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Journal articles on the topic 'Wing genotyping'
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Bédard, Emilie, Simon Lévesque, Philippe Martin, Linda Pinsonneault, Kiran Paranjape, Cindy Lalancette, Charles-Éric Dolcé, et al. "Energy Conservation and the Promotion ofLegionella pneumophilaGrowth: The Probable Role of Heat Exchangers in a Nosocomial Outbreak." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 37, no. 12 (September 19, 2016): 1475–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2016.205.
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OBJECTIVETo determine the source of aLegionella pneumophilaserogroup 5 nosocomial outbreak and the role of the heat exchanger installed on the hot water system within the previous year.SETTINGA 400-bed tertiary care university hospital in Sherbrooke, Canada.METHODSHot water samples were collected and cultured forL. pneumophilafrom 25 taps (baths and sinks) within wing A and 9 taps in wing B. Biofilm (5) and 2 L water samples (3) were collected within the heat exchangers forL. pneumophilaculture and detection of protists. Sequence-based typing was performed on strain DNA extracts and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns were analyzed.RESULTSFollowing 2 cases of hospital-acquired legionellosis, the hot water system investigation revealed a large proportion ofL. pneumophilaserogroup 5 positive taps (22/25 in wing A and 5/9 in wing B). High positivity was also detected in the heat exchanger of wing A in water samples (3/3) and swabs from the heat exchanger (4/5). The outbreak genotyping investigation identified the hot water system as the source of infections. Genotyping results revealed that all isolated environmental strains harbored the same related pulsed-field gel electrophoresis pattern and sequence-based type.CONCLUSIONSTwo cases of hospital-acquired legionellosis occurred in the year following the installation of a heat exchanger to preheat hospital hot water. No cases were reported previously, although the sameL. pneumophilastrain was isolated from the hot water system in 1995. The heat exchanger promotedL. pneumophilagrowth and may have contributed to confirmed clinical cases.Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol.2016;1475–1480
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Madella, Shayne, Kyle Grubbs, and Mohamed Alburaki. "Non-Invasive Genotyping of Honey Bee Queens Apis mellifera L.: Transition of the DraI mtDNA COI-COII Test to In Silico." Insects 12, no. 1 (December 30, 2020): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12010019.
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The honey bee Apis mellifera L. colony is headed by a single and indispensable queen, whose duty it is to ensure brood production and provide pheromonal stability within the colony. This study presents a non-invasive method that allows the identification of the queen maternal lineage and subspecies using the remaining tissue of her clipped wing. The DraI mtDNA COI-COII (DmCC) test was applied to various sizes of queen and worker wings and the results were compared with data obtained from other bee tissues. Furthermore, we propose a new method allowing in silico transition of the DmCC test and haplotype identification based on extended sequencing of the tRNAleu and COII genes. Our results show that DNA extracted by Chelex 10% from one-third of a queen’s wing is deemed adequate for a successful identification of her maternal evolutionary lineage, haplotype and subspecies. The in silico method proposed in this study fully adheres to the established guidelines of the DmCC, provides a universal standard for haplotype identification, and offers faster and more precise results by reconciling both cleaved amplified polymorphic sequences (CAPS) and Sanger sequencing approaches.
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Strobl, Frederic, J. Alexander Ross, and Ernst H. K. Stelzer. "Non-lethal genotyping of Tribolium castaneum adults using genomic DNA extracted from wing tissue." PLOS ONE 12, no. 8 (August 11, 2017): e0182564. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0182564.
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Sefc, Kristina M., Robert B. Payne, and Michael D. Sorenson. "Microsatellite Amplification From Museum Feather Samples: Effects of Fragment Size and Template Concentration on Genotyping Errors." Auk 120, no. 4 (October 1, 2003): 982–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/120.4.982.
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Abstract We address the problem of microsatellite genotyping errors associated with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification from degraded and dilute template DNA and provide suggestions for improving the accuracy of genotype data in studies using older museum specimens as a source of DNA. In the course of a population genetics study of African indigobirds (Vidua spp.), we used replicate PCR to evaluate genotyping reliability for nine microsatellite loci in relation to PCR fragment length and DNA template concentration (DNA extracted from the calamus of one vs. two wing feathers). Complete amplification failure and the dropout of one allele from heterozygous genotypes were the predominant problems encountered. For samples with heterozygous genotypes, allele dropout occurred in 19.2 and 12.1% of PCR using extracts derived from one and two feathers, respectively. The amplification of artifact bands was less frequent (affecting 4.9 and 1% of positive PCR reactions with one- and two-feather extracts, respectively). Those results indicate that multiple replicates per sample and locus are required to obtain accurate genotype data from museum feather samples. Although higher DNA concentration improved success, PCR fragment size had a much stronger influence on the success and repeatability of microsatellite amplification, which suggests that the accuracy and efficiency of genotyping can be improved most easily by designing primers that amplify smaller DNA fragments.
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Carvalho, Carlos B. V., Regina H. Macedo, and Jefferson A. Graves. "Breeding Strategies of a Socially Monogamous Neotropical Passerine: Extra-Pair Fertilizations, Behavior, and Morphology." Condor 108, no. 3 (August 1, 2006): 579–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/108.3.579.
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Abstract Blue-black Grassquits (Volatinia jacarina) are small, granivorous, Neotropical birds that are abundant in central Brazil. During the reproductive season, the socially monogamous males acquire a blue-black plumage and defend very small, clustered territories that resemble leks. They execute a conspicuous courtship display that consists of a leap, revealing white under-wing patches, synchronized with a vocalization. We collected data on the morphology and behavior of banded males and characteristics of their territories to determine how these factors may influence acquisition of mates and nesting. For a second group of birds in the area, we used microsatellite genotyping to test the breeding synchrony hypothesis, which predicts that tropical species that breed synchronously should exhibit high rates of extra-pair fertilization (EPF). We found that males that successfully formed a pair bond differed from unsuccessful males in their behavior, but not in morphological attributes or territory features. Successful males spent more time in their territories, executed displays for longer periods and at greater rates, and their display leaps were higher. These results point to the greater importance of behavior relative to other factors in the successful reproduction of Blue-black Grassquit males. In the second group of birds, EPFs occurred in 63% of 11 nests and involved 50% of the 20 chicks sampled. This exceptionally high incidence of EPF in the small sample analyzed occurred in diverse contexts, including intraspecific parasitism and quasi-parasitism, a rare type of maternity loss where the resident female is parasitized by other females that were fertilized by the resident male. A short and highly synchronized breeding season, clustered breeding in small territories, and granivorous habits may contribute to the high rates of EPF in this tropical species.
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Medina-Macedo, L., Andre Eduardo Biscaia Lacerda, J. Zanetti Ribeiro, J. V. M. Bittencourt, and A. M. Sebbenn. "Investigating the Mendelian inheritance, genetic linkage, and genotypic disequilibrium for ten microsatellite loci of Araucaria angustifolia." Silvae Genetica 63, no. 1-6 (December 1, 2014): 234–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sg-2014-0030.
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AbstractAraucaria angustifolia is a dioecious and wind pollinated conifer that typically occurs in higher attitudes of Southern Brazil. After a significant reduction of its population during the twentieth century, public policies have enabled natural populations to recover. As new studies focus on the genetics of the species it is important to investigate Mendelian inheritance, genetic linkage, and genotypic disequilibrium for the microsatellite loci developed for the species. Here we analyze ten microsatellite loci developed for A. angustifolia by genotyping 295 adult trees and 13 open pollinated progenies from a forest fragment in Santa Catarina, Brazil. The likelihood G-test shows a perfect 1:1 Mendelian segregation for all ten loci, indicating that these molecular markers are genetic markers. Significant genetic linkage between pairwise loci was detected in only 3% of the tests, suggesting that these loci are not located in the same linkage groups within the chromosomes. However, genotypic disequilibrium was detected in 51% of pairwise loci for adult trees, probably due to the strong spatial genetic structure of the population. Our results indicate that the ten loci analyzed can be used in studies on genetic diversity and structure, mating system, and gene flow of the species.
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Lemic, Darija, Mario Bjeliš, Pave Ninčević, Ivana Pajač Živković, Luka Popović, Helena Virić Gašparić, and Hugo A. Benitez. "Medfly Phenotypic Plasticity as A Prerequisite for Invasiveness and Adaptation." Sustainability 13, no. 22 (November 12, 2021): 12510. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132212510.
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The hypothesis of this study was that different plant hosts of the medfly Ceratitis capitata may cause variability as a prerequisite for its invasiveness. The main objective was to determine population variability based on medfly wing shape in three favorable medfly host plants (peach, fig and mandarin) from different agroecological growing areas with different pest management practices, and to evaluate phenotypic plasticity as a basis for future expansion into new areas and new hosts. Using geometric morphometric methods across 14 specific landmarks on the medfly wings, 10 populations were tested from infested peach, fig and mandarin fruits, as well as laboratory-grown sterile populations. The studies led to the following main findings: (1) all of the medfly populations that were studied exhibited sexual dimorphism in wing shape; (2) the hosts in which the medfly develops influence wing shape and condition its variability; (3) there is significant variability between laboratory mass-reared sterile and wild individuals in male and female populations; (4) a high phenotypic plasticity of medfly populations was observed along the study sites. Even the low but clearly detected variability between different agroecological conditions and localized variability indicate genotypic stability and high phenotypic plasticity, which can be considered as a prerequisite for medfly invasiveness and dispersal to new areas.
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Thamarus, Karen A., and Glenn R. Furnier. "Temporal and genotypic variation of wound-induced gene expression in bark of Populus tremuloides and P. grandidentata." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 28, no. 11 (November 1, 1998): 1611–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x98-129.
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In two related experiments, total RNA was extracted from wounded and unwounded bark of young aspen ramets for Northern and dot blot analyses. Wound-inducible genes isolated from other plant species were hybridized to blots, and mRNA levels were estimated. Analyses of variance (ANOVA) were used to examine the significance of experimental factors (wounding, time after wounding, and genotype) affecting variation in mRNA levels. The first experiment examined the timing (0.5-96 h after wounding) of expression of wound-inducible genes in bark tissue of a single Populus tremuloides Michx. genotype. Wounding and variation among RNA samples significantly (p < 0.05) affected mRNA levels of two chitinases (win6, win8) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL). The second experiment examined interclonal variation of wound-induced win6 and PAL expression in aspen bark. Ramets of four P. tremuloides and one Populus grandidentata Michx. genotypes were wounded and bark was collected 4, 8, or 12 h later. Genotype, wounding, and time after wounding all significantly affected win6 and PAL mRNA levels, with levels increasing as a result of wounding.
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Nisiotou, Aspasia, Emanouela Gyftogianni, and Georgios Banilas. "Evaluation of Different Molecular Markers for Genotyping Non-Saccharomyces Wine Yeast Species." Microbiology Research 13, no. 3 (September 8, 2022): 643–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres13030046.
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Wine quality is determined by the particular yeast strains prevailing at various stages of fermentation. Therefore, the ability to make an easy, fast, and unambiguous discrimination of yeasts at the strain level is of great importance. Here, the tandem repeat-tRNA (TRtRNA) method with the 5GAC or ISSR-MB primer sets and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis with (GTG)3, R5, and RF2 oligonucleotides were tested on various non-Saccharomyces wine yeast species. The TRtRNA-PCR employing ISSR-MB showed the highest capacity in discriminating Lachancea thermotolerans and Metschnikowia pulcherrima isolates. RAPD with RF2 was the most efficient method in resolving Starmerella bacillaris isolates, although it produced few polymorphic bands. RAPD with R5 showed the highest capacity to discriminate among the Issatchenkia orientalis, Hanseniaspora guilliermondii, and Pichia anomala isolates. RAPD with either R5 or RF2 exhibited the highest ability to discriminate among the Torulaspora delbrueckii isolates. RAPD with (GTG)3 was the most discriminating method for the H. uvarum isolates. Here we concluded that both TRtRNA-PCR and RAPD-PCR offer rapid means for typing non-Saccharomyces species. However, each method performs better for a given species when paired with a particular primer set. The present results can be useful in wine research for the fast fingerprinting of non-Saccharomyces yeasts.
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Donald, D. B. "THE WING LENGTH OF SWELTSA REVELSTOKA (PLECOPTERA: CHLOROPERLIDAE)." Canadian Entomologist 117, no. 2 (February 1985): 233–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent117233-2.
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AbstractFunctional wing length (wing length/head-capsule width) of female Sweltsa revelstoka (Jewett) from streams was measured for 19 sites that have been free of Wisconsin glacial ice for about 15 000 years and possibly longer, and from 23 sites that have been ice free for about 10 000 years. At the former sites brachypterous populations were common and there was a significant negative relationship between functional wing length and elevation, and a positive relationship between functional wing length and stream size. In the area that deglaciated more recently, populations were not or only slightly brachypterous and there was no significant relationship between wing length and elevation or between wing length and stream size. Functional wing length was not related to body size. These analyses indicate that the brachypterous condition is probably genotypic in origin. I suggest that streams were colonized by macropterous forms shortly after deglaciation, and that brachyptery takes several millennia to develop at small, high-elevation streams.
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Migliaro, Daniele, Giacomo Morreale, Massimo Gardiman, Sara Landolfo, and Manna Crespan. "Direct multiplex PCR for grapevine genotyping and varietal identification." Plant Genetic Resources 11, no. 2 (December 5, 2012): 182–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479262112000433.
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Grapevine cultivar identification is based mainly on two complementary methodologies: microsatellite (simple sequence repeat (SSR)) DNA analysis and traditional ampelography. Here, we report a direct multiplex PCR approach that allows the simultaneous amplification of 11 SSR loci from crude samples, i.e. bypassing DNA extraction, by using an engineered DNA polymerase improved to tolerate plant PCR inhibitors. Many different plant tissues were successfully amplified: leaf, root, wood, berry flesh and skin, stalk and must, from wine and table grape varieties, and rootstocks. The direct multiplex PCR that we propose is quicker and cheaper than the methodologies used until now, and provides accurate results. Thus, SSR DNA analysis becomes economically more accessible to a larger number of potential users in addition to research institutes.
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Johnston, John R., Clelia Baccari, and Robert K. Mortimer. "Genotypic characterization of strains of commercial wine yeastsby tetrad analysis." Research in Microbiology 151, no. 7 (September 2000): 583–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0923-2508(00)00228-x.
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Kunicka-Styczyńska, Alina, and Katarzyna Rajkowska. "Phenotypic and genotypic diversity of wine yeasts used for acidic musts." World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 28, no. 5 (January 3, 2012): 1929–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11274-011-0994-x.
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Pfliegler, W. P., and M. Sipiczki. "Does fingerprinting truly represent the diversity of wine yeasts? A case study with interdelta genotyping ofSaccharomyces cerevisiaestrains." Letters in Applied Microbiology 63, no. 6 (November 3, 2016): 406–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/lam.12679.
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Chalvantzi, Ioanna, Georgios Banilas, Chrysoula Tassou, and Aspasia Nisiotou. "Patterns of Genetic Diversity and the Invasion of Commercial Starters in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Vineyard Populations of Santorini Island." Foods 9, no. 5 (May 2, 2020): 561. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9050561.
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Autochthonous Saccharomyces cerevisiae vineyard populations are important components of the grape/wine system. Besides their direct impact on winemaking, they also constitute an untapped reservoir of genotypes with special technological attributes for the wine industry. Research so far on S. cerevisiae populations has focused on spatial distribution on large scales, yet little is known about the genetic variability of populations within viticultural zones and their temporal genotypic variation. Here, S. cerevisiae populations from different vineyards in Santorini, a small Aegean island, were genotyped and their genetic diversity was assessed within and between vineyards during two consecutive years. Despite the relative geographical isolation of the island, a relatively high genetic diversity was uncovered. The vast majority of genotypes were vineyard-specific, while in one of the vintages, significant differences in the genotypic composition of vineyards were detected. Overall, higher differences were detected between vintages rather than among vineyards. Notably, only four genotypes were common for the two vintages, three of which were commercial S. cerevisiae strains, probably “escapees” from wineries. Nevertheless, the populations of the two vintages were not genetically distinct. Present results highlight the magnitude of genetic diversity in natural wine yeast populations on a small spatial scale, yet the invasion of commercial starters may constitute a potential risk for loss of local yeast biodiversity. However, present results show that industrial strains do not necessarily dominate over the natural strains or their high abundance may be temporary.
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Cappello, M. S., D. Stefani, F. Grieco, A. Logrieco, and G. Zapparoli. "Genotyping by Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism and malate metabolism performances of indigenous Oenococcus oeni strains isolated from Primitivo wine." International Journal of Food Microbiology 127, no. 3 (October 2008): 241–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2008.07.009.
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Ouoba, Labia Irène I., Dennis S. Nielsen, Amarachukwu Anyogu, Christine Kando, Bréhima Diawara, Lene Jespersen, and Jane P. Sutherland. "Hanseniaspora jakobsenii sp. nov., a yeast isolated from Bandji, a traditional palm wine of Borassus akeassii." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 65, Pt_10 (October 1, 2015): 3576–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijsem.0.000461.
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Investigation of the microbial diversity of Bandji, a traditional palm wine from Burkina Faso (West Africa) revealed the presence of two yeast isolates (YAV16 and YAV17T) with unusual phenotypic and genotypic characteristics. The isolates divide by bipolar budding with no production of ascospores. Phylogenetic analysis of concatenated sequences of the 26S rRNA gene D1/D2 and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions indicated that the novel species was most closely related to Kloeckera lindneri and Hanseniaspora valbyensis. The new isolates differed from K. lindneri NRRL Y-17531T and H. valbyensis CBS 479T by substitutions in the D1/D2 region of 12 and 16 nt respectively. The divergence in the ITS region from the closely related species was characterized by substitutions of 45–46 nt. Repetitive palindromic PCR (rep-PCR) profiles of YAV16 and YAV17T were also significantly different from those of K. lindneri MUCL 31146T ( = NRRL Y-17531T), H. valbyensis NCYC 17T ( = CBS 479T) and other species of the genus Hanseniaspora. Based on the results of the phenotypic and genotypic characterizations, it was concluded that the new isolates represent a novel species for which the name Hanseniaspora jakobsenii sp. nov. is proposed with YAV17T ( = CBS 12942T = DSM 26339T = NCYC 3828T; MycoBank number MB 805785) as the type strain.
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Moyer, J. R., A. L. Boswall, L. M. Kawchuk, T. Entz, B. Tovell, and B. Lee. "Characterization of dandelion (Taraxacum officinale Weber in F.H. Wigg.) biotype morphology, chemical composition and response to glyphosate." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 89, no. 2 (March 1, 2009): 369–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps08114.
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Dandelion plants at the Lethbridge Research Centre, Alberta, have several different leaf shapes and possibly include individuals that are tolerant to glyphosate. The objectives of this study were to determine whether different leaf shapes are due to genotypic differences, whether chemical composition varies with leaf shape, and whether plants vary in their response to glyphosate. Plants with possible glyphosate tolerance were collected in 1998 from a pasture field where forage grasses were terminated with glyphosate, and from an alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) field where no herbicides had been applied. Image analysis of plants that were progeny of the original collection indicated that they have significantly different leaf shapes. DNA analysis confirmed that genotypic differences associated with leaf shape exist among dandelion plants collected at the Lethbridge Research Centre. The biotypes had different metal concentrations, which may be a concern if plants are sampled to monitor metal contamination. All biotypes had acceptable metal concentrations for use as cattle feed. In greenhouse tests, all biotypes required similar doses of glyphosate to reduce growth by 50%. All biotypes have considerable tolerance to glyphosate at rates to at least 1.8 kg a.e. ha-1, root fragments remained that were capable of supporting new leaf growth. Key words: Dandelion, DNA, glyphosate, leaf shape, mineral content, protein
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PETRUZZI, LEONARDO, ANTONIO BEVILACQUA, MARIA ROSARIA CORBO, CARMELA GAROFALO, ANTONIETTA BAIANO, and MILENA SINIGAGLIA. "Selection of Autochthonous Saccharomyces cerevisiae Strains as Wine Starters Using a Polyphasic Approach and Ochratoxin A Removal." Journal of Food Protection 77, no. 7 (July 1, 2014): 1168–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-384.
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Over the last few years, the selection of autochthonous strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae as wine starters has been studied; however, researchers have not focused on the ability to remove ochratoxin A (OTA) as a possible trait to use in oenological characterization. In this article, a polyphasic approach, including yeast genotyping, evaluation of phenotypic traits, and fermentative performance in a model system (temperature, 25 and 30°C; sugar level, 200 and 250 g liter−1), was proposed as a suitable approach to select wine starters of S. cerevisiae from 30 autochthonous isolates from Uva di Troia cv., a red wine grape variety grown in the Apulian region (Southern Italy). The ability to remove OTA, a desirable trait to improve the safety of wine, was also assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The isolates, identified by PCR–restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region and DNA sequencing, were differentiated at strain level through the amplification of the interdelta region; 11 biotypes (I to XI) were identified and further studied. Four biotypes (II, III, V, VIII) were able to reduce OTA, with the rate of toxin removal from the medium (0.6 to 42.8%, wt/vol) dependent upon the strain and the temperature, and biotypes II and VIII were promising in terms of ethanol, glycerol, and volatile acidity production, as well as for their enzymatic and stress resistance characteristics. For the first time, the ability of S. cerevisiae to remove OTA during alcoholic fermentation was used as an additional trait in the yeast-selection program; the results could have application for evaluating the potential of autochthonous S. cerevisiae strains as starter cultures for the production of typical wines with improved quality and safety.
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Liu, Ying, Fei Yi, Guijuan Yang, Yuting Wang, Ciren Pubu, Runhua He, Yao Xiao, et al. "Geographic population genetic structure and diversity of Sophora moorcroftiana based on genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS)." PeerJ 8 (August 6, 2020): e9609. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9609.
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Sophora moorcroftiana is a perennial leguminous low shrub endemic to the Yarlung Zangbo River basin in Tibet with irreplaceable economic and ecological value. To determine the drivers of evolution in this species, 225 individuals belonging to 15 populations from different geographic locations were sampled, and population genetics was studied using high-throughput genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS). Based on genetic diversity analysis, phylogenetic analysis, principal component analysis, and structure analysis, 15 natural populations were clustered into the following five subgroups: subgroup I (Shigatse subgroup) was located in the upper reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River with a relatively high level of population genetic variation (means for PIC, Shannon and PI were 0.173, 0.326 and 0.0000305, respectively), and gene flow within the subgroup was also high (mean value for Nm was 4.67). Subgroup II (including Pop 7 and Pop 8; means for PIC, Shannon and PI were 0.182, 0.345 and 0.0000321, respectively), located in the middle reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River had relatively high levels of gene flow with the populations distributed in the upper and lower reaches. The Nm between subgroup II with subgroups I and III was 3.271 and 2.894, respectively. Considering all the genetic diversity indices Pop 8 had relatively high genetic diversity. Subgroup III (the remaining mixed subgroup of Lhasa and Shannan) was located in the middle reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River and the means for PIC, Shannon and PI were 0.172, 0.324 and 0.0000303, respectively. Subgroup IV (Nyingchi subgroup), located in the lower reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River basin, showed a further genetic distance from the other subgroups and the means for PIC, Shannon and PI were 0.147, 0.277 and 0.0000263, respectively. Subgroup V (Nyingchi Gongbu Jiangda subgroup), located in the upper reaches of the Niyang River, had the lowest level of genetic variation (means for PIC, Shannon and PI were 0.106, 0.198 and 0.0000187, respectively) and gene flow with other populations (mean value for Nm was 0.42). According to the comprehensive analysis, the S. moorcroftiana populations generally expanded from upstream to downstream and displayed a high level of genetic differentiation in the populations in the upper and lower reaches. There were high levels of gene exchange between the central populations with upstream and downstream populations, and wind-induced seed dispersal was an important factor in the formation of this gene exchange mode.
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Ženišová, Katarína, Katarína Chovanová, Viera Chebeňová-Turcovská, Zuzana Godálová, Lucia Kraková, Tomáš Kuchta, Domenico Pangallo, and Barbara Brežná. "Mapping of wine yeast and fungal diversity in the Small Carpathian wine-producing region (Slovakia): evaluation of phenotypic, genotypic and culture-independent approaches." Annals of Microbiology 64, no. 4 (February 16, 2014): 1819–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13213-014-0827-x.
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Wilmink, Jurrian, Michael Breuer, and Astrid Forneck. "Grape Phylloxera Genetic Structure Reveals Root–Leaf Migration within Commercial Vineyards." Insects 12, no. 8 (August 3, 2021): 697. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12080697.
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Depending on their life cycle, grape phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae Fitch) leaf-feeding populations are initiated through asexually produced offspring or sexual recombination. The vine’s initial foliar larvae may originate from root-feeding phylloxera or wind-drifted foliar larvae from other habitats. Though some studies have reported phylloxera leaf-feeding in commercial vineyards, it is still unclear if they are genetically distinct from the population structure of these two sources. Using seven SSR-markers, this study analyzed the genetic structure of phylloxera populations in commercial vineyards with different natural infestation scenarios and that of single-plant insect systems that exclude infestation by wind-drifted larvae. We saw that during the vegetation period, phylloxera populations predominately go through their asexual life cycle to migrate from roots to leaves. We provided evidence that such migrations do not exclusively occur through wind-drifted foliar populations from rootstock vines in abandoned thickets, but that root populations within commercial vineyards also migrate to establish V. vinifera leaf populations. Whereas the former scenario generates foliar populations with high genotypic diversity, the latter produces population bottlenecks through founder effects or phylloxera biotype selection pressure. We finally compared these population structures with those of populations in their native habitat in North America, using four microsatellite markers.
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Catalano, Valentina, Paula Moreno-Sanz, Silvia Lorenzi, and Maria Stella Grando. "Experimental Review of DNA-Based Methods for Wine Traceability and Development of a Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) Genotyping Assay for Quantitative Varietal Authentication." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 64, no. 37 (September 9, 2016): 6969–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.6b02560.
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Csoma, H., N. Zakany, A. Capece, P. Romano, and M. Sipiczki. "Biological diversity of Saccharomyces yeasts of spontaneously fermenting wines in four wine regions: Comparative genotypic and phenotypic analysis." International Journal of Food Microbiology 140, no. 2-3 (June 2010): 239–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.03.024.
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Granchi, Lisa, Donatella Ganucci, Giacomo Buscioni, Silvia Mangani, and Simona Guerrini. "The Biodiversity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in Spontaneous Wine Fermentation: The Occurrence and Persistence of Winery-Strains." Fermentation 5, no. 4 (September 26, 2019): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation5040086.
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Saccharomyces cerevisiae populations occurring in spontaneous wine fermentations display a high polymorphism, although few strains are generally able to dominate the fermentative process. Recent studies have suggested that these indigenous S. cerevisiae strains are representative of a specific oenological ecosystem, being associated to a given wine-producing area or a single winery. In contrast, according to other ecological studies, no correlation between genotypic and phenotypic groups of the native S. cerevisiae strains and their origin was found. In this work, several S. cerevisiae strains were isolated in consecutive years from spontaneous fermentations carried out in the same wineries located in different oenological areas in Tuscany, and their persistence was assessed by molecular methods. Some predominant S. cerevisiae strains persisted in different fermentations in the same winery from one year to another and they seemed to be representative of a single winery rather than of an oenological area. Therefore, data suggested the idea of the “winery effect” or a microbial terroir at a smaller scale. The use of these typical strains as starter yeasts could provide wines with the distinctive characteristics of a particular winery or sub-zone.
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Bassett, Mark J. "Pleiotropic Effects of gri on Seed Coat and Flower Color in Common Bean." HortScience 27, no. 3 (March 1992): 254–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.3.254.
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The effects of gri on seed coat and flower color were investigated in a study using Lamprecht line V0400 (PI 527735) as the known source of gri. Seed and flower color data were taken on observations of F2, BC1-F2, and BC2,-F2 populations from crosses of V0400 with the recurrent parent S-593. Segregation was observed for a unique flower color pattern: wing petals have a very pale tinge of blue (laelia), and the banner petal has two violet dots (≈3- to 4-mm diameter) on a nearly white background. This very pale laelia flower color cosegregates with gray-white seed coats produced by gri. Furthermore, the very pale laelia color depends on the action of V for expression and is extinguished by v, which produces pure white flowers. Thus, it was demonstrated that the very pale laelia flower color, for which Lamprecht tentatively proposed the gene symbol vpal, is not controlled by an allele at V but is a pleiotropic effect of gri. It was also demonstrated that Lamprecht line V0060 (PI 527717) carries vlae, not v, as indicated by the genotypic notes accompanying the Lamprecht seed collection.
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Azizi, Salum, Janneke Snetselaar, Alexandra Wright, Johnson Matowo, Boniface Shirima, Robert Kaaya, Rashid Athumani, Filemoni Tenu, Natacha Protopopoff, and Matthew Kirby. "Colonization and Authentication of the Pyrethroid-Resistant Anopheles gambiae s.s. Muleba-Kis Strain; an Important Test System for Laboratory Screening of New Insecticides." Insects 12, no. 8 (August 8, 2021): 710. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12080710.
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Background: The emergence and spread of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors to major classes of insecticides call for urgent innovation and application of insecticides with novel modes of action. When evaluating new insecticides for public health, potential candidates need to be screened against both susceptible and resistant mosquitoes to determine efficacy and to identify potential cross-resistance to insecticides currently used for mosquito control. The challenges and lessons learned from establishing, maintaining, and authenticating the pyrethroid-resistant An. gambiae s.s. Muleba-Kis strain at the KCMUCo-PAMVERC Test Facility are described in this paper. Methods: Male mosquitoes from the F1 generation of wild-pyrethroid resistant mosquitoes were cross-bred with susceptible female An. gambiae s.s. Kisumu laboratory strain followed by larval selection using a pyrethroid insecticide solution. Periodic screening for phenotypic and genotypic resistance was done. WHO susceptibility tests and bottle bioassays were used to assess the phenotypic resistance, while Taqman™ assays were used to screen for known target-site resistance alleles (kdr and ace-1). Additionally, the strains were periodically assessed for quality control by monitoring adult weight and wing length. Results: By out-crossing the wild mosquitoes with an established lab strain, a successful resistant insectary colony was established. Intermittent selection pressure using alphacypermethrin has maintained high kdr mutation (leucine-serine) frequencies in the selected colony. There was consistency in the wing length and weight measurements from the year 2016 to 2020, with the exception that one out of four years was significantly different. Mean annual wing length varied between 0.0142–0.0028 mm compared to values obtained in 2016, except in 2019 where it varied by 0.0901 mm. Weight only varied by approximately 0.001 g across four years, except in 2017 where it differed by 0.005 g. Routine phenotypic characterization on Muleba-Kis against pyrethroids using the WHO susceptibility test indicated high susceptibility when type I pyrethroids were used compared to type II pyrethroids. Dynamics on susceptibility status also depended on the lapse time when the selection was last done. Conclusions: This study described the procedure for introducing, colonizing, and maintaining a resistant An. gambiae s.s. strain in the laboratory with leucine to serine substitution kdr allele which reflects the features of the wild-resistant population in East Africa. Challenges in colonizing a wild-resistant mosquito strain were overcome by out-crossing between mosquito strains of desired traits followed by intermittent insecticide selection at the larval stage to select for the resistant phenotype.
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Peery, Rhiannon M., Chandra H. McAllister, Catherine I. Cullingham, Elizabeth L. Mahon, Adriana Arango-Velez, and Janice E. K. Cooke. "Comparative genomics of the chitinase gene family in lodgepole and jack pines: contrasting responses to biotic threats and landscape level investigation of genetic differentiation." Botany 99, no. 6 (June 2021): 355–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2020-0125.
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The sister species, lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelm.) and jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb), face pressures from a multitude of biotic agents, including mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, 1902) and their pathogenic fungal associates (e.g., Grosmannia clavigera (Rob.-Jeffr. & R.W. Davidson) Zipfel, Z.W. de Beer & M.J. Wingf.), mistletoe (Arceuthobium americanum Nutt. ex A.Gray), and the pathogen causing western gall rust (Cronartium harknessii E. Meinecke). Here, we report new stem tissue transcriptome resources developed for lodgepole and jack pines subjected to these biotic stresses. The annotated transcriptomes were compared to determine species-specific responses to the necrotrophic G. clavigera and the biotrophic Cronartium harknessii. We focused on chitinases, a family that includes members with well-documented roles in defense. Putative chitinase family members were identified via annotation, sequence similarity to reference chitinase genes, phylogenetic analyses, and in silico motif characterization. RNA-Seq revealed marked differences in the responses of lodgepole and jack pine chitinases to G. clavigera and Cronartium harknessii. The potential for adaptive variation in chitinases was investigated by assessing the level of genetic differentiation between and within lodgepole and jack pines using single nucleotide polymorphisms within chitinases. These analyses illustrate the potential of combining transcriptomic and genotyping resources to investigate genotype–phenotype correlations for non-model species.
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Youngworth, Ingrid, and Mary E. Delany. "A Premature Stop Codon in RAF1 Is the Priority Candidate Causative Mutation of the Inherited Chicken Wingless-2 Developmental Syndrome." Genes 10, no. 5 (May 9, 2019): 353. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes10050353.
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The chicken wingless-2 (wg-2) mutation is inherited in an autosomal recessive fashion, and the resulting phenotype in mutant (wg-2/wg-2) individuals is a developmental syndrome characterized by absent wings, truncated legs, craniofacial as well as skin and feather defects, and kidney malformations. Mapping and genotyping established that the mutation resides within 227 kilobases (kb) of chromosome 12 in a wg-2 congenic inbred line. A capture array was designed to target and sequence the candidate region along with flanking DNA in 24 birds from the line. Many point mutations and insertions or deletions were identified, and analysis of the linked variants indicated a point mutation predicted to cause a premature stop codon in the RAF1 gene. Expression studies were conducted inclusive of all genes in the candidate region. Interestingly, RAF1 transcription was elevated, yet the protein was absent in the mutants relative to normal individuals. RAF1 encodes a protein integral to the Ras/Raf/MAPK signaling pathway controlling cellular proliferation, and notably, human RASopathies are developmental syndromes caused by germline mutations in genes of this pathway. Our work indicates RAF1 as the priority candidate causative gene for wg-2 and provides a new animal model to study an important signaling pathway implicated in limb development, as well as RASopathies.
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Liebgott, Pierre-Pol, Laurence Casalot, Sebastien Paillard, Jean Lorquin, and Marc Labat. "Marinobacter vinifirmus sp. nov., a moderately halophilic bacterium isolated from a wine-barrel-decalcification wastewater." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 56, no. 11 (November 1, 2006): 2511–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.64368-0.
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A halophilic, Gram-negative, motile, non-sporulating bacterium designated strain FB1T was isolated from a wine-barrel-decalcification wastewater. The organism comprises straight rods and has a strictly respiratory metabolism with O2. Strain FB1T grows optimally at 20–30 °C and 5–6 % NaCl. The predominant fatty acids were found to be C18 : 1 ω9c (30.4 %), C16 : 0 (25.7 %), C12 : 0 3-OH (10.3 %), C16 : 1 ω9c (9.7 %) and C16 : 1 ω7c (8.4 %). A phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that the strain forms a coherent cluster within the genus Marinobacter. The highest level of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (97.9 %) exhibited by strain FB1T was with the type strain of Marinobacter excellens. However, the level of DNA–DNA relatedness between the novel strain and M. excellens CIP 107686T was only 31.2 %. The DNA G+C content of strain FB1T was 58.7 mol%. On the basis of phenotypic and genotypic characteristics, and also phylogenetic evidence, strain FB1T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Marinobacter, for which the name Marinobacter vinifirmus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is FB1T (=DSM 17747T=CCUG 52119T).
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Nawaz, Muhammad, Konstantin Krutovsky, Markus Mueller, Oliver Gailing, Asif Khan, Andreas Buerkert, and Martin Wiehle. "Morphological and Genetic Diversity of Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) in the Karakoram Mountains of Northern Pakistan." Diversity 10, no. 3 (July 30, 2018): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d10030076.
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Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) is a dioecious, wind-pollinated shrub growing in Eurasia including the Karakoram Mountains of Pakistan (Gilgit-Baltistan territory). Contrary to the situation in other countries, in Pakistan this species is heavily underutilized. Moreover, a striking diversity of berry colors and shapes in Pakistan raises the question: which varieties might be more suitable for different national and international markets? Therefore, both morphological and genetic diversity of sea buckthorn were studied to characterize and evaluate the present variability, including hypothetically ongoing domestication processes. Overall, 300 sea buckthorn individuals were sampled from eight different populations and classified as wild and supposedly domesticated stands. Dendrometric, fruit and leaf morphometric traits were recorded. Twelve EST-SSRs (expressed sequence tags-simple sequence repeats) markers were used for genotyping. Significant differences in morphological traits were found across populations and between wild and village stands. A significant correlation was found between leaf area and altitude. Twenty-two color shades of berries and 20 dorsal and 15 ventral color shades of leaves were distinguished. Mean genetic diversity was comparatively high (He = 0.699). In total, three distinct genetic clusters were observed that corresponded to the populations’ geographic locations. Considering high allelic richness and genetic diversity, the Gilgit-Baltistan territory seems to be a promising source for selection of improved germplasm in sea buckthorn.
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Loope, Kevin J., James W. Baty, Philip J. Lester, and Erin E. Wilson Rankin. "Pathogen shifts in a honeybee predator following the arrival of the Varroa mite." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1894 (January 9, 2019): 20182499. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.2499.
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Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) are a global threat to honeybees, and spillover from managed bees threaten wider insect populations. Deformed wing virus (DWV), a widespread virus that has become emergent in conjunction with the spread of the mite Varroa destructor , is thought to be partly responsible for global colony losses. The arrival of Varroa in honeybee populations causes a dramatic loss of viral genotypic diversity, favouring a few virulent strains. Here, we investigate DWV spillover in an invasive Hawaiian population of the wasp, Vespula pensylvanica , a honeybee predator and honey-raider. We show that Vespula underwent a parallel loss in DWV variant diversity upon the arrival of Varroa , despite the mite being a honeybee specialist. The observed shift in Vespula DWV and the variant-sharing between Vespula and Apis suggest that these wasps can acquire DWV directly or indirectly from honeybees. Apis prey items collected from Vespula foragers were positive for DWV, indicating predation is a possible route of transmission. We also sought cascading effects of DWV shifts in a broader Vespula pathogen community. We identified concurrent changes in a suite of additional pathogens, as well as shifts in the associations between these pathogens in Vespula . These findings reveal how hidden effects of the Varroa mite can, via spillover, transform the composition of pathogens in interacting species, with potential knock-on effects for entire pathogen communities.
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Campostrini, Eliemar, and David M. Glenn. "Ecophysiology of papaya: a review." Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology 19, no. 4 (December 2007): 413–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1677-04202007000400010.
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Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is a principal horticultural crop of tropical and subtropical regions. Knowledge of how papaya responds to environmental factors provides a scientific basis for the development of management strategies to optimize fruit yield and quality. A better understanding of genotypic responses to specific environmental factors will contribute to efficient agricultural zoning and papaya breeding programs. The objective of this review is to present current research knowledge related to the effect of environmental factors and their interaction with the photosynthetic process and whole-plant physiology. This review demonstrates that environmental factors such as light, wind, soil chemical and physical characteristics, temperature, soil water, relative humidity, and biotic factors such as mycorrhizal fungi and genotype profoundly affect the productivity and physiology of papaya. An understanding of the environmental factors and their interaction with physiological processes is extremely important for economically sustainable production in the nursery or in the field. With improved, science-based management, growers will optimize photosynthetic carbon assimilation and increase papaya fruit productivity and quality.
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Krstić, Oliver, Tatjana Cvrković, Slavica Marinković, Miljana Jakovljević, Milana Mitrović, Ivo Toševski, and Jelena Jović. "Genetic Diversity of Flavescence Dorée Phytoplasmas in Vineyards of Serbia: From the Widespread Occurrence of Autochthonous Map-M51 to the Emergence of Endemic Map-FD2 (Vectotype II) and New Map-FD3 (Vectotype III) Epidemic Genotypes." Agronomy 12, no. 2 (February 11, 2022): 448. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12020448.
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Flavescence dorée (FD) is a European quarantine disease of grapevine caused by FD phytoplasma (FDp) transmitted by the leafhopper of North American origin Scaphoideus titanus. The disease affects the most important viticultural regions of Europe and all wine-growing regions of Serbia. Unlike the insect vector, the pathogen is native to Europe and associated with several wild host plants among which alder trees as the main source of two out of three map genetic clusters of pathogen variants (Map-FD1 and FD2). Heretofore, the FDp epidemic in Serbian vineyards was thought to be monotypic, i.e., caused by the single genotype of the Map-FD3 cluster, M51, and correlated with clematis as the natural source plant. This study aimed to provide data on genetic diversity, through map and vmpA gene typing, and insights into ecological properties of epidemiological cycles driving the epidemic outbreaks of FD in Serbia today. Map genotyping of 270 grapevine isolates collected from 2017 to 2019 confirmed M51 as autochthonous genotype widespread in all wine producing regions of Serbia and the dominant FDp epidemic genotype in most of the districts (75%, 202/270 isolates), except in north Serbia where multiple outbreaks of M12 Map-FD3 were recorded (54 isolates). Tree of heaven is reported as a new FDp plant reservoir for the Serbian vineyards, hosting the M51 genotype, along with clematis. An outbreak of a new endemic Map-FD3 genotype M144 was documented in grapevine samples from east Serbia (5 isolates), correlating with previous findings of the same genotype in clematis. In addition, single grapevine infections with five new Map-FD3 genotypes (M150-M154) were recorded in central Serbia, thus indicating high endemic potential for new outbreaks. The vmpA typing placed all Map-FD3 isolates into the VmpA-III cluster, i.e., Vectotype III. Finally, we found direct evidence that at least two FDp endemic genotypes, M89 and M148, of the Map-FD2/VmpA-II have escaped from alders and propagated in the grapevine-S. titanus pathosystem in Serbia (Vectotype II). Our findings confirm the high complexity of the FDp ecological cycle and provide evidence of a unique, autochthonous Balkan epidemiology sourced endemically.
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Vion, Charlotte, Emilien Peltier, Margaux Bernard, Maitena Muro, and Philippe Marullo. "Marker Assisted Selection of Malic-Consuming Saccharomyces cerevisiae Strains for Winemaking. Efficiency and Limits of a QTL’s Driven Breeding Program." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 4 (April 15, 2021): 304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7040304.
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Natural Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast strains exhibit very large genotypic and phenotypic diversity. Breeding programs that take advantage of this characteristic are widely used for selecting starters for wine industry, especially in the recent years when winemakers need to adapt their production to climate change. The aim of this work was to evaluate a marker assisted selection (MAS) program to improve malic acid consumption capacity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in grape juice. Optimal individuals of two unrelated F1-hybrids were crossed to get a new genetic background carrying many “malic consumer” loci. Then, eleven quantitative trait loci (QTLs) already identified were used for implementing the MAS breeding program. By this method, extreme individuals able to consume more than 70% of malic acid in grape juice were selected. These individuals were tested in different enological matrixes and compared to their original parental strains. They greatly reduced the malic acid content at the end of alcoholic fermentation, they appeared to be robust to the environment, and they accelerated the ongoing of malolactic fermentations by Oenococcus oeni. This study illustrates how MAS can be efficiently used for selecting industrial Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains with outlier properties for winemaking.
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Wen-Kun, Huang, Guo Jian-Ying, Wan Fang-Hao, Gao Bi-Da, and Xie Bing-Yan. "AFLP analyses on genetic diversity and structure of Eupatorium adenophorum populations in China." Chinese Journal of Agricultural Biotechnology 5, no. 1 (April 2008): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479236208002076.
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AbstractEupatorium adenophorum (crofton weed) is one of the most widespread invasive species in China. Its genetic diversity and population structure in China were analysed by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP). Three primer pairs were selected for the analysis and 490 bands were produced from 62 E. adenophorum populations selected from five major geographic areas. A total of 328 of the bands showed polymorphism [percentage of polymorphic bands (PPB)=59.4%]. Diversity levels of populations were relatively high (mean expected heterozygosity=0.154, mean Shannon index=0.241). At the regional level, the AMOVA indicated that about 70.25% of variation in the data set was from genotypic variations within populations, whereas 8.04% of the variation was due to regional differences, and the remaining 21.71% to differences among populations within the provincial regions. Cluster analysis based on the unweighted pair-group method using the method of arithmetic averages (UPGMA) grouped the majority of E. adenophorum populations into four main clusters, which correspond to their geographic regions. It is concluded that E. adenophorum spread mainly by wind or water and its genetic diversity level in newly invaded areas was lower than that in formerly colonized areas.
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Ouoba, L. I. I., C. Kando, C. Parkouda, H. Sawadogo-Lingani, B. Diawara, and J. P. Sutherland. "The microbiology of Bandji, palm wine of Borassus akeassii from Burkina Faso: identification and genotypic diversity of yeasts, lactic acid and acetic acid bacteria." Journal of Applied Microbiology 113, no. 6 (October 12, 2012): 1428–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jam.12014.
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Dalla Costa, Lorenza, Mickael Malnoy, David Lecourieux, Laurent Deluc, Fatma Ouaked- Lecourieux, Mark R. Thomas, and Laurent Jean-Marie Torregrosa. "The state-of-the-art of grapevine biotechnology and new breeding technologies (NBTS)." OENO One 53, no. 2 (May 14, 2019): 189–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2019.53.2.2405.
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Context of the review: The manipulation of the genetic basis controlling grapevine adaptation and phenotypic plasticity can be performed either by classical genetics or biotechnologies. In the last 15 years, considerable knowledge has accumulated about the grapevine genome as well as the mechanisms involved in the interaction of the vine with the environment, pests and diseases. Despite the difficulties associated with genetic mapping in this species (allele diversity, chimerism, long generation intervals...), several major controlling important vegetative or reproductive traits have been identified. Considering the huge genotypic and phenotypic diversities existing in Vitis, breeding offers a substantial range of options to improve the performances of cultivars. However, even if marker-assisted selection was largely developed to shorten breeding programs, the selection of improved cultivars, whether for agronomic traits or disease tolerances, is still long and uncertain. Moreover, breeding by crossing does not preserve cultivar genetic background, when the wine industry and market are still based on varietal wines.Significance of the review: In grapevine, pioneering biotechnologies were set up in the 1960s to propagate and/or clean the material from micro-organisms. In the 1990s, the basis of genetic engineering was primary established through biolistic or Agrobacterium with several derived technologies refined in the last 10 years. The latest advance is represented by a group of technologies based on genome editing which allows a much more precise modification of the genome. These technologies, so-called NBTs (new breeding technologies), which theoretically do not deconstruct the phenotype of existing cultivars, could be potentially better accepted by the wine industry and consumers than previous GMO (genetically modified organism) approaches. This paper reviews the current state-of-the-art of the biotechnologies available for grapevine genome manipulation and future prospects for genetic improvement.
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David, Etienne, Simon Madec, Pouria Sadeghi-Tehran, Helge Aasen, Bangyou Zheng, Shouyang Liu, Norbert Kirchgessner, et al. "Global Wheat Head Detection (GWHD) Dataset: A Large and Diverse Dataset of High-Resolution RGB-Labelled Images to Develop and Benchmark Wheat Head Detection Methods." Plant Phenomics 2020 (August 20, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2020/3521852.
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The detection of wheat heads in plant images is an important task for estimating pertinent wheat traits including head population density and head characteristics such as health, size, maturity stage, and the presence of awns. Several studies have developed methods for wheat head detection from high-resolution RGB imagery based on machine learning algorithms. However, these methods have generally been calibrated and validated on limited datasets. High variability in observational conditions, genotypic differences, development stages, and head orientation makes wheat head detection a challenge for computer vision. Further, possible blurring due to motion or wind and overlap between heads for dense populations make this task even more complex. Through a joint international collaborative effort, we have built a large, diverse, and well-labelled dataset of wheat images, called the Global Wheat Head Detection (GWHD) dataset. It contains 4700 high-resolution RGB images and 190000 labelled wheat heads collected from several countries around the world at different growth stages with a wide range of genotypes. Guidelines for image acquisition, associating minimum metadata to respect FAIR principles, and consistent head labelling methods are proposed when developing new head detection datasets. The GWHD dataset is publicly available at http://www.global-wheat.com/and aimed at developing and benchmarking methods for wheat head detection.
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Hotto, A. M., M. F. Satchwell, and G. L. Boyer. "Molecular Characterization of Potential Microcystin-Producing Cyanobacteria in Lake Ontario Embayments and Nearshore Waters." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73, no. 14 (May 25, 2007): 4570–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00318-07.
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ABSTRACT The distribution and genotypic variation of potential microcystin (MC) producers along the southern and eastern shores of Lake Ontario in 2001 and 2003 were examined using a suite of PCR primers. Cyanobacterial, Microcystis sp., and Microcystis-specific toxin primer sets identified shoreline distribution of cyanobacterial DNA (in 97% of the stations) and MC synthetase genes (in 50% of the stations). Sequence analysis of a partial mcyA amplicon targeting Microcystis, Anabaena, and Planktothrix species indicated that the Microcystis sp. genotype was the dominant MC genotype present and revealed a novel Microcystis-like sequence containing a 6-bp insert. Analysis of the same samples with genus-specific mcyE primers confirmed that the Microcystis sp. genotype was the dominant potential MC producer. Genotype compositions within embayments were relatively homogenous compared to those for shoreline and tributary samples. MC concentrations along the shoreline exhibited both temporal and spatial differences as evidenced by the protein phosphatase inhibition assay, at times exceeding the World Health Organization guideline value for drinking water of 1.0 μg MC-LReq liter−1. MC genotypes are widespread along the New York State shoreline of Lake Ontario, appear to originate nearshore, and can be carried through the lake via wind and surface water current patterns.
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Suprun, I. I., I. V. Stepanov, V. V. Sokolova, and E. A. Al-Nakib. "Analysis of genetic diversity of valuable walnut species collected at N.V. Tsitsin Main Botanical Garden of the Russian Academy of Sciences Using SSR markers." Horticulture and viticulture, no. 6 (December 22, 2022): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31676/0235-2591-2022-6-16-23.
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Walnut is one of the most economically significant nut crops. Evaluation of the genetic structure of the domestic walnut gene plasma using modern molecular genetic approaches is a relevant research task. The walnut samples collected by Tsitsin Main Moscow Botanical Garden of Academy of Sciences (MBG RAS) are of particular importance for breeding practice aimed at increasing winter freezing tolerance of plants. The seed material for this collection was introduced from different regions of the former Soviet Union, including Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Ukraine, Belarus, as well as regions of Russia. The MBG RAS collection presents interest as a breeding material for mobilizing the genetic resources and replenishing the gene pool of the South of Russia with new, economically valuable walnut varieties. This work aims to analyze the genetic diversity of a J. regia genotype sample, which includes the most valuable forms from the MBG RAS collection, in order to establish their genetic relationships with samples representing the walnut gene pool of the South of Russia. The genetic analysis of the studied walnut species and varieties was carried out using eight SSR markers: WGA001, WGA376, WGA069, WGA276, WGA009, WGA202, WGA089, and WGA054. The polymorphism of microsatellite DNA markers established during genotyping indicated a high heterogeneity between the MBG RAS walnut sample and genetic resources in other regions. An analysis of genetic relationships using UPGMA and PCoA clustering methods revealed the genetic isolation of most samples in the MBG RAS collection from walnut varieties in the South of Russia. The most genetically distant samples in the MBG RAS collection were found to be 199, 196, 236, 256, 106, and 134. Therefore, these samples should be introduced in the gene pool of North-Caucasus Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, and Wine-making and Nikitsky Botanical Garden with the purpose of increasing the heterogeneity of their gene pools.
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Al-Khresieh, Rozan O., Hala I. Al-Daghistani, Saeid M. Abu-Romman, and Lubna F. Abu-Niaaj. "Genetic Signature and Serocompatibility Evidence for Drug Resistant Campylobacter jejuni." Antibiotics 11, no. 10 (October 17, 2022): 1421. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11101421.
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Campylobacteriosis, a foodborne illness, is one of the world′s leading causes of gastrointestinal illness. This study investigates the link between human campylobacteriosis and the consumption of potentially contaminated food with Campylobacter jejuni. Three hundred sixty samples were collected from humans, chicken cloaca, raw chicken meat, unpasteurized milk, and vegetables. The chickens were obtained from licensed and non-licensed slaughterhouses, and only the necks and wings were studied. Samples were enriched under microaerobic conditions then cultured on the modified charcoal cefoperazone deoxycholate agar. Bacteria was identified by staining, biochemical testing, and molecular identification by the polymerase chain reaction for the virulence genes; hipO, asp, dnaJ, cadF, cdtA, cdtB, and cdtC. The genomic homogeneity of C. jejuni between human and chicken isolates was assessed by the serological Penner test and the pulse field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Campylobacter was not detected in the vegetables and pasteurized milk, though, only twenty isolates from chickens and clinical samples were presumed to be Campylobacter based on their morphology. The biochemical tests confirmed that five isolates were C. coli, and fifteen isolates were C. jejuni including two isolates from humans, and the remaining were from chickens. The colonization of C. jejuni in chickens was significantly lower in necks (6.66%) obtained from licensed slaughterhouses compared to those obtained from non-licensed slaughterhouses (33.3%). The antimicrobial susceptibility test showed that all identified C. jejuni isolates were resistant to antibiotics, and the majority of isolates (53.5%) showed resistance against six antibiotics, though, all isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, and aztreonam. The Penner test showed P:21 as the dominant serotype in isolates from humans, necks, and cloaca. The serohomology of C. jejuni from human isolates and chicken necks, wings, and cloaca was 71%, 36%, 78%, respectively. The PFGE analysis of the pattern for DNA fragmentation by the restriction enzyme Smal showed a complete genotypic homology of C. jejuni human isolates and chicken necks compared to partial homology with cloacal isolates. The study brings attention to the need for effective interventions to ensure best practices for safe poultry production for commercial food chain supply to limit infection with foodborne pathogens, including Campylobacter.
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Bilhère, Eric, Patrick M. Lucas, Olivier Claisse, and Aline Lonvaud-Funel. "Multilocus Sequence Typing of Oenococcus oeni: Detection of Two Subpopulations Shaped by Intergenic Recombination." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75, no. 5 (December 29, 2008): 1291–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02563-08.
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ABSTRACT Oenococcus oeni is the acidophilic lactic acid bacterial species most frequently associated with malolactic fermentation of wine. Since the description of the species (formerly Leuconostoc oenos), characterization of indigenous strains and industrially produced cultures by diverse typing methods has led to divergent conclusions concerning the genetic diversity of strains. In the present study, a multilocus sequence typing (MLST) scheme based on the analysis of eight housekeeping genes was developed and tested on a collection of 43 strains of diverse origins. The eight targeted loci were successfully amplified and sequenced for all isolates. Only three to 11 different alleles were detected for these genes. The average nucleotide diversity also was rather limited (0.0011 to 0.0370). Despite this limited allelic diversity, the combination of alleles of each strain disclosed 34 different sequence types, which denoted a significant genotypic diversity. A phylogenetic analysis of the concatenated sequences showed that all strains form two well distinct groups of 28 and 15 strains. Interestingly, the same groups were defined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, although this method targets different genetic variations. A minimum spanning tree analysis disclosed very few and small clonal complexes. In agreement, statistical analyses of MLST data suggest that recombination events were important during O. oeni evolution and contributed to the wide dissemination of alleles among strains. Taken together, our results showed that MLST is more efficient than pulsed-field gel electrophoresis for typing O. oeni strains, and they provided a picture of the O. oeni population that explains some conflicting results previously obtained.
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Alabi, Olufemi J., Maher Al Rwahnih, Tefera A. Mekuria, and Rayapati A. Naidu. "Genetic Diversity of Grapevine virus A in Washington and California Vineyards." Phytopathology® 104, no. 5 (May 2014): 548–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-06-13-0179-r.
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Grapevine virus A (GVA; genus Vitivirus, family Betaflexiviridae) has been implicated with the Kober stem grooving disorder of the rugose wood disease complex. In this study, 26 isolates of GVA recovered from wine grape (Vitis vinifera) cultivars from California and Washington were analyzed for their genetic diversity. An analysis of a portion of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and complete coat protein (CP) sequences revealed intra- and inter-isolate sequence diversity. Our results indicated that both RdRp and CP are under strong negative selection based on the normalized values for the ratio of nonsynonymous substitutions per nonsynonymous site to synonymous substitutions per synonymous site. A global phylogenetic analysis of CP sequences revealed segregation of virus isolates into four major clades with no geographic clustering. In contrast, the RdRp-based phylogenetic tree indicated segregation of GVA isolates from California and Washington into six clades, independent of geographic origin or cultivar. Phylogenetic network coupled with recombination analyses showed putative recombination events in both RdRp and CP sequence data sets, with more of these events located in the CP sequence. The preponderance of divergent variants of GVA co-replicating within individual grapevines could increase viral genotypic complexity with implications for phylogenetic analysis and evolutionary history of the virus. The knowledge of genetic diversity of GVA generated in this study will provide a foundation for elucidating the epidemiological characteristics of virus populations at different scales and implementing appropriate management strategies for minimizing the spread of genetic variants of the virus by vectors and via planting materials supplied to nurseries and grape growers.
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Bridier, Julen, Olivier Claisse, Monika Coton, Emmanuel Coton, and Aline Lonvaud-Funel. "Evidence of Distinct Populations and Specific Subpopulations within the Species Oenococcus oeni." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 76, no. 23 (October 8, 2010): 7754–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01544-10.
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ABSTRACT Among the lactic acid bacteria (LAB) present in the oenological microbial ecosystem, Oenococcus oeni, an acidophilic lactic acid bacterium, is essential during winemaking. It outclasses all other bacterial species during malolactic fermentation (MLF). Oenological performances, such as malic acid degradation rate and sensorial impact, vary significantly according to the strain. The genetic diversity of the O. oeni species was evaluated using a multilocus sequence typing (MLST) scheme. Seven housekeeping genes were sequenced for a collection of 258 strains that had been isolated all over the world (particularly Burgundy, Champagne, and Aquitaine, France, Chile, South Africa, and Italy) and in several wine types (red wines, white wines, and champagne) and cider. The allelic diversity was high, with an average of 20.7 alleles per locus, many of them being rare alleles. The collection comprised 127 sequence types, suggesting an important genotypic diversity. The neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree constructed from the concatenated sequence of the seven housekeeping genes showed two major phylogenetic groups, named A and B. One unique strain isolated from cider composed a third group, rooting the phylogenetic tree. However, all other strains isolated from cider were in group B. Eight phylogenetic subgroups were statistically differentiated and could be delineated by the analysis of only 32 mutations instead of the 600 mutations observed in the concatenated sequence of the seven housekeeping genes. Interestingly, in group A, several phylogenetic subgroups were composed mostly of strains coming from a precise geographic origin. Three subgroups were identified, composed of strains from Chile, South Africa, and eastern France.
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Kennedy, Colleen, Luis F. Osorio, Natalia A. Peres, and Vance M. Whitaker. "Additive Genetic Effects for Resistance to Foliar Powdery Mildew in Strawberry Revealed through Divergent Selection." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 139, no. 3 (May 2014): 310–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.139.3.310.
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Powdery mildew (PM) of strawberry (Fragaria sp.) is a ubiquitous, wind-spread disease caused by the obligate parasite Podosphaera aphanis. To control PM, multiple fungicide applications are necessary each season, and none of the major cultivars in Florida have high levels of resistance. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to observe the response to selection and to estimate genetic parameters for PM and related traits in the University of Florida breeding population. In 2010, clonally replicated individuals from seven biparental crosses arising from 11 parents were included in a field trial in which clonally replicated seedlings were evaluated visually for percent coverage of PM mycelium using a modified Horsfall-Barratt scale of 0 to 6. Broad- (H2) and narrow-sense (h2) heritabilities for PM score were (mean ± se) 0.50 ± 0.08 and 0.40 ± 0.39, respectively, for the base population. After the second round of selection in the resistant population, no additive variance was detected, indicating that alleles for PM resistance had become fixed. In contrast, after two rounds of divergent selection in the susceptible population, there remained considerable additive variance (h2 = 0.42 ± 0.65). Moderate to high heritability estimates and a clear response to selection indicate that resistance to PM is genetically controlled through mostly additive effects. Selection of parents based on field trials with natural inoculum should result in good progress toward more resistant cultivars. The consistently moderate to strong genotypic and genetic correlations among PM and canopy density (CD) indicate that selection for PM resistance will result in reduced CD. Therefore, CD must be monitored over successive rounds of selection for low levels of PM to prevent CD falling below the commercially acceptable range.
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Cowger, Christina, Ryan Parks, and Evsey Kosman. "Structure and Migration in U.S. Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici Populations." Phytopathology® 106, no. 3 (March 2016): 295–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-03-15-0066-r.
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While wheat powdery mildew occurs throughout the south-central and eastern United States, epidemics are especially damaging in the Mid-Atlantic states. The structure of the U.S. Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici population was assessed based on a sample of 238 single-spored isolates. The isolates were collected from 16 locations in 12 states (18 site-years) as chasmothecial samples in 2003 or 2005, or as conidial samples in 2007 or 2010. DNA was evaluated using nine single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers in four housekeeping genes, and 10 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. The SSR markers were variably polymorphic, with allele numbers ranging from 3 to 39 per locus. Genotypic diversity was high (210 haplotypes) and in eight of the site-years, every isolate had a different SSR genotype. SNP haplotypic diversity was lower; although 15 haplotypes were identified, the majority of isolates possessed one of two haplotypes. The chasmothecial samples showed no evidence of linkage disequilibrium (P = 0.36), while the conidial samples did (P = 0.001), but the two groups had nearly identical mean levels of genetic diversity, which was moderate. There was a weakly positive relationship between genetic distance and geographic distance (R2 = 0.25, P = 0.001), indicating modest isolation by distance. Most locations in the Mid-Atlantic and Great Lakes regions clustered together genetically, while Southeast locations formed a distinct but adjacent cluster; all of these were genetically separated from Southern Plains locations and an intermediate location in Kentucky. One-way migration was detected at a rate of approximately five individuals per generation from populations west of the Appalachian Mountains to those to the east, despite the fact that the Atlantic states experience more frequent and damaging wheat mildew epidemics. Overall, the evidence argues for a large-scale mosaic of overlapping populations that re-establish themselves from local sources, rather than continental-scale extinction and re-establishment, and a low rate of long-distance dispersal roughly from west to east, consistent with prevailing wind directions.
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Ayala, Victor I., Matthew T. Trivett, Eugene V. Barsov, Sumiti Jain, Michael Piatak, Charles M. Trubey, W. Gregory Alvord, et al. "Adoptive Transfer of Engineered Rhesus Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Specific CD8 + T Cells Reduces the Number of Transmitted/Founder Viruses Established in Rhesus Macaques." Journal of Virology 90, no. 21 (August 24, 2016): 9942–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01522-16.
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ABSTRACT AIDS virus infections are rarely controlled by cell-mediated immunity, in part due to viral immune evasion and immunodeficiency resulting from CD4 + T-cell infection. One likely aspect of this failure is that antiviral cellular immune responses are either absent or present at low levels during the initial establishment of infection. To test whether an extensive, timely, and effective response could reduce the establishment of infection from a high-dose inoculum, we adoptively transferred large numbers of T cells that were molecularly engineered with anti-simian immunodeficiency virus (anti-SIV) activity into rhesus macaques 3 days following an intrarectal SIV inoculation. To measure in vivo antiviral activity, we assessed the number of viruses transmitted using SIVmac239X, a molecularly tagged viral stock containing 10 genotypic variants, at a dose calculated to transmit 12 founder viruses. Single-genome sequencing of plasma virus revealed that the two animals receiving T cells expressing SIV-specific T-cell receptors (TCRs) had significantly fewer viral genotypes than the two control animals receiving non-SIV-specific T cells (means of 4.0 versus 7.5 transmitted viral genotypes; P = 0.044). Accounting for the likelihood of transmission of multiple viruses of a particular genotype, the calculated means of the total number of founder viruses transmitted were 4.5 and 14.5 in the experimental and control groups, respectively ( P = 0.021). Thus, a large antiviral T-cell response timed with virus exposure can limit viral transmission. The presence of strong, preexisting T-cell responses, including those induced by vaccines, might help prevent the establishment of infection at the lower-exposure doses in humans that typically transmit only a single virus. IMPORTANCE The establishment of AIDS virus infection in an individual is essentially a race between the spreading virus and host immune defenses. Cell-mediated immune responses induced by infection or vaccination are important contributors in limiting viral replication. However, in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/SIV infection, the virus usually wins the race, irreversibly crippling the immune system before an effective cellular immune response is developed and active. We found that providing an accelerated response by adoptively transferring large numbers of antiviral T cells shortly after a high-dose mucosal inoculation, while not preventing infection altogether, limited the number of individual viruses transmitted. Thus, the presence of strong, preexisting T-cell responses, including those induced by vaccines, might prevent infection in humans, where the virus exposure is considerably lower.
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Спотарь, Г. Ю., С. А. Блинова, А. А. Шварцев, Я. И. Алексеев, and С. М. Гориславец. "Features of identification grape varieties and clones of Western European origin." Magarach Vinogradstvo i Vinodelie, no. 2(116) (June 25, 2021): 125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.35547/im.2021.23.2.004.
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С помощью молекулярно-генетических и ампелографических методов проведена идентификация сортов винограда, относящихся к наиболее распространенным в мире техническим сортам западно-европейского происхождения. Генотипирование образцов проводилось с использованием 9-ядерных и 3-хлоропластных микросателлитных маркеров. На основании полученных профилей, по данным базы VIVC было установлено, что образец № 2 является сортом Каберне-Совиньон, образец № 4 - сортом Рисланер. Профиль образца № 1 совпадает с профилем сорта Мерло, за исключением разницы в двух парах нуклеотидов (п.н.) в одном аллеле локуса VVMD27, что можно объяснить редким случаем мутации в микросателлитной последовательности и не является достаточным основанием утверждать, что образец № 1 и Мерло являются разными сортами. Генетические профили образцов № 3 и № 6 соответствовали сортам сортогруппы Темпранильо, № 5 - сортам сортогруппы Рислинг рейнский, №7 - сортам сортогруппы Пино черный. Сорта в сортогруппах, полученные в результате соматических мутаций (связанных в основном с окраской ягод), имели одинаковый профиль. Принадлежность образцов к указанным сортам в сортогруппах была подтверждена ампелографическим методом. Использование для идентификации сортов в сортогруппах 6-9-ти SSR-маркеров в сочетании с ампелографическими методами позволяет получить достоверные результаты без удорожания работ. Однако дифференциация клонов и сортов, полученных в результате соматических мутаций, только SSR-маркерами потребует значительного увеличения их количества на 1-2 порядка либо использования высоковариабельных SSR-маркеров, таких как VRG ( Vitis riparia Götzhof). Таким образом, целесообразен более целенаправленный поиск полиморфизмов непосредственно в генах, отвечающих за определенные хозяйственно ценные признаки. В случае возникновения отличия в окраске ягод для дифференциации возможно использовать полиморфизм локуса гена VvMybA1, при изменении во вкусе и аромате ягод - в локусе гена VviDXS, при изменении лигнификации семян - в локусе гена VviAGL11, при повышении устойчивости к заболеваниям - в локусах соответствующих генов резистентности. The identification of grapes related to the most widespread wine varieties of West-European origin was carried out using molecular-genetic and ampelographic methods. Genotyping of samples was provided using 9- nuclear and 3-chloroplast microsatellite markers. Basing on the profiles obtained according to the VIVC database, it was established that Sample No. 2 is a ‘Cabernet-Sauvignon’ variety, and Sample No. 4 is a ‘Rieslaner’ variety. The profile of Sample No. 1 coincides with the ‘Merlot’ profile, except for the difference in 2 base pairs (bp) in one allele of the VVMD27 locus, which can be explained by a rare case of mutation in microsatellite sequence, and is not a sufficient reason to insist that Sample No. 1 and the ‘Merlot’ are different varieties. The genetic profiles of Samples No. 3 and No. 6 corresponded to the varieties of ‘Tempranillo’ group, No. 5 - to the varieties of ‘Rhein Riesling’ group, and No. 7 - to the varieties of ‘Pinot Noir’ group. The varieties of the groups, obtained as a result of somatic mutations (mainly associated with color of berries), had the same profile. The ampelographic method confirmed the origin of samples in the mentioned groups of varieties. Using of 6-9-SSR-markers in combination with ampelographic methods to identify the varieties of groups allows obtaining reliable results without increasing the cost of work. However, differentiation of clones and varieties in groups with only SSR-markers will require a significant increase in their number by 1-2 orders, or using of highly variable SSR-markers, such as VRG ( Vitis riparia Götzhof). Thus, a more targeted search for polymorphisms directly in genes responsible for certain economically valuable traits is advisable. In case of occurrence a difference in the color of berries, it is possible to use for differentiation the polymorphism of VvMybA1 gene locus, when flavor and aroma of berries change - to use the VviDXS gene locus, when seed lignification changes - the VviAGL11 gene locus, when disease resistance increases - the loci of the corresponding resistance genes.
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Лазарев, С. Е. "Adaptation mechanisms and life strategies of species of the Robinia L. genus underthe conditions of introduction." World Ecology Journal, no. 1() (March 15, 2020): 48–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.25726/worldjournals.pro/wej.2020.1.3.
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Родовой комплекс Robinia L. представляет большой интерес для мобилизации генетических ресурсов в аридные регионы Европы, Азии и Северной Америки. Различные темпы расширения культигенных ареалов некоторых видов рода RobiniaL. несомненно связаны с особенностями их адаптации и жизненными стратегиями выживания в новых условиях существования. В связи с этим, целью данной работы являлся анализ механизмов адаптации и жизненных стратегий различных видов рода Робиния в условиях интродукции. Объектами исследований стали виды и формы родаRobinia L.: R. neomexicana Gray. (syn. Robinia luxurians (Dieck.) C. K. Shneid.); R. pseudoacacia L.; R. pseudoacacia f. pyramidalis (Pepin) Rehd.; R. pseudoacacia f. umbraculifera (DC) Rehd.; Robinia viscosa Vent. var. hartwegii (Koehne) Ashe, произрастающие в кластерных коллекционных участках ФНЦ агроэкологии РАН, кадастр №34:34:000000:122, 34:34:060061:10. Проведенные исследования позволили выявить у различных представителей родаRobinia L. целый ряд филогенетических адаптаций к воздействию неблагоприятных факторов среды, таких как сильно разветвленная корневая система, ксероморфное строение листьев, ажурность и ветропроницаемость крон, способность переносить продолжительные засухи, симбиотические связи с азотфиксирующими бактериями. Результаты исследований показали, что в процессе интродукции все виды рода Robinia L. используют ряд фенотипических онтогенетических приспособлений. Наиболее важные из них – это смена жизненной формы (дерево - кустарник, одноствольное - многоствольное дерево), а также снижение темпов роста и уменьшение общей высоты растений в зависимости от почвенного плодородия, влагообеспечения и повреждающего воздействия низких зимних температур. Так, на обыкновенных черноземах в условиях Украины в возрасте 20-и лет насаждения из Робинии псевдоакации достигают высоты 14-15 м, тогда как на светло-каштановых почвах в условиях Нижнего Поволжья в этом же возрасте они достигают всего 6 м. Кроме этого, на протяжении последних столетий представители рода Robinia L. выработали ряд генотипических адаптации к новым условиям существования. Данные приспособления являются одними из самых важных, т.к. приводят к появлению качественно новых адаптаций, расширяющих границы экологической пластичности вида. У всех видов сократились сезонные циклы фенологического развития и в настоящее время они укладываются в оптимальные сроки развития древесных интродуцентов в регионах с относительно суровым для них климатом. По показателю фенологической атипичности в условиях Нижнего Поволжья они находятся в нижней половине области нормы (от +1 до 0) по реализации фенологических фаз, что свидетельствует от том, что цикл их развития успешно адаптировался и соответствует вегетационному периоду места интродукции. Как показали наши исследования, все виды рода Robinia L. в процессе акклиматизации, перешагнула температурный порог в - 37°С. Генотипическую природу сформировавшихся адаптаций к низким зимним температурам доказывает сравнительный анализ литературных данных по морозостойкости различных видов рода Robinia L. полученных в начале XX века с данными визуальных и физиологических методов оценки проведенных на протяжении последних десятилетий. Вторым важным доказательством появления адаптаций, закрепленных на генетическом уровне является разница в зимостойкости между формами R. pseudoacacia f. pyramidalis (Pepin) Rehd., R. pseudoacacia f. umbraculifera (DC) Rehd. и типичными представителями R. pseudoacacia L. Отсутствие генетической неоднородности при вегетативном размножении указанных форм остановило процессы микроэволюции, не позволив им адаптироваться в новых условиях существования. Анализ жизненных (экологических) стратегий показал, что в растительных сообществах Робиния псевдоакация может с одинаковым успехом выступать в роли патиента или эксплерента. При этом виалентные свойства у нее выражены намного слабее. Анализ r/K стратегий выживания позволяет отнести ее к r-видам, с высоким генеративным потенциалом, коротким ювенильным и виргинильным этапом развития, способностью к натурализации. Однако, в оптимальных условиях существования в отсутствии конкуренции она, как и многие К-виды может достигать значительного возраста до 400 лет. Все виды рода Robinia L. способны к натурализации в тех или иных регионах вторичного ареала. Однако рекордсменом по этому показателю несомненно является Робиния псевдоакация. По нашему мнению, данный факт объясняется высоким генеративным потенциалом R. pseudoacacia L. по отношению к родственным видам и его высокой хозяйственной значимостью для целей лесозащитного разведения. Представители рода Robinia L. не имеют приспособлений для активного распространения семян на значительные расстояния. Натурализация (вхождение в естественные растительные сообщества) происходит, как правило, в непосредственной близости от искусственных лесозащитных насаждений. Розовоцветковые виды рода Robinia L., ввиду небольшого роста, не представляют особого интереса для целей агролесомелиорации. Данные виды используются обычно в озеленении населенных пунктов как декоративные растения. Искусственная территориальная изоляция от естественных растительных сообществ и относительно низкий генеративный потенциал не позволяют им активно проявлять инвазивные свойства. The Robinia L. genus is of great interest for mobilizing genetic resources in arid regions of Europe, Asia, and North America. The different rates of expansion of cultigen areasof some species of the Robinia L. genus are undoubtedly related to the peculiarities of their adaptation and life strategies for survival in new conditions of existence. In this regard, the purpose of this work was to analyze the mechanisms of adaptation and life strategies of various species of the Robinia genus under the conditions of introduction. The objects of research were species and forms of the Robinia L. genus: R. neomexicana Gray. (syn. Robinia luxurians (Dieck.) C.K. Shneid.); R. pseudoacacia L.; R. pseudoacacia f. pyramidalis (Pepin) Rehd.; R. pseudoacaciaf. umbraculifera (DC) Rehd.; Robinia viscosa Vent. var. hartwegii (Koehne) Ashe, growing in cluster collection sites of the Federal Centerfor Agroecology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, cadastre No. 34:34:000000:122, 34:34:060061:10. Studies have revealed a number of phylogenetic adaptations to adverse environmental factors in various members of the Robinia genus, such as a highly branched root system, xeromorphic structure of leaves, opennessand wind permeability of crowns, the ability to tolerate prolonged droughts, and symbiotic relationships with nitrogen-fixing bacteria. The research results have shown that all species of the Robinia L. genus use a number of phenotypic ontogenetic devices during introduction. Among them, the most important ones are the change of life form (tree – shrub, single-trunk tree – multi-trunk tree), as well as a decrease in growth rates and a decrease in the overall height of plants, depending on soil fertility, moisture supply, and the damaging effects of low winter temperatures. For example, on ordinary chernozems in Ukraine at the age of 20 years, plantings ofRobinia pseudoacacia reach a height of 14-15 m, while on light chestnut soils in the Lower Volga region at the same age, they reach only 6 meters. In addition, over the past centuries, representatives of the Robinia L. genus have developed a number of genotypic adaptations to new conditions of existence. These adaptations are among the most important ones, because they lead to the appearance of qualitatively new adaptations that expand the boundaries of ecological plasticity of the species. All species have reduced their seasonal cycles of phenological development and currently meetthe optimal time frame for the development of introduced trees in regions with a relatively harsh climate for them. According to the indicator of phenological atypicality, they are in the lower half of the normal range (from +1 to 0) in terms ofthe implementation of phenological phases, which indicates that the cycle of their development has successfully adapted and corresponds to the vegetation period of the place of introduction. As shown by the authors’research, all species of the Robinia L. genus in the process of acclimatization crossed the temperature threshold of –37°C. The genotypic nature of the formed adaptations to low winter temperatures is proved by a comparative analysis of the literature data on the frost resistance of various species of the Robinia L. genus obtained at the beginning of the 20thcentury with the data of visual and physiological assessment methods conducted over the past decades. The second important proof of the appearance of adaptations fixed at the genetic level is the difference in winter hardiness between the forms of R. pseudoacacia f. pyramidalis (Pepin) Rehd.; R. pseudoacacia f. umbraculifera (DC) Rehd. and typical representatives of R. pseudoacacia L. The absence of genetic heterogeneity in the vegetative reproduction of these forms of Robinia stopped the processes of microevolution, not allowing them to adapt to the new conditions of existence. Analysis of life (environmental) strategies has shown that in plant communities,Robiniacan equally well act as a patient or an explerent. At the same time, the violent properties of Robinia are much less pronounced. Analysis of r/K survival strategies allows classifying it as an r-species with high generative potential, short juvenile and virginal stages of development, and the ability to naturalize. However, in optimal conditions of existence in the absence of competition, Robinia, like many K-species, can reach a significant age of up to 400 years. All Robinia species are capable of naturalization in certain regions of the secondary range. However, the record holder for this indicator is undoubtedly Robiniapseudoacacia. In the authors’opinion, this fact is explained by the high generative potential of R. pseudoacacia L. in relation to related species and its high economic significance for the purposes of forest protection breeding. Representatives of the Robinia L. genus do not have adaptations for active seed propagation over long distances. Naturalization (entering natural plant communities) usually occurs in the immediate vicinity of artificial forest protection stands at a distance. Pink-flowered species of the RobiniaL.genus,due to their small growth, are not of particular interest for agroforestry purposes. These types are usually used in landscaping settlements as ornamental plants. Artificial territorial isolation from natural plant communities and relatively low generative potential do not allow them to actively exhibit invasive properties.