15, 2006): R131—R137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hmg/ddl200.

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Sox, Carole B., Jeffrey M. Campbell, Sheryl F. Kline, Sandra K. Strick, and Tena B. Crews. "Technology use within meetings: a generational perspective." Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology 7, no. 2 (May 3, 2016): 158–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhtt-09-2015-0035.

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Purpose This paper aims to examine generational formative referents as factors that influence meeting attendees’ adoption and technology use within virtual and hybrid meetings, and test the applicability of the technology acceptance model (TAM) as presented by Davis (1986). This study investigates how attendees’ experiences from their respective formative years (i.e. generational formative referents), the basis of the Generational Cohort Theory (GCT), influence the TAM model constructs. Design/methodology/approach A partial least squares analysis test is utilized to determine technology acceptance within meetings across three generations: Baby Boomers (1946-1964), Generation X (1965-1978) and Generation Y (1979-2000). Findings The multi-group comparison determined all three generations responded similarly with regard to the paths being tested, indicating each of the three generational cohorts within this study are influenced by the experiences of their formative years, which are different for each generation. Research limitations/implications The findings add to the limited foundation for scholars wanting to further analyze technology use within meetings, and for those interested in generational influences. Practical implications This study provides useful information for marketers and planners to increase meeting attendance, enhance attendee satisfaction, and further explore meeting engagement opportunities. Originality/value Underpinning the GCT, this study is the first within hospitality and tourism studies to investigate a theoretical model on generational technology use within meetings.

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BOSKIN, MICHAEL J., LAURENCE J. KOTLIKOFF, DOUGLAS J. PUFFERT, and JOHN B. SHOVEN. "SOCIAL SECURITY: A FINANCIAL APPRAISAL ACROSS AND WITHIN GENERATIONS." National Tax Journal 40, no. 1 (March 1, 1987): 19–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ntj41789672.

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Fehr, H., S. Jokisch, and L. J. Kotlikoff. "Global growth, ageing, and inequality across and within generations." Oxford Review of Economic Policy 26, no. 4 (December 1, 2010): 636–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxrep/grq033.

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Jäntti, Markus, and Lena Lindahl. "On the variability of income within and across generations." Economics Letters 117, no. 1 (October 2012): 165–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2012.05.007.

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Bodewes, Adee, Charles Agyemang, and Anton E. Kunst. "Do Diabetes Mellitus Differences Exist within Generations? Three Generations of Moluccans in The Netherlands." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 2 (January 9, 2021): 493. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020493.

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Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is known to be more prevalent among migrants compared to their host populations. It is unclear whether DM prevalence differs between generations among migrants. We investigated the differences in DM prevalence among three generations of Moluccans, who have been living for over 65 years in the Netherlands, compared to the Dutch population. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, data of a healthcare insurance database on hospital and medication use (Achmea Health Database) were used. The dataset contained 5394 Moluccans and 52,880 Dutch persons of all ages. DM differences were assessed by means of logistic regression, adjusting for age, sex, urbanization, and area socio-economic status. Results: The prevalence of DM was higher in all generations of Moluccans compared to the Dutch. The adjusted odds ratios (AORs) for DM were significantly higher in total group of Moluccans compared to the Dutch (AOR 1.60, 95% CI 1.42–1.80) and across the first and second generation of Moluccans compared to the Dutch (first generation (1.73, 1.47–2.04) and second generation (1.44, 1.19–1.75). Higher AOR were found for first generation men (1.55, 1.22–1.97) and first (1.90, 1.52–2.37) and second (1.63, 1.24–2.13) generation Moluccan women compared to the Dutch. AOR for the third generation Moluccans was increased to a similar extent (1.51, 0.97–2.34), although not statistical significant. Conclusions: Our findings show higher odds of DM across generations of Moluccans compared to the Dutch. DM prevention strategies for minorities should be targeted at all migrant generations in host countries.

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Bodewes, Adee, Charles Agyemang, and Anton E. Kunst. "Do Diabetes Mellitus Differences Exist within Generations? Three Generations of Moluccans in the Netherlands." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 2 (January 9, 2021): 493. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020493.

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Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is known to be more prevalent among migrants compared to their host populations. It is unclear whether DM prevalence differs between generations among migrants. We investigated the differences in DM prevalence among three generations of Moluccans, who have been living for over 65 years in the Netherlands, compared to the Dutch population. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, data of a healthcare insurance database on hospital and medication use (Achmea Health Database) were used. The dataset contained 5394 Moluccans and 52,880 Dutch persons of all ages. DM differences were assessed by means of logistic regression, adjusting for age, sex, urbanization, and area socio-economic status. Results: The prevalence of DM was higher in all generations of Moluccans compared to the Dutch. The adjusted odds ratios (AORs) for DM were significantly higher in total group of Moluccans compared to the Dutch (AOR 1.60, 95% CI 1.42–1.80) and across the first and second generation of Moluccans compared to the Dutch (first generation (1.73, 1.47–2.04) and second generation (1.44, 1.19–1.75). Higher AOR were found for first generation men (1.55, 1.22–1.97) and first (1.90, 1.52–2.37) and second (1.63, 1.24–2.13) generation Moluccan women compared to the Dutch. AOR for the third generation Moluccans was increased to a similar extent (1.51, 0.97–2.34), although not statistical significant. Conclusions: Our findings show higher odds of DM across generations of Moluccans compared to the Dutch. DM prevention strategies for minorities should be targeted at all migrant generations in host countries.

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Whisler, Sue C., and Susan J. Eklund. "Women's Ambitions: A Three-Generational Study." Psychology of Women Quarterly 10, no. 4 (December 1986): 353–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1986.tb00760.x.

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The purpose of this study was (a) to describe the nature of women's ambitions across three generations of women within families, (b) to assess the women's perceptions of factors influencing their ambitions, and (c) to determine their estimates of success in attaining their ambitions. In addition, influence of the generations upon each other and relative similarity of ambitions within families versus within generations was evaluated. Subjects were 10 women who were seniors at a large, midwestern state university, their mothers, and their maternal grandmothers. The most prevalent categories of ambitions across all generations were marriage/family, educational, and vocational. Change in women's roles and a trend toward greater economic affluence across generations had the greatest influence on ambition development and attainment. Influences of one generation on another were apparent for adjacent, but not for nonadjacent, generations. In general, women's ambitions were more similar within generations than within families.

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Bersani, Bianca E., and Adam W. Pittman. "Reassessing the Generational Disparity in Immigrant Offending: A Within-family Comparison of Involvement in Crime." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 56, no. 6 (July 9, 2019): 851–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022427819850600.

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Objective:This study reassesses the generational disparity in immigrant offending. Patterns and predictors of offending are compared using traditional peer-based models and an alternative within-family (parent–child dyad) model.Method:The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979; NLSY79) and NLSY-Child and Young Adult (NLSY_CYA) data are merged to create an intergenerational data set to compare generational disparities in immigrant offending across peers and within families. Differences in self-reported offending (prevalence and variety) by immigrant generation are assessed using a combination of descriptive analyses (χ2and analysis of variance) and regression models.Results:While NLSY_CYA children generally are at a greater risk of offending compared with the NLSY79 mothers, the difference in offending is greatest between first-generation mom and second-generation child dyads. Disparities in offending are driven in large part by exceedingly low levels of offending among first-generation immigrants.Conclusion:Although the factors driving an increase in offending between parent–child generations are not unique to immigrants, they are amplified in immigrant families. Whereas the second generation is remarkably similar to their U.S.-born counterparts in terms of their involvement in crime, suggesting a high degree of swift integration, the greater involvement in crime among the children of immigrants compared to their foreign-born mothers suggests a decline in well-being across successive generations.

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Haaland, Thomas R., Jonathan Wright, and Irja I. Ratikainen. "Bet-hedging across generations can affect the evolution of variance-sensitive strategies within generations." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1916 (November 27, 2019): 20192070. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.2070.

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In order to understand how organisms cope with ongoing changes in environmental variability, it is necessary to consider multiple adaptations to environmental uncertainty on different time scales. Conservative bet-hedging (CBH) represents a long-term genotype-level strategy maximizing lineage geometric mean fitness in stochastic environments by decreasing individual fitness variance, despite also lowering arithmetic mean fitness. Meanwhile, variance-prone (aka risk-prone) strategies produce greater variance in short-term payoffs, because this increases expected arithmetic mean fitness if the relationship between payoffs and fitness is accelerating. Using evolutionary simulation models, we investigate whether selection for such variance-prone strategies is counteracted by selection for bet-hedging that works to adaptively reduce fitness variance. In our model, variance proneness evolves in fine-grained environments (lower correlations among individuals in energetic state and/or payoffs), and with larger numbers of independent decision events over which resources accumulate prior to selection. Conversely, multiplicative fitness accumulation, caused by coarser environmental grain and fewer decision events selection, favours CBH via greater variance aversion. We discuss examples of variance-sensitive strategies in optimal foraging, migration, life histories and cooperative breeding using this bet-hedging perspective. By linking disparate fields of research studying adaptations to variable environments, we should be better able to understand effects of human-induced rapid environmental change.

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Hanson, Haley E., and Andrea L. Liebl. "The Mutagenic Consequences of DNA Methylation within and across Generations." Epigenomes 6, no. 4 (October 4, 2022): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/epigenomes6040033.

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DNA methylation is an epigenetic modification with wide-ranging consequences across the life of an organism. This modification can be stable, persisting through development despite changing environmental conditions. However, in other contexts, DNA methylation can also be flexible, underlying organismal phenotypic plasticity. One underappreciated aspect of DNA methylation is that it is a potent mutagen; methylated cytosines mutate at a much faster rate than other genetic motifs. This mutagenic property of DNA methylation has been largely ignored in eco-evolutionary literature, despite its prevalence. Here, we explore how DNA methylation induced by environmental and other factors could promote mutation and lead to evolutionary change at a more rapid rate and in a more directed manner than through stochastic genetic mutations alone. We argue for future research on the evolutionary implications of DNA methylation driven mutations both within the lifetime of organisms, as well as across timescales.

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Fong, Eric, and Feng Hou. "Residential Patterns across Generations of New Immigrant Groups." Sociological Perspectives 52, no. 3 (September 2009): 409–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/sop.2009.52.3.409.

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This article explores residential patterns across generations of new immigrant groups. The discussion is situated in a multi-ethnic context. The analysis is based on data from the 2001 Canadian census and focuses on three visible minority groups in the four largest metropolitan areas of Canada. In line with the spatial assimilation perspective, the authors found that visible minority groups reside in neighborhoods where, over generations, as the proportion of whites increases, the proportions of their own group and other minority groups decline. The findings also show support that socioeconomic resources are positively related to residential integration and that each successive generation is more efficient than the previous generation in translating socioeconomic resources. However, echoing the place stratification perspective, variations in the effect of socioeconomic resources within each group and generation have been documented. Taken together, the results suggest that the factors contributing to residential integration are more complicated in a multi-ethnic context.

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Mukherjee, Tushima, and Shwetha Sivaraman. "Coaching Across Generations: Enabling Sense-Making in a Multigenerational World." NHRD Network Journal 15, no. 2 (April 2022): 189–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/26314541221076895.

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With the presence of five generations in organisations today, there is growing interest in finding new ways to manage and leverage a multigenerational workforce for individual and collective success. With rapidly evolving technology and the ever-changing nature of the workspace, a deeper look to understand the correlation between generation and development is required. Coaching is gaining traction as a means of enabling development for professionals. This article uses data from eight coaching case studies across four generations to analyse dominant coaching themes and preferences. We present seven key findings that point to some startling similarities and differences between and within generations, the need for an adaptive approach, and four implications for organisations and coaches, including the opportunity to look beyond generation and age.

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Hernaus, Tomislav, and Nina Pološki Vokic. "Work design for different generational cohorts." Journal of Organizational Change Management 27, no. 4 (July 8, 2014): 615–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jocm-05-2014-0104.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to uncover the nature of job characteristics related to different generational cohorts (Baby-boomers, Generation X and Generation Y). Significant differences between four task and four social job characteristics across generational cohorts have been revealed. Design/methodology/approach – The empirical research was conducted through a field study of employees from large-sized Croatian organizations. A cross-sectional and cross-occupational research design was applied. A total of 512 knowledge workers (139 managers and 373 professionals) participated in the research. Descriptive and inferential statistical methods were used to determine and compare work design across generations. Findings – The results indicate that job characteristics are not equally represented within different generational cohorts. While the nature of task job characteristics is mostly irrespective of generations, social job characteristics to some extent differ among generational cohorts. High task variety, reasonably high task identity, and a moderate level of both received interdependence and task significance are recognized as common job characteristics of knowledge workers across generations. However, jobs of Baby-boomers, Xers, and Yers are idiosyncratic for work autonomy, interaction with others, initiated interdependence, and teamwork. Additionally, the inclusion of the work type as a control variable revealed that interaction with others does differ but only among generations of professionals. Originality/value – The present study is the first research in which generational similarities and differences have been empirically examined through job characteristics. The authors focused on knowledge workers within an under-researched context (studies about knowledge workers, work design and generational differences are rare or non-existent in south-eastern European countries), making this systematic investigation unique and practically significant.

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Safi, Mirna. "Varieties of Transnationalism and Its Changing Determinants across Immigrant Generations: Evidence from French Data1." International Migration Review 52, no. 3 (August 13, 2018): 853–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/imre.12314.

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In this article, I use the French Trajectories and Origins survey to describe patterns and trends of cross-border ties across immigrant generations. Transnational activities are measured through a wide range of cross-border ties, grouped into three dimensions: sociopolitical, economic, and a third dimension that I call re-migration. Three sets of determinants are taken into account: variables measuring exposure to the country of origin, variables describing incorporation in the host country, and variables that are specific to each generation. Conversely to the straight-line assimilation paradigm, the findings put the analytical power of the generational variable into perspective by (1) highlighting the wide variability of transnationalism within each generation and (2) measuring distinct intergenerational trends along different types of cross-border engagement. A thorough investigation of the sources of within-generation heterogeneity emphasizes the explanatory power of state-level, religious, and ethnoracial variables.

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Bandiera, Glen. "Mind the gap: thoughts on intergenerational relations in medical leadership." Canadian Journal of Physician Leadership 8, no. 1 (October 15, 2021): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.37964/cr24745.

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Numerous models categorize, characterize, and explain differences among generations in society. Currently, four distinct generations are engaged in the physician pipeline from early training to late career. The distinct differences in how they view the world, their self-perceptions, and how they conduct relationships create real and imagined tensions. However, the significance of these differences is debated, as variability among those within a generation is likely larger than that between generations. Nevertheless, medical leaders and educators will be wise to develop an appreciation for generational differences to ensure that everyone may live up to their full potential. Opportunities exist to gain greater appreciation for how generational differences manifest in day-to-day interactions, adopt new approaches to interacting with those of different generations, and identify points of leverage across generations to optimize relationships and outcomes.

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David, Maya Khemlani. "Language shift Amongst The Sindhis of Malaysia." South Pacific Journal of Psychology 10, no. 1 (1999): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0257543400001012.

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ABSTRACTThis research focuses on three generations of Sindhi settlers in Malaysia with a view to determining their dominant language. A range of methodologies and constructs were used to disclose information which a domain based questionnaire approach in itself was not able to capture. The phenomena of codemixing and codeswitching not only of two but also of three languages emerged. Language choices varied not only across generations but also across gender within a generation. The functions for which the ethnic language was maintained also varied across generations.

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Conradt, Elisabeth, Sierra E. Carter, and Sheila E. Crowell. "Biological Embedding of Chronic Stress Across Two Generations Within Marginalized Communities." Child Development Perspectives 14, no. 4 (September 2, 2020): 208–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12382.

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FALLOUR-RUBIO, D., F. GUIBAL, E. K. KLEIN, M. BARITEAU, and F. LEFÈVRE. "Rapid changes in plasticity across generations within an expanding cedar forest." Journal of Evolutionary Biology 22, no. 3 (March 2009): 553–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2008.01662.x.

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Gondra, Ager. "Null Direct Object Clitics in Basque Spanish: A Study Across Four Generations." Studies in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics 14, no. 2 (September 1, 2021): 349–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/shll-2021-2048.

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Abstract The null direct object clitic is described as one of the distinctive morphosyntactic features of Basque Spanish (e.g., compré el libro i , pero se me ha olvidado traer øi). However, no study to date has explored the variable usage of this form in cross-generational terms. The present inquiry aims to fill this void by analyzing and contrasting the results of two studies by four generations of Spanish-Basque bilinguals with the following age ranges: 85–96 (Generation 1), 55–75 (Generation 2), 35–45 (Generation 3), 18–25 (Generation 4). The education level of the participants was also taken into consideration. The first study consisted of an acceptability judgment task, in which the participants rated the acceptability of sentences with a null direct object using a 5-point Likert scale. The independent linguistic variables in this study were the semantic features [+/-definiteness] and [+/-specificity]. The acceptance rate of null direct object clitics was significantly higher among Generation 1 and 2 speakers than among those of Generation 3 and 4, with no effect of definiteness or specificity. In the second study, based on an elicitation task, older speakers (Generation 1 and 2) produced significantly more null direct object clitics than their younger counterparts (Generation 3 and 4). By contrasting the differential behavior of the participants across and within the same generation, it is shown that the generational effects observed are mainly due to the participants’ different levels of formal education.

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Panteli, Niki, and Ben Marder. "Constructing and enacting normality online across generations." Information Technology & People 30, no. 2 (June 5, 2017): 282–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/itp-06-2015-0134.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine how different age groups construct and enact normality within social networking sites (SNS) and consequently extend theory in the area of online interactions. Design/methodology/approach The chosen research site was Facebook and research design involved focus groups across three different age groups: teenagers, young adults and the middle-aged. In total, there were 78 participants. The focus groups explored the metaphoric images of Facebook interactions. In doing so, participants were asked to draw a picture to represent their metaphor and following this, to position themselves and other characters within the picture. The drawings as well as the facilitators’ records provided the main data set for the study. Findings Connective and protective encounters were found to be used by different age groups when constructing and enacting normality on SNS. Further, it emerged that the interpretation and enactment of normality across the different age groups significantly varied. The metaphorical images have transpired as being a resourceful way of unpacking these differences. Research limitations/implications The study relied on focus groups in order to capture metaphorical images across generations. It did not include interviews with individual participants to elicit the extent to which they agreed with the group metaphor or whether there was anything else they might have presented in the drawings. This could be on the agenda for future research. Practical implications The findings of the study suggest that SNS managers and designers should sympathise with the view that users of different ages engage in different ways with SNS and as a result, user interfaces should be customised according to the age of the user. Social implications The study has implications for those interested in cross- and inter-generational research. Originality/value This is the first study in which the concept of normality has been adopted as a theoretical lens for understanding the interactions on SNS. Further, this work adds to the limited body of research on SNS use across different generations whilst it expands on the range of methodologies used within the information systems field.

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Milano, Nicola, Jônata Tyska Carvalho, and Stefano Nolfi. "Moderate Environmental Variation Across Generations Promotes the Evolution of Robust Solutions." Artificial Life 24, no. 4 (March 2019): 277–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/artl_a_00274.

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Previous evolutionary studies demonstrated how robust solutions can be obtained by evaluating agents multiple times in variable environmental conditions. Here we demonstrate how agents evolved in environments that vary across generations outperform agents evolved in environments that remain fixed. Moreover, we demonstrate that best performance is obtained when the environment varies at a moderate rate across generations, that is, when the environment does not vary every generation but every N generations. The advantage of exposing evolving agents to environments that vary across generations at a moderate rate is due, at least in part, to the fact that this condition maximizes the retention of changes that alter the behavior of the agents, which in turn facilitates the discovery of better solutions. Finally, we demonstrate that moderate environmental variations are advantageous also from an evolutionary computation perspective, that is, from the perspective of maximizing the performance that can be achieved within a limited computational budget.

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Shin, Youngmi. "A Study on the Typologies of Family Values by Generation using Latent Profile Analysis." Family and Environment Research 60, no. 3 (August 26, 2022): 377–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.6115/fer.2022.025.

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This study identified and compared family values within and across different generations concerning gender roles, attitudes toward diverse families, children, and parental roles. Data were obtained from the 2020 Seoul Family Report Survey. There were 1,949 study subjects, including first- and second-generation baby boomers and individuals in generations X, Y, and Z in Korea. Latent profile analyses were conducted using M-plus. Perceptions and views concerning family values were classified into different types. The main findings were as follows. Two types were identified among first baby boomers, and three were identified among second baby boomers. Most of the first and second baby boomers belonged to the “moderate” type. Two types were detected among those in Generation X. Regarding gender roles, most views of Generation X were slightly progressive, while their other family values were more moderate. Three types were identified among those in Generation Y: “progressive,” “moderate,” and “very liberal.” Generation Z was identified as a “progressive” group. This study provides basic data to explore the direction of the coexistence of generations by identifying and comparing diverse family values within and across generations.

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Smithson, Mark, Jennifer L. M. Thorson, Ingrid Sadler-Riggleman, Daniel Beck, Michael K. Skinner, and Mark Dybdahl. "Between-Generation Phenotypic and Epigenetic Stability in a Clonal Snail." Genome Biology and Evolution 12, no. 9 (September 1, 2020): 1604–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evaa181.

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Abstract Epigenetic variation might play an important role in generating adaptive phenotypes by underpinning within-generation developmental plasticity, persistent parental effects of the environment (e.g., transgenerational plasticity), or heritable epigenetically based polymorphism. These adaptive mechanisms should be most critical in organisms where genetic sources of variation are limited. Using a clonally reproducing freshwater snail (Potamopyrgus antipodarum), we examined the stability of an adaptive phenotype (shell shape) and of DNA methylation between generations. First, we raised three generations of snails adapted to river currents in the lab without current. We showed that habitat-specific adaptive shell shape was relatively stable across three generations but shifted slightly over generations two and three toward a no-current lake phenotype. We also showed that DNA methylation specific to high-current environments was stable across one generation. This study provides the first evidence of stability of DNA methylation patterns across one generation in an asexual animal. Together, our observations are consistent with the hypothesis that adaptive shell shape variation is at least in part determined by transgenerational plasticity, and that DNA methylation provides a potential mechanism for stability of shell shape across one generation.

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Ricucci, Roberta, and Manuela Olagnero. "Questioning identity, belonging and ties across generations. Discussions within the Egyptian community." MONDI MIGRANTI, no. 2 (September 2019): 149–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/mm2019-002008.

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Deb, Partha, Cagla Okten, and Una Okonkwo Osili. "Giving to family versus giving to the community within and across generations." Journal of Population Economics 23, no. 3 (September 13, 2008): 963–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00148-008-0206-7.

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Rezki, Samir, Claire Campion, Philippe Simoneau, Marie-Agnès Jacques, Ashley Shade, and Matthieu Barret. "Assembly of seed-associated microbial communities within and across successive plant generations." Plant and Soil 422, no. 1-2 (October 6, 2017): 67–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-017-3451-2.

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Punch, Samantha. "Youth transitions and migration: negotiated and constrained interdependencies within and across generations." Journal of Youth Studies 18, no. 2 (August 8, 2014): 262–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2014.944118.

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Chitty, Ruth P., and Alan C. Gange. "Reciprocal interactions between aphids and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi across plant generations." Arthropod-Plant Interactions 16, no. 1 (November 20, 2021): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11829-021-09875-9.

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AbstractThe conditions experienced by one plant generation can influence the growth of the offspring generation. These maternal effects can reduce performance of foliar-feeding insects, through accumulation of plant defences. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inhabit the roots of plants and are known to influence the performance of foliar-feeding insects. However, all published studies of the interactions between insects and AMF have taken place within one plant generation, but none across generations. Thus, in the present study, Senecio vulgaris plants were grown with or without aphids and AMF (termed ‘induction events’), and seeds from each treatment were used to grow plants experiencing that same treatment over four successive generations, all grown in identical environmental conditions. Naïve aphids were reared on Senecio plants whose parents had experienced 0, 1, 2 or 3 induction events. We found strong negative maternal effects of herbivory on aphid growth, which were not mitigated by the mycorrhiza. However, teneral weight and growth rate showed a gradual recovery; aphids reared on plants whose previous three generations suffered attack were similar in size to those at the beginning of the study. Herbivory had positive or negative effects on the mycorrhiza, dependent upon the number of previous generations suffering attack or having mycorrhizal associations. We conclude that the outcome of many insect plant fungal experiments is likely to have been influenced by and need to account for maternal effects of the parental plant’s growth conditions.

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Barnwell, Ashley. "Hidden heirlooms: Keeping family secrets across generations." Journal of Sociology 54, no. 3 (September 8, 2017): 446–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1440783317727878.

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This article explores how wider national narratives facilitate families’ choices about what information to keep secret over time. I argue that attention to the ways family secrets operate reveals how social and moral codes are both sustained and challenged on an intimate scale. The article also makes an argument for using life writing and literature to explore the often-illusive contours of family secrets. To illustrate, I examine Lynette Russell’s memoir A Little Bird Told Me: Family Secrets, Necessary Lies and Richard Flanagan’s novel Death of a River Guide. Anchoring the analysis within the transition from colonial to postcolonial societies, these texts lend insight into the collective practices families use to manage secrets and to construct socially sanctioned identities. The discussion foregrounds the enduring impact of colonial policies upon the intimate formation of families, and the role families play in reproducing and challenging these legacies via collective secret-keeping and silences.

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Castro Dias Cuyabano, Beatriz Castro Dias, Hanna Wackel, Donghyun Shin, and Cedric Gondro. "A study of Genomic Prediction across Generations of Two Korean Pig Populations." Animals 9, no. 9 (September 11, 2019): 672. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9090672.

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Genomic models that incorporate dense marker information have been widely used for predicting genomic breeding values since they were first introduced, and it is known that the relationship between individuals in the reference population and selection candidates affects the prediction accuracy. When genomic evaluation is performed over generations of the same population, prediction accuracy is expected to decay if the reference population is not updated. Therefore, the reference population must be updated in each generation, but little is known about the optimal way to do it. This study presents an empirical assessment of the prediction accuracy of genomic breeding values of production traits, across five generations in two Korean pig breeds. We verified the decay in prediction accuracy over time when the reference population was not updated. Additionally we compared the prediction accuracy using only the previous generation as the reference population, as opposed to using all previous generations as the reference population. Overall, the results suggested that, although there is a clear need to continuously update the reference population, it may not be necessary to keep all ancestral genotypes. Finally, comprehending how the accuracy of genomic prediction evolves over generations within a population adds relevant information to improve the performance of genomic selection.

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Kim, Hyoung Jun, Su Jung Jee, and So Young Sohn. "Cost–benefit model for multi-generational high-technology products to compare sequential innovation strategy with quality strategy." PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (April 7, 2021): e0249124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249124.

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In the rapidly changing high-tech industry, firms that produce multi-generational products struggle to consistently introduce new products that are superior in innovativeness. However, developing innovative products in a short time sequence period is likely to cause quality problems. Therefore, considering time and resource constraints, two kinds of strategies are commonly employed: sequential innovation strategy, sequentially introducing a new generation of technology product at every launch interval, ensuring timely innovativeness but with relatively uncertain quality, or quality strategy, intermittently introducing a new generation of products, together with a derivative model between generations to enhance the quality. In this study, we propose a framework for a cost–benefit analysis that compares these two strategies by considering competition between firms within a generation as well as that within a firm across multiple generations (i.e., cannibalization) throughout the launch cycle of high-tech products. We apply our proposed framework to the smartphone market and conduct a sensitivity analysis. The results are expected to contribute to strategic decision-making related to the introduction of multi-generational technology products.

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Calvillo, Jonathan. "Intergenerational Ties in Latinx Protestant Congregations: Sustaining Ethnicity through Organizational and Affective Connections." Religions 10, no. 9 (August 27, 2019): 504. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel10090504.

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This paper examines the persistence of intergenerational ties within Latinx Protestant Congregations (LPCs) and the implications these ties have for the persistence of LPCs as distinctly ethnic institutions. Though studies of generational transitions within ethnic congregations tend to emphasize intergenerational discontinuity, this paper uncovers ways that Latinx Protestants maintain intergenerational ties through LPC involvement, both within and across institutional settings. Rather than focusing on the content of intergenerational transmission, such as cultural practices, ethnic material, or explicit identity labels, this paper is concerned with a more preliminary matter of ethnic identity maintenance—the persistence of channels of transmission across generations. In particular, this paper examines how LPC organizational structures sustain cross-generational links, and how later generation Latinxs express affective ties to earlier generation Latinxs. Taking a religious ecology approach, findings are based on in-depth qualitative research conducted within six LPCs, and an informal survey of eleven additional LPCs, all located in the city of Santa Ana, California, a Latinx majority city. Findings suggest that LPCs are successfully cultivating intergenerational ties among a select group of later generation Latinxs, and that later generation Latinxs who stay connected to LPCs value these ties.

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Puy, Javier, Carlos P. Carmona, Inga Hiiesalu, Maarja Öpik, Francesco Bello, and Mari Moora. "Mycorrhizal symbiosis alleviates plant water deficit within and across generations via phenotypic plasticity." Journal of Ecology 110, no. 1 (November 18, 2021): 262–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.13810.

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Aanen, Duur K., Johannes N. Spelbrink, and Madeleine Beekman. "What cost mitochondria? The maintenance of functional mitochondrial DNA within and across generations." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 369, no. 1646 (July 5, 2014): 20130438. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0438.

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The peculiar biology of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) potentially has detrimental consequences for organismal health and lifespan. Typically, eukaryotic cells contain multiple mitochondria, each with multiple mtDNA genomes. The high copy number of mtDNA implies that selection on mtDNA functionality is relaxed. Furthermore, because mtDNA replication is not strictly regulated, within-cell selection may favour mtDNA variants with a replication advantage, but a deleterious effect on cell fitness. The opportunities for selfish mtDNA mutations to spread are restricted by various organism-level adaptations, such as uniparental transmission, germline mtDNA bottlenecks, germline selection and, during somatic growth, regular alternation between fusion and fission of mitochondria. These mechanisms are all hypothesized to maintain functional mtDNA. However, the strength of selection for maintenance of functional mtDNA progressively declines with age, resulting in age-related diseases. Furthermore, organismal adaptations that most probably evolved to restrict the opportunities for selfish mtDNA create secondary problems. Owing to predominantly maternal mtDNA transmission, recombination among mtDNA from different individuals is highly restricted or absent, reducing the scope for repair. Moreover, maternal inheritance precludes selection against mtDNA variants with male-specific effects. We finish by discussing the consequences of life-history differences among taxa with respect to mtDNA evolution and make a case for the use of microorganisms to experimentally manipulate levels of selection.

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Ross, Hildy, Nancy Stein, Tom Trabasso, Erik Woody, and Michael Ross. "The quality of family relationships within and across generations: A social relations analysis." International Journal of Behavioral Development 29, no. 2 (March 2005): 110–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01650250444000351.

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Parents and two children (average ages: 81/2 and 51/2 years) in 76 families each appraised the quality of their relationships with one another. Family members described generally positive relationships, both from their own perspectives (e.g., “I am often nice to my mother”) and from the perspectives of their relationship partners (e.g., “My mother is often nice to me”). Sibling relationships were rated less positively than other family relationships. The Social Relations Model was utilised to examine the patterning of family relationships. Actor effects, indicating consistent relationship qualities for each individual family member, were found, especially for ratings of self. Partner effects, indicating consistency in relationships as assessed by others in the family, were present for ratings of the children as relationship partners. Relationship effects were pervasive, indicating that specific family relationships had distinct qualities. Participants’ own ratings suggested that reciprocity would characterise all family relationships, in that strong correlations were found between each person’s rating of self and other, but only the marital and the sibling relationship evidenced relational reciprocity, as assessed by correlations between relationship effects found for relationship partners.

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Hite, Dwight M., Joshua J. Daspit, and Xueni Dong. "Examining the influence of transculturation on work ethic in the United States." Cross Cultural Management 22, no. 1 (February 2, 2015): 145–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ccm-12-2013-0190.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the influence of cultural assimilation – termed “transculturation” – on work ethic perceptions, thus this study examines trends in work ethic across ethnic and generational groups within the USA. Design/methodology/approach – Following a literature review on work ethic, ethnicity, and transculturation, an analysis of variance based on 873 survey responses is presented. The sample includes undergraduate and graduate students at several public universities within the USA. Findings – An empirical analysis supports the hypothesis that the variation of work ethic perceptions within the Millennial generation is significantly less than the variation among older generations. The authors find no significant difference in general work ethic perceptions among Millennial ethnic groups. Research limitations/implications – While the study is conducted using a convenience sample, the demographics are closely representative of the USA labor force. The results suggest that Millennials, while a more diverse ethnic population, exhibit less variation among work ethic perceptions than earlier generational groups. Practical implications – Understanding differences in work ethic perceptions across various ethnic groups is valuable for managers interested in designing jobs that appropriately exploit the full value of a multi-generational workforce. Originality/value – The findings of this study offer new insights into how more recent generations, while more ethnically diverse, exhibit a convergence in perceptions of work ethic.

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Sobral, Mar, Luis Sampedro, Isabelle Neylan, David Siemens, and Rodolfo Dirzo. "Phenotypic plasticity in plant defense across life stages: Inducibility, transgenerational induction, and transgenerational priming in wild radish." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 33 (August 13, 2021): e2005865118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2005865118.

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As they develop, many plants deploy shifts in antiherbivore defense allocation due to changing costs and benefits of their defensive traits. Plant defenses are known to be primed or directly induced by herbivore damage within generations and across generations by long-lasting epigenetic mechanisms. However, little is known about the differences between life stages of epigenetically inducible defensive traits across generations. To help fill this knowledge gap, we conducted a multigenerational experiment to determine whether defense induction in wild radish plants was reflected in chromatin modifications (DNA methylation); we then examined differences between seedlings and reproductive plants in current and transgenerational plasticity in chemical (glucosinolates) and physical (trichomes) defenses in this species. Herbivory triggered genome methylation both in targeted plants and their offspring. Within one generation, both defenses were highly inducible at the seedling stage, but only chemical defenses were inducible in reproductive plants. Across generations, herbivory experienced by mother plants caused strong direct induction of physical defenses in their progeny, with effects lasting from seedling to reproductive stages. For chemical defenses, however, this transgenerational induction was evident only in adults. Transgenerational priming was observed in physical and chemical defenses, particularly in adult plants. Our results show that transgenerational plasticity in plant defenses in response to herbivore offense differs for physical and chemical defense and changes across plant life stages.

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Sánchez, Leopoldo, Piter Bijma, and John A. Woolliams. "Minimizing Inbreeding by Managing Genetic Contributions Across Generations." Genetics 164, no. 4 (August 1, 2003): 1589–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/164.4.1589.

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Abstract Here we present the strategy that achieves the lowest possible rate of inbreeding (ΔF) for a population with unequal numbers of sires and dams with random mating. This new strategy results in a ΔF as much as 10% lower than previously achieved. A simple and efficient approach to reducing inbreeding in small populations with sexes of unequal census number is to impose a breeding structure where parental success is controlled in each generation. This approach led to the development of strategies for selecting replacements each generation that were based upon parentage, e.g., a son replacing its sire. This study extends these strategies to a multigeneration round robin scheme where genetic contributions of ancestors to descendants are managed to remove all uncertainties about breeding roles over generations; i.e., male descendants are distributed as equally as possible among dams. In doing so, the sampling variance of genetic contributions within each breeding category is eliminated and consequently ΔF is minimized. Using the concept of long-term genetic contributions, the asymptotic ΔF of the new strategy for random mating, M sires and d dams per sire, is ϕ/(12M), where ϕ = [1 + 2(¼)d]. Predictions were validated using Monte Carlo simulations. The scheme was shown to achieve the lowest possible ΔF using pedigree alone and showed that further reductions in ΔF below that obtained from random mating arise from preferential mating of relatives and not from their avoidance.

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Walsh, Matthew R., Todd Castoe, Julian Holmes, Michelle Packer, Kelsey Biles, Melissa Walsh, Stephan B. Munch, and David M. Post. "Local adaptation in transgenerational responses to predators." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, no. 1823 (January 27, 2016): 20152271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.2271.

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Environmental signals can induce phenotypic changes that span multiple generations. Along with phenotypic responses that occur during development (i.e. ‘within-generation’ plasticity), such ‘transgenerational plasticity’ (TGP) has been documented in a diverse array of taxa spanning many environmental perturbations. New theory predicts that temporal stability is a key driver of the evolution of TGP. We tested this prediction using natural populations of zooplankton from lakes in Connecticut that span a large gradient in the temporal dynamics of predator-induced mortality. We reared more than 120 clones of Daphnia ambigua from nine lakes for multiple generations in the presence/absence of predator cues. We found that temporal variation in mortality selects for within-generation plasticity while consistently strong (or weak) mortality selects for increased TGP. Such results provide us the first evidence for local adaptation in TGP and argue that divergent ecological conditions select for phenotypic responses within and across generations.

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Kasselstrand, Isabella, and Setareh Mahmoudi. "Secularization among immigrants in Scandinavia: Religiosity across generations and duration of residence." Social Compass 67, no. 4 (August 18, 2020): 617–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0037768620948478.

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The integration of religious minorities within the secularized West has been a recurring topic of scholarly interest. Previous studies show that religious identities are shaped by family background and social context. Using data from the European Social Survey, this study turns to Scandinavia, the most secular region of the world, to examine religious salience among immigrants over time and across generations. The findings reveal that on most measures, second-generation immigrants are more secular than the first generation, but more religious than their native peers. However, individuals with one immigrant and one native parent are less likely to identify with a religion than other groups, including the native majority. Furthermore, among first-generation immigrants, there is a negative relationship between the duration of residence and religiosity. This study argues for the fluidity of religiosity among immigrants and the secularizing effect of structural agents on the salience of religious identities.

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Bryant-Lees, Kinsey, and Mary Kite. "Divides Within the LGBT Community: Exploring the Impact of Generational Stereotypes." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 531–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.1714.

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Abstract Age is a unique, often overlooked, aspect of identity, which is particularly problematic within the LGBT community. While sexuality, sexual orientation, and gender identity are central to the identities of LGBT people, they are verboten for older adults. Thus, older LGBT individuals’ voices are inadvertently silenced. This talk will present data that demonstrates the reinforcing role that stereotypes play in maintaining the generational divide and address some of the unique inter-generational differences within the LGBT+ community that arise from differential experiences of cultural acceptance and historical events of LGBT youth coming of age across decades. For example, in the 1970’s the DSM criteria would have classified LGBT people as mentally ill; stark contrast to the 2010’s in which LGBT youth have grown up with legal protections against hate crimes, and marriage equality as a basic right. We will conclude with a discussion on cultivating community and productive conversations across generations.

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Paris, Véronique, Ellen Cottingham, Perran Ross, Jason Axford, and Ary Hoffmann. "Effects of Alternative Blood Sources on Wolbachia Infected Aedes aegypti Females within and across Generations." Insects 9, no. 4 (October 11, 2018): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects9040140.

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Wolbachia bacteria have been identified as a tool for reducing the transmission of arboviruses transmitted by Aedes aegypti. Research groups around the world are now mass rearing Wolbachia-infected Ae. aegypti for deliberate release. We investigated the fitness impact of a crucial element of mass rearing: the blood meal required by female Ae. aegypti to lay eggs. Although Ae. aegypti almost exclusively feed on human blood, it is often difficult to use human blood in disease-endemic settings. When females were fed on sheep or pig blood rather than human blood, egg hatch rates decreased in all three lines tested (uninfected, or infected by wMel, or wAlbB Wolbachia). This finding was particularly pronounced when fed on sheep blood, although fecundity was not affected. Some of these effects persisted after an additional generation on human blood. Attempts to keep populations on sheep and pig blood sources only partly succeeded, suggesting that strong adaptation is required to develop a stably infected line on an alternative blood source. There was a decrease in Wolbachia density when Ae. aegypti were fed on non-human blood sources. Density increased in lines kept for multiple generations on the alternate sources but was still reduced relative to lines kept on human blood. These findings suggest that sheep and pig blood will entail a cost when used for maintaining Wolbachia-infected Ae. aegypti. These costs should be taken into account when planning mass release programs.

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Gleridou, Anthoula, Ioannis Tokatlidis, and Alexios Polidoros. "Genetic Variation of a Lentil (Lens culinaris) Landrace during Three Generations of Breeding." Applied Sciences 12, no. 1 (January 4, 2022): 450. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12010450.

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Genetic differentiation between 40 lentil genotypes was tested using molecular markers. The genotypes were produced from a Greek landrace of commercial interest via the honeycomb breeding methodology, i.e., single-plant selection in the absence of competition, across three successive pedigree generations. The selected genotypes from each generation were examined for genetic relationships using 15 SSR molecular markers with HRM analysis. As expected, low variation among consecutive generations at the level of 2.5–7.7% was detected. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed that partitioning of this variation was at higher percentage within each generation’s population than between them. Population structure analysis indicated that ongoing selection could effectively shift the allelic composition in each generation. The applied honeycomb breeding methodology that effectively improved progeny yield and seed quality increased the percentage of favorable alleles altering allelic composition but not eliminating genetic variation of the breeding population.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Within and across generations'

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