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1
Kimonis, Eva. "The Association between Callous-Unemotional Traits and Emotional Processing Within Individuals and Across Generations." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2003. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/32.
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There is evidence to suggest that an impaired ability to process distressing and threatening emotional stimuli may result in a callous-unemotional (CU) and thrill-andadventure- seeking (TAS) personality. In this study we examined emotional processing in fifty community children, each with one parent, using the emotional pictures dot-probe task, which is a computerized task measuring attention to emotional pictures in the form of a facilitation score. The relationship between emotional processing, CU traits, and TAS were examined to determine whether individuals high on CU traits would also be more TAS, and show a lack of facilitation to emotional pictures. The results generally did not support study hypotheses; however, post-hoc analyses comparing children based on ethnicity found that Caucasian and minority children with CU traits show different and often opposite affective responses to emotional pictures, as well as different behavioral correlates to these traits.
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Leopold, Thomas [Verfasser], Henriette [Akademischer Betreuer] Engelhardt-Wölfler, and Thorsten [Akademischer Betreuer] Schneider. "Linked Lives Within Families and Across Generations / Thomas Leopold. Betreuer: Henriette Engelhardt-Wölfler ; Thorsten Schneider." Bamberg : Otto-Friedrich-Universität Bamberg, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1058436228/34.
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Zhao, de Gosson de Varennes Yuwei. "Benefit Design, Retirement Decisions and Welfare Within and Across Generations in Defined Contribution Pension Schemes." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-274253.
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Essay 1 (with Juha Alho and Edward Palmer): All around the world, public pension schemes are moving in the direction of non-financial (NDC) and financial defined contribution (DC) schemes. Both rely on accurate projections of life expectancy in the creation of annuities. Accurate projections are critical for system stability, individual utility and inter-generational welfare. This paper suggests a path-breaking innovation that changes the perspective from the Lee-carter (LC) family of trend models which assume a constant rate of change in mortality over time. Our approach is to project the cohort life expectancy on basis of the specific cohort rate of change in mortality. This relaxes the strong trend assumption underlying the LC model, which is the reason why LC model does not work well in the phase of accelerating or decelerating mortality. We use unisex mortality data for $8$ countries to test the performance of our approach both ex-post and ex-ante. The ex-post experiment shows that our approach generally performs better when the rate of change in mortality is accelerating and performs as well as LC model when the rate of change is time-invariant. The ex-ante experiment, on the other hand, shows that our model almost always delivers higher projection of remaining life expectancy than the LC model for the more recent cohorts, which is consistent with the ex-post experimental results.Essay 2: Due to the systematic underestimation of cohort life expectancy, NDC pension schemes face a financial risk that can leads to inter-generational unfairness, given the current practice. This paper proposes an alternative method of computing annuity to address this problem. The proposal is to adjust the annuity based on re-estimations of the remaining life expectancy at intervals after retirement, but only up to a ceiling age. The scheme is assessed using 208 cohort annuity pools from eight sample countries. This experiment shows that the proposed scheme succeeds in reducing the inter-generational unfairness for 60-80% of the cohort annuity pools, compared to current practice of fixing the annuity at age 65. Because the adjustment is borne by the relatively large group of younger persons, the per capita change in utility is rather small assuming risk neutrality.
Essay 3: This paper studies how the incentive to retire in a DC (NDC) scheme is influenced by engaging private information on life expectancy. This is an important question since the decisions made under the two scenarios, optimizing using the private life expectancy or the cohort average made available by the pension provider, create different welfare and financial outcomes. The analytical framework is a standard life-cycle model, accounting for monetary gain from work and non-monetary gain from leisure. The unique feature here is that the individual life expectancy is an explicit driver of disutility of work. The theoretical result is that prevailing private information of a longer-than-average life expectancy can lead to both advancing and delaying retirement, depending on other factors determining utility. The numerical example using Swedish data proves the theoretical results and suggests a rather small average impact on the choice of retirement by engaging private information of life expectancy.
Essay 4: Pensions in the increasingly popular Notional Defined Contribution (NDC) Pay-as-You-Go Schemes are granted based on cohort-specific life expectancy, regardless socioeconomic differences. This risks perverse intra-generational and unintended inter-generational transfers. This paper introduces an alternative with separate annuity pools for different socioeconomic classes. Using unique Swedish data and the Swedish NDC pension system as an example, the analysis shows a significant gap in life expectancy between socioeconomic classes defined by occupation. In the Swedish context, this implies a perverse transfer of 5% of the pension capital from the manual workers to the non-manual workers, which can be abolished by using the group plan. In addition, the group plan also lessens the risk of inter-generational transfers resulting from the gap in life expectancy.
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McDevitt, Barbara Jo. "Preaching across the generations." Chicago, Ill : McCormick Theological Seminary, 1999. http://www.tren.com.
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Rezki, Samir. "Structuration, dynamique et réponse des communautés microbiennes associées aux graines lors de la transmission d'agents phytopathogènes Assembly of seed-associated microbial communities within and across successive plant generations Differences in stability of seed-associated microbial assemblages in response to invasion by phytopathogenic microorganisms." Thesis, Angers, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ANGE0092.
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La graine constitue le point de départ du cycle d’une plante et abrite une diversité de micro-organismes qui peuvent impacter négativement ou positivement la fitness de la plante. De plus, la graine permet la dispersion et la survie des agents phytopathogènes entre deux cycles de culture de la plante hôte. Dans ce contexte, l’objectif de ce travail était de : (i) décrypter les processus écologiques impliqués dans l’acquisition du microbiote des graines, (ii) analyser sa réponse à l’invasion par des agents phytopathogènes et(iii) suivre sa dynamique durant la germination de la graine et l’émergence de la plantule. Premièrement, nous avons analysé la structure du microbiote de graines de radis(Raphanus sativus) produites dans un même site sur trois générations successives. Ces analyses ont révélé une faible héritabilité du microbiote des graines avec peu de taxons dominants transmis d’une génération à l’autre. Ceci pourrait être expliqué par l’importance des processus neutres dans l’assemblage du microbiote des graines.Ensuite, nous avons étudié la réponse de ce microbiote à une invasion par Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris(Xcc) et Alternaria brassicicola (Ab), deux agents phytopathogènes transmis par les graines. La transmission de Xcc aux graines n’impacte pas la composition globale du microbiote. En revanche, la transmission d’Ab modifie la structure des communautés fongiques. Ces différences de réponse sont probablement dues aux compétitions pour l’espace et les nutriments entre l’agent phytopathogène et les autres membres du microbiote. Finalement, la composition et la structure du microbiote des graines germées et des plantules ont révélé une transmission de la majorité des taxons associés à la graine y compris Xcc etAb. Globalement, les résultats de ce travail de thèse permettront à terme d’élaborer des stratégies de biocontrôle basées sur la modulation du microbiote des grainesSeed represents the initial step of the plant life cycle and harbors diverse microorganisms that can have detrimental or beneficial impacts on plant fitness. Moreover, seed represents an important means of pathogen dispersion and survival during intercrop periods. For those reasons, the aims of this work were to (i) unveil the ecological processes involved in the acquisition of the seedmicrobiota, (ii) to analyze its response against plant pathogens invasion and (iii) to monitor its dynamics during the first plant developmental stages, namely germination and emergence. First, we assessed the structure of the radish seed microbiota (Raphanus sativus) in the same experimental site across three successive plant generations. These analyses revealed a low heritability of the seed microbiota with few dominant taxa transmitted across generations. Neutral-based processes seem to be important in assembly of the seed microbiota. Second, we monitored the response of the seed microbiota to invasions by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) and Alternaria brassicicola (Ab), two seed-transmitted pathogens. While Xcc seed transmission do not change the composition of microbial communities, Ab transmission modified the structure of seed-associated fungal communities. This differences in response could be partly explained by competition for space and nutrients between the pathogenic agents and the members of the seed microbiota. Finally, composition and structure of microbial communities associated to germinating seed and seedling revealed transmission of most seed-borne microorganisms including Xcc and Ab from seed to seedling. Altogether, the results of this thesis could be helpful for designing future biocontrol strategies based on seed microbiota modulation
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Bitter, James Robert, and Jill Sauerheber. "Working with Trauma across Generations." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/5242.
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Perz, Michael Robert. "Integrating stakeholder requirements across generations of technology." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2006. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/06Sep%5FPerz.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S. in Systems Engineering)--Naval Postgraduate School, September 2006.Thesis Advisor(s): Orin E. Marvel. "September 2006." Includes bibliographical references (p. 93-95). Also available in print.
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Macura, Zoran, and Jonathan Ginzburg. "Acquiring words across generations : introspectively or interactively?" Universität Potsdam, 2006. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2006/1040/.
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How does a shared lexicon arise in population
of agents with differing lexicons,
and how can this shared lexicon be maintained
over multiple generations? In order
to get some insight into these questions
we present an ALife model in
which the lexicon dynamics of populations
that possess and lack metacommunicative
interaction (MCI) capabilities are
compared. We ran a series of experiments on multi-generational populations whose initial state involved agents possessing distinct lexicons. These experiments reveal some clear differences in the lexicon dynamics of populations that acquire words solely by introspection contrasted with populations that learn using MCI or using a mixed strategy of introspection and MCI.
The lexicon diverges at a faster rate for an introspective population, eventually collapsing to one single form which is associated with all meanings. This contrasts sharply with MCI capable populations in which a lexicon is maintained, where every meaning is associated with a unique word. We also investigated the effect of increasing the meaning space and showed that it speeds up the lexicon divergence for all populations irrespective of their acquisition method.
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Mandarino, Peter. "Employment across generations: Italian men in Toronto." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/28154.
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This research examines the labour force characteristics of several generations of Italian men working in Toronto. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach, the analysis focuses on differences in participation and occupational status characteristics between generations of Italian workers. This study also investigates the social and geographic factors that may underpin observed labour market outcomes for men. In particular, the study focuses on social processes mediated by interpersonal relations constituted in and across particular locales (such as the home and schools). Some possible explanations for differences in the labour market status of generations of Italian men are presented, including a discussion of the messages transmitted within families about education, the influence of residential locale on labour market opportunities, and an exploration of the ways that gender roles influence the strategies and expectations for men with regard to work.
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Vázquez, Ernesto (Vázquez-Sáenez). "Managing conflict across generations in the workplace." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/50103.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 2009.Includes bibliographical references (p. 75-76).
The current American workplace is made up of members of four distinct generations: "Veterans" (born between 1922-1943), "Boomers" (born between 1943-1960), "Generation X" (born between 1960 - 1980), and "Generation Y" (born between 1980 and 2000). Members of each generation bring to the workplace very distinct assumptions regarding technology, expertise, and rewards. This thesis explores the nature of differences in assumptions across all four generations. It takes the two most relevant to the current work environment, Boomers and Generation Y, and analyzes how their different approaches to technology, expertise and rewards cause conflict in the workplace. After conducting a literature review on conflict and change management at work, I propose a process for preventing and mitigating generational conflict at work.
by Ernesto Vazquez.
S.M.
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Alkhairo, Marwa Wael. "Iraqi diasporic identity across generations, struggle, and war." Connect to Electronic Thesis (CONTENTdm), 2008. http://worldcat.org/oclc/442931151/viewonline.
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Mickelson, Jamie M. Ms. "A Comparison of Meat Purchasing Attitudes Across Generations." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2014. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1320.
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To identify the factors that influence different generations meat purchasing behaviors. The list of the features for respondents to report are desirable to them when they purchase meat. The results of features will provide the answer to meat purchasing attitudes across generations, which will help to analyze which features influence generations purchasing behaviors. There were 290 respondents to the survey. The target markets are split in to four groups – young Millennials, older Millennials, Generation Xers, and Baby Boomers. The highest desirability for respondents decisions to purchase meat is good value for the money and second is no hormones added. The organic product is rated the least desirable for young Millennials, Generation Xers, and Baby Boomers. Lastly, the local brand is important to respondents, when it comes to fruits, vegetables, and meats but fruit and vegetables show more important than meat.
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Parrett, Dayna E. "Family Dinner Across Generations: My How Times Have Changed?" UKnowledge, 2016. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/hes_etds/38.
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In an effort to determine differences between family dinners across generations, this study examined typical family dinners of participants and how they have changed across the four generations addressed. Previous qualitative research has been conducted to determine communication frames that occur during family dinners and the effect of parenting styles on family dinners, but little research connecting generational differences to family dinners has been published. Data were collected from a homogeneous sample of twenty-four women living in three counties across the Commonwealth of Kentucky. By asking open ended questions during interviews, similarities and differences between family dinners across generations were identified, and target approaches to increase the frequency of future family dinners were discussed.
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O'Rouke-Scott, Elizabeth Alice. "Family talk : Irish women across generations negotiate single motherhood." Thesis, Open University, 2018. http://oro.open.ac.uk/54913/.
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Until relatively recently, single motherhood in Ireland, could result in stigmatisation, social exclusion and institutionalisation. This thesis examines the ways in which three generations of women in Irish families talked about single motherhood. Interviews were conducted with seven intergenerational families of women in family groups. Follow up interviews were carried out with each woman individually after the family interviews. At least one of the women in each family of three generations had, at some point in her life, been pregnant and unmarried under the age of 20 and had kept the child. The research was informed by social constructionism and critical discursive psychological methodologies. Despite protestations of change and openness to sexual freedoms in Irish society, the research identified discourses of progress and social change alongside discourses of chastity and sexual morality. Drawing on these discourses, single mothers and their families used complex strategies to construct respectability. Good mothering identities were taken up alongside neoliberal concerns and sexual stigmatisation was avoided by taking up positions of naiveté and sexual innocence. Moreover, family identities were constructed collaboratively in the narratives of the women. These narratives reinforced gender roles, constructed family support during pregnancy and following the birth of a child, but also attributed blame and applied sanctions to single mothers. Fathers of single mothers were argued to be disappointed by their daughters’ unsanctioned pregnancies, whilst fathers of children were argued as necessary, if sometimes unwilling, participants in the lives of children. The thesis contributes an understanding of how Irish women live and how they understand and are allowed to understand themselves as well as the ways in which family respectability is negotiated collaboratively. It also adds to our understanding of the ways in which family identities can be maintained and sustained in family interaction in the context of identity trouble.
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Lurie-Beck, Janine Karen. "The differential impact of holocaust trauma across three generations." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2007. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/37242/1/Janine_Lurie-Beck_Thesis.pdf.
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In the current thesis, the reasons for the differential impact of Holocaust trauma on Holocaust survivors, and the differential intergenerational transmission of this trauma to survivors’ children and grandchildren were explored. A model specifically related to Holocaust trauma and its transmission was developed based on trauma, family systems and attachment theories as well as theoretical and anecdotal conjecture in the Holocaust literature. The Model of the Differential Impact of Holocaust Trauma across Three Generations was tested firstly by extensive meta-analyses of the literature pertaining to the psychological health of Holocaust survivors and their descendants and secondly via analysis of empirical study data.
The meta-analyses reported in this thesis represent the first conducted with research pertaining to Holocaust survivors and grandchildren of Holocaust survivors. The meta-analysis of research conducted with children of survivors is the first to include both published and unpublished research. Meta-analytic techniques such as meta-regression and sub-set meta-analyses provided new information regarding the influence of a number of unmeasured demographic variables on the psychological health of Holocaust survivors and descendants. Based on the results of the meta-analyses it was concluded that Holocaust survivors and their children and grandchildren suffer from a statistically significantly higher level or greater severity of psychological symptoms than the general population. However it was also concluded that there is statistically significant variation in psychological health within the Holocaust survivor and descendant populations. Demographic variables which may explain a substantial amount of this variation have been largely under-assessed in the literature and so an empirical study was needed to clarify the role of demographics in determining survivor and descendant mental health.
A total of 124 participants took part in the empirical study conducted for this thesis with 27 Holocaust survivors, 69 children of survivors and 28 grandchildren of survivors. A worldwide recruitment process was used to obtain these participants. Among the demographic variables assessed in the empirical study, aspects of the survivors’ Holocaust trauma (namely the exact nature of their Holocaust experiences, the extent of family bereavement and their country of origin) were found to be particularly potent predictors of not only their own psychological health but continue to be strongly influential in determining the psychological health of their descendants. Further highlighting the continuing influence of the Holocaust was the finding that number of Holocaust affected ancestors was the strongest demographic predictor of grandchild of survivor psychological health.
Apart from demographic variables, the current thesis considered family environment dimensions which have been hypothesised to play a role in the transmission of the traumatic impact of the Holocaust from survivors to their descendants. Within the empirical study, parent-child attachment was found to be a key determinant in the transmission of Holocaust trauma from survivors to their children and insecure parent-child attachment continues to reverberate through the generations. In addition, survivors’ communication about the Holocaust and their Holocaust experiences to their children was found to be more influential than general communication within the family.
Ten case studies (derived from the empirical study data set) are also provided; five Holocaust survivors, three children of survivors and two grandchildren of survivors. These cases add further to the picture of heterogeneity of the survivor and descendant populations in both experiences and adaptations.
It is concluded that the legacy of the Holocaust continues to leave its mark on both its direct survivors and their descendants. Even two generations removed, the direct and indirect effects of the Holocaust have yet to be completely nullified. Research with Holocaust survivor families serves to highlight the differential impacts of state-based trauma and the ways in which its effects continue to be felt for generations. The revised and empirically tested Model of the Differential Impact of Holocaust Trauma across Three Generations presented at the conclusion of this thesis represents a further clarification of existing trauma theories as well as the first attempt at determining the relative importance of both cognitive, interpersonal/interfamilial interaction processes and demographic variables in post-trauma psychological health and transmission of traumatic impact.
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Savage, Sally. "Musical mothering: Middle-class strategies and affect across generations." Thesis, Monash University, 2019. https://bridges.monash.edu/articles/thesis/Musical_mothering_Middle-class_strategies_and_affect_across_generations/8786003.
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Musical mothering: Middle-class strategies and affect across generations is an intergenerational sociological study of ten middle-class mothers exploring the relationship between music and women’s mothering practices. Applying Bourdieu’s conceptual toolkit and feminist mothering theory, the study reveals a diversity of mothers’ stories to illustrate the joys and tensions in cultivating musical children. The findings show that music affords women deeper family connections, increased well-being and a means to be perceived as ‘good’ mothers. This study contributes to intergenerational studies of music and family life, highlighting how engagement with music – formally and informally – has significant consequences for mothering practices in Australia.
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Liddil, Audrey Crawford. "Food Practices and Ritual in the Family Across Three Generations." DigitalCommons@USU, 1987. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/2698.
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The overall purpose of this study was to assess family patterns in regard to food practices and family rituals that occur in all families. Specifically, four major purposes were considered in this study: (a) to learn more about generational food practices and how they are passed from one generation to the next, (b) to analyze demographic factors in relation to food related practices, (c) to understand the role of family ritual in family food practices, and (d) to learn how family food practices impact the dietary patterns for society at large.
The data were obtained in February am March of 1986 from Idaho state University students via an 11-page questionnaire. The sample included 20 Young married couples with a child at least two years of age and both sets of their parents. Information was gathered from the grandparent generation by asking questions of the parent generation considering their home of origin.
The major findings of this study were:
1. Parental example was the largest factor in food habits, with mothers having the greatest impact between the parents. When considering special eating styles and settings, mothers were more likely to pass information across generations than fathers. Mothers have been, and are still, the major menu planners and meal preparers; but fathers I influence on food habits has increased over time, especially when considering what is served to the family. Mothers desire more fixed meal scheduling than fathers or other family members.
2. The average time spent at meals has decreased over time, and saying grace at meals has increased across time.
3. The second generation was the most influential generation in celebrating holidays with special eating styles and patterns.
4. Televisions and microwave ovens are having a major impact on families over time. With increased ownership of microwaves, there is an increase of snacking instead of having regular meals. Television viewing at meal time has increased dramatically over time. A major implication of this study is to provide food and nutrition educational programs that teach all family members the central concepts that can be applied in the changing daily eating practices.
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Papavasileiou, Emmanouil. "Work values across generations : a study of the Greek hotel workforce." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/14726.
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“There is a problem in the workplace…It is a problem of values, ambitions, views, mind-sets, demographics, and generations in conflict. The workplace you and we inhabit today is awash with the conflicting voices and views of the most age- and value-diverse workforce this country has known since our great-great-grandparents abandoned field and farm for factory and office” (Zemke, Raines & Filipczak, 2000, p. 9). The opening quotation encapsulates the popular belief among management practitioners that substantive and meaningful inter-generational differences exist in work values among the members of current workforce. Despite this practitioner interest and debate, systematic empirical research either to confirm or refute popular claims has, until recently, been lagging. Moreover, the few academic studies on this topic have largely focused on the US context and research from other countries, particularly non-English speaking, is scant. The aim of this study is to fill this vacuum by investigating the nature of work values across the prevalent generations of workers within the relatively unexplored cultural context of Greek hotel organisations. Building upon Schwartz’s (1994) theory of basic values and Vincent’s (2005) culture-specific approach of generational identity formation, this study proposes a values-based framework for studying generational differences in the workplace. The framework includes four types of work values namely extrinsic, intrinsic, prestige and social and three age-based generational groups; the Divided generation (1946-1966), the Metapolitefsi generation (1967-1981) and the Europeanised generation (1982-1996). The framework assumes that age-based generational identity is a culture specific phenomenon comprised of a distinctive set of values. The expectations and motivations towards work are shaped by this set of values, which emerged as a product of a living through experience from the successive entry into adulthood and endure as the members of each generation travelling through time together. In addition, generational boundaries are determined by revolutionary events that are contingent on the specific cultural context in which they became meaningful. The study assessed the concept of work values with a novel scale, designed to succinctly measure the four underlying work value types that were consistently observed in previous research. The proposed work values model was tested using a multiple triangulation approach with two samples and two methods of analysis across two studies. In study 1, the work values scores were collected by 303 workers in 7 year-round hotel establishments operated in the region of Macedonia and analysed with exploratory factor analysis. In study 2, the work values scores were collected by 304 workers in 7 seasonal hotel establishments from the same region and analysed with confirmatory factor analysis. The results of study 2 confirmed the outcome of study 1. More importantly, the analysis revealed that compared to theory driven alternatives, a second-order model, comprised of a general work values factor with four latent factors – intrinsic, material, power and affective work values, best fitted the data. This model helps to show how various types of work values fit together into a cohesive whole, allowing HR researchers and practitioners to identify broader patterns and trends in work values to improve HR interventions. Furthermore, multivariate analysis of variance among the entire sample (607 hotel workers) revealed significant generational differences in three types of work values (intrinsic, prestige and social), even when the effect of gender (male vs female) and operational pattern (seasonal vs year round) was taken into account. Some of the most complex challenges facing human resource professionals in contemporary organisations such as conflict, transferring of knowledge as well as retention of talents are often associated with these differences. Knowledge about the work values of each generation cohabiting current workplace can help organisations in creating practices that foster inter-generational synergies and comfort in the workplace. This in turn will allow them to narrow the social distance represented by the “generation gap”, an impediment to the effectiveness of even the most sophisticated human resource practices.
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Pontalti, Kirsten. "Coming of age and changing institutional pathways across generations in Rwanda." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:bc1f479e-f45d-437a-939c-4b337fb427a6.
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This thesis offers an account of children's lived experiences in Rwanda (1930s-2016) in four key domains: kinship, education, economic transitions, and marriage. Based on historical and ethnographic fieldwork in rural and urban Rwanda from 2012 to 2014, this work explores how three generations of young people have experienced and navigated childhood and coming of age at the interface of 'traditional' and 'modern' institutional systems. Rather than focusing narrowly on 'crisis' childhoods, individual agency, or exogenous forces, as studies of young Africans and social change tend to, this work examines young people's 'everyday' actions - intentional and unintentional, individual and collective, compliant and non-compliant - and locates them within their broader historical, relational, and institutional environment. By focusing on the intensely reproductive period of childhood and coming of age, on Rwanda's unexceptional majority rather than its exceptionally vulnerable minority, and on children's everyday actions rather than the strategic actions of elites, this thesis shows us how children shape the institutions of childhood and marriage and, in so doing, influence how society is reproduced and changed. Theoretically, this thesis explains how children and their institutional environment are mutually constituting: it examines how and why young people experience rapid change and structural violence differently and it traces how they reproduce and change these structural conditions as they engage with institutional mechanisms in (un)intended ways. The research reveals that children in central Rwanda navigate constraints and opportunities by drawing on established kinship relationships and institutions while also opportunistically engaging with modern institutions and their actors. However, in this context of 'institutional multiplicity', traditional and modern institutional systems each need Rwanda's young majority to reproduce their institutions over others', and as intended, to achieve their power-distributional goals. This makes children's actions particularly consequential and demands that we redefine what political action - and political actors - look like.
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Tomlinson, Claire Sigrid, and Claire Sigrid Tomlinson. "Rule Governance: Implications for Practice and Rule Fidelity Across Four Generations." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/625229.
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The present study examined relations between obeying a rule (putting a rule into practice) versus transmitting the rule without practice across generations of participants. Undergraduates (N=96), composed of eight groups, four Practice and four No Practice, demonstrated that practice contributes significantly to rule fidelity across generations. After four generations of rule transmission, participants without practice but exposed to traditional instruction-based learning, more slowly and less persistently followed the original rule than those with practice – apparently due to a loss of information across No Practice generations. That is, due to an absence of experiential learning, participants without practice apparently lost components of the instructions needed to effectively complete the task. The present results indicate that putting instructions into practice may be a useful training method for organizations, institutions, or research that requires accurate informational transfer from individual to individual.
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Alqahtani, Rajaa Taha. "Social change and women's work across three generations in Abha, Saudi Arabia." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2012. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/846228/.
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Women's work participation in Saudi society has been characterised as low and limited to a few gender-segregated fields; mainly in education and social services. However, previous social studies provide limited explanations for this, and at the same time little is known about the history of women's work in the pre-Oil era. Today younger generations of women are facing high rates of unemployment and underemployment, which requires a deep analysis and understanding. Hence, this study aimed to reveal various aspects of paid and unpaid work across three generations of women in Abha starting from the establishment of the Saudi state in 1932 to the present day. The study explored the main factors of social change that have constructed women's work, how work experiences have influenced women's lives and identities, and the links between women's work and their empowerment. To achieve this, the research involved a qualitative study based on 77 in-depth interviews with women in Abha, southwest Saudi Arabia. A purposive sample of women was collected from three generations of women, which included a range of socioeconomic classes. Major findings of this study indicate that women's position in the labour market has been influenced by a complex of economic and cultural factors, the core of which have been directed by the Saudi state's political project of being "modern and Islamic". A range of mechanisms have been mobilised, particularly regarding state policies, gender segregation system and education, with profound implications for women's lives. Women have been a marker of the State's political project, and have embodied the paradoxical aspects of this project as modern but Islamic. Although factors of social change and work experience have had different impacts on women belonging to various generations and socio-economic backgrounds, they have moulded the collective identity for Saudi women in Abha, which has transferred from local to national, and finally to a contested national identity. Across the three generations, women's empowerment has been limited by lack of resources and restricted agency. This makes achieving empowerment through employment by 2015, as required by the Millennium Development Goals (UN 2000), a very difficult goal to achieve unless the state launches an urgent reform plan.
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Parkes-Sandri, Robyn Amy. "Weaving the past into the present : Indigenous stories of education across generations." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2013. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/61010/1/Robyn_Parkes_Sandri_final_theis_11_April_2013.pdf.
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In Queensland, there is little research that speaks to the historical experiences of schooling. Aboriginal education remains a part of the silenced history of Aboriginal people. This thesis presents stories of schooling from Aboriginal people across three generations of adult storytellers. Elders, grandparents, and young parents involved in an early childhood urban playgroup were included. Stories from the children attending the playgroup were also welcomed.
The research methodology involved narrative storywork. This is culturally appropriate because Aboriginal stories connect the past with the present. The conceptual framework for the research draws on decolonising theory. Typically, reports of Aboriginal schooling and outcomes position Aboriginal families and children within a deficit discourse.
The issues and challenges faced by urban Murri families who have young children or children in school are largely unknown.
This research allowed Aboriginal families to participate in an engaged dialogue about their childhood and offered opportunities to tell their stories of education. Key research questions were: What was the reality of school for different generations of Indigenous people? What beliefs and values are held about mainstream education for Indigenous children? What ideas are communicated about school across generations? Narratives from five elders, five grandparents, and five (urban) mothers of young Indigenous children are presented. The elders offer testimony on their recollected experiences of schooling in a mission, a Yumba school (fringe-dwellers’ camp), and country schools. Their stories also speak to the need to pass as non-indigenous and act as “white”. The next generation of storytellers are the grandparents and they speak to their lives as “stolen children”. The final story tellers are the Murri parents. They speak to the current and recent past of education, as well as their family experiences as they parent young children who are about to enter school or who are in the early years of school.
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Töllner, Thomas. "Weighting Mechanisms Within and Across Modalities." Diss., lmu, 2007. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-87275.
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Arkfeld, Allison Danielle. "Playing in Virtual Spaces| Radical Emergence within Technologically Embodied Generations." Thesis, Pacifica Graduate Institute, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10746102.
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Technology has been integrated into the modern era and continues to influence society, culture, and the individual. The digital influence has left a split in its wake that affects intergenerational relationships, value constructs, self-development, and the aesthetics of attachment. The paradigm that dominates the majority of psychological theory and practice is functioning from metanarrative models that are being rejected by younger generations. Using a hermeneutic method, this thesis explores the inception and continuing radical emergence of the technological self. Winnicott’s theory of transitional objects and potential space, along with Kaufman’s quantum physics theory of radical emergence, are utilized to reveal how the Internet and digital devices function to fulfill the needs of Millennials and Generation Zers. Psychoanalysis is facing the demand to attend to the shifts and gaps between traditional, dominant therapy models and the millennial self that has become technologically embodied.
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Grundwald, Natalia Janina. "Neuroendocrine and behavioural effects of stress during pregnancy across two generations of rats." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/25900.
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Prenatal stress (PNS) has been shown to affect a range of different modalities, like stress responsiveness and affective traits in both animals and humans. Previously, Dr Paula Brunton’s lab has used a novel model of ethologically relevant prenatal social stress and had shown increased stress responsiveness in both first generation (F1) PNS males and females and increased anxiety-like trait in males, together with corresponding changes in mRNA expression for corticotrophin releasing hormone (Crh) and its receptors. The first aim on this project was to further explore the phenotype of PNS offspring created using this model in social context. F1 PNS females, but not males, displayed an impairment in social memory in comparison to control females, which was supported by lower vasopressin receptor type 1a (Avpr1a) mRNA expression in the anterior part of lateral septum and bed nucleus of stria terminalis. Acute stress exposure immediately prior to the social memory test, impaired social memory in control males and females, but had no effect in PNS males and markedly improved performance in PNS females. This facilitated learning in the PNS females was supported by the finding of higher Avpr1a mRNA expression in both target regions in the brain. Finally, olfactory memory for social but not non-social odours was also impaired in PNS females, compared to control females, indicating that deficits in social memory in PNS females are specific to social odours and not in the detection and/or processing of all odours. It has been shown previously that phenotypes observed in PNS animals can also be seen following disrupted maternal care in the early post-partum period and that stress can affect maternal behaviour. To investigate this possibility in the current model a maternal behaviour observation protocol was developed. Dams were observed during the first postnatal week, three times/day in 90 min blocks. Stressed dams showed an increase in pup-directed behaviours, together with an increase in arched back nursing specifically, compared to control dams. Furthermore, studies have shown that maternal behaviour patterns can be transferred from mother to daughters, therefore this possibility was also investigated here. There were no differences in maternal behaviour between F1 control and F1 PNS dams. The maternal behaviour experiment for the F1 PNS dams created a unique opportunity to study their offspring (F2). F2 PNS rats had lower body weights than their control counterparts throughout their lifetimes, while not differing significantly in their calorie intake. Increased anxiety-like behaviour was also observed in both the F2 males and females (but only during proestrous and estrous stages of their cycle). These changes were supported in males by increased Crh and Crh receptor type 1 and decreased Crh receptor type 2 mRNA expression in discrete regions of the amygdala. Furthermore, F2 PNS females exhibited exaggerated, and males attenuated ACTH and corticosterone secretion in response to acute stress, compared with controls. The reduced stress response in F2 PNS males was supported by higher glucocorticoid receptor (GR, Nr3c1) mRNA expression in field CA1 of hippocampus. In F2 PNS females, increased stress responses were associated with increased Crh and Avp mRNA expression in the medial parvocellular division of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and lower basal Nr3c1 and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR, Nr3c2) mRNA expression in the hippocampus. As increased stress and anxiety-like responses have been linked to a depressive phenotype that possibility was also investigated. No changes were found in either sucrose preference or floating/swimming behaviour in the forced swim test between the F2 PNS and control rats, in either sex. Finally, the variation in individual stress responsiveness and anxiety-like trait and the relationship between these phenotypes was investigated in an outbred male Sprague Dawley population. It was found that three of the most commonly used anxiety tests: open field test, light dark box and elevated plus maze do not correlate as well with each other as could be expected. Secondly plasma corticosterone concentrations 30min after the onset of acute restraint stress were positively correlated with the amount of time the rats spent in the anxiogenic environments, showing perhaps counter-intuitively, that the higher the stress responses the less anxious the male rat is. The behavioural tests were also used as a selection procedure to compare gene expression by microarray in the amygdala of high and low anxious rats and hypothalamus of high and low stress-responsive rats. To summarise, stress during pregnancy has profound effects on the dams’ immediate maternal behaviour, as well as neuroendocrine and behavioural effects in both the F1 and F2 offspring. Furthermore, there is evidence of inter-individual variation in stress responsiveness and anxiety-like behaviour in an outbred rat population. This data could lead to further understanding of the origins of inter-individual variation and appreciation of the effect of stress throughout the life course.
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Neuburger, Jenny. "Trends in the unequal pay of women and men across three British generations." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2010. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10006519/.
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So, Stella Hoi Yan. "Ethnic entrepreneurial motivations and learning : the case of Chinese entrepreneurs across two generations." Thesis, Ulster University, 2016. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.694654.
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Ethnic entrepreneurship has been researched in a number of studies and several main themes have been developed to explore foreign immigrants' entrepreneurial motives. Some suggest immigrants' choice of self-employment is related to discrimination they receive in their host countries which creates a push factor for these individuals to pursue entrepreneurship. Another contributing factor to ethnic entrepreneurship is 'blocked mobility', which is often caused by constraints such as language barriers and lack of education. On the other hand, a trend has been established that the younger ethnic generation are moving into higher value and higher repaying jobs. There is support indicating the differences in education level between first and second generation ethnic entrepreneurs, in particular the distinction between 'desirability' and 'feasibility' has major influences on entrepreneurial motivations. It has also been raised that research carried out on entrepreneurial learning is far from reaching critical mass and limited research has been dedicated to the topic of Chinese ethnic entrepreneurial learning. Furthermore, some suggest the study of entrepreneurial learning is starting to move away from individual's context and emphasising more on learning from the experiences and contact with others. This exploratory research used a generational comparative approach in semi structured, face to face interviews with ten first generation and ten second generation Chinese entrepreneurs in the island of Ireland. The research study also adopted a 'life story' narrative approach, to gain access to their practices, personality, learning processes and historical background. This research contributed to minority entrepreneurial theory by offering insights from an intergenerational study of Chinese entrepreneurs. Extant literature can be widely found on intergenerational issues within family business firms, yet exploring such issues beyond the family business context is important. Conclusions also highlighted future direction for integrating the first and second generation to preserve the Chinese ethnic culture for the next generation and beyond.
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Fiasson, Romain. "Allophonic imitation within and across word positions." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM3137.
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Cette thèse s'intéresse à l'imitation dans la parole, c'est à dire à la tendance pour un locuteur de parler de façon plus similaire à son interlocuteur. Beaucoup d'entre nous font l'expérience de ce phénomène lorsque que nous conversons avec une personne qui possède un accent différent. Certaines caractéristiques de notre propre parole peuvent changer, pour se rapprocher de celle de notre interlocuteur. L'imitation dans la parole a fait l'objet de récentes études. Notre contribution à ce type de recherches est d'étudier l'imitation au niveau allophonique, c'est à dire au niveau des réalisations phonétiques possibles d'un phonème. Nous voulons savoir si l'imitation d'un son phonétique pour un phonème donné, dans une position de mot donnée, peut influencer les autres réalisations de ce phonème, dans la même position de mot. Nous voulons également savoir si l'imitation d'un son phonétique pour un phonème donné, dans une position de mot donnée, peut influencer la réalisation d'autres allophones de ce phonème, dans une position de mot différenteThis dissertation investigates imitation in speech, which is the general tendency shown by a speaker to become more similar to another speaker in the way they speak. Many of us have experienced this while talking to someone who is speaking the same language but with a different accent. Conversing with such a person can affect some characteristics of our speech, so that we come to sound more like them. Imitation in speech has been very extensively studied, especially over recent years. To contribute to this line of research we provide an account of imitation in speech at the allophonic level, that is at the level of the possible phonetic realisations of a phoneme. We are interested in whether imitation of the sound of a given phoneme in a particular word position can influence the other possible realisations of that phoneme in the same word position. We are also interested in determining whether imitation of a speech sound in a particular word position for a given phoneme can affect the realisations of that phoneme in a different word position
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Aoshima, Yaichi. "Knowledge transfer across generations : the impact on product development performance in the automobile industry." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/11179.
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Thia, Jang Ping. "Trade liberalisation and specialisation within and across industries." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2008. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2150/.
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This thesis investigates three aspects of trade liberalisation. Chapter Two presents a model with business cycle uncertainty, monopolistic competition, and productively heterogeneous firms. The results show that greater trade liberalisation does not always lead to increased firm-level aggregate productivity, since weaker firms can export in the face of adverse home shocks. However, trade liberalisation dampens price-output fluctuations, and is welfare improving if countries have trade partners with uncorrelated shocks. This is a pro-globalisation result since it implies greater macroeconomic stability. Some empirical evidence is presented to support this view. Chapter Three introduces firm heterogeneity into an Economic Geography setting. The results show that even a small difference in the productivity distributions between two locations can have a significant impact on capital distribution - even as wage-rental rates remain the same across locations - if trade is free enough. It provides an alternative perspective to the Lucas Paradox. The model also shows why high sunk cost industries will locate in less risky locations (North) with greater trade liberalisation, while low sunk cost industries go the other way. Trade liberalisation accentuates these effects, and leads to a different North-South industrial specialisation. Chapter Four introduces worker skills heterogeneity into an Economic Geography setting. Trade liberalisation occurs in two separate waves. Manufacturing first agglomerates when goods trade is liberalised. The result shows that subsequent services trade liberalisation can lead to a loss in manufacturing (or de-industrialisation), changes in specialisation, and stagnation of manufacturing wages. As a consequence of trade liberalisation, there is inequality both within and between nations. The results also show that a relative increase in skilled workers may lead to greater (not less) skilled workers' premium if it encourages greater services agglomeration. The model is consistent with North-South development patterns.
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Mejova, Yelena Aleksandrovna. "Sentiment analysis within and across social media streams." Diss., University of Iowa, 2012. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/2943.
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Social media offers a powerful outlet for people's thoughts and feelings -- it is an enormous ever-growing source of texts ranging from everyday observations to involved discussions. This thesis contributes to the field of sentiment analysis, which aims to extract emotions and opinions from text. A basic goal is to classify text as expressing either positive or negative emotion. Sentiment classifiers have been built for social media text such as product reviews, blog posts, and even Twitter messages. With increasing complexity of text sources and topics, it is time to re-examine the standard sentiment extraction approaches, and possibly to re-define and enrich sentiment definition. Thus, this thesis begins by introducing a rich multi-dimensional model based on Affect Control Theory and showing its usefulness in sentiment classification. Next, unlike sentiment analysis research to date, we examine sentiment expression and polarity classification within and across various social media streams by building topical datasets. When comparing Twitter, reviews, and blogs on consumer product topics, we show that it is possible, and sometimes even beneficial, to train sentiment classifiers on text sources which are different from the target text. This is not the case, however, when we compare political discussion in YouTube comments to Twitter posts, demonstrating the difficulty of political sentiment classification. We further show that neither discussion volume or sentiment expressed in these streams correspond well to national polls, putting in question recent research linking the two. The complexity of political discussion also calls for a more specific re-definition of "sentiment" as agreement with the author's political stance. We conclude that sentiment must be defined, and tools for its analysis designed, within a larger framework of human interaction.
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Slebodnik, Shari Beth. "Differences in Sex-Role Characteristics, among Cisgender American Adults, across Generations X, Y, and Z." Thesis, Capella University, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10747884.
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Culture and social norms influence sex roles and expression, according to previous studies. This leads to the research question of whether there a difference in sex-role characteristics and generational category among cisgender American adults from Generation X, Generation Y, and Generation Z. A gap in the research about sex-role evolution in generational and cultural shifts provided an open opportunity for this investigation to strengthen the literature. Data collection without making any changes or introducing any treatments was employed, via quantitative non-experimental means, using survey methodology. The population consisted of cisgender American adults from Generation X, Generation Y, and Generation Z. SurveyMonkey Audience was used to sample the population, through participant inclusion criteria outlined as being aged 18 to 50 years, a U.S. citizen, and identifying as cisgender, and able to read and understand English. The self-perceived sex-role characteristics of three generational groups (Generations X, Y, & Z) were analyzed, employing a quantitative non-experimental design to determine whether there was a statistically significant difference between group means. Results concluded that a statistically significant difference was found for the interaction of generation and self-identified sex for both masculinity and femininity. Continuing research in this area will ensure that extending the body of knowledge of evolutionary psychology will enable the social support systems to allow for more flexibility in relation to socially dictated norms. Additionally, governing bodies, mental health workers, and medical professionals would benefit from more thorough and sensitive gender identity training.
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Lee, Ji Yun. "Risk-informed decision for civil infrastructure exposed to natural hazards: sharing risk across multiple generations." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/53965.
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Civil infrastructure facilities play a central role in the economic, social and political health of modern society and their safety, integrity and functionality must be maintained at manageable cost over their service lives through design and periodic maintenance. Hurricanes and tropical cyclones, tornadoes, earthquakes and floods are paramount among the potentially devastating and costly natural disasters impacting civil infrastructure. Even larger losses may occur in the future, given the population growth and economic development accompanying urbanization in potentially hazardous areas of the world. Moreover, in recent years, the effects that global climate change might have on both the frequency and severity of extreme events from natural hazards and their effect on civil infrastructure facilities have become a major concern for decision makers. Potential influences of climate change on civil infrastructure are even greater for certain facilities with service periods of 100 years or more, which are substantially longer than those previously considered in life-cycle engineering and may extend across multiple generations. Customary risk-informed decision frameworks may not be applicable to such long-term event horizons, because they tend to devalue the importance of current decisions for future generations, causing an ethical and moral dilemma for current decision-makers. Thus, intergenerational risk-informed decision frameworks that consider facility performance over service periods well in excess of 100 years and extend across multiple generations must be developed.
This dissertation addresses risk-informed decision-making for civil infrastructure exposed to natural hazards, with a particular focus on the equitable transfer of risk across multiple generations. Risk-informed decision tools applied to extended service periods require careful modifications to current life-cycle engineering analysis methods to account for values and decision preferences of both current and future generations and to achieve decisions that will be sustainable in the long term. The methodology for supporting equitable and socio-economical sustainable decisions regarding long-term public safety incorporates two essential ingredients of such decisions: global climate change effect on stochastic models of extreme events from natural hazards and intergenerational discounting methods for equitable risk-sharing. Several specific civil infrastructure applications are investigated: a levee situated in a flood-prone city; an existing dam built in a strong earthquake-prone area; and a special moment resisting steel frame building designed to withstand hurricanes in Miami, FL. These investigations have led to the conclusion that risks can and should be shared across multiple generations; that the proposed intergenerational decision methods can achieve goals of intergenerational equity and sustainability in engineering decision-making that are reflective of the welfare and aspirations of both current and future generations; and that intergenerational equity can be achieved at reasonable cost.
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Hinks, Jasmine. "Crossing Thresholds : Curating Across Contexts within the Public Sphere." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för kultur och estetik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-152325.
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This thesis aims to investigate how a shift of the context in which artwork is presented necessitates ashift in curatorial approach. The discussion considers the overlapping categories of public andprivate in the spaces in which art is presented and encountered within the public sphere.By critically engaging with public sphere discourse, I construct a theoretical perspective rooted inChantal Mouffe's concept of agonistic space. I advocate an adaptive curatorial approach whichregards potential audiences as plural and fragmented. This perspective is then used as a lens throughwhich to analyse the curatorial strategies operative within three case studies of exhibition projectsfrom the artistic practice of Johanna Gustafsson Fürst, and to reflect on the future potential foragonistic curatorial approaches.
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Ricketts, Todd, Earl E. Johnson, and Jeremy Federman. "Individual Differences Within and Across Feedback Suppression Hearing Aids." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2008. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/1694.
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BACKGROUND: New and improved methods of feedback suppression are routinely introduced in hearing aids; however, comparisons of additional gain before feedback (AGBF) values across instruments are complicated by potential variability across subjects and measurement methods.
PURPOSE: To examine the variability in AGBF values across individual listeners and an acoustic manikin.
RESEARCH DESIGN: A descriptive study of the reliability and variability of the AGBF measured within six commercially available feedback suppression (FS) algorithms using probe microphone techniques.
STUDY SAMPLE: Sixteen participants and an acoustic manikin.
RESULTS: The range of AGBF across the six FS algorithms was 0 to 15 dB, consistent with other recent studies. However, measures made in the participants ears and on the acoustic manikin within the same instrument suggest that across instrument comparisons of AGBF measured using acoustic manikin techniques may be misleading, especially when differences between hearing aids are small (i.e., less than 6 dB). Individual subject results also revealed considerable variability within the same FS algorithms. The range of AGBF values was as small as 7 dB and as large as 16 dB depending on the specific FS algorithm, suggesting that some models are much more robust than others.
CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest caution when selecting FS algorithms clinically since different models can demonstrate similar AGBF when averaging across ears, but result in quite different AGBF values in a single individual ear.
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Sultana, Umme Busra Fateha. "Gender, sexuality and contraceptive advertisements in Bangladesh : representation and lived experience across social classes and generations." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2015. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/55285/.
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This doctoral thesis is the first comprehensive, feminist, qualitative study to take a cross-class and cross-generational perspective in exploring women's experiences of gender, contraception and sexuality, as manifested in their narratives about real life and contraceptive advertisements, in post-independence Bangladesh. The existing scholarship on Bangladesh in the areas of gender, sexualities and contraception (see for instance, Caldwell et al., 1998; Cash et al., 2001; Karim, 2012; 2014; Khan et al., 2002; Rashid and Michaud, 2000; Rashid, 2000; 2006a; 2006b) remains largely restricted to providing a cross-class and cross-generational analysis. In fact there is no study that has focused on the experiences of sexuality in the upper class in Bangladesh. Despite their limited focus on the social classes and generations, the studies generalise and conclude that a highly gendered ‘sexually suppressed culture' (Karim, 2012:40) exists in Bangladesh. Moreover, feminist media studies in Bangladesh (Ahmed, 2002; Ahmed, 2009; Begum, 2008; Gayen, 2002; Guhathakurota, 2002; Nasreen, 2002:95; Parveen, 2002) have repeatedly questioned the gendered stereotypes re/produced by the media (including advertisements) but without considering the context of production and/or audience reception of such representations. In contrast, my thesis, studying forty years (from 1971 to 2011) analyses interviews with women (across three social classes and generations) and a corpus of 166 contraceptive advertisements; it also takes into account the production issues. Women's interpretations of these advertisements with regard to their ‘lived realities' in the heteronormative sexual structure of Bangladesh, provide nuanced insights to supplement the existing literatures on gender, media, contraception and sexuality studies. The thesis concludes: women are not entirely powerless in their sexual encounters, rather, the power balance shifts based on women's various identities and the multiple determinants which shape their everyday lives. However, the ‘representation' through contraceptive advertisements operates through a patriarchal ‘circuit of culture' (Du Gay et al., 1997), which only presents a circumscribed ‘reality' and offers a predominantly gendered construction of idealised femininity, masculinity and heteronormative sexuality.
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O'Callaghan, Andrew James. "The impact of educational and industrial policy developments on working class school leavers across two generations." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/29070.
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The research project attempts to advance evaluations that look toward the major impacts educational and industrial developments within Britain over recent decades have had on working class school leavers’. The thesis aims to contribute uniquely to these fields of study by concentrating the qualitative research that underpins the project within a distinctive geographical area within south west Birmingham, an area where the employment sphere was dominated for many decades by a large car manufacturer until its closure. The research focuses on the very unique experiences of school leavers in the area across two generations that it is suggested were subject to the influences of differing educational and industrial policies. Underpinning the exploration of people from this part of Birmingham’s experiences of school and post school transition is the thesis’ contribution to the new wave of class analysis that has emerged within academia within recent years. In particular the study adheres in part to contemporary evaluations of class as being individualised and subject to variations according to cultural and social as well as economic influences through a person’s life course. However, the thesis also suggests the use of a theoretical model of class that incorporates fluid, often changing, but sometime shared class experiences. Included within this exploration is a critique of the ideological construction of working class educational and occupational underachievement as being due to individualised social and cultural deficiency. Instead the thesis suggests the interrelationship of the growth of the educational market within the UK alongside rapid deindustrialisation has influenced distinctive and at times shared working class experiences.
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Beukes, Johannes Daniel. "Language shift within two generations : Afrikaans mother tongue parents raising English mother tongue children." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97150.
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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The community of Paarl, in the Western Cape, is traditionally Afrikaans-speaking. This research investigated whether a language shift has occurred in some middle-class communities in Paarl. Certain Coloured neighbourhoods were identified. The emphasis was also on whether Afrikaans-speaking parents chose to raise their children in English. It was found that a language shift, predominantly towards English, has indeed occurred where Afrikaans first language (L1) parents were raising their children in English. This finding differs from earlier studies by Anthonissen and George (2003) and by Fortuin (2009), in which only two or three families were studied, whereas this study engaged with 50 households. This study focused mainly on the parents and their views about their decisions. Not only was the occurrence of a language shift confirmed, but the complexity of the matter was also highlighted. An attempt to preserve Afrikaans as heritage language was also noted.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die gemeenskap van Paarl, in die Wes-Kaap, is tradisioneel Afrikaanssprekend. Hierdie navorsing ondersoek of daar ’n taalverskuiwing in die middelklasgemeenskap in Paarl plaasgevind het. Die klem is ook laat val op die vraag of dit Afrikaanssprekende ouers is wat kies om hulle kinders in Engels groot te maak. Die bevinding was dat ’n taalverskuiwing wel plaasgevind het waar ouers met Afrikaans as moedertaal verkies om hulle kinders in Engels groot te maak. Die verskuiwing is derhalwe hoofsaaklik na Engels. Hierdie bevindings verskil van vroeëre studies deur Anthonissen en George (2003), asook Fortuin (2009), wat twee of drie spesifieke families ondersoek het; daarteenoor het hierdie studie 50 huisgesinne betrek. Die studie fokus hoofsaaklik op die ouers en hulle siening oor die rede vir hulle besluit. Die studie het nie net bevestig dat ’n taalverskuiwing plaasgevind het nie, die kompleksiteit van die kwessie is ook uitgelig. Daar is ook waargeneem dat ’n poging aangewend word om Afrikaans as moedertaal te behou.
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Edwards-Hawthorne, Ceri Jane. "Aristotle's daughters : a biographical study of six women's experiences of physics from three families across two generations." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2018. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/422164/.
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Since the First World War, there has been a concern about the dwindling number of physicists and engineers in the United Kingdom and the resultant negative implications for the economy. A’ level physics courses attract fewer students than biology or chemistry courses do. Since the Second World War, it has been noted that the recruitment of women into physics has been particularly poor. Whilst women have entered many occupations previously considered to be in the male domain such as medicine or law, very few are entering physics-oriented professions. Numerous initiatives from both the government and other interested institutions appear to have failed in this regard; despite these organisations’ investment, boys consistently outnumber girls on A’ level physics courses by approximately four to one. This scarcity of female A’ level students results in less women having the necessary qualifications to study physics and engineering at a higher level. Those women who do attain higher qualifications in physics are far more likely than their male colleagues to leave physics-oriented professions, are less likely to attain senior positions in physics or engineering, and are more likely to move from physics research positions to physics support occupations such as administration or teaching (Dainty et al., 2010). This narrative study has explored how six women, belonging to two generations of three different families, developed a ‘physics literacy’ and ‘identified’ with physics. It has considered how the women’s experiences of physics have changed across the two generations studied. This research was conducted within a radical orthodox paradigm applied to a sociological context. Five of the participants took part in a semi-structured interview. These interviews were then transcribed, interpreted, and analysed using a hermeneutical-phenomenological approach. The women’s stories were then presented using a Bronfenbrennerian ‘Ecology of Human Development' (Bronfenbrenner, 2006) style framework, which was achieved by placing each of their stories in a micro, meso, exo, macro, and chronosystem. Using this framework enabled the study of interactions between the different influences on the participants’ lives. What this study has revealed, contrary to the findings of many other statistical studies, is that the physics literacy of women is increasing as is their ability to identify with physics. However, there remain many cultural boundaries that continue to discourage women from pursuing a career in physics. Although it could be argued that the United Kingdom is a physics-based culture in that it assumes that the laws of physics underpin its existence, the study of physics is seen as a mysterious remote activity carried out by an elite minority of wealthy, white men. It recommends an approach to physics that will make it more exciting and accessible to a wider range of students, that physics be made less mysterious, and that families, especially those with young children, be encouraged to engage in physics-oriented leisure activities, in similar ways to which families currently engage in literature, music, and sports, to raise the overall physics identity and physics literacy of the population.
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Bartels, Pia. "Ecology across Boundaries : Food web coupling among and within ecosystems." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Limnologi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-160783.
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Cross-boundary movements of energy and material are ubiquitous. Freshwater ecosystems receive nutrients, dissolved, and particulate organic matter from adjacent terrestrial ecosystems, whereas terrestrial ecosystems mainly receive prey organisms and detritus deposited by physical processes such as floods from freshwater ecosystems. Within lakes, fish are considered as integrators between habitats due to their high mobility, although they often occupy either near-shore littoral or open-water pelagic habitats and develop habitat-specific morphologies. Such intra-population divergence in morphological traits might limit the use of multiple habitats. In this thesis, I first focused on quantity and quality of reciprocal fluxes of particulate organic matter between freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems and responses of recipient consumers. Freshwater ecosystems generally received higher amounts of externally-produced resources than terrestrial ecosystems. Despite this discrepancy, aquatic and terrestrial consumer responses were similar, likely due to the differences in resource quality. Second, I investigated the potential of particulate organic carbon (POC) supporting benthic food webs in lakes; a pathway that has largely been neglected in previous studies. I found that POC can substantially subsidize the benthic food web and that the effects on the benthic food web were transferred to the pelagic habitat, thus emphasizing the importance of benthic pathways for pelagic production. Third, I examined how water transparency can affect intra-population divergence in perch (Perca fluviatilis). I observed that increased water transparency can considerably increase morphological divergence between littoral and pelagic populations likely due to its effects on foraging. Finally, I investigated the effects of such intra-population divergence on littoral-pelagic food web coupling. I found that low morphological divergence corresponded with high overlap in resource use, whereas strong morphological divergence resulted in low overlap in resource use. Here littoral populations mainly utilized littoral resources and pelagic populations primarily utilized pelagic resources, indicating that habitat coupling might be strongly limited when intra-population divergence is high. In conclusion, although different ecosystems seem separated by distinct physical boundaries, these boundaries are often crossed. However, the development of habitat-specific adaptive traits might limit movement between apparently contiguous habitats.
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Shin, Minsoo. "Developing effective knowledge sharing strategies within teams and across organisations." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.272729.
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Borrill, Stephen Joseph. "Within- and across-channel processes contributing to comodulation detection differences." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.624827.
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Linzer, Pamela. "Occupational Health Across Generationally-defined Age Groups in a Cohort of Hospital Nurses:." Thesis, Boston College, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:108709.
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Thesis advisor: Sean ClarkeIn the popular press and in the public imagination there has been much interest in the concept of generational differences—the idea that one’s experiences might vary as a function of the timing of one’s birth and other key life events relative to historical markers or periods. While research findings on generational differences in the workplace, including occupational health, have been limited and inconsistent, nurse administrators have noted important occupational health differences in work-related experiences of the nurses they supervise. This secondary analysis of cross-sectional data on 1,146 direct care staff registered nurses in non-administrative roles enrolled in the Boston Hospital Workers Health Study (BHWHS) in 2014 examined the relationships between being a member of one of three generationally-defined age groups (Baby Boomers, Generation X and Millennials) and indicators of three major categories of health. Physical (measured by body mass index, pain presence and severity, absences and limitations related to pain, and occupational injury), psychological (measured by psychological distress), and overall work-related (measured by work limitations) health variables were analyzed using regression modeling controlling for individual and work-related characteristics. Overall, this sample of nurses from two major teaching hospitals in a single city, which was relatively homogeneous in terms of gender, race, and ethnicity, reported generally good health and serious symptoms or limitations were rare. With a few notable exceptions, poor physical health was more common in older age groups and psychological symptoms were worse in the younger age groups in this cohort. However, the findings should be interpreted cautiously and may reflect a number of selection and survivor biases. Further research is needed to replicate these findings before drawing broader conclusions about age or generation as influences on nurse occupational health. As the empirical literature stands, it appears that energy would best be focused on nurturing a culture of health, emphasizing risk factors for various health problems, across all age groups, rather than in tailoring health promotion efforts for nurses by age or generation
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2020
Submitted to: Boston College. Connell School of Nursing
Discipline: Nursing
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Kay, Lesley. "Engaging with the 'modern birth story' in pregnancy : a hermeneutic phenomenological study of women's experiences across two generations." Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 2016. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/15479/.
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This in-depth qualitative study considered how women from two different generations came to understand birth in the context of their own experience but also in the milieu of other women’s stories. For the purposes of this thesis the birth story (described as the ‘modern birth story’) encompassed personal oral stories as well as media and other representations of contemporary childbirth, all of which had the potential to elicit emotional responses and generate meaning in the interlocutor. The research utilised a hermeneutic phenomenological approach underpinned by the philosophies of Heidegger and Gadamer. This methodology allowed the significance of the experience of engaging with stories to be grasped, and in-depth insights into the meanings and lived experience for women of the phenomenon to be made. Twenty participants were purposively selected, recruited and interviewed. In phase one ten women who were expecting their first baby in 2013 were recruited in order to explore how they understood birth prior to the event and in the light of other women’s stories. Birth stories were revealed as one of many ‘voices’ offering ‘advice’ to women about birth. The women also talked about classes they had attended, books they had read, websites and online forums they had accessed, as well as television programmes and films they had watched. The conversations with the first cohort of women led to further questions about whether the information gleaned from media and virtual birth story mediums creates meaningful knowledge about birth for women. The second phase evolved from this thinking. In phase two interviews with an older cohort of women (who were pregnant in the 1970s –1980s) were undertaken to determine whether women from a different era were more able to translate knowledge into meaning. This was based on the belief that, for this 4 generation of women, stories were mediated by personal contact and not though virtual technologies as in the previous generation of women. Phenomenological conversations with the participants took place in the iterative circle of reading, writing and thinking. This revealed the experience of ‘being-in-the-world’ of birth for the two generations of women and the way of communicating within that world. From a Heideggerian perspective, the birth story was constructed through ‘idle talk’ (the taken for granted assumptions of how things are which come into being through language) and took place across a variety of media accessed by women, as well as through face to face conversations. Five central and interrelated interpretive findings emerged. Firstly the stories the women engaged with, had a significant role to play in their understanding and expectations of birth. The ‘norm’ as portrayed in the stories circulating in 2013, for instance, was one which perpetuated what one participant described as the ‘drama of birth’. Secondly, the modern ‘landscape’ of birth (populated with many media representations) created and perpetuated fear of childbirth for many of the women. The stories shared were lacking in detail about women’s lives, and did not necessarily help them to become ‘knowers’ and gain wisdom about birthing. Thirdly, the women birthing in the present day were overloaded with information amassed in an attempt to manage their anxieties about birth as well as to fit the role of the informed patient, and demonstrate their competency as mothers. Fourthly the cultural and spiritual significance of birth was not shared in the circulating stories in either generation. Finally, some of the birthing women felt secure in the ‘system’ of birth as constructed, portrayed and sustained in the stories widely circulated. The data revealed that the lifeworld of birth being sustained in stories (for both generations) was one of product and process, concentrating on the stages and 5 progression of labour and the birth of a healthy baby as the only significant outcome. Taken as a whole this thesis revealed that the information gleaned from birth stories did not in fact create meaningful knowledge and understanding about birth for these women. The study is unique in that no other published research has explicitly identified the premise of the ‘modern birth story’ or the notion of ‘idle talk’ in relation to childbirth. Further no other study has considered the phenomenon of engaging with these types of stories whilst pregnant. This study reveals how engaging with the ‘modern birth story’ and the ‘idle talk’ of birth may influence women’s expectations and consequent experience of birth.
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Park, Miriam Sang-Ah. "Family centredness and democratisation across cultures and generations : investigation of the impacts of macro- and individual-level factors." Thesis, Brunel University, 2010. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/6452.
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What are the factors that shape views and attitudes toward the family, and how are these views and attitudes influenced in changing cultures? Do culture, social change/economic development, childhood experiences, and gender influence family centredness and democratisation? Are there different levels of factors that impact on family centredness and democratisation? If so, how are these factors interlinked? The studies discussed in detail in this thesis investigated family perceptions across cultures and generations, looking closely into specific aspects of family views and attitudes and various factors that impact on them. This thesis attempts to answer these questions by conducting three experiments. Study I (described in Chapter 3), which was conducted in Hungary, South Korea, and Canada (total N=403), tested a hypothesised model based on the literature review (Chapter 2). The study looked at cultural differences in family centredness and democratisation, and the impact of cultural orientation, gender, economic growth (national-level), Postmodernist Values, and political beliefs on perceptions of family centredness and democratisation. Study II (described in Chapter 4), conducted in the US and South Korea amongst young individuals in their late teens or early twenties, and their parents' generations, mostly in their forties and fifties (total N= 230). It expanded on the model by adding Schwartz' value dimensions, self-beliefs, and broader aspects of family perceptions. Furthermore, Study II investigated the intergenerational differences and the impact of childhood experiences by comparing data from two generational groups. Study III (Chapter 5) was conducted in four cultures, Canada, Britain, South Korea, and Japan on 539 university students, in order to ascertain cultural influences on values, beliefs, and family centredness and democratisation. Study III also investigated the interlinks between the factors in each culture more specifically using multi-group analysis method in SEM (Structural Equation Modelling). The final chapter summarises and discusses the implications of the major findings from these studies, and makes note of possible methodological issues. Overall, cross-cultural differences in value priorities, self-beliefs, political beliefs, and perceptions of family centredness and democratisation were found. Generation/age, country-level economic growth and gender were significant predictors for values, beliefs and family views and attitudes discussed in this work. Women and younger generations were more likely to endorse the Autonomous-Related Self-belief, believe in the importance of family democratisation. Stronger belief in the Autonomous-Related self led to higher emphases on family centredness and democratisation. Significant relationship was also found between family centredness and democratisation and individual-level values and beliefs, where stronger democratic beliefs led to stronger belief in the importance of family democratisation, higher endorsement of Self-Transcendence values predicted higher levels of family centredness and democratisation, and stronger Consevation Values predicted higher level of family centredness. By investigating factors influencing family centredness and democratisation, the current work probed into the family in the contemporary world. In line with Kagitcibasi's new model of family change, this thesis demonstrates that certain features of family views and relationship, including perceptions of family centredness, are likely to persist, and contends the individualisation theorists' (e.g., Beck, 1997; Giddens, 1992) negative predictions for the future of the family.
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Ghiron, Marina. "Internet and social media age : what is the difference in empathy across generations of therapists in the UK?" Thesis, City, University of London, 2017. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/19832/.
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Empathy is an essential ingredient in therapy associated with client engagement and positive treatment outcomes. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate the difference in selfreported empathy between Baby Boomers, Generation X and Millennial therapists and between genders. Participants (N=246) completed a self-report questionnaire online survey on empathy and Internet and social media use. Empathy was measured using Davis’ (1983a) Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) composed of four subscales Empathic Concern, Perspective Taking, Personal Distress and Fantasy. Socio-demographic information on Internet based communication and social media use was collected. Across all generations, there were no observable differences in Empathic Concern and Perspective Taking. Millennials scores were significantly higher in Personal Distress (U = 2282, p = 0.01) and Fantasy (U = 2240, p < 0.01) compared to Baby Boomers. No significant difference was found between genders across all IRI subscales (p ˃ 0.01). A negative correlation was found between generations Internet based communication using a mobile phone and Empathic Concern (rs = - 0.167, p < 0.01), as well as social media use with Fantasy (p < 0.01) as well as from Empathic Concern (rs = -0.144, p = 0.02) and Fantasy (rs = -0.187, p < 0.01) from the mobile phone. The absence of observed differences in Empathic Concern and Perspective Taking across generations and heightened Personal Distress and Fantasy in Millennials is discussed in view of emotional regulation strategies, information and connection overload as well as increasing trends in narcissism. Implications and recommendations for future research are discussed.
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Serpeloni, Henning Fernanda [Verfasser]. "Interpersonal violence and epigenetic modifications : the impact of prenatal and lifetime stress across three generations / Fernanda Serpeloni Henning." Konstanz : Bibliothek der Universität Konstanz, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1148942904/34.
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Gong, Jen J. (Jen Jian). "Improving clinical decisions using correspondences within and across electronic health records." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/118087.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2018.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 106-112).
Electronic Health Record (EHR) adoption and retrospective analyses of health care data are part of a broader conversation about health care quality and cost in the United States. Machine learning in health care can be used to develop clinical decision-making aids and assess quality of care. This can help improve quality of care while lowering cost. In this thesis, we present three methods of using different kinds of data in health care records to aid clinicians in making care decisions. We focus on the critical care environment, where patient state can rapidly change, and many care decisions need to be made in short periods of time. First, we introduce a method to use correspondences between structured fields from two different EHR systems to a shared space of clinical concepts encoded in an existing domain ontology. We use these correspondences to enable the transfer of machine learning models across different or evolving EHR systems. Second, we introduce a method to learn correspondences between structured health record data and topic distributions of clinical notes written by care team members. Finally, we present a method to characterize care processes by learning correspondences between observations of patient state and actions taken by care team members.
by Jen Jian Gong.
Ph. D.
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Dimberg, Peter H. "Predictions Within and Across Aquatic Systems using Statistical Methods and Models." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Luft-, vatten och landskapslära, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-263283.
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Aquatic ecosystems are an essential source for life and, in many regions, are exploited to a degree which deteriorates their ecological status. Today, more than 50 % of the European lakes suffer from an ecological status which is unsatisfactory. Many of these lakes require abatement actions to improve their status, and mathematical models have a great potential to predict and evaluate different abatement actions and their outcome. Several statistical methods and models exist which can be used for these purposes; however, many of the models are not constructed using a sufficient amount or quality of data, are too complex to be used by most managers, or are too site specific. Therefore, the main aim of this thesis was to present different statistical methods and models which are easy to use by managers, are general, and provide insights for the development of similar methods and models. To reach the main aim of the thesis several different statistical and modelling procedures were investigated and applied, such as genetic programming (GP), multiple regression, Markov Chains, and finally, well-used criteria for the r2 and p-value for the development of a method to determine temporal-trends. The statistical methods and models were mainly based on the variables chlorophyll-a (chl-a) and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations, but some methods and models can be directly transferred to other variables. The main findings in this thesis were that multiple regressions overcome the performance of GP to predict summer chl-a concentrations and that multiple regressions can be used to generally describe the chl-a seasonality with TP summer concentrations and the latitude as independent variables. Also, it is possible to calculate probabilities, using Markov Chains, of exceeding certain chl-a concentrations in future months. Results showed that deep water concentrations were in general closely related to the surface water concentrations along with morphometric parameters; these independent variables can therefore be used in mass-balance models to estimate the mass in deep waters. A new statistical method was derived and applied to confirm whether variables have changed over time or not for cases where other traditional methods have failed. Finally, it is concluded that the statistical methods and models developed in this thesis will increase the understanding for predictions within and across aquatic systems.
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Rotheram, Michael John Peter. "Towards a psychological understanding of the 'yips' across and within sport." Thesis, Sheffield Hallam University, 2007. http://shura.shu.ac.uk/20800/.
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Recent research examining the 'yips' has focused a great deal on the mechanisms underpinning the experience in golf (McDaniel, Shain & Cummings, 1989). The research has generally shown that the 'yips' are a performance problem which lie on a continuum where choking (anxiety related) and dystonia symptoms anchor the extremes. The primary aim of this thesis was to examine the 'yips' problem across a range of sports skills, assessing the physical and psychological symptoms experienced, and the potential underlying mechanisms. A further aim, was to assess whether the 'yips' were the same problem independent of sport-type, or something entirely different. Study 1 examined the 'yips' from a broad perspective, using a mixed methods survey approach (Teddlie & Tashakorri, 2003). The study illustrated that the predominant sport skills affected by the 'yips' are golf putting, the darts throw and the cricket bowling action. The findings suggested that the 'yips' result in physical disruptions which occur during skill execution. Furthermore, the study indicated that, across sports, similar psychological symptoms emerged. Study 2 used a Grounded Theory (Strauss & Corbin, 1990) based approach to guide sampling, data collection and analysis. Individuals, independent of their sport, displayed perfectionist, obsessional and self conscious characteristics. In addition, all of the participants had experienced a significant life event at or around the time the 'yips' started. Recent movement disorder research had reported similar findings which may suggest that similar causal factors operate for focal dystonia and the 'yips' (Schweinfurth et al., 2002). Once individuals had experienced the initial 'yip', it appeared that participants would try and 'reinvest' in the knowledge base, and that they would obsessionally think about what had happened. It was suggested that individuals may convert the psychological pain experienced during that event into physical symptoms through a process of conversion (Baker & Humblestone, 2005), thus resulting in the 'yip'. Research has illustrated that damage to the basal ganglia has resulted in a wide range of dysfunctions in both emotions and motor behaviour (Lim et al., 2001). Future research should look to examine the impact of the significant life event has on the function of the basal ganglia. Study 3 used a quantitative approach, to assess whether individuals with the 'yips' displayed higher levels of perfectionism, obsessional thinking and reinvestment, than a matched control. The research suggests that those who experience the 'yips' have elevated levels of maladaptive perfectionism, obsessional thinking and self-consciousness compared with controls. These findings support research examining focal dystonia (Jabusch & Altenumuller, 2004) and the 'yips' (McDaniel et al., 1989). The final aim of the thesis attempted to establish a psychological intervention strategy that could aid performers who experience the 'yips'. The research used a novel form of intervention in the form of the Emotional Freedom Technique (Craig, 1995). The aim was to test whether the intervention was successful rather than the underpinning mechanisms of the process. The intervention was aimed at the events which occurred prior to the 'yips' to assess whether physical symptoms subsided, and performance returned to normality. In the two case studies illustrated, the intervention appeared to have success at 4 weeks and 6 months postintervention, therefore adding tentative support that the 'yips' may be caused by psychologically significant life events. It would appear that the 'yips' are a psychogenic movement disorder. Future research should look to understand the relationship between perfectionism, obsessional thinking, self-consciousness, life events and the development of the 'yips'. Furthermore, research should combine multi-disciplinary knowledge to explore the 'yips' to gain a more holistic understanding of the problem from a psychological and neurological perspective.