Journal articles on the topic 'Wireless sensor networks'
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Navya, B., and M. Ankitha. "Wireless Sensor Networks." International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews 5, no. 3 (March 9, 2024): 3875–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.55248/gengpi.5.0324.0767.
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Chan, Tung Jung, Ching Mu Chen, and Tsair Rong Chen. "A Forwarding Station Integrated with Optimal Cluster Number Selection in Wireless Sensor Networks." Applied Mechanics and Materials 201-202 (October 2012): 745–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.201-202.745.
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In wireless sensor networks, power consumption is the most important issue. That is wireless sensors are normally deployed into unattended places where power of sensors is hard to be charged. Indeed, the network lifetime of wireless sensor networks equipped with city power or deployed into attended place is much longer than those wireless sensors equipped with batteries. In general, wireless sensor nodes are connected together and become a network after deployed into certain places. With the certain range places that wireless senor nodes deployed into, finding the optimal clusters can increase the entire network lifetime. Also, adding the forwarding station extends the network lifetime. Therefore, this paper proposes the integration of both the forwarding station and optimal clusters in ad-hoc wireless sensor networks. Simulation results show that the entire network lifetime proposed is extended in this paper compared to both optimal cluster number selection and normal forwarding station.
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Habibi, Payman, Goran Hassanifard, Abdulbaghi Ghaderzadeh, and Arez Nosratpour. "Offering a Demand-Based Charging Method Using the GBO Algorithm and Fuzzy Logic in the WRSN for Wireless Power Transfer by UAV." Journal of Sensors 2023 (May 2, 2023): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/6326423.
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An extremely high number of geographically dispersed, energy-limited sensor nodes make up wireless sensor networks. One of the critical difficulties with these networks is their network lifetime. Wirelessly charging the sensors continuously is one technique to lengthen the network’s lifespan. In order to compensate for the sensor nodes’ energy through a wireless medium, a mobile charger (MC) is employed in wireless sensor networks (WRSN). Designing a charging scheme that best extends the network’s lifetime in such a situation is difficult. In this paper, a demand-based charging method using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is provided for wireless rechargeable sensor networks. In this regard, first, sensors are grouped according to their geographic position using the K-means clustering technique. Then, with the aid of a fuzzy logic system, these clusters are ranked in order of priority based on the parameters of the average percentage of battery life left in the sensor nodes’ batteries, the number of sensors, and critical sensors that must be charged, and the distance between each cluster’s center and the MC charging station. It then displays the positions of the UAV to choose the crucial sensor nodes using a routing algorithm based on the shortest and most vital path in each cluster. Notably, the gradient-based optimization (GBO) algorithm has been applied in this work for intracluster routing. A case study for a wireless rechargeable sensor network has been carried out in MATLAB to assess the performance of the suggested design. The outcomes of the simulation show that the suggested technique was successful in extending the network’s lifetime. Based on the simulation results, compared to the genetic algorithm, the proposed algorithm has been able to reduce total energy consumption, total distance during the tour, and total travel delay by 26%, 17.2%, and 25.4%, respectively.
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Chen, Bowen. "Wireless Communication Chip Designs: analysis of the Wireless Integrated Network Sensors." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 70 (November 15, 2023): 580–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v70i.13989.
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With the development of wireless technology, wireless integrated network sensor is a new form of sensor network. It enables highly efficient data acquisition and transmission by connecting the sensor nodes wirelessly. The purpose of this study is to investigate the basic principles and techniques of wireless integrated network sensors, analyze their application fields, and conduct experimental studies to verify their performance. This study first introduces the basic principles of wireless integrated network sensors, including wireless communication, sensor nodes, and network topology. Then, related technologies, including energy management, routing protocols and network security, are studied to improve the performance and stability of wireless integrated network sensors. Wireless integrated network sensors have wide application prospects in environmental monitoring, intelligent transportation and agriculture. Meanwhile, the energy utilization efficiency and network stability of the sensor network can be improved by adopting the new energy management mechanism and routing protocol. This study reveals the potential and value in practical applications through the exploration and research of wireless integrated network sensors. In future studies, the energy management and routing mechanisms of sensor networks can be further optimized to improve their performance and reliability. In addition, more application scenarios suitable for wireless integrated network sensors can be explored to provide solutions for practical problems.
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THATIPAMULA RAJU, THATIPAMULA RAJU, and D. DEEPIKA RANI D. DEEPIKA RANI. "Achieving Network Level Privacy in Wireless Sensor Networks." International Journal of Scientific Research 2, no. 8 (June 1, 2012): 183–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/aug2013/61.
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Chen, Tzung-Shi, Jen-Jee Chen, Xiang-You Gao, and Tzung-Cheng Chen. "Mobile Charging Strategy for Wireless Rechargeable Sensor Networks." Sensors 22, no. 1 (January 4, 2022): 359. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22010359.
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In a wireless sensor network, the sensing and data transmission for sensors will cause energy depletion, which will lead to the inability to complete the tasks. To solve this problem, wireless rechargeable sensor networks (WRSNs) have been developed to extend the lifetime of the entire network. In WRSNs, a mobile charging robot (MR) is responsible for wireless charging each sensor battery and collecting sensory data from the sensor simultaneously. Thereby, MR needs to traverse along a designed path for all sensors in the WRSNs. In this paper, dual-side charging strategies are proposed for MR traversal planning, which minimize the MR traversal path length, energy consumption, and completion time. Based on MR dual-side charging, neighboring sensors in both sides of a designated path can be wirelessly charged by MR and sensory data sent to MR simultaneously. The constructed path is based on the power diagram according to the remaining power of sensors and distances among sensors in a WRSN. While the power diagram is built, charging strategies with dual-side charging capability are determined accordingly. In addition, a clustering-based approach is proposed to improve minimizing MR moving total distance, saving charging energy and total completion time in a round. Moreover, integrated strategies that apply a clustering-based approach on the dual-side charging strategies are presented in WRSNs. The simulation results show that, no matter with or without clustering, the performances of proposed strategies outperform the baseline strategies in three respects, energy saving, total distance reduced, and completion time reduced for MR in WSRNs.
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Samara, Ghassan, Mohammad Hassan, and Yahya Zayed. "An Intelligent Vice Cluster Head Election Protocol in WSN." International Journal of Advances in Soft Computing and its Applications 13, no. 3 (November 28, 2021): 202–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15849/ijasca.211128.14.
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Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) has a practical ability to link a set of sensors to build a wireless network that can be accessed remotely; this technology has become increasingly popular in recent years. Wi-Fi-enabled sensor networks (WSNs) are used to gather information from the environment in which the network operates. Many obstacles prevent wireless sensor networks from being used in a wide range of fields. This includes maintaining network stability and extending network life. In a wireless network, sensors are the most essential component. Sensors are powered by a battery that has a finite amount of power. The battery is prone to power loss, and the sensor is therefore rendered inoperative as a result. In addition, the growing number of sensor nodes off-site affects the network's stability. The transmission and reception of information between the sensors and the base consumes the most energy in the sensor. An Intelligent Vice Cluster Head Selection Protocol is proposed in this study (IVC LEACH). In order to achieve the best performance with the least amount of energy consumption, the proposed hierarchical protocol relies on a fuzzy logic algorithm using four parameters to calculate the value of each node in the network and divides them into three hierarchical levels based on their value. This improves network efficiency and reliability while extending network life by 50 percent more than the original Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy protocol. Keywords: Wireless Sensor Networks, Sensors, Communication Protocol, Fuzzy logic, Leach protocol.
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Ramezani, Tayebeh, and Tahereh Ramezani. "A Distributed Method to Reconstruct Connection in Wireless Sensor Networks by Using Genetic Algorithm." Modern Applied Science 10, no. 6 (April 10, 2016): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/mas.v10n6p50.
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In recent years most of the research in the field of sensor networks is allocated to the wireless sensor and actor networks due to their complicacy and vastness of research area. This type of network is a group of sensors and actors wirelessly linked to each other. Sensors gather information of physical world while actors take appropriate decisions on the basis of gathered information and then perform proper actions upon the environment. In wireless sensor and actor networks, it is very important to maintain the connection between actors. Failure of one or more actors can break up the network into separated parts and this failure acts as a barrier to the network to perform its duties. The purpose of the present paper was to provide a genetic algorithm in wireless sensor and actor networks, to improve evaluation and to maintain the connection between actors’ networks. In order to evaluate strong points and weaknesses of the recommended approach, the OMNet++ simulation was used and the outcomes of the simulation were indicative of the recommended approach’s validity.
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Mishra, Saurabh, Prof Rakesh Ranjan, Dr Sonika Singh, and Dr Gagan Singh. "Performance Analysis of MIMO Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks." International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering 12, no. 12 (November 30, 2023): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.l9742.11121223.
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Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) are widely used in remote applications related to defence and healthcare. A network with nodes having different capabilities like sensing, various computational capabilities, power-efficient communication, and a varied sensing range is called a heterogeneous wireless sensor network. Heterogeneous wireless sensor networks using MIMO wireless channels are more useful for energy-efficient multi-channel communication. MIMO applications in wireless sensor networks have the potential to enhance throughput, reduce End-to-End Delay, improve packet delivery ratios, and conserve energy in wireless sensor networks. Its implementation needs to be carefully considered in light of the specific deployment conditions and resource constraints of the network, considering proper antenna design, synchronisation mechanisms, and energy-efficient algorithms. This paper presents a comparative performance analysis of MIMO wireless sensor networks and traditional wireless sensor networks without MIMO for various Quality of Service parameters like Packet Delivery Ratio, End to End Delay, Throughput and Residual energy. The research work shows that the application of MIMO in Wireless Sensor Networks enables sensor nodes to collaborate effectively, leading to improved reliability and coverage, and also increases the network's lifetime by conserving energy in resource-constrained sensor nodes through the preservation of Residual Energy.
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Swapna, Bamuli. "Scalable Network Architectures for Distributed Wireless Sensor Networks." INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 08, no. 06 (June 25, 2024): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem36083.
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Advances in sensor era and laptop networks have enabled allotted sensor networks (DSNs) to evolve from small clusters of large sensors to big swarms of micro sensors, from constant sensor nodes to mobile nodes, from stressed out communications to wireless communications, from static community topology to dynamically converting topology. To layout those networks, the factors needed to be considered are the coverage place, mobility, power intake, communication Skills and so on. In this study a survey is given regarding the analysis of AC structure and DHC shape, flat tree and DG community, sensor structure layout, ad-hoc sensor networks, sensor packages and also an outline on the patron/server version and cell-Agent primarily based community
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Ahmed, Ayam Tawfeek, Ahmed Noori Rashid, and Khalid Shaker. "Localization in Wireless Sensor Network." Webology 19, no. 1 (January 20, 2022): 692–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.14704/web/v19i1/web19049.
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The major problems in a Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is the localization problem, that relates to how an area covers by the sensor nodes. In this study, the problem formulates as the decision problem, that takes the best location for all sensors in the sensor field. Butterfly Optimization Algorithm (BOA), proposes to calculate the estimate locations for all sensors. Simulating the BOA with using number of sensors from 25 to 150 sensors and number of the anchor nodes. The distance between sensors and anchors measures by Received Signal Strength (RSS) so, this strategy is known as RSS-BOA. The obtained results shed that, the performance of the proposed algorithm is more accurate in comparing with BOA approach in the term sensor's location and the average error.
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Kaur, Rashmeet, Amit Gupta, and Rakesh Goyal. "Analysis of Coverage Hole Problem for Detection and Restoration in Wireless Sensor Networks." Advanced Science, Engineering and Medicine 12, no. 3 (March 1, 2020): 403–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/asem.2020.2537.
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Wireless Sensor Network is an evolving technology which has gained massive attention in the past few years. Researchers are focusing on designing the wireless sensors more and more intelligent and efficient to make our life extremely comfortable and luxurious. Wireless Sensor Networks are used in bridge monitoring, smart agriculture, health care monitoring, landslide detection, biodiversity mapping, etc. Coverage holes are one of the key problems which occur in the Wireless Sensor Network accidentally and they cannot be neglected. The coverage holes appear in the sensing field due to poor instalment, node failure, battery depletion, etc. In this paper, detection and restoration method based on Hybrid Wireless Sensor Networks and Static Wireless Sensor Networks are discussed. Further, we have analysed the performances of these networks using Unequal Clustering and Connected Graphand Novel Energy Efficient Clustering Protocol techniques. The simulation results revealed that for Hybrid Wireless Sensor Networks, Unequal Clustering and Connected Graph protocol is best suitable and for Static Wireless Sensor Networks, Novel Energy Efficient Clustering Protocoltechnique will be preferred.
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Vino, T., S. S. Sivaraju, R. V. V. Krishna, T. Karthikeyan, Yogesh kumar Sharma, K. G. S. Venkatesan, G. Manikandan, R. Selvameena, and Mebratu Markos. "Multicluster Analysis and Design of Hybrid Wireless Sensor Networks Using Solar Energy." International Journal of Photoenergy 2022 (October 11, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1164613.
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A wireless touch network is a distributed, self-organizing network of multiple sensors and actuators in combination with multiple sensors and a radio channel. Also, the security area of such a network can be several meters to several meters. The main difference between wireless sensor networks from traditional computer and telephone networks is the lack of a fixed infrastructure owned by a specific operator or provider. Each user terminal in a touch network is capable of acting as a terminal device only. Despite the long history of sensor networks, the concept of building a sensor network is not finally imposed and expressed in some software and hardware (platform) solutions. In this paper, the design and analysis of multicluster model of the sensor nodes in wireless sensor network with the help of solar energy. This proposed model provides the required energy to transmit the information between two end nodes in different cluster. The communication between the end to end clusters was increased based on this design. The implementation of sensory networks at the current stage depends largely on the specific needs of the industrial problem. The architecture, software, and hardware implementation technology is at an intensive development stage, attracting the attention of developers looking for a technological niche of future makers.
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S, Sweta, and Balajee Maram. "Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks." JOIV : International Journal on Informatics Visualization 2, no. 1 (January 5, 2018): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.30630/joiv.2.1.99.
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There are a plenty of unexploited resources that lies underwater that covers almost 75% of the earth.In order to utilise them,the field of underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSN) is attracting the researchers to extend their thoughts in this field. The wireless sensor networks are heavy networks that consist of small low cost sensors that have a large amount of solving ability and energy resources which can be applicable in any type of irregular environments irrespective of changing conditions. Keeping in view of the real-time remote data transferring requirements, underwater acoustic sensor networks (UASN) has been recognised as a preferred network because it satisfies all aspects of data transfer. In UASN, the required availability and recycling of energy resources along with specified utilisation of data with the help of utilized sensor nodes for energy requirements that are necessary are done for the development of further theories in these contexts. Due to these causes, the maximum underwater resources utilisation techniques mainly depends on UAN (Underwater Acoustic Networks).Underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) suitable for applications on submarine detection and monitoring,where nodes collect data with a mobile autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) via optical communications, and applied accordingly to deal with further approaches. They provide continuous monitoring for various applications like ocean sampling network, pollution monitoring, submarine detection, disaster prevention etc.This paper particularly deals with a brief collection of the UWSN applications and some of the algorithms for the path finding in order to pass maximum valued information(VOI) among the different nodes.
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Jurenoks, Aleksejs, and Leonids Novickis. "Wireless sensor networks lifetime assessment model development." Environment. Technology. Resources. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 3 (June 16, 2015): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2015vol3.508.
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<p class="R-AbstractKeywords"><span lang="EN-US">In the recent years low power computing systems have gained popularity. Networks, which use low power computer systems and transmitted data by using wireless connection are called wireless sensor networks, which main task is to get the information from sensors and transmission network. Nowadays, the most topical researches pertaining to wireless sensor networks are grounded on the new optimization of structure of network transmission protocol, the routing optimization in transmission network, optimization of network structure, as a result of which the life circle of wireless network sensors is possible to increase. In the present article the methodology for determining the life circle of network is discussed. The approaches in detection of life circle pertaining to the important network nodes are described.</span></p>
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Basaligheh, Parvaneh. "Optimal Coverage in Wireless Sensor Network using Augmented Nature-Inspired Algorithm." International Journal on Future Revolution in Computer Science & Communication Engineering 8, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/ijfrcsce.v8i2.2082.
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One of the difficult problems that must be carefully considered before any network configuration is getting the best possible network coverage. The amount of redundant information that is sensed is decreased due to optimal network coverage, which also reduces the restricted energy consumption of battery-powered sensors. WSN sensors can sense, receive, and send data concurrently. Along with the energy limitation, accurate sensors and non-redundant data are a crucial challenge for WSNs. To maximize the ideal coverage and reduce the waste of the constrained sensor battery lifespan, all these actions must be accomplished. Augmented Nature-inspired algorithm is showing promise as a solution to the crucial problems in “Wireless Sensor Networks” (WSNs), particularly those related to the reduced sensor lifetime. For “Wireless Sensor Networks” (WSNs) to provide the best coverage, we focus on algorithms that are inspired by Augmented Nature in this research. In wireless sensor networks, the cluster head is chosen using the Diversity-Driven Multi-Parent Evolutionary Algorithm. For Data encryption Improved Identity Based Encryption (IIBE) is used. For centralized optimization and reducing coverage gaps in WSNs Time variant Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is used. The suggested model's metrics are examined and compared to various traditional algorithms. This model solves the reduced sensor lifetime and redundant information in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) as well as will give real and effective optimum coverage to the Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs).
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Chaczko, Zenon, Christopher Chiu, Shahrzad Aslanzadeh, and Toby Dune. "Sensor-Actor Network Solution for Scalable Ad-hoc Sensor Networks." International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications 58, no. 1 (March 1, 2012): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10177-012-0008-4.
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Sensor-Actor Network Solution for Scalable Ad-hoc Sensor NetworksArchitects of ad-hoc wireless Sensor-Actor Networks (SANETS) face various problems and challenges. The main limitations relate to aspects such as the number of sensor nodes involved, low bandwidth, management of resources and issues related to energy management. In order for these networks to be functionally proficient, the underlying software system must be able to effectively handle unreliable and dynamic distributed communication, power constraints of wireless devices, failure of hardware devices in hostile environments and the remote allocation of distributed processing tasks throughout the wireless network. The solution must be solved in a highly scalable manner. This paper provides the requirements analysis and presents the design of a software system middleware that provides a scalable solution for ad-hoc sensor network infrastructure made of both stationary and mobile sensors and actuators.
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Wang, Yuqiao. "Wireless Sensor Networks Overview." Academic Journal of Science and Technology 6, no. 2 (June 27, 2023): 18–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ajst.v6i2.9437.
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Wireless sensor networks have become widely used for their high accuracy, safety, and reliability, particularly in military applications where information is critical to victory. Chinese scholars have conducted research on wireless sensor technology, with the aim of reducing costs, meeting low power requirements, and adapting to environmental changes to enhance China's military strength. However, data transmission speeds are slower and signal strength weaker compared to wired networks due to physical and technical limitations, which may result in slower or even interrupted data and file transfer speeds. Despite these limitations, wireless sensor networks have played a critical role in China's reconnaissance system for collecting and processing information in the battlefield environment. The technical principles of wireless sensor networks involve a distributed sensing system with multiple nodes consisting of data collection, big data processing, information processing, and energy supply modules. The identification and tracking of battlefield targets rely on passive observation of objects in activity using acoustic vibration sensors. The development of wireless sensor networks is still ongoing, with problems including limited computing power, storage capacity, communication ability, and energy supply of sensor nodes, as well as the potential for information leakage during the transmission process.
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P., Renuka Devi. "Underwater Communication Using Wireless Sensor Networks." International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation 24, no. 5 (April 20, 2020): 2264–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.37200/ijpr/v24i5/pr201925.
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Shokrzadeh, Hamid, M. R. Majma, A. Movassagh, and M. Saheb. "Routing Security in Wireless Sensor Networks." Lecture Notes on Software Engineering 3, no. 4 (2015): 303–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/lnse.2015.v3.209.
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Gu, Musong, Lei You, Jun Hu, Lintao Duan, and Zhen Zuo. "The Wireless Sensor Networks Base Layout and Density Optimization Oriented towards Traffic Information Collection." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/214905.
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Wireless sensor networks (WSN) are applied in Intelligent Transport System for data collection. For the low redundancy rate of the wireless sensor networks nodes of traffic information collection, the senor nodes should be deployed reasonably for the WSN nodes to work effectively, and, thus, the base network structure and the density optimization of the sensor network are one of the main problems of WSN application. This paper establishes the wireless sensor networks design optimization model oriented to the traffic information collection, solving the design optimization model with the chemical reaction optimization (CRO) algorithm. The experimental results show that CRO algorithm outperforms the traditional particle swarm optimization (PSO) in solving the wireless sensor network design optimization oriented to the traffic information collection, capable of optimizing the wireless sensor network deployment of traffic information collection to contribute to the great improvement of the comprehensive value of the network performance. The reasonable design of the wireless sensor network nodes has great significance for the information collection, post-maintenance-and-extension, and cost saving of a monitoring system.
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Khalid, Muhammad, Zahid Ullah, Naveed Ahmad, Muhammad Arshad, Bilal Jan, Yue Cao, and Awais Adnan. "A Survey of Routing Issues and Associated Protocols in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks." Journal of Sensors 2017 (2017): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/7539751.
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Underwater wireless sensor networks are a newly emerging wireless technology in which small size sensors with limited energy and limited memory and bandwidth are deployed in deep sea water and various monitoring operations like tactical surveillance, environmental monitoring, and data collection are performed through these tiny sensors. Underwater wireless sensor networks are used for the exploration of underwater resources, oceanographic data collection, flood or disaster prevention, tactical surveillance systems, and unmanned underwater vehicles. Sensor nodes consist of a small memory, a central processing unit, and an antenna. Underwater networks are much different from terrestrial sensor networks as radio waves cannot be used in underwater wireless sensor networks. Acoustic channels are used for communication in deep sea water. Acoustic signals have many limitations, such as limited bandwidth, higher end-to-end delay, network path loss, higher propagation delay, and dynamic topology. Usually, these limitations result in higher energy consumption with a smaller number of packets delivered. The main aim nowadays is to operate sensor nodes having a smaller battery for a longer time in the network. This survey has discussed the state-of-the-art localization based and localization-free routing protocols. Routing associated issues in the area of underwater wireless sensor networks have also been discussed.
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Luo, Xin-long, Wei Li, and Jia-ru Lin. "Geometric Location Based on TDOA for Wireless Sensor Networks." ISRN Applied Mathematics 2012 (January 11, 2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/710979.
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Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) consist of a large number of low-cost miniature sensors, which can be applied to battlefield surveillance, environmental monitoring, target tracking, and other applications related to the positions of sensors. The location information of sensors is of great importance for wireless sensor networks. In this paper, we propose a new localization algorithm for the wireless sensor network based on time difference of arrival (TDOA), which is a typical algorithm in the wireless localization field. In order to improve the localization accuracy of a sensor, a new strategy is proposed for a localized sensor being upgraded to an anchor node, which is used to localize the position of the next sensor. Performance analysis and simulation results show that the revised TODA localization algorithm has the higher localization accuracy when compared with the original TDOA location method.
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Dadhirao, Chandrika, and Ravi Sankar Sangam. "Attenuate the Network Lifetime in Wireless Sensor Networks." International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication 10, no. 12 (December 31, 2022): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/ijritcc.v10i12.5886.
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Wireless Sensor Networks are one of the well-established and as well as im- proving areas, which have a prominent role in many existing technologies. The day-to-day advancement in this field made a direction for growing low-power, low-cost, along with multi functioning of the sensors. This collective formation of the system with motes or sensors is Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). WSNs follow the principle of ”EAAs” stands for Everyone, Anywhere, Anytime. The nodes in the network have certain limitations in terms of memory, power, etc. Clustering the nodes in the network is an efficient and most preferable technique to address the problem of better performance of the wireless sensor networks. In this work, we provide a re-modified approach for cluster head selection for the transmission of data between nodes, cluster heads, and mote with a low packet loss ratio. The Statistical results of the two existing approaches and the pro- posed approach are compared for 100 iterations and shown in results. The time complexity of the proposed approach is also calculated.
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Paliwal, Rakesh, and Irfan Khan. "Design and Analysis of Soft Computing Based Improved Routing Protocol in WSN for Energy Efficiency and Lifetime Enhancement." International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication 10, no. 3 (April 13, 2022): 12–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/ijritcc.v10i3.5521.
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Mobile wireless sensor networks have been developed as a result of recent advancements in wireless technologies. Sensors in the network are low-cost and have a short battery life, in addition to their mobility. They are more applicable in terms of the essential properties of these networks. These networks have a variety of uses, including search and rescue operations, health and environmental monitoring, and intelligent traffic management systems, among others. According to the application requirements, mobile wireless sensor nodes are energy limited equipment, so energy conservation is one of the most significant considerations in the design of these networks. Aside from the issues posed by sensor node mobility, we should also consider routing and dynamic clustering. According to studies, cluster models with configurable parameters have a substantial impact on reducing energy usage and extending the network's lifetime. As a result, the primary goal of this study is to describe and select a smart method for clustering in mobile wireless sensor networks utilizing evolutionary algorithms in order to extend the network's lifetime and ensure packet delivery accuracy. For grouping sensor nodes in this work, the Genetic Algorithm is applied initially, followed by Bacterial Conjugation. The simulation's results show a significant increase in clustering speed acceleration. The speed of the nodes is taken into account in the suggested approach for calibrating mobile wireless sensor nodes.
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Khaytbaev, A. E., and A. M. Eshmuradov. "APPLICATIONS OF NEURAL NETWORK TECHNOLOGIES IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS." Vestnik komp'iuternykh i informatsionnykh tekhnologii, no. 195 (September 2020): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.14489/vkit.2020.09.pp.046-051.
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The purpose of the article is to study the possibilities of improving the efficiency of the sensory network management technique, using the neural network method. The presented model of the wireless sensor network takes into account the charging of the environment. The article also tests the hypothesis of the possibility of organizing distributed computing in wireless sensor networks. To achieve this goal, a number of tasks are allocated: review and analysis of existing methods for managing BSS nodes; definition of simulation model components and their properties of neural networks and their features; testing the results of using the developed method. The article explores the major historical insights of the application of the neural network technologies in wireless sensor networks in the following practical fields: engineering, farming, utility communication networks, manufacturing, emergency notification services, oil and gas wells, forest fires prevention equipment systems, etc. The relevant applications for the continuous monitoring of security and safety measures are critically analyzed in the context of the relevancy of specific decisions to be implemented within the system architecture. The study is focused on the modernization of methods of control and management for the wireless sensor networks considering the environmental factors to be allocated using senor systems for data maintenance, including the information on temperature, humidity, motion, radiation, etc. The article contains the relevant and adequate comparative analysis of the updated versions of node control protocols, the components of the simulation model, and the control method based on neural networks to be identified and tested within the practical organizational settings.
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Khaytbaev, A. E., and A. M. Eshmuradov. "APPLICATIONS OF NEURAL NETWORK TECHNOLOGIES IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS." Vestnik komp'iuternykh i informatsionnykh tekhnologii, no. 195 (September 2020): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.14489/vkit.2020.09.pp.046-051.
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The purpose of the article is to study the possibilities of improving the efficiency of the sensory network management technique, using the neural network method. The presented model of the wireless sensor network takes into account the charging of the environment. The article also tests the hypothesis of the possibility of organizing distributed computing in wireless sensor networks. To achieve this goal, a number of tasks are allocated: review and analysis of existing methods for managing BSS nodes; definition of simulation model components and their properties of neural networks and their features; testing the results of using the developed method. The article explores the major historical insights of the application of the neural network technologies in wireless sensor networks in the following practical fields: engineering, farming, utility communication networks, manufacturing, emergency notification services, oil and gas wells, forest fires prevention equipment systems, etc. The relevant applications for the continuous monitoring of security and safety measures are critically analyzed in the context of the relevancy of specific decisions to be implemented within the system architecture. The study is focused on the modernization of methods of control and management for the wireless sensor networks considering the environmental factors to be allocated using senor systems for data maintenance, including the information on temperature, humidity, motion, radiation, etc. The article contains the relevant and adequate comparative analysis of the updated versions of node control protocols, the components of the simulation model, and the control method based on neural networks to be identified and tested within the practical organizational settings.
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Sun, Yi, Dongfa Sheng, and Dewen Liu. "Analysis of the Improvement of Engineering Mechanics Experimental Methods Based on IoT and Machine Learning." Sensors 23, no. 7 (March 24, 2023): 3416. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23073416.
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With the rapid development of sensor technology, machine learning, and the Internet of Things, wireless sensor networks have gradually become a research hotspot. In order to improve the data fusion performance of wireless sensor networks and ensure network security in the event of external attacks, this paper proposes a wireless sensor optimization algorithm model, involving wireless sensor networks, the Internet of Things, and other related fields. This paper first analyzes the role of the Internet of Things in wireless sensor networks, studies the localization mechanism and hierarchy of the Internet of Things based on wireless sensor networks, and improves the LE-RLPCCA (Position Estimation Robust Local Retention Criteria Correlation Analysis) localization algorithm model based on sensor grids. This paper discusses the problems of machine learning in wireless sensor networks, constructs a sensor-based machine learning model, and designs a data fusion algorithm for a wireless sensor networks’ machine learning model. The application of wireless sensors in engineering mechanics experiments is summarized, and the optimization algorithm model of the wireless sensor in engineering mechanics experiments is proposed. The analysis results show that the average accuracy of the DKFCM-FSVM (Density aware Kernel-based Fuzzy C-means Clustering algorithm Fuzzy Support Vector Machine) algorithm in detecting five behaviors is 0.997, 0.992, 0.904, 0.996, and 0.946, respectively, and the accuracy in detecting different behaviors is the best, 0.005, 0.01, 0.003, and 0.006 respectively. It achieves the lowest false positive rate in the detection of different behaviors, and the average false positive rate is 0.004, 0.003, 0.003, 0.008, and 0.005, respectively, which shows that the DKFCM-FSVM algorithm model of wireless sensor networks in engineering mechanics experiments is the optimal solution. The work of this paper has good reference value for the application of wireless sensor networks and the optimization of engineering mechanics experimental methods and is helpful for further research of sensor technology.
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Liu, Bing-Hong, Van-Trung Pham, and Ngoc-Tu Nguyen. "An Efficient Algorithm of Constructing Virtual Backbone Scheduling for Maximizing the Lifetime of Dual-Radio Wireless Sensor Networks." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 2015 (2015): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/475159.
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Wireless sensor networks have often been used to monitor environmental conditions, such as temperature, sound, and pressure. Because the sensors are expected to work on batteries for a long time without charging their batteries, the major challenge in the design of wireless sensor networks is to enhance the network lifetime. Recently, many researchers have studied the problem of constructing virtual backbones, which are backbones used for different time periods, to prolong the network lifetime. In this paper, we study the problem of constructing virtual backbones in dual-radio wireless sensor networks to maximize the network lifetime, called the Maximum Lifetime Backbone Scheduling for Dual-Radio Wireless Sensor Network problem, where each sensor is equipped with two radio interfaces. The problem is shown to be NP-complete here. In addition, rather than proposing a centralized algorithm, a distributed algorithm, called a Dominating-Set-Based Algorithm (DSBA), is proposed for a wide range of wireless sensor networks to find a backbone when a new one is required. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms some existing algorithms.
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Ma, De Xin, Jian Ma, Peng Min Xu, Cai Xia Song, and Ying Pang. "Solar-Powered Wireless Sensor Network’s Energy Gathering Technology." Applied Mechanics and Materials 477-478 (December 2013): 396–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.477-478.396.
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We analyze the solar-powered wireless sensor network's energy gathering techniques, aiming to prolong the lifetime of wireless sensor network. We summarize wireless sensor network node's energy autonomy system, its characteristics in detail and new technology adopts, provides some suggestions and new ideas in the design and research of solar-powered wireless sensor networks.
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Ashokkumar, Jobanputra Paresh, and Prof Arun Jhapate. "A Review of Sensor Node in Wireless Sensor Networks." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-3, Issue-4 (June 30, 2019): 124–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd23620.
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Bendjima, Mostefa, and Mohammed Feham. "Intelligent Communication in Wireless Sensor Networks." Future Internet 10, no. 9 (September 15, 2018): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi10090091.
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Wireless sensor networks (WSN) are designed to collect information by means of a large number of energy-limited battery sensor nodes. Therefore, it is important to minimize the energy consumed by each sensor, in order to extend the network life. The goal of this work is to design an intelligent WSN that collects as much information as possible to process it intelligently. To achieve this goal, an agent is sent to each sensor in order to process the information and to cooperate with neighboring sensors while mobile agents (MA) can be used to reduce information shared between source nodes (SN) and send them to the base station (Sink). This work proposes to use communication architecture for wireless sensor networks based on the multi-agent system (MAS) to ensure optimal information collection. The collaboration of these agents generates a simple message that summarizes the important information in order to transmit it by a mobile agent. To reduce the size of the MA, the sensors of the network have been grouped into sectors. For each MA, we have established an optimal itinerary, consuming a minimum amount of energy with data aggregation efficiency in a minimum time. Successive simulations in large-scale wireless sensor networks through the SINALGO (published under a BSD license) simulator show the performance of the proposed method, in terms of energy consumption and package delivery rate.
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Liu, Yong, Baohua Liang, and Jiabao Jiang. "Information Processing and Data Management Technology in Wireless Sensor Networks." International Journal of Online Engineering (iJOE) 14, no. 09 (September 30, 2018): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijoe.v14i09.8270.
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<p>The wireless sensor network is essentially a data-centric network that processes the continuous stream of data, which is collected by different sensors. Therefore, the existing data management technologies regard the wireless sensor network, which is named WSN as a distributed database, and it is composed of continuous data streams from the physical world. Wireless sensor networks are emerging next-generation sensor networks, but their transmission of information is highly dependent. The wireless sensor network processes the continuous stream of data collected by the sensor. Based on the features of wireless sensor networks, this paper presents a topology-dependent model of cluster evolution with fault tolerance. Through the limited data management, resources have reasonably configured, while also saving energy. The model is based on the energy-aware routing protocol in its network layer protocols. The key point is the energy routing principle. According to its own local view, the cluster head node builds the inter-cluster topology to achieve fault-tolerant and energy-saving goals. Simulation results show that the model has good fault tolerance and energy efficiency.</p>
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Nourildean, Shayma Wail, Mustafa Dhia Hassib, and Yousra Abd Mohammed. "Internet of things based wireless sensor network: a review." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 27, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 246. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v27.i1.pp246-261.
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Recently, Internet of Things (IoT) technologies are developing technology with a variety of applications. The Internet of Things (IoTs) is defined as a network of ordinary objects such as Internet TVs, smartphones, actuators and sensors that are smartly connected together to enable new types of communication between people and things as well as between things themselves. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) play an important part in Internet of Things (IoT) technology. A contribution to wireless sensor networks and IoT applications is wireless sensor nodes’ construction with high-speed CPUs and low-power radio links. The IoT-based wireless Sensor network (WSN) is a game-changing smart monitoring solution. ZigBee standard is an important wireless sensor network (WSN) and Internet of Things (IoT) communication protocol in order to facilitate low-power, low-cost IoT applications and to handle numerous network topologies. This paper presented a review on the energy efficient and routing topologies of ZigBee WSN, applications of IoT enabled Wireless Sensor Network as well IoT WSN security challenges.
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Qiu, Wenying, Sijia He, and Weixi Gu. "Research on the Integration of Wireless Sensor Networks Based on IoT Technology." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2477, no. 1 (April 1, 2023): 012075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2477/1/012075.
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Abstract Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a wireless network formed by a group of sensors with wireless transceiver capabilities, connected in a multi-hop autonomous manner. It has several advantages: low traffic, greater stability, longer wireless communication, and higher coverage areas at a lower cost. The incorporation of new NB-IoT technologies in wireless sensor networks, combining the advantages of both and the establishment of NB-IoT-based wireless sensor networks, has a very promising application in defense and military, medical, intelligent transportation, and commercial applications. This study first investigates both WSN and NB-IoT technologies separately and then combines them to investigate the networking structure of NB-IoT and WSN as well as the related technologies based on the fusion. Then the coverage method of the traditional network node redeployment of wireless sensors is described, and many problems such as poor node connectivity and low coverage are caused by the traditional method due to the lack of local search of subgroup nodes. The initialization of the nodes is carried out. The global information exchange is combined with the subgroup to determine the detectable area of the wireless sensor, and the calculus method is used for the irregular area to obtain the optimal network node so that the nodes of the wireless sensor network can be redeployed.
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Luo, Gao Feng, Zi Juan Shi, and You Quan Xu. "Simulation and Visualization of Wireless Sensor Networks Based on NS2." Applied Mechanics and Materials 687-691 (November 2014): 1766–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.687-691.1766.
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This paper analyzed wireless sensor network simulation technology. We discussed the principles of wireless sensor network simulation based on NS2 and constructed a visual simulation model for wireless sensor networks. By adding NS2 protocol and setting the sensor nodes and some simple parameters, the system presented the running process and the performance of the network in the form of animation and graphics. The results show that this method simplifies the process of simulation of wireless sensor networks, and improves the efficiency of wireless sensor networks research and development, which provides support for the development of application-oriented networking of wireless sensor networks.
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HUANG, GUANGYAN, XIAOWEI LI, JING HE, and XIN LI. "DATA MINING VIA MINIMAL SPANNING TREE CLUSTERING FOR PROLONGING LIFETIME OF WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS." International Journal of Information Technology & Decision Making 06, no. 02 (June 2007): 235–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219622007002538.
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Clustering is applied in wireless sensor networks for increasing energy efficiency. Clustering methods in wireless sensor networks are different from those in traditional data mining systems. This paper proposes a novel clustering algorithm based on Minimal Spanning Tree (MST) and Maximum Energy resource on sensors named MSTME. Also, specified constrains of clustering in wireless sensor networks and several evaluation metrics are given. MSTME performs better than already known clustering methods of Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) and Base Station Controlled Dynamic Clustering Protocol (BCDCP) in wireless sensor networks when they are evaluated by these evaluation metrics. Simulation results show MSTME increases energy efficiency and network lifetime compared with LEACH and BCDCP in two-hop and multi-hop networks, respectively.
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Antonova, Hanna. "The Main Aspects of Wireless Sensor Nodes for Digital Agriculture." Cybernetics and Computer Technologies, no. 2 (June 9, 2024): 74–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.34229/2707-451x.24.2.8.
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Introduction. Wireless sensor networks are a part of information and communication technologies and the basis of the Internet of Things technologies. Data are collected, transmitted and processed in real time with the wireless sensor networks. The typical WSN consists of the large number wireless sensor nodes and the coordinator. The wireless network is based on wireless communication standards. Today, WSNs are used in the variety of industries such as medicine, military and digital agriculture. The purpose is to provide a comprehensive analysis of a wireless sensor node for use in digital agriculture. Results. The author analysed wireless communication standards for use in digital agriculture. The typical wireless node architecture is analysed. The parameters of the wireless node are identified. The types of Energy Harvesting Systems (EHS) and their functions are reviewed and analysed. Based on the requires of the wireless node for digital agriculture, the list of photovoltaic energy converters is proposed. In addition, the list of power management integrated circuits is suggested for the Energy Harvesting System. A Classification of Power Supplies for Wireless Sensor Nodes and Networks are developed. The types of sensors for use in digital agriculture are analysed. Conclusions. The main wireless communication standards for digital agriculture are Wi-Fi, IEEE 802.15.4, ZigBee, Bluetooth 4.0, GPRS, 4G, LoRaWAN and NB-IoT. The parameters of the wireless node are identified for further modelling. The list of photovoltaic energy converters is given. The types of power management integrated circuits are proposed. The classification enable to simplify the selection of WSN power supplies for network development. Based on the analysis of sensor parameters for digital agriculture, it is concluded that practically there are no wireless sensors on the world market for the express estimation of plants state. Keywords: wireless sensor node, wireless sensor network, digital agriculture, Energy Harvesting Systems, Internet of Things.
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REN, HONGLIANG, and MAX Q. H. MENG. "MODELING THE GROUP MOBILITY PATTERN IN WIRELESS BODY SENSOR NETWORKS." International Journal of Information Acquisition 03, no. 04 (December 2006): 259–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219878906001015.
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Wireless network of wearable biomedical sensors by human body shows great potential to enhance the biometrics performance significantly. Meanwhile, it poses prominent characteristics and challenges to physicians and engineers for its particular medical application as compared to other application of wireless sensor networks (WSN). Mobility pattern plays an important role in designing the wireless body sensor networks (WBSN) and will also affect the accuracy of modeling WBSN in health care application. Much of the mobility scenarios generated in current work of wireless body sensor networks has used fairly simple models to generate the mobile topological graph, which bear little resemblance to the actual mobility patterns. This paper is the first attempt to investigate the mobility model in WBSN based on the existing mobility models in wireless data networks and ad hoc networks. We first briefly review the existing mobility models in related research areas such as wireless ad hoc network and cellular networks. Further on, we propose a dedicated and more realistic mobility model named BAMM (Body Area Mobility Model) for wireless body sensor networks by concentrating on the unique characteristics of WBSN and finally study the effects of mobility on the performance of WBSN by simulation experiments.
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Ranjan, Alok, H. B. Sahu, and Prasant Misra. "Wireless Sensor Networks." International Journal of Applied Evolutionary Computation 7, no. 4 (October 2016): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijaec.2016100101.
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With continuous advancements in sensor technology, wireless communications, modern network architectures and electronics; it is now feasible to fulfill the requirements of underground mines using wireless sensor network (WSN). At present, coal mining industries have the option of choosing a communication and tracking systems based on their requirement and budget. WSN has the advantage of support for wireless architecture which may fit for mining industries. There is limited literature available, which discuss the different features and associated challenges to WSNs in underground mines. However, in this paper, WSN has been targeted as a feasible solution for the underground mining industries, and emphasis has been given on integration of comprehensive concepts. The objective of this survey paper is to present a platform such that it is not only beneficial for beginners who want to pursue research in this area, but also target current researchers developing solutions for such confined and hostile environments. Furthermore, the application of WSN for underground mines has been categorized followed by real, and simulation-based studies and the significant implications for wireless communications and monitoring systems in the underground mines have been discussed in details.
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Zorzi, M. "Wireless sensor networks." IEEE Wireless Communications 11, no. 6 (December 2004): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mwc.2004.1368890.
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Havinga, P., J. C. Hou, and Feng Zhao. "Wireless sensor networks." IEEE Wireless Communications 11, no. 6 (December 2004): 4–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mwc.2004.1368892.
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Stankovic, John A. "Wireless Sensor Networks." Computer 41, no. 10 (October 2008): 92–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mc.2008.441.
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Elson, Jeremy, and Kay Römer. "Wireless sensor networks." ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review 33, no. 1 (January 2003): 149–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/774763.774787.
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Cayirci, Erdal, Ramesh Govindan, Taieb Znati, and Mani Srivastava. "Wireless sensor networks." Computer Networks 43, no. 4 (November 2003): 417–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1389-1286(03)00351-7.
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Agustí, Ramon, and Oriol Sallent. "Wireless Sensor Networks." International Journal of Wireless Information Networks 12, no. 1 (January 2005): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10776-005-5170-5.
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Kohli, Sheena. "Sensor Hop-based Energy Efficient Networking Approach for Routing in Underwater Acoustic Communication." Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology, no. 1 (March 30, 2017): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.26636/jtit.2017.1.649.
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Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks are deployed to explore the world under the water, measure different parameters and communicate the data to the surface, in the widespread applications. The main operating technology of these networks is the acoustic communication. The communication among the sensors and finally to the surface station requires a routing protocol. The sensors being battery limited and unfeasible to be replaced under the water requires an energy efficient routing protocol. Clustering imparted in routing is an energy saving technique in sensor networks. The routing may involve single or multi hop communication in the sensor networks. The paper gives a comparative study of the benchmark protocol multi-hop LEACH with the proposed Sensor Hop-based Energy Efficient Networking Approach (SHEENA) for the shallow as well as deep water in three dimensional Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks. The network energy model for the Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks is based among the different acoustic channel characteristics. The proposed approach is found to give better response.
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Pethe, Rahul, and Aachal Pethe. "Analysis of Life Time Improvement Energy Efficient Risk-Free Protocol (ERP) for Data Transmission in Wireless Sensor Networks." Journal of Power Electronics and Devices 9, no. 1 (February 23, 2023): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.46610/joped.2023.v09i01.001.
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Recently, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have come to be seen as the fundamental architecture that paved the way for the development of the Internet of Things (IoT). However, a challenging problem develops when WSNs are connected to the IoT because of their nodes' high energy consumption and low network lifetime. As a result, the core concepts of WSNs include energy limits in sensor nodes, sensor data exchange, and routing protocols. The enhanced smart-energy-efficient routing protocol (ESEERP) presented in this study addresses the aforementioned shortcomings by extending the network's lifespan and enhancing connectivity. Since the Internet of Things (IoT) demands a significant amount of energy for sensing, processing, and data transport, the IoT application in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) poses substantial issues in maintaining network durability. As a result, multiple traditional algorithms incorporate different optimization techniques to improve the performance of WSN networks. We utilize IPv4 in wireless sensor networks to transmit data (packets), however, this strategy prevents users from accessing big amounts of data over long distances since it may need a lot of power to transmit large amounts of data using IPv4. The Internet of Things (IoT) can be used to solve this problem because it connects small battery-operated devices like sensors as well as consumer electronics and home appliances. One of the most often utilised wireless methods for sensor network connectivity is the IEEE 802.11 standard.
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Tan, Qing, and Xiao Jing Yue. "Comparative Performance Analysis of Flat and Hierarchical Routing in Wireless Sensor Network." Applied Mechanics and Materials 685 (October 2014): 587–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.685.587.
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Wireless sensor network is composed of a set of sensors in a wireless network of self-organized. Research on topological structure of wireless sensor network is focused in two directions, namely plane topology structure and hierarchical topology structure. This paper gives a detailed analysis of wireless sensor networks in the flat routing protocols and hierarchical routing protocols, and compares the advantages and disadvantages of the performance of two kinds of protocol by simulation experiment.
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Bordim, Jacir Luiz, Koji Nakano, and Hong Shen. "Sorting on Single-Channel Wireless Sensor Networks." International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science 14, no. 03 (June 2003): 391–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129054103001807.
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A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a distributed system consisting of a large number of wireless sensing devices and a base station. Due to their compactness and low-cost, sensor networks can be distributed at a fraction of the cost of conventional wired sensors and actuator systems. The physical world generates an unlimited amount of data that can be observed and monitored. Hence, designing protocols to coordinate WSNs with hundreds, or even thousands, of sensors will face many challenges. In this work we focus on the design of protocols that enable the sensor nodes to coordinate among themselves to achieve a larger task. From this standpoint, we present a sorting protocol for wireless sensor networks. We show that in a WSN consisting of n sensor nodes, where each sensor stores an element and has a fixed transmission range r. sorting can be performed in [Formula: see text] time slots when [Formula: see text]. We also reason that future applications of wireless sensor networks are very likely to employ short-range radio communications (i.e., r less than 100 meters). If this is the case, the time complexity of our sorting protocol is optimal.