Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Wineries'

Bibliography: leaves 36-42.
This paper reports on an interview-based survey of small and large wineries, which considered the perceptions and experiences of both ISO 14001 and an industry specific initiative, called the Integrated Production of Wine Scheme (IPW). Large wineries have not yet implemented ISO 14001 but several intend to in future. Small wineries had a poor knowledge of ISO 14001 and believed that ISO management systems (i) are not required by the niche-markets they sell to, (ii) require resources that they do not have, and (iii) are unsuitable for their informal management style. Although wineries do face market-related environmental pressure, especially those that export to large supermarkets, there is as yet no pressure to introduce ISO 14001. The majority of wineries are members of the IPW scheme and are willing to make the changes required by it. IPW needs effective systems for monitoring and for removing non-complying wineries if the system is to improve environmental performance throughout the industry and achieve credibility amongst stakeholders.

A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Management from the NOVA – School of Business and Economics
The purpose of this paper is to analyze the degree of market orientation that characterizes Italian wineries. Particular attention is paid to the relationship between market orientation and the main antecedents described in the most prominent literature. Relationships with new and different variables are hypothesized by our experience and informal contacts with owners of Italian wineries. The wine market is facing different challenges: globalization and the entrance of new important players have made the industry an environment in which competition is very fierce. Market orientation provides a strategic configuration useful to operate in such a scenario. Interviews with wineries’ managers confirm and even reinforce the theory. The organizational culture configuration of market-oriented wineries is put under the spotlight and significant positive relationships are found between openness and professional approach and Market Orientation and between Market Orientation and average price. Furthermore this paper shows that highly market oriented wineries are significantly smaller than their lowly market oriented counterparts.

The “strategy gap,” as this group of missing steps is called in this research, is real and exists within most organizations. Often unseen, the gap is a threat to the future performance—and even survival—of an organization and is guaranteed to impact the efficiency and effectiveness of senior executives and their management team. Organizations must plan and start executing that plan today if they expect to achieve their objectives sometime in the future. Yet surveys indicate that this just is not happening.

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2002.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The South African wine industry has rich traditions, human and knowledge resources and ideal climatic conditions for producing wines. South Africa's wines ought to be a strong contestant on the overseas market; however, this is not the case. To complicate the matter further, the market is changing even while the South African wine industry is attempting to understand the global scenario. Wine producers are faced with numerous challenges: overproduction, a changing consumer demand, increased competition between the old and new wine countries and an increased effect of marketing and branding - all of which have an influence on the strategy that should be followed. This research project investigates selected South African wineries in order to determine if their strategies, management systems and processes are geared towards creating a globally market-oriented and competitive company. The document will focus on the wineries' strategies and will continue to compare the strategy to that suggested by Winetech's Vision 2020. The methodology followed was to do a literature study of the current status of the South African wine industry, which included looking at strategy, marketing and general information regarding the wine industry. Top management members of five wineries were interviewed by means of a questionnaire. The Winetech Vision 2020 document was used as a guideline in structuring the questionnaire. The questions focused on the wineries' wine strategy and the methods or processes the wineries are following to achieve their strategy. The study found that globaJisation has seen the power of buyers increasing to the point where it is forcing suppliers to change the way they do business - that is to become market-oriented. External forces have forced the wine industry to take a stringent look at itself and how it conducts business; as how it can, in fact, deliver consistent quality brands cost-effectively. Globalisation forced the industry to see that, though it may have many strengths such as good human capital, terroir, technology, good winemaking practices, established brands and innovative products, there are some weaknesses, namely inconsistent quality of product and service, lack Designing a market orien8iion for South African Wineries of marketing and business expertise and a lack of finance, which can potentially harm or threaten its business in the global arena. South Africa will have to make some adaptations to satisfy the market demand. This will require, among other things, changing vineyards to include more premium varietals and red wines and being innovative regarding new products and new markets. Besides focusing on the domestic market, the industry will have clearly to understand the segment it is serving to be able to deliver exactly what it demands. The industry has seen some positive changes and is definitely starting to move towards producing what the market demands, which, combined with the favourable exchange rate, is one of the reasons why exports are increasing. On the other hand, there still seems to be a lack of quality regarding distribution and logistics, marketing, finance, government support, human capital and a strong South African brand. Recommendations are made as to how quality can be sustained on all levels of the value chain. This means that strong strategic change management is required to offer consistent quality of product and service - the underlying factors in the creation of a sustainable, globally competitive brand.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Suid-Afrikaanse wynindustrie het ryk tradisies, menslike bronne en kennisbronne en die ideale klimaat vir die produksie van wyn. Suid-Afrikaanse wyn behoort 'n baie sterk kompeteerder op die internasionale mark te wees en tog is dit nie die geval nie. Die situasie word gekompliseer deur die feit dat die mark besig is om te verander terwyl die Suid-Afrikaanse industrie probeer om die globale scenario te verstaan. Wynprodusente staar vele uitdagings in die gesig naamlik: oorproduksie, 'n verbruikers aanvraag wat verander, verhoogde kompetisie tussen die ou en nuwe wynlande en die verhoogde effek van bemarking en handelsmerke. Hierdie navorsingsprojek ondersoek geselekteerde Suid-Afrikaanse wynverkopers om vas te stel of hulle strategiee, bestuursisteme en prosesse gerat is om 'n firma te vestig wat globaal markgerig en kompeterend is. Die dokument fokus op die wynverkopers se strategie and vergelyk dit met dit wat voorgestel word in die Winetech Visie 2020 dokument. Die metodologie wat gevolg is, was om 'n literatuurstudie te doen oor die huidige stand van die Suid-Afrikaanse wynindustrie - dit sluit in om te kyk na strategie, bemarking en algemene inligting aangaande die bedryf. Daama is daar onderhoude gevoer met die topbestuur van vyf wynverkopers na aanleiding van 'n vraeboog wat gestruktureer is rondom die Winetech Visie 2020 dokument. Die vrae het gefokus op die wynverkopers se strategie en die metodes wat gevolg word om hulle strategie te bereik. Die studie het bevind dat globalisering die mag van verkopers so sterk gemaak het dat dit verskaffers forseer om te kyk na die manier waarop hulle besigheid doen - om markgerig te raak. Eksterne kragte het die wynindustrie forseer om nousluitend te kyk na hoe hulle besigheid doen; na hoe hulle handelsmerke met konstante kwaliteit koste effektief kan lewer. Globalisering het die industrie forseer om te sien dat, hoewel dit baie sterk punte, 5005 menslike kapitaal, terroil; tegnologie, goeie wynmaakprosesse, gevestigde handelsmerke en innoverende produkte, het, daar oak bale swakhede is. Dit sluit in onkonsekwente kwaliteit in beide die produk en diens, De.o;fgning a market orientation for South African Wineries 'n tekort aan finansiele ondersteuning en bemarkings- en besigheidskundigheid. Hierdie swakhede bedreig tans hulle besigheid in die internasional mark. Suid-Afrika sal 'n paar aanpassings moet maak am die mark se aanvraag te bevredig. Dit sluit in am wingerde te verander am meer premium varieteite en raoi wyne in te sluit en innoverend te wees rakende produkte en markte. Behalwe dat hulle sal moet fokus op die binnelandse mark, sal die industrie ook moet leer am die segmente wat hulle bedien deeglik te verstaan am sodoende te kan lewer wat die segmente vra. Die industrie het al positiewe verandering ondergaan sedert 1997 en is besig am te begin produseer wat die mark vra. Laasgenoemde, in kombinasie met die gunstige wisselkoers, is die rede waaram uitvoere aan die toeneem is. Aan die ander kant is daar steeds 'n tekort aan kwaliteit rakende verspreiding, logistieke, bemarking, finansies, regeringsondersteuning en 'n sterk Suid-Afrikaanse handelsmerk. Die aanbevelings wat gemaak is, dui aan hoe kwaliteit op aile vlakke van die waardeketting volgehou kan word . . Dit dui oak aan dat sterk strategiese bestuur nodig is om konstante kwaliteit te verseker in die praduk en diens - die

Content marketing is a discipline that is emerged in recent years, because of the inefficiency of traditional marketing methods. Today users need interesting and valuable information, because spending most of their time on internet and social media, they need high-quality contents, able to catch consumers’ attention, to be helpful, to entertain, and to educate. Companies started used content marketing because it’s a discipline that can help them to build stronger relationships with their consumers, putting the latter in the center and making them the most important part of the strategy. There are many types of content and also different types of motivations that push consumers to interact with a content: for this reason, the aim of this thesis is to investigate the online presence of the most remunerative Italian wineries on Facebook, and discover if different types of contents can generate different types of reactions. This thesis is divided into four parts: the first part introduces the history of content marketing, facing what it is and which are the advantages of this technique, the second part discusses the inbound marketing and the content marketing strategy, the third part is a collection of the principal studies made in this field, and the last one is the analytical part, which analyses the posts of the Italian wineries in order to figure out which are the most engaging contents.

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2002.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The sharp decline in the brandy market since 1997, together with a world wide focus towards the production and marketing of quality wines and brand building, as driven by changing market preferences, served as a wake-up call to South African producers to adjust their strategy to accommodate this international trend. Given the stagnant nature of the domestic market for high price wines in South Africa, growth prospects through the investment in marketing and brand building of higher price wines is very limited in South Africa, and South African wine producers wishing to pursue growth is left with no other option but to embark on an overseas marketing initiative. A large amount of cellars wishing to start focusing on the marketing of their wines outside the borders of South Africa don't possess the knowledge and skills to tackle such an initiative. This study project aims to assist the prospective wine exporter in the process of initiating and executing a strategic export initiative. Specific focus is placed on the importance of the optimisation of the total value chain.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die skerp afname in die brandewyn mark sedert 1997, tesame met 'n wêreldwye fokus op die produksie en bemarking van kwaliteit wyne en die bou van handelsmerke, soos gedryf deur veranderde mark voorkeure, het gedien as bewusmaking vir Suid-Afrikaanse produsente om hul strategieë aan te pas om hierdie internasionale tendens te akkommodeer. Gegewe die stagnante karakter van die binnelandse mark vir hoë prys wyne in Suid-Afrika, is groei vooruitsigte deur die belegging in bemarking en die bou van handelsmerke van hoër prys wyne baie beperk in Suid-Afrika, en Suid- Afrikaanse wyn produsente wat groei wil nastreef, word gelaat met geen ander opsie as om 'n oorsese bemarkings inisiatief te onderneem nie. 'n Groot aantal kelders wat wil begin fokus op die bemarking van hul wyne buite die grense van Suid-Afrika beskik nie oor die kennis en vaardighede om so 'n inisiatief aan te pak nie. Hierdie studieprojek streef daarna om die voornemende wynuitvoerder behulpsaam te wees in die proses van inisiëring en uitvoering van 'n strategiese uitvoer inisiatief. Spesifieke fokus word geplaas op die belangrikheid van die optimalisering van die totale waardeketting.

Some owners of small-farm wineries have moved to direct and alternative revenue management strategies to generate revenue and create brand awareness because of increased competition and regulatory changes. Research has revealed that owners of small-farm wineries remain financially reliant on direct-to-consumer sales through tasting rooms that represent an estimated 70% of their total revenue generated. This qualitative multiple case study was an exploration of how revenue management decisions of small-farm winery owners may contribute to long-term survival in a regulated industry. Dynamic capabilities concept was the conceptual framework for this study. The study population consisted of 3 small-farm winery owners in Connecticut who have operated a winery with Connecticut Grown designation for at least 10 years. Data were collected through semistructured interviews, organizational documents, observation notes, and review of each winery's website. Three themes emerged from data analysis: focus on brand and customer base, constraints consideration, and competitors' impact. The findings and recommendations from this study may further small-farm winery owners' understanding of revenue management strategies they can use to overcome constraint challenges and mitigate competitors' impact. As small-farm winery owners improve profitability and sustain long-term survival, subsequent positive social change, such as small business development and increased employment opportunities, may lead to economic prosperity for the local community and financial stability of community residents.

Thesis (MBA (Business Management))--Stellenbosch University, 2008.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Distell Group limited is South Africa's leading producer and marketer of fine wines, spirits and ready-to-drinks. The wine division has been confronted with limitations on pressing capacity for a number of years. Sales of Distell wine brands are projected to grow substantially, in particular in the premium and super premium categories. Therefore a need for increase sUstainable supply of wine was created. The objective of this study was to increase the throughput in Distell wineries significantly, without or with minimal cash investment, by applying the principles of a combined supply chain strategy. To achieve this, the study needed to allow for the analysis of various scenarios, and indicate where the various constraints were within the process. Theory of constraint, which is a management philosophy aiming to continually achieve more of the system's goal was applied to the Distell situation. The focus points were to create value for the organisation, with collaboration between grape farmers and the wineries. It was necessary to follow a process of data capturing, and the data obtained from the various sources in 2008 was combined into one database to develop a capacity evaluation model. There is no doubt that the Distell wineries as a group, improved their efficiency over the last number of years, with effective management of the individual wineries. There is however enough evidence to support the change to a combined supply chain strategy, which could unlock more total benefits than the individual management. It is clear from the findings in this study that not all the current available capacity is fully utilised. This study found that the white process in Distell was working at a higher than required rate of the set capacity targets, and would need substantial capital investment to increase throughput. The red process indicated opportunities for increase throughput in the total system. It is possible to increase total throughput and maintain quality for Distell wineries.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Distell is een van Suid Afrika se grootste produseerders en bemarkers van hoe gehalte wyn, spiritus produkte en alkoholiese drankies. Die wynkelder omgewing ervaar al vir 'n geruime tyd kapasiteit tekorte. Die vraag na Distell wynhandelsmerke verwag om 'n konstante groei te toon oor die volgende paar jare, veral op die premium en super premium katogoriee. Oit veroorsaak 'n groeiende behoefte vir die volhoubare voorsiening van wyn, binne die maatskapy. Die doel van die studie was om produksie te verhoog binne die Distell kelders, met min of geen kapitale beleging, deur 'n holistiese strategie te volg ten opsigte van die bestuur van die waardeketting. Die studie het verskeie alternatiewe ondersoek met die doe I om die beperkings in die proses te identifiseer en te ontleed. Die bestuurs filosofie 'Theory of constraint' is toegepas, waar daar gestreef word om meer te bereik, van die mikpunt wat ge5tel is vir 'n spesifieke proses. Die hoofdoel van die maatskapy was om waarde te skep, deur samewerking tussen druiwe produsente en die verskiliende Distell kelders. Die nodige data vir die ontleding van die beskikbare kapasiteit is verkry gedurende die 2008 seisoen. Die inligting is saamgevoeg in een data-stel, en 'n kapasiteitsmodel is ontwikkel. Daar is geen twyfel dat Disteli kelders as 'n groep hul doeltreffenheid verbeter het, deur die individueele prosesse te bestuur. Die studie lewer egter genoeg bewyse dat daar 'n groter potensieeHe voordeel is, indien die proses op 'n holistiese waardekettingstrategie bestuur sal word. Die studie lewer bewyse dat die huidige beskikbare kapasiteit nog nie optimaal benut word nie. Die verwerking van druiwe in die witwyn proses vind plaas teen 'n hoer kapasiteitsbenutting as wat waarvoor beplan was. Om enige verdere witdruiwe volumes te hanteer, sal tot groot kapitale besteding lei. Die rooiwyn proses wys daar is ruimte vir verbetering, sonder groot kapitale spandering. Die studie het gevind dat die totale proses meer volumes rooidruiwe kan hanteer, en steeds voldoen aan die nodige kwaliteit vereistes.

La tesi analizza l'uso che, alcune cantine produttrici di Prosecco, fanno dei social media. Partendo dalla descrizione del settore vinicolo e nello specifico delle principali caratteristiche del Prosecco come prodotto commerciabile in Italia e all'estero, viene poi preso in considerazione il processo di internazionalizzazione delle cantine supportato dai social media. I social media vengono studiati in maniera generale e poi specificatamente per il settore vinicolo. Nella parte finale dell'elaborato vengono analizzate delle interviste fatte ad alcune cantine produttrici di Prosecco e sul loro uso dei social media.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Kentucky, 2007.
Title from document title page (viewed on August 7, 2007). Document formatted into pages; contains: vii, 87 p. : ill. (some col.), map. Includes abstract and vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 80-85).

Succession effectiveness in family wineries is considered critical for the incumbents and the owning families looking forward to assure winery success and trans-generational continuity, as this endeavour requires substantial commitment, social skills, financial health, and idiosyncratic considerations that are more often than not unstable. Therefore, this thesis provides a platform of critical reflection and theoretical development upon the findings of a doctoral research on the topic of effective succession in family wineries for bringing further and closer theory and professional practice. Systematic literature review of the best available sources of knowledge served as a starting point. It was shown that there is a plethora of academic research on effective family business succession that makes available useful insights into this important process. The review has identified the major theories, models, and frameworks, and provided information on different factors and variables that are believed appropriate to foster succession process further. However, the review findings are often fragmented and subjective which makes it difficult to draw valid conclusions that can be representative for family wineries. Moreover, the review revealed certain gaps and uncertainties in the research that this thesis has aimed to bridge, and allowed the development of a preliminary conceptual framework (version one) with the testable research hypotheses. A primary research that followed in the organizational context of Cypriot family wineries made use of both quantitative and qualitative approaches, at a greater and lesser extent, respectively. These approaches were put forward based on the researcher’s ontological, epistemological and axiological assumptions. The numeric data were largely generated from a self-completed questionnaire survey that was comprehensive with an open aspect. The questionnaire was mailed to the entire population of fifty-four family wineries inclusive with hundred participants. The statistical analysis was undertaken using SPSS software. Pearson correlation analysis was the foremost statistical device used in the direction of establishment significant relationships among different succession factors. In order to enrich the meaning of statistical analysis with wine-specific insights, the researcher made further use of illustrative evidence collected from the survey open aspect.

Self-congruity theory proposes that part of consumer behaviour is determined by an individual’s comparison of the image of themselves to the image of a product/brand, or to the stereotype of a typical user of the brand (Sirgy, 1986). Self-congruity models have been used in a variety of product branding applications; however, limited research has been conducted within the service industries. Services are intangible making them difficult to evaluate until the moment of consumption. Hence, decision making is often based on cues such as the image of the service or users of the service (Kleijnen, de Ruyter, & Andreassen, 2005). As a result, selfcongruity theory is very applicable to services due to the unique characteristics of services and its experiential nature. In particular, there is a lack of evidence within the tourism literature on the effect of self-congruity on tourists’ intentions or motivations to visit a destination (Boksberger, Dolnicar, Laesser, & Randle, in press; Bosnjak, Sirgy, Hellriegal, & Maurer, in press; Litvin & Goh, 2002; Sirgy & Su, 2000). This thesis focuses on a niche market, wine tourism. The number of wineries with cellar doors open to the public over the last 5 years has increased by 37.3 % to 1,647 wineries in 2010 within Australia (Winebiz, 2010a). The majority of these wineries are reliant on wine tourists for their wine sales. Actual wine visitors during this same period had minimal growth. In fact, there was no growth for domestic overnight wine visitors, whilst domestic day visitors had an average growth of 3%, and international visitors an average of 3% growth (Tourism Research Australia, 2010). Purchase and visitation behaviour relevant in tourism has often centred on finding answers to what, where and how tourists buy rather than why (Beerli, Meneses, & Gil, 2007). As a result, a lot of tourism research focuses on functional attributes with little attention to value expressive attributes of a destination, such as the image of a destination (Chon & Olsen, 1991) or destination visitor image. Within the tourism context, Sirgy and Su (2000) hypothesised that the greater the match between the destination visitor image and the tourists self-image, the more likely that the tourist would have a favourable attitude toward that destination, and the more likely that the tourist would visit the destination.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith Business School
Griffith Business School
Full Text

Little assessment of yeast assemblages has occurred in Canadian wineries, unlike other large wine producing regions (Spain, Italy, Argentina). The aim of this study was to compare yeast assemblages during inoculated and spontaneous fermentations at three Canadian wineries. The wineries (Quails’ Gate Estate Winery, QGEW; Cedar Creek Estate Winery, CCEW; and Road13 Estate Winery, R13EW) are located in the Okanagan wine region, British Columbia. All three wineries have a history of using commercial yeast. During the 2010 vintage, nine inoculated and three spontaneous Vitis vinifera L. var. Pinot noir fermentations were sampled from four distinct stages of fermentation. Yeast populations from inoculated fermentations were also assessed at QGEW during the following vintage in 2011. Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolates were discriminated at the strain level by microsatellite analysis of hyperviariable trinucelotide loci. Non-Saccharomyces species were identified by sequencing the ITS and the D1/D2 domain regions of the large subunit of rDNA. Non-Saccharomyces spp., particularly Henseniaspora uvarum, were the dominant yeasts detected during cold-soak at all three wineries. Spontaneous fermentation appeared to have a greater species/strain diversity/richness than inoculated fermentation at the youngest (R13EW) of the three wineries. Commercial strains were isolated in relatively low frequencies in the spontaneous fermentation at this winery, whereas at the older wineries (QGEW and CCEW) commercial strains dominated fermentation. R13EW was the only winery where the commercial ADY inoculant fully implanted. At QGEW and CCEW, a commercial yeast, Lalvin® ICV-D254, was the major non-inoculant strain detected in both inoculated and spontaneous fermentations. Only QGEW and CCEW reported previous use of this strain in other varietals. Nevertheless, the different wineries exhibited unique yeast species/strain assemblages at all stages of fermentation, even cold-soak. During both vintages studied at QGEW, the non-inoculant ADY strain (Lalvin® ICV-D254) was dominant or co-dominant in inoculated fermentation. Thus, mixed-strain populations in inoculated tanks were observed in both years. This study emphasizes the need for further research on whether the age of a winery is a major factor in affecting the yeast assemblage of fermenting wine, the source(s) of non-inoculant yeast, and the effects yeasts have on the sensorial attributes of the finished wine product.

This study evaluates the changes that took place in British Columbia wineries’ websites from 2004 to 2012. Through a longitudinal content analysis of website features, this research provides a better understanding of the technological status and marketing activities of British Columbia wineries. The first part of this research covers literatures on the wine industry and its e-commerce adoption. An extensive overview of e-commerce adoption models and website strategies were included in this thesis. Through adoption of the Website Stage Model, this study reveals that market integration increases from the basic stage to advanced stages but remains the same across advanced stages. The findings also show that there is an increasing tendency of wineries to complete online transactions on wineries’ websites instead of outsourcing these transactions to third parties. In addition, this study identifies several new and emerging features in the wineries’ websites that will help future research in the wine industry. Wineries will be able to use this research to easily assess their current website stage. This study also provides wineries with information about the level of sophistication of online marketing activities. The current trends illustrated by the data of British Columbia wineries will help wineries move their websites to a more advanced stage. Moreover, the research provides insights for wineries in British Columbia to adopt e-commerce using the industry specific market integration model.

This study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of wineries’ attitudes towards wine tourism in New Zealand from the supply-side perspective. It is based on a survey of New Zealand national wineries’ conducted in 2010, and follows up to two previous New Zealand National Wineries’ surveys conducted by Hall and Johnson (1997) and Christensen et al. (2004). This research benchmarks changes which have taken place in the New Zealand wine industry with respect to wine tourism since 2003, as well as examining new elements of the contemporary wine tourism environment with respect to winery attitudes towards innovation, the environment, biosecurity and sustainability. The incorporation of questions from previous New Zealand National Wineries’ Surveys allows for longitudinal information to be presented between the 2010, 2003 and 1997 surveys. This comparative analysis of the survey time series provides value to the existing New Zealand wine tourism research by illustrating how wineries in New Zealand have used tourism as part of their business strategy. The findings reveal that there are many significant gaps in what is known about the character of the New Zealand wine tourist, and also of the industry itself. Biosecurity and sustainability issues are examined, and for the first time in wine tourism research anywhere in the world a section dedicated to innovation within the context of wine tourism is also included. Though the nature of wine tourism in New Zealand appears to fluctuate, the generally positive attitude of the wine industry towards tourism indicated in this study suggests that there is still unrealised potential within the industry, provided that it is both safeguarded against external threats, and is also promoted correctly through the appropriate channels in order to assure future growth.

Thesis (MTech (Agriculture))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2015.
A study was carried out at Bien Donné Experimental Farm, near Paarl in the Western Cape Region (South Africa), to evaluate the performance of solid winery waste compost (WWC) and inorganic fertilizer (N:P:K, 2:3:4 (30) - 5g Zn%) on growth and yield of cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) and Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris subsp. cycla). The experimental plot was fertilized as per treatment with WWC (100% and 400% equivalent recommended fertilizer application using N as reference mineral) and inorganic fertilizer. The experimental design was set up in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 4 treatments (control- without compost and inorganic fertilizers, inorganic fertilizer-2:3:4 (30) - 5g Zn% and LAN (28), WWC application at different application rates were (3485g/plot) (100%) and (13939g/plot) (400%)) replicated four times. Soil analysis showed that the experimental plot is dominated by sandy soil structure. Results of mineral analysis after application of treatments showed a significant (p>0.05) drop in soil pH over time in the untreated control and application of 400% WWC significantly (p<0.05) raised soil pH compared with the control. The application of mineral fertilizer showed significant (p<0.05) increase in soil P compared with the other treatments. However, WWC picked up significant (p<0.05) speed above inorganic fertilizer, thus making P available to the soil than NPK mineral fertilizer. A significant (p<0.05) drop in soil K content by 21% over time on amended soil with inorganic fertilizer treatment was observed. However, the application of WWC at 300 and 400% significantly (p<0.05) raised the soil K by 54.93 and 73.06% respectively. There were no significant differences in soil Ca over time, but high soil Ca concentrations from WWC (100%) were recorded compared to inorganic treatment that showed the lowest soil Ca concentration. There was a slight drop in soil Na over time in control and soil amended with inorganic fertilizer. The effects of the treatment on Mg values were not so prominent, suggesting that concentrations of nutrients are less essential characteristics of the soil or small portion of nutrients were readily available on the soil.

A house is a place of solitude, refuge dnd intimacy. A winery is a place of meeting, time and vulnerability. This thesis integrates the public realms of a winery and the private domain of a house using concrete walls as barriers, boundaries and structure.
Master of Architecture

Throughout history, and even today, it appears that architecture is obligated to develop its principles from nature, purely on the fact that nature "came into the world" first. Thus, by following these principles, architecture is supposedly justified because it adheres to the natural order of the universe. However, in traversing the historic processes of art, the legitimacy of nature as a prescriptive model is thrown into doubt when such a model becomes elusive and indeterminate. It is the purpose of this book to show that rather than seek universal harmony by imitating that which occurs in nature, architecture actually demonstrates the human desire to harness and cultivate the natural environment, thereby embracing the primal conflict between nature art. By acknowledging this dialectical relationship, the book chooses to stay clear of delving into any existential thought derived from this conflict's more romantic notions; it also wishes to avoid any random speculations about issue that has been debated and interpreted centuries. Instead, by recognizing the specific epistemological value inherent in this opposition, it hopes to establish useful and tangible criteria for making aesthetic decisions in any architectural project.
Master of Architecture

Thesis (S.M.M.O.T.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, Management of Technology Program, 2004.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 74-76).
Consumers are constantly demanding better products, at lower prices, along with better overall services and customer support. Organizations, on the other hand, are struggling with shorter product life cycles, increased product variety and lower profit margins due to fierce global competition and faster commoditization of products and services. In a new, global world, targeting local markets does not seem to be enough for long-term company survival. Good supply chain management and design is becoming a key factor for resource optimization, overall user experience enhancement and to achieve a competitive strategic advantage in order to gain sustainable growth ratios. This thesis analyses how current trends in Supply Chain Management are affecting the global wine supply chain, and builds on the specific case of Argentinean wineries that sell their products in the U.S. market. I start by analyzing each tier of the supply chain using Porter's Five Forces model in order to understand the characteristics of each tier, how these forces impact the supply chain as a whole, and how companies interact between tiers. While doing so, I also analyze how current trends in Supply Chain Management are affecting the current state of the supply chain. Finally, I describe possible changes in the supply chain configuration due to the adoption of these new trends by organizations along the chain, and describe some of the major aspects that Argentinean wineries should take into account in order to gain a better competitive advantage along the chain.
by Cristian Adamo.
S.M.M.O.T.

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The production of wine globally has increased over the past years, increasing the volume of water used and wastewater generated for every litre of wine produced. In the past, the small volumes of winery wastewater that were produced by wineries had little effect on the immediate environment. However, with the increasing wine production all around the world, winery wastewater is a rising concern for the contamination of soil and subsurface flow. In order to fully understand the impacts of winery wastewater, it is important to establish the volumes and chemical characteristics of the wastewater, before considering possible treatments. The first aim of this study was to determine the influence of certain winemaking practices on the water usage. Two wineries in the Stellenbosch Winelands District were monitored during two harvests and one post-harvest season. It was evident through this study that water plays a vital role during the production of wine and that water is needed at virtually all the winemaking steps. However, the volume of clean water needed differs immensely during the course of the production process. It was noticed that throughout the harvest period at both wineries the clean water demand was highest and decreased during the course of the post-harvest period and steadily increased again towards the end of the year. The harvest period contributes between 30 and 40% of the yearly water usage at the respective wineries. It was also noticed that certain winemaking practices including filtering with a bulk filter, washing of barrels and bottling contributes heavily to the water usage throughout the year. Activities that increase water usage during harvest include the washing of the press and processing a combination of red and white grapes on the same day. Furthermore, it was identified that one of the wineries used a smaller volume of water on a daily basis and per tonnage during harvest than the other, indicating that the cleaner production strategy established 10 years earlier has a positive impact on their water usage. The second aim of this study was to monitor the raw and treated winery wastewater from the two wineries during a period of 15 months, including two harvests and one post-harvest season. This was done to investigate the characteristics of the raw and treated wastewater. Firstly, to determine the impact of the different winemaking practices on the chemical composition of the wastewater and secondly, to determine the efficiency of the existing constructed wetlands on the wastewater and the characteristics of the treated wastewater. From this study it was possible to make two main observations concerning the chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentrations of the two wineries. Primarily, it was observed there were variations in the raw wastewater characteristics of the two wineries and above all, that both wineries showed a decrease in the COD of the raw wastewater produced. Not only did the decrease in the raw wastewater COD over this period show promising results when a cleaner production plan is established and managed it also seems to show a decrease in the volumes of water used by the respective wineries and increase in quality.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Gedurende die afgelope paar jaar het wynproduksie wêreldwyd toegeneem en as gevolg hiervan toenemende hoeveelhede water gebruik en afvalwater gegenereer. In die verlede het die klein volumes kelderafvalwater wat deur wynkelders geproduseer is min effek op die onmiddelike omgewing gehad, maar gegewe die toenemende produksie van wyn regoor die wêreld is daar groeiende kommer oor die besoedeling van gronde en ondergrondse vloei deur kelderafvalwater. Dit is belangrik om die volumes en chemiese eienskappe van die afvalwater te bepaal om die impak van die water ten volle te verstaan, voordat moontlike behandelings oorweeg word Die eerste doel van hierdie studie was om te bepaal hoe sekere wynmaakpraktyke watergebruik beïnvloed. Twee wynkelders in die Stellenbosch Wynland Distrik is gedurende twee parsseisoene en een na-pars seisoen gemonitor. Hierdeur het dit duidelik geword dat water ‘n noodsaaklike rol speel in wynproduksie en benodig word vir feitlik alle stappe in die wynmaakproses. Die volume skoon water wat benodig word verskil wel noemenswaardig tydens die produksieproses. Die gebruik van skoon water van beide kelders was hoog tydens die parsseisoen, het afgeneem gedurende die loop van die na-pars periode en het geleidelik weer toegeneem teen die einde van die jaar. Die parsseisoen dra tussen 30 en 40% by tot die jaarlikse waterverbruik van die onderskeie kelders. Dit is ook opgemerk dat sekere wynmaakpraktyke, insluitend filtrasie met ‘n grootmaat filter, die was van vate en bottelering, grootliks bydrae tot die waterverbruik deur die loop van die jaar. Aktiwiteite wat waterverbruik tydens parstyd verhoog sluit in die gebruik van die pers en die verwerking van ‘n kombinasie van rooi en wit druiwe op dieselfde dag. Daar is ook vasgestel dat een van die wynkelders tydens parstyd ‘n kleiner volume water gebruik op ‘n daaglikse basis asook per tonnemaat wat daarop dui dat die “skoner” produksie strategie wat dié kelder 10 jaar gelede gevestig het wel ‘n positiewe impak op waterverbruik het. Die tweede doel van hierdie studie was om die onbehandelde en behandelde afvalwater van hierdie twee wynkelders te monitor oor 'n tydperk van 15 maande, wat twee paste en een na-pars seisoen insluit. Dit is gedoen om die impak van verskillende wynmaakpraktyke op die chemiese samestelling van die afvalwater te ondersoek asook om die doeltreffendheid van bestaande kunsmatige vleilande in terme van afvalwaterbehandeling te bepaal en die eienskappe van die behandelde afvalwater te ondersoek. Gevolglik is twee belangrike waarnemings oor die chemiese suurstof behoefte (CSB) konsentrasie van die twee wynkelders gemaak. Variasies in die onbehandelde afvalwater eienskappe is waargeneem by beide wynkelders en daar was ‘n afname in CSB van die onbehandelde afvalwater by beide wynkelders. Die afname in CSB van die onbehandelde afvalwater oor hierdie tydperk is belowend en dit blyk dat wanneer ‘n “skoner” produksie plan opgestel en bestuur word dit wel ‘n afname in waterverbruik en verhoog in kwaliteit by die kelders tot gevolg het.

Background: The wine industry is often linked to family business, due to the tradition of some long-standing family winery. Scholars agree that, the family elements are a factor of success in this industry. A reason for this success can be found in the branding of wineries. While the literature in branding is extensive, the link between wine family firms and their cultural heritage in the branding and the brand identity is poorly tackled. Given the wine history in a country like France, cultural heritage is a key point and its effect on wineries is a subject that deserve further research.Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to explore the branding of wine family firms. The focus is set on exploring how and why family wineries are using their cultural heritage in branding, and how it affects the brand identity of wineries. By explaining the use of cultural heritage, we wish to understand the reason of the success in turning their personal background into the main asset of their branding strategy.Method: This research is qualitative and based on an interpretivist paradigm. Research method is following the Grounded Theory approach. Primary data are collected via open-ended interviews and all participants are family wineries with significant business seniority in Burgundy, France, as well as wine experts.Conclusion: The results show that family wineries use cultural heritage within their branding for three reasons: (1) Terroir gives the components of the product and directly influence the product positioning, (2) Customers behaviour and expectations is influenced by winery cultural heritage, (3) Industry requires higher reputation and singularity, brought by innovation and tradition. The leverage of their cultural heritage in branding and its outcomes on brand identity is done though (4) Storytelling of wineries cultural heritage which plays on the pleasure, emotional and cultural aspect of wine.

This thesis explores the innovation and development of the Canadian wine industry. The main objectives are to present the key development factors, innovation, and collaborations, with particular emphasis on collaborations with higher education institutes. It also empirically assesses the extent to which there are differences among the wine producing regions of British Columbia, Ontario and Quebec. The empirical analysis is based on a firm-level survey of 146 firms. The results show that the Canadian wine production is highly innovative and knowledge intensive. Despite that the wine industry in Canada has developed differently according to its regional context, the pattern of innovation is rather similar among firms.

This research investigates the nature and extent of e-business adoption by Australian wineries in order to describe the activity and increase understanding of the factors influencing the behaviour. Pilot study interviews grounded the research and provided industry-based direction for the survey. A census survey of the 2003 population of Australian wineries, excluding micro-wineries, used a self-administered mail questionnaire. Response rate varied by winery size, from 15% of small wineries up to 46% of very large wineries. Data was collected in five e-business process domains: e-mail, external web sites, and winery B2C web sites, extranets, and intranets; on perceptions of influence of four factors in each process domain: 1) relative advantage, 2) resource capacity, 3) supply chain activity, and 4) government activity; and on barriers to further adoption. Analysis of the survey responses supported the proposition that the nature and extent of adoption varies significantly by winery size. In general, small wineries find less benefit than larger wineries. Customer type and level of customer power also vary by winery size with winery B2C web strategies differing as a result. The proposition that the factors influencing e-business adoption vary between different types of e-business was also supported. This finding indicates that customised frameworks for particular e-business process domains will have increased relevance, and generalisations regarding the level of influence individual factors have on e-business adoption per se are inappropriate. Influence from the activities of supply chain and government organisations, the subject of the third and fourth propositions, was also found. The impact level of these external environment factors increased with winery size. In particular it is the powerful business customers and the Australian Government that drive some of the e-business adoption by wineries. Criticism of low levels of adoption by Australian small and medium sized enterprises in government funded reports appears harsh when applied to small and medium wineries after findings demonstrate that they derive less benefit from e-business than larger wineries. Reduction of the most common barriers to increasing adoption - the high cost and low quality of network connections in regional locations – remains the responsibility of government.

The aim of this thesis is to examine family wineries’ wine tourism diversification decisions in terms of wine producers’ self-constructions. The focus lies on understanding which motives drive family businesses’ decisions to engage in diversification. A case study approach is adopted, using the Italian wine region of Langhe in Piedmont. The dominant debates within the current literature have primarily concentrated on the economic-social dichotomy in relation to diversification decisions. It has been argued that diversification decisions are predominantly economically driven, highlighting the importance of profit maximisation and risk reduction. This thesis highlights the limitations of the economic-social dichotomy approach and argues for the need to take the social context into account when examining the decision-making process. An interpretivist approach to research is adopted in order to extend current understandings of family businesses and their motives underlying diversification decisions. In line with the interpretivist perspective, this thesis uses discourse analysis (DA) as a methodological approach for analysing and interpreting wine producers’ accounts. The findings reveal that by engaging in discourse about wine tourism diversification, wine producers construct a distinctive, coherent and desired sense of self, which in turn influences family wineries’ decisions to diversification. In this instance, the concept of identity formation plays a central role in explaining family wineries’ motives for diversification. Linking wine producers’ motives for diversification to their self-constructions provides a new insight into how family businesses engage in decision-making. Wine producers’ discourses reveal that their decision-making processes are inextricably linked to sustaining a positive sense of self. Decisions are not only taken to achieve economic goals, but are likely to be influenced by deeper motives, notably wine producers’ identity constructions. The main contribution of this thesis is that it advances understanding of family businesses’ decisionmaking processes by developing a multi-layered conceptual framework to go beyond the economic-social dichotomy in order to reveal wine producers’ semi-conscious and unconscious motives for diversification.

Proposes two buildings located at the top of the raised part of the resolved region. One building is positioned parallel to the access road. The shape of the building recalls the long kubus facing in the direction of the driveway and the building of accommodation is designed perpendicular to the object. Both objects are embedded into the basement terrain. Accommodation building is situated on the south, bright and warm side with a beautiful view.

Purpose – The purpose of the research is to explain how and why the internal and external influences faced by family-run wineries affect their CSR practices and communication through institutional theory and stakeholder theory. Methodology – Ten wineries were analyzed in winemaking regions in Hungary and the US, of which nine semi-structured interviews were undertaken with family members and employees.  The research available implies that family-run businesses within the wine industry are regulated by institutionalism (Brundin & Wigren-Kristoferson, 2013). Therefore, institutional theory is applied to the analysis of the data. The lens of institutional theory uses three pillars, regulatory, normative, and cultural cognitive to identify the external and internal influences on these businesses.  Thematic analysis was utilized to code and analyze the data. In addition, the content of each interviewed winery is examined using thematic analysis. Thematic analysis is also applied to content provided on each winery’s website to back up the data. Findings –In Hungary, the use of sustainable production methods in wineries is part of the winemakers’ personal value system. In the US, wineries have a fierce commitment to the land. In recent years they have worked hard to communicate their sustainability practices. Winegrowers have incorporated modern and old-school practices addressing sustainability issues to meet the expectations of all stakeholders. Through institutional theory, it has been demonstrated that numerous drivers are influencing family-run wineries to implement environmental and social sustainability practices. However, there is a significant difference between these CSR practices and the need to communicate them between Hungary and the US. There is a significant difference between the communication methods of Hungarian and US wineries. In Hungary, there is little communication of sustainability practices, although there is movement towards more communication about sustainability practices since the introduction of the web and social media. The experience, in general, was that instead of communication, the emphasis is put more on living and working according to the principles of sustainability – whether it is environmental, social, or economic. In the US, the communication of CSR is used as a marketing tool to engage and educate their stakeholders, mainly through social media. Research implications –The implications of our research contribute to the knowledge of corporate social responsibility and how institutional influences affect social and environmental responsibility within family-run wineries by bringing the wine industry, family businesses, and CSR together under the analysis of institutional theory. The findings in this paper should be looked upon by family wineries as a resource related to the current communication of social responsibility in the wine industry. Research limitations – A limitation of this research is the lack of personal meetings with interviewees. Due to the COVID-19 lockdowns, the possibility of conducting the interviews face-to-face was not an option. The researchers were challenged to obtain more personal information about the familial, organizational structure without conducting multiple interviews, building trust and rapport.

This dissertation has been developed with the aim of investigating the wine labelling rules and regulations, and the use of traditional terms and designations of origin in Europe, with a focus on the Chinese market. Wine is one of the sectors that best represents the Italian style and characterizes the ‘Made in Italy’ framework. Indeed, this is one of the reasons why I decided to investigate and define the relatively unknown process of wine labelling. Since 2013, China has become an extremely important player in the global wine market. As a result, this dissertation will discuss the laws and legislations that currently shape wine labels in the People’s Republic. In doing so, this investigation aims to help future Italian wineries and private distributors penetrate the Chinese market, by proposing new tools and solutions to stimulate their activities. An overview of Italian and European wine label rules and regulations will be presented, in order to provide the lector with a general perspective of wine labels laws. Using this approach, I hope to provide the reader with an idea of the context, alongside all the tools and information they will need to understand the topic at hand. Subsequently, Chinese rules for the drafting of labels for import wines will be scrutinized. As an emerging market, China tends to have strict rules for the imports of goods and services, and it is extremely important that all parties involved respect these rules. Moreover, case studies of Italian wineries with contacts in the Chinese wine market will be presented. Through their experiences, the main criticalities and problems involved in wine labelling will be disclosed. The techniques used and the conclusions drawn from this study can act as a point of reference for Italian wineries hoping to perfect their approach to the Chinese wine market, whilst following the correct rules and regulations regarding the drafting of wine labels.

The production of wine, unlike other types of products, is strongly related to the territory of origin and a significant role is played by the climatic conditions of the place where winemaking activities take place. For this reason, over the years, countries such as Italy and France have managed in preserving their prestige and dominant position on the market by making quality wine. Italian wine, which has always been considered a first choice within the purchasing process of consumers all over the world, enjoys a significant prestige internationally. But foreign market penetration approach (and consolidation of the presence in foreign markets) is complicated, especially in the current context characterized by the pandemic situation, due to the Covid-19 virus, where digitalization becomes crucial. In order to understand the factors of competitiveness of Italian wineries, the thesis, after an overview of the global wine industry with reference to the impact of the Covid-19 virus, aims to provide an analysis of internationalization and marketing strategies. Finally, the thesis focuses on one of the most relevant regions of Italy concerning wine production: Sicily. Hence, an analysis of the business cases of some Sicilian wineries, different in terms of organization and size, is reported based on the information gathered from interviewing each firm, in order to observe differences and similarities of the covered topics.

A competição, dentro do ambiente de práticas industriais, é um fenômeno social que emerge das necessidades de uma organização em permanecer ativa no mercado que está inserida. A permanência e a continuidade de suas práticas dependem, sob o ponto de vista competitivo, da capacidade de gerar resultados econômicos satisfatórios, que, por sua vez, estão relacionados intrinsicamente com a forma em que a organização escolhe e aplica os recursos disponíveis em sua estrutura operacional. Em um ambiente competitivo, o resultado econômico é consequência de vantagens adquiridas pela forma em que ela, a organização, executa suas atividades operacionais, que pode ser analisado e comparado com os resultados auferidos pelos demais concorrentes. Este evento é percebido quando ocorre um desempenho mais eficiente na execução dos processos transformadores de recursos em bens de consumo. O melhor desempenho operacional de uma organização cria mais valor, que é parcialmente transferido para os consumidores através de benefícios, distribuídos em forma de lucros aos seus proprietários, tributos ao Estado e reaplicados na manutenção e conservação de sua estrutura patrimonial. A vantagem adquirida diante de terceiros pode ser imitada, o que remete a organização a uma busca frequente por fontes de vantagens mais duradouras e de maior dificuldade em replica-las. Investimentos em recursos na estrutura empresarial e nos processos de produção poderão, no decorrer dos tempos, tornar-se fontes de vantagem competitiva, e no longo prazo talvez suficiente para a organização absorver o retorno investido, reaplicá-lo em novos recursos estruturais e sustentar a vantagem adquirida no mercado em que está competindo. O presente trabalho é um estudo de caso aplicado na estrutura patrimonial da indústria vinícola Vinhos Salton S.A., objetivando identificar os efeitos causados pelos investimentos ocorridos em seus recursos estruturais, a criação e distribuição de valor a partir de análises comparativas realizadas nas demonstrações contábeis da empresa. A pesquisa proporciona uma análise econômico-financeira do valor, observando e comparando os resultados obtidos, confrontado indicadores de desempenho com as decisões estratégicas de uma importante indústria do setor vinícola brasileiro.
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In industrial practices context, competition is a social phenomenon that arises from the need of enterprises to remain active in the market. The permanence and continuity of their practices depend, under a competitive point of view, from capacity to generate satisfactory economical results which, in its turn, they are related to the form as the organization applies the available resources in its functional structure. In a competitive environment, the economical result is consequence from the form as benefits were acquired and as the enterprise performs their operational activities. That result can be analyzed and compared with achieved results by competitors. That is perceived when there is more efficient performance in the execution of the process that transforms human resources into consumption goods. The best performance of an organization creates more value when it is partially passed on to consumers by means of distributed profits to their owners, of State tax and reinvested in patrimony’s maintenance and conservation. The obtained advantage in front of the others can be imitated. That makes the organization look for advantage sources more lasting. Investments in structure and production processes may become competitive advantages and perhaps sufficient for the company has the investment return to reapply it in new resources and sustain the obtained advantage in the market. This survey is applied to the Salton S. A. wine-growing industry. It aims to identity caused effects by investments in structural resources, value distribution and creation from comparative analyses on the enterprise financial demonstratives under study. The research provides an analysis of the economic and financial value in observing and comparing the results, performance indicators confronted with the strategic decisions of the Brazilian wine industry an important industry.

The thesis of this project focuses on the making of place in architecture. The erection of a wall is the initial act in the creation of a sense of place. Three walls separate the homogeneous world of the countryside to establish a zone for a winery complex.
Master of Architecture

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Making use of the theoretical framework of institutional theory, in particular, the concepts responses strategies, Isomorphism and institutional entrepreneurship as well as using the three dimensions of experf scale to analyze the export performance of the three wineries objects of study, this study aim to check which strategic responses three exporting wineries of the region Gaucha Campaign-RS front the pressures of the institutional environment to increase their export performances. Characterized as a qualitative research, as a source of primary data semistructured interviews with three wine entrepreneurs Campaign Region were performed. The interviews were guided by a script (protocol) preset. For data analysis, the technique of content analysis proposed by Bardin (1977), in comparison with the theoretical frameworks worked in the study was used. It can be seen that the wineries in the study not only conform the pressures of the institutional environment, but also use strategies that are characterized by resistance and manipulation (Oliver, 1991). For example, according to the surveyed companies due to the high tax their economies of scale deteriorate in the domestic market itself. Considering this, the wineries Dunamis and Miolo in a isomorphic way make use of the strategy and tactics to resist attack, seeking along with associations representing the wine industry transform this disadvantage to gain more sales and, as a result, improve their processes and products. Given this same pressure, it was identified that the winery Cordillera de Santana saw the external market as a safety valve against high taxes.
Fazendo uso do aporte teórico da teoria institucional, em especial, os conceitos respostas estratégias, Isomorfismo e empreendedorismo institucional, assim como utilizando as três dimensões da escala experf para analisar a performance exportadora das três vinícolas objetos de estudo, o presente estudo tem como objetivo central verificar quais respostas estratégicas de vinícolas exportadoras da Região da Campanha Gaúcha-RS lançam frente as pressões do ambiente institucional visando aumentar suas performances exportadoras. Caracterizada como uma pesquisa de cunho qualitativo, como fonte de dados primários foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com os três empreendedores vitivinícolas da Região da Campanha. As entrevistas foram guiadas por um roteiro (protocolo) pré-estabelecido. Para a análise dos dados, foi utilizada a técnica de análise de conteúdo proposta por Bardin (1977), em confronto com os referenciais teóricos trabalhados no estudo. Pode-se constatar que as vinícolas em estudo não só se conformam as pressões do ambiente institucional, como também lançam mão de estratégias que se caracterizam pela resistência e manipulação (OLIVER, 1991). Por exemplo, frente aos altos impostos que segundo as empresas pesquisadas deterioram suas economias de escala no próprio mercado nacional, as vinícolas Dunamis e Miolo, de maneira isomórfica fazem uso da estratégia resistir e da tática atacar, buscando junto com as associações representativas do setor vitivinícola transformar essa situação desfavorável para obterem mais vendas e , em consequência disso, aprimorarem seus processos e produtos. Diante dessa mesma pressão, identificou-se que a vinícola Cordilheira de Santana vislumbrou o mercado externo como uma válvula de escape perante os altos impostos.

Thesis (MComm.)--Stellenbosch University, 1995.
Many co-operative societies make use of a system of pooling the produce delivered to it by its members. The delivered produce is thrown into one common stock and its identity is lost in the process. Each season's harvest would normally form a separate pool. The co-operative keeps record of all the pool transactions in the form of a pool account. In short these transactions consist of the proceeds from the sale of the pooled mass, commission charged by the co.:.operative, expenses incurred in the processing and marketing of the products, as well as advances to the members. The surplus of the pool account is divided among the members at the closing of the account, in proportion to their contributions to that specific pool. Each member's share in the surplus is reduced by advances already received. In practice, only the advances and the final share of the surplus, reduced by advances already received, are included in the taxable income of the members. Realised sales, not yet distributed to the members are therefore not included in the taxable income of the members, nor of the co-operative society. The value of unsold pool stock at year end is further not included in the taxable income of the individual members, nor of the co-operative society. In this study, the treatment of co-operative pools from an income tax perspective is investigated in order to determine whether the treatment in practice is a correct reflection of the law. The study first gives a general background of the co-operative society as a form of a business enterprise. This is necessary in order to understand the creation of co-operative pools. The study further deals specifically with co-operative pools and the income tax consequences thereof. The following aspects are discussed: (a) The legal nature and consequences of pooling are investigated. The rights and obligations between the relevant parties will determine the income tax consequences. The study concentrates on whether ownership of the produce is transferred to the co-operative society as well as the implications in law of the mixing of all the produce and the further processing thereof. The capacity in which the co-operative processes and disposes of the products are also investigated. (b) A discussion is also given on whether the participants of a particular pool form an association of persons. Certainty in this regard is necessary before the income tax consequences of pooling for the co-operative society or the individual members can be discussed. An association of persons is regarded as a person for income tax purposes and is therefore a separate taxpayer. A partnership will, however, not be a separate taxpayer. As the circumstances with pooling resembles that of a partnership, the legal requirements of partnerships are also investigated. (c) The income tax consequences of pooling for the co-operative society as well as the individual members are discussed in detail. The conclusions are reached by applying the general income tax principals, as laid down by the courts, on the circumstances that exist with pooling. The fact that the members are co-owners of the pooled mass and the co-operative society is regarded as the irrevocable agent of the members, has a significant influence on the income tax consequences. From the above, the conclusion is reached that the income tax treatment of pooling in practice, is a correct reflection of the law, not only in respect of receipts and accruals, but also in respect of the treatment of unsold pool stock.

This thesis proposes a large wine estate on the shores of one of New York’s Finger Lakes. The estate’s prominent location on Bluff Point demands an architecture that reinforces the vineyard’s highly visible regional presence. Not only a winery, this estate includes a teaching center for viticulture, allowing continual vineyard experimentation. The public is encouraged to tour the estate, and is courted with a restaurant and tasting facility. Over a five year period, 50 acres of vineyards on the 200 acre property would be phased in, producing 10,000 cases yearly. Further expansion is anticipated in ten years. The traditional rituals of the wine harvest provide the ideas behind the architecture of the estate. The project explores transformations as a way to honor these traditions, extending outward on the site to redefine the vineyard as massive terraces. Inside the winery, the transformation of grapes to wine is sequenced from one level to another, allowing the architecture to reinforce the theme of procession that already is established on the site.
Master of Architecture

This study examines how wineries in Skåne market themselves as a visitor business. What their work on marketing strategies looks like and what attractiveness wineries have. It is a qualitative study based on semi-structured interviews with winery owners and winemakers from four different wineries in Skåne. The vineyards that were selected are Flädie Mat & Vingård, Hällåkra Vingård, Kullabergs Vingård and Skepparps Vingård. The results show that wineries have become an attraction for foreign visitors and that there has been an increase in Swedish visitors to the wineries in recent years. People are curious and find vineyards as a new attraction in Sweden. Social media was considered as the most used marketing channels to market the vineyards and their offerings. Another strategy has been word-of-mouth to spread the word to friends and family. Many of the wineries see opportunities to further develop their business, partly their winery, but also to attract more visitors. Challenges for the vineyards are partly the climate but have mainly been the ban on farm trade, which prevents wine tourism from being fully experienced. The ban means that they cannot sell their wine directly to the consumer but need to either sell it at Systembolaget or have a restaurant business with full rights to serve wine to their visitors. The conclusion that can be drawn is that it showed that the pandemic has had an impact in that wineries have had more Swedish visitors in the past year as people have not been able to travel abroad during the summer due to the restrictions of the Covid-19 virus, several people from Sweden choose to spend their holiday in Sweden, hence a higher pressure on visits to vineyards. The marketing of wineries to be a niche attraction has also made more people visit the business by marketing it via social media, which is considered a powerful tool to reach out to people.

This dissertation has been developed with the aim of investigating the first market in the world, China, in one of the sectors that best represents the Italian style and the Made in Italy: the wine market. The Chinese wine market has a huge prospective for the Italian wine producers, since in the last few years it has been having an extremely relevant development. However, just a few are the Italian wineries that consider China as an opportunity and contemplate the Chinese market as a market where Italian wine has to participate in. Going through the paper, the reasons why China is for Italian producers a great opportunity, especially in terms of profits, will be investigated and brought to light. In order to do so, an introductive analysis of Chinese wine market will be presented, in order to provide the lector with an idea of the context and all the tools he needs to understand the matter of debate. Furthermore, case studies of Italian wineries which have or had contacts with the Chinese wine market will be presented. Some of them are present in China with their wines, someone else are not present, whereas others are still trying to penetrate it. Using such case studies’ results and experts’ in the fields opinions as references, the reasons for which China still remain an extremely tough market for Italian producers and Italian wine will be explained. The main criticalities and strategic drivers will be disclosed, in order to endow Italian wineries with a reference background that they can use to perfect their approach to the Chinese wine market and to set up a successful strategy.

It is widely recognised that the tourism experience involves pre-visit anticipation, travel to and from the site and post-visit reminiscence or recollection, yet to date few studies have explored the link between these elements. Winery visitation presents an excellent opportunity to explore these phases of the travel experience as wine is present pre-visit, on-site and post-visit. In 1999 this study set out to explore these links by surveying visitors to 33 New Zealand wineries and then tracking their behaviour six to eight months post-visit via a postal survey. From an initial sample of 1,090, 636 follow-up surveys were distributed with 358 usable surveys returned. The on-site survey explored the pre-visit and on-site wine habits and winery visitation behaviour of respondents, while 97 semi-structured interviews were also undertaken in order to provide further detail on some aspects of the on-site visit. The follow-up survey included an exploration of the respondents� on-going purchasing and consumption of wine as well as experiential elements such as recollection of the visit, word-of-mouth behaviour and enduring levels of satisfaction. A number of a priori segmentation criteria drawn from wine consumer behaviour and wine tourism literature have been applied in the analysis of the data in order to provide a detailed discussion of the various elements of this multi-phased experience. Many regional differences were observed in the demographic profile of respondents, while the age profile of male and female visitors were also significantly different. This has dispelled the myth of a 'typical winery visitor' put forward by many early wine tourism researchers and highlights the need for detailed market analysis for wineries and wine regions. Pre-visit wine habits and winery visitation behaviour were influenced by gender, age/generation and country of origin. However, the most significant influence was between different levels of wine knowledge. This highlights the importance of wine education and interpretation, which was also identified as an important part of the winery visit by many respondents. Examination of the on-site experience identified important regional differences in the nature of the winery experience and lead to the coining of the term touristic terroir to describe the nuances of the regional experience. Almost half of the respondents made a post-visit purchase, while there were moderately high levels of enduring satisfaction and high levels of word-of-mouth behaviour. Post-visit purchases were primarily influenced by taste, but experiential elements of the visit (including sharing the wine or winery experience with others, memory of the visit and the service received) were also moderately influential. This study has provided an insight into wine tourism and the behaviour of the winery visitor. It is the first and, to date, only nationwide survey of winery visitors anywhere in the world and one of only a handful of tourism studies that have attempted to track the behaviour of respondents. It has identified important connections between the on-site experience, experiential aspects of the post-visit experience and the purchasing and consumption behaviour of winery visitors. It also provides a framework for the study of other areas of tourism including souvenir purchases, holiday photography, food and tourism and tourist behaviour more broadly.

O que motivou a realização desse trabalho foi estudar estruturas organizacionais complexas, uma vez que tais formas - pouco exploradas empiricamente - têm sido muito atuantes no atual cenário econômico. Além disso, investigações nesse campo são importantes porque a literatura da área não apresenta consenso sobre o impacto e o desempenho desses modelos organizacionais. Assim, esta pesquisa colabora com um maior entendimento sobre as estruturas complexas, investigando uma rede inserida no sistema agroindustrial do vinho, no Vale dos Vinhedos - RS. Esta é uma região rural formada por vinícolas, produtores de uva, hotéis, pousadas, restaurantes e artesanatos. Dentro desse sistema complexo ocorrem várias ações coletivas, destacando-se a obtenção do Selo de Indicação de Procedência dos vinhos finos da região, em 2002. Essa certificação afeta vários atores, sendo que se desconhecia o impacto da ação para os diferentes agentes envolvidos. Assim, este estudo identificou como a rede do Vale dos Vinhedos possibilita a criação de valor para os atores coletivos nela inseridos, além de analisar como ocorre a apropriação do valor gerado na rede entre os agentes. Os dados empíricos foram obtidos por meio de entrevistas e questionários realizados com produtores e vinícolas. Para a análise dos dados, utilizaram-se os métodos econométrico e descritivo. Em relação ao primeiro, realizaram-se regressões e os dados foram organizados em modelo painel. Os principais resultados apontam para um cenário de criação de valor na rede vitivinícola. O selo de Indicação de Procedência possui impacto positivo sobre a venda de vinhos finos das vinícolas, além de influenciar de forma positiva a venda de vinhos comuns dessas firmas, o que conduz a um contexto de formação de externalidades. Também comprovou-se que a certificação apresenta influência positiva sobre a renda por hectare dos produtores de uva da região. Porém, no que tange à apropriação do valor gerado pela rede, evidenciou-se que os atores possuem ganhos diferenciados. Os resultados sugerem que as vinícolas conseguem se apropriar mais do que os viticultores do valor criado pela rede. Ainda cumpre destacar que a rede possibilita criação de valor para outros atores envolvidos, como hotéis, restaurantes, comércios, pousadas e artesanatos, uma vez que promove geração de externalidades positivas, como: aumento do número de turistas na região; geração de empregos; reconhecimento da região em todo o país e no exterior; fortalecimento dos diversos estabelecimentos comerciais inseridos no vale e valorização dos imóveis rurais. De maneira geral, a pesquisa demonstra que os ganhos e as fontes de criação de valor existentes em redes superam os riscos e custos de tais sistemas coletivos. Esse estudo apresenta relevante contribuição, principalmente, se considerado que o Vale dos Vinhedos serve de modelo para outras regiões do país, uma vez que é pioneiro em termos de certificação geográfica no Brasil.
What motivated the realization of this research was to study complex organizational structures, since such forms - little explored empirically - have been active in the current economic scenario. Moreover, investigations in this field are important, since the literature regarding this subject does not present a consensus on the impact and performance of these organizational models. Therefore, this research contributes with a greater understanding on complex organizational systems, by investigating a network inserted in the agro-industrial system of wine, in Vale dos Vinhedos - RS. This is a rural region formed by wineries, grape growers, hotels, restaurants, inns and craftworks. Within this complex system, it occurs several collective actions, with special mention to the acquisition of the Indication of Origin Label of fine wines, in 2002. This certification affects several actors in the collective system, but the impact of the action on the agents involved is unknown. Therefore, this study identify how the network of Vale dos Vinhedos enables the value creation for the collective actors involved, as well as analyses how the value appropriation occurs between the agents. The empirical data were obtained through interviews and questionnaires conducted with wineries and grape growers. Econometric and descriptive methods were used to analyze the data. In relation to the first method, regressions were performed and the data were organized in a panel model. The main results point to a value creation scenario in the investigated network. The Indication of Origin Label has a positive impact on the sales of fine wines from wineries and also has a positive influence on the sales of common wines of these firms, leading to a formation context of externalities. The survey also found that the certification has a positive influence on the local wine producers income. However, regarding to the appropriation of the value generated by the network, it became evident that the actors have different gains. The results suggest that wineries can appropriate more the value created by the network than the growers. It should also be noted that the network enables value creation for other stakeholders, such as hotels, restaurants, shops, inns and crafts, since it promotes the generation of positive externalities as: increasing numbers of tourists, employment generating, recognition of the region around the country and abroad, strengthening of various shops in the region and valuation of rural properties. In general, the research shows that the gains and the sources of value creation in networks outweigh the risks and costs of such collective systems. This study presents relevant contribution, especially when considering that Vale dos Vinhedos is a model for other regions of the country, since it is a pioneer in terms of geographic certification in Brazil.

There are thousands of different wine brands available and wineries have to build a relationship with their customers, a relationship that will create a long-lasting experience. The relationship starts with the first interaction they have with the winery (Alonso et al 2008:978). Visitors to the tasting room create the opportunity to build long-term relationships (O’Neill & Charters 2000:113; Nowak & Newton 2006:157), build and develop brand loyalty (Dodd & Gustafson 1997:43), increase wine sales (Gilinsky et al 2003:18), and improve cash flow (Jago & Issaverdis 2001:18). The subject of repurchasing intentions in the wine industry has attracted the attention of numerous researchers; in particular, the connection between winery visits, brand loyalty and post-visit consumer behaviour (Nella & Christou 2010:2). Nederburg is one of the most prestigious South African wine estates, with a deep-rooted history in South Africa as one of the biggest wine brands. It is 100% owned by wine and spirits giant Distell and presents an ideal case for investigating the influence of the relationship between quality, customer satisfaction and price on repurchasing intentions in the South African wine industry. The purpose of this research was to determine whether the tasting room experience, in combination with a quality product, good pricing and customer-focused operations, leads to higher customer satisfaction and repurchase intentions. The present study indicates that the South African wine industry faces many challenges but it also highlights the various opportunities there are for wine estates to not only increase their sales but also to build long-lasting relationships with consumers. The study concludes with recommendations to the South African wine industry on how to improve their tasting room environment so that they can benefit from the relationship between wine quality, wine price, customer satisfaction and repurchasing intentions.

Thesis (MTech (Civil Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017.
Currently in South Africa, most wastewater from small cellars is pH-adjusted and disposed of via land irrigation. This practice can lead to environmental degradation. There is a need for low cost, low maintenance solutions for the treatment of cellar effluent. Constructed wetlands provide such an option. However, the use of plants is problematic because winery effluent can be phytotoxic. After successful initial laboratory-scale experiments, an in-situ pilot scale biological sand filter (unplanted constructed wetland) system was designed, installed, and used to treat effluent from a small winery in the Western Cape, South Africa. The system is off-grid, totally self-regulating, and uses a modular approach which allows for the addition and subtraction of filter modules within the system to alter treatment capacity, retention time and/or rest filter modules. The system can be easily integrated into existing settling basins and/or retention ponds at small wineries. The biological sand filter was operational for 610 days, and showed promising results. The average chemical oxygen demand removal efficiency was 81% (range: 44-98%) with an average effluent of 324 mg/L, and an average flow rate of 413 L/day after the acclimation (start-up) period. The average hydraulic loading rate after the initial start-up period was 143 L/m3 sand day-1 (range: 67-222/m3 sand day-1), with an organic loading rate of 205 gCOD/m3 of sand day-1 (range: 83-338 gCOD/m3 sand day-1) which resulted in an organic removal rate of 164 gCOD/m3 of sand day-1. There was an average of 67% removal of total phenolics, thereby reducing the potential phytotoxicity of the effluent. In addition, there was a 1.6 times increase in calcium concentration, a 29% decrease in the average sodium adsorption ratio, and complete passive neutralisation of the acidic winery wastewater (final effluent pH range: 6.63 – 8.14. The findings of this study compare well with previous laboratory studies conducted with synthetic and authentic winery effluent. The system can potentially provide a low cost, energy efficient, low maintenance, sustainable means of treating cellar effluent at small wineries. Uptake of this technology may alleviate environmental degradation caused by irrigating land with inadequately treated effluent.

O mercado globalizado e competitivo está exigindo das empresas uma postura cada vez mais estratégica. As empresas são induzidas a estabelecerem estratégias definidas para obter uma vantagem competitiva. Assim, buscam diferenciar-se com ações empreendedoras e inovadoras. O estudo do empreendedorismo como processo de decisão envolve as etapas e atividades inerentes à percepção e criação de novos negócios. Demonstrando o potencial empreendedor, os produtores rurais da Serra Gaúcha, buscam novas formas de explorar práticas empreendedoras, aliadas com práticas inovadoras. O setor vitivinícola vem se reestruturando através de estratégias, a fim de conquistar vantagens competitivas e consolidação no mercado, tanto nacional, como global. Todavia, essa região tem enfrentado dificuldades em sua performance, quanto à competitividade. O presente trabalho objetiva analisar as estratégias utilizadas por vinícolas associadas à APROVALE, ASPROVINHO e APROBELO sob a ótica do empreendedorismo e da inovação. Trata-se de estudo exploratório realizado por meio de pesquisa de casos múltiplos. Diante do exposto, o trabalho foi organizado em cinco partes distintas. A primeira parte apresenta a introdução e os objetivos; a segunda parte desenvolve a revisão da literatura; a terceira parte contém os procedimentos metodológicos e estudo casos múltiplos; a quarta parte traz as análises e os resultados, a quinta parte, as considerações finais, os limites da pesquisa e as propostas para estudos posteriores. Os resultados apontam as peculiaridades intracaso e o cruzamento de informações intercaso, a fim de destacar pontos similares e divergentes entre as associações.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The global marketplace is requiring from the enterprises a more strategic approach. Firms are induced to establish defined strategies to reach competitive advantage. Thus, they seek to differentiate themselves through innovative and entrepreneurial activities. The study of entrepreneurship, as a decision-making process, involves the steps and the activities involved in the opportunity perception and the creation of new businesses. Demonstrating an entrepreneurial potential, the rural producers from Serra Gaúcha, were seeking to exploit new entrepreneurial actions, combined with innovative practices. The wine sector of this region has been restructured through strategies in order to gain competitive advantage and a market consolidation, both at the national and the international levels. Nevertheless, this region is still facing difficulties with its performance and competitiveness. This research aims to analyze the strategies used by the wineries associated with APROVALE, ASPROVINHO and APROBELO, from the perspectives of entrepreneurship and innovation. This exploratory study is carried out by means of a multiple case study. In this context, the research is organized into five distinct parts. The first one introduces the research and presents its objectives, the second part develops a literature review, the third part contains the method and its multiple case study, the fourth part brings the analysis and results, and the final part prescribes the considerations, the research limitation and some proposals for further studies. The results show cases peculiarities, their differences and some aspects of convergence in terms of strategy definition.

This project began as a desire for large open rooms, unrestricted by programmatic requirements; a realm where architecture, its meaning, and its purpose could be explored unhindered. I chose a winery and located it among the rolling hills north of Charlottesville, Virginia. Inspired by the beauty of vineyards, this winery facilitates the natural process begun in the growing of a grape. Sunk into the hillside, the earth provides the stable temperature and humidity necessary for wine maturation. Accounting for the technical aspects of winemaking, this project likewise addresses the aesthetic, creating not only a functioning winery, nor simply a beautiful building, but a marriage between the two. The winery consists of a series of rooms that house a singular process of winemaking. Architecturally, the rooms are likewise individual in character: centrally planned spaces described by sacred geometry. These rooms are linked by a series of axial relationships. The descent and subsequent ascent lie on axis, rotated 90° from each other. The entrance and exit halls lie on a separate axis, shifted 45° from the former, marking the transition between the exterior natural world and the submerged built world. Visitors follow a more circuitous path. Weaving in and out, the foot's path intersects the main axes at crucial moments, but is otherwise diverted. The vertical axis also heightens spatial divisions and interrelations. Submerged in the earth the rooms each open to the sky, marking their depth within the dark, quiet earth while reconnecting them to the realm of the vineyards.
Master of Architecture

Thesis (MSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2003.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Large volumes of wastewater are generated annually during the grape harvest season from various processing and cleaning operations at wineries, distilleries and other wine-related industries. South African regulatory bodies dictate that wastewater should have a pH of 5.5 to 7.5 and a chemical oxygen demand (COD) lower than 75 mg/L. However, winery wastewater has a typical pH of 4 to 5 and a COD varying between 2 000 and 12 000 mg/L. Urban wineries channel the wastewater to local sewage treatment facilities and are often heavily fined for exceeding governmental requirements. Rural wineries usually have little or no treatment operations for their wastewater and it is often irrigated onto crops, which may result in environmental pollution and contamination of underground water resources. Various criteria are important in choosing a wastewater treatment system, such as an ecofriendly process that is flexible to withstand various concentration loads and characteristics, requiring low capital and operating costs, minimal personal attention and do not require too much land. In this study, a large variation in COD, pH and chemical composition of the winery wastewater was observed that could be related to varying factors such as the harvest load, operational procedures and grape variety. Wastewater from destemming and pressing operations contained higher concentrations of glucose, fructose and malic acid, which originated from the grape berries. The fermentable sugars (glucose and fructose) contributed to almost half of the COD with a smaller contribution from ethanol and acetic acid. The low pH can be ascribed to relative high concentrations of organic acids in the wastewater. The efficacy of biological treatment systems depends strongly on the ability of microorganisms to form biofilm communities that are able to degrade the organic compounds in the wastewater. Preliminary identification of microorganisms that naturally occur in winery wastewater indicated the presence of various bacterial and yeast species that could be effective in the biological treatment of the wastewater. When evaluated as pure cultures under aerobic conditions, some of the yeast isolates effectively reduced the COD of a synthetic wastewater, whereas the bacterial isolates were ineffective. The most effective yeast isolates were identified as Pichia rhodanensis, Kloeckera apiculata, Candida krusei and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Our search for cost-effective biological treatment systems led to the evaluation of a Rotating Biological Contactor (RBC) for the treatment of winery wastewater. The RBC was evaluated on a laboratory scale with 10% (v/v) diluted grape juice and inoculated with a mixed microbial community isolated from winery wastewater. The results showed a reduction in the COD that improved with an extended retention time. Evaluation of the RBC on-site at a local winery during the harvest season resulted on average in a 41% decrease in COD and an increase of 0,75 pH units. RFLP analysis of the biofilm communities within the RBC confirmed a population shift in both the bacterial and fungal species during the evaluation period. The most dominant yeast isolates were identified with 18S rDNA sequencing as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida intermedia, Hanseniaspora uvarum and Pichia membranifaciens. All these species are naturally associated with grapes and/or water and with the exception of Hanseniaspora uvarum, they are able to form either simple or elaborate pseudohyphae.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Groot hoeveelhede afloopwater word jaarliks gedurende die druiwe-oestyd deur verskeie prosessering- en skoonmaakoperasies deur wynkelders, distilleer- en ander wynverwante industrieë gegenereer. Suid-Afrikaanse beheerliggame vereis dat afloopwater ‘n pH van 5.5 tot 7.5 en ‘n chemiese suurstofbehoefte (COD) van minder as 75 mg/l moet hê. Kelderafloopwater het egter gewoonlik ‘n pH van 4 tot 5 en ‘n COD van 2 000 tot 12 000 mg/L. Stedelike wynkelders voer die afloopwater na ń plaaslike rioolsuiweringsaanleg wat dikwels tot swaar boetes vir oortreding van die wetlike vereistes lei. Plattelandse wynkelders het gewoonlik min of geen behandelingsprosesse vir hul afloopwater nie en gebruik die water dikwels vir gewasbesproeiing, wat tot omgewingsbesoedeling en kontaminasie van ondergrondse waterbronne kan lei. Verskeie kriteria is belangrik in die keuse van ‘n waterbehandelingstelsel, byvoorbeeld ‘n omgewingsvriendelike proses wat verskillende konsentrasieladings en samestellings kan hanteer, ‘n lae kapitaal- en bedryfskoste en minimale persoonlike aandag vereis en min ruimte benodig. Hierdie studie het getoon dat kelderafloopwater ‘n groot variasie in COD, pH en chemiese samestelling het wat met wisselende faktore soos die oeslading, operasionele prosesse en selfs die druifkultivar verband kan hou. Afloopwater van ontstingeling- en parsoperasies het hoër konsentrasies glukose, fruktose en appelsuur wat van die druiwekorrels afkomstig is. Die fermenteerbare suikers (glukose en fruktose) dra tot amper 50% van die COD by, met ‘n kleiner bydrae deur etanol en asynsuur. Die lae pH kan grootliks aan organiese sure in die afloopwater toegeskryf word. Die effektiwiteit van biologiese behandelingstelsels steun sterk op die vermoë van mikroorganismes om biofilmgemeenskappe te vorm wat die organiese verbindings in die afloopwater kan afbreek. Voorlopige identifikasie van mikro-organismes wat natuurlik in wynafloopwater voorkom, het die teenwoordigheid van verskeie bakteriese en gisspesies aangedui. Evaluering van hierdie isolate onder aërobiese toestande het getoon dat sommige van die gis-isolate die COD van ‘n sintetiese afloopwater effektief kon verlaag, terwyl die bakteriese isolate oneffektief was. Die mees effektiewe gis-isolate is as Pichia rhodanensis, Kloeckera apiculata, Candida krusei en Saccharomyces cerevisiae geïdentifiseer. Ons soektog na ‘n koste-effektiewe biologiese behandelingsisteem het tot die evaluering van ‘n ‘Rotating Biological Contactor’ (RBC) vir die behandeling van afloopwater gelei. Die RBC is op laboratoriumskaal met 10% (v/v) verdunde druiwesap geëvalueer en met ‘n gemengde mikrobiese gemeenskap wat uit afloopwater geïsoleer is, innokuleer. Die resultate het ‘n verlaging in die COD getoon wat met ‘n langer retensietyd verbeter het. Evaluering van die RBC by ‘n plaaslike wynkelder gedurende die oesseisoen het gemiddeld ‘n verlaging van 41% in die COD en ‘n verhoging van 0,75 pH eenhede getoon. RPLP analise van die biofilmgemeenskappe in die RBC het ‘n bevolkingsverskuiwing in beide die bakteriese en swamspesies aangetoon. Die mees dominante gisspesies is met 18S rDNA volgordebepaling as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida intermedia, Hanseniaspora uvarum en Pichia membranifaciens geïdentifiseer. Al hierdie spesies word gewoonlik met druiwe en/of water geassosieer en is, met die uitsondering van Hanseniaspora uvarum, in staat om òf eenvoudige òf komplekse pseudohife te vorm.

Thesis (MScEng (Chemical Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2001.
304 leaves single sided printed,preliminary pages i-xxii and numberd pages 1-282. Includes bibliography,list of figures and tables, used a Bizhub 250 Scanner to pdf format (OCR) 57pages contain figures in color.Digitized at 300 dpi 24-bit Color to pdf format (OCR),used a Hp Scanjet 8250
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Ecosystems and natural water sources are constantly under threat from pollutants and all efforts should be made to minimise polluting factors. In the last decade growing concern has been expressed with regard to the environmental threat posed by wastewater produced by wineries and distilleries. Research into winery wastewater commenced in the early nineties mainly in Australia and France. These investigations characterised winery wastewater, indicating a large diversity in quality and quantity between wastewaters emanating from wineries. Owed to changes in South African legislation, in conjunction with an augmented environmental awareness, the need for an environmental assessment of wineries became apparent. In South Africa, research of this nature had not yet been conducted. Previous research on winery wastewater treatment employed mostly biological technologies, with success but also shortfalls. In South Africa the majority of wineries are located in the Western Cape Province, several within the same water catchment area. Wineries may produce approximately 1 to 10 litres of wastewater per litre of wine produced, which are turbid and acidic and typically contain high levels of organic compounds (thus oxygen deficient), and suspended material. Usually these wastewaters are irrigated onto land, in close proximity to natural water resources. The pollution of water tables and down-stream water sources may occur. The quantification, qualification and treatment of this type of wastewater are addressed in this study. Winery wastewater produced from the predominantly red wine producing Rupert and Rothschild Vignerons, served as case study for a two-year wastewater audit strategy. The most common analyses performed on winery wastewater include the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), suspended solids (SS), pH and turbidity. A thorough analysis in the form of a comprehensive audit was performed on the water and vinification processes. This allowed for an accurate determination of contamination sources and properties. The audit entailed a designed sampling protocol, the format of which was tailored as an initial environmental assessment for the development of an Environmental Management System (EMS) unique to Rupert and Rothschild Vignerons. The EMS includes projected future objectives for wastewater quality (COD, SS, pH, turbidity), as well as an environmental policy. In order to reach the proposed quality objectives, a suitable wastewater treatment system must be installed. The efficiency of the treatment system present at Rupert and Rothschild Vignerons was evaluated and piloted the investigation of physico-chemical treatment technologies. Research into the applicability of induced sedimentation (coagulation) and chemical oxidation (ozone) was the first of its kind for winery wastewater as substrate, and provided an interesting dimension in the sense of pragmatic and economic feasibility. Dissolved and suspended particles present in winery wastewater do not settle by gravity alone, thus requiring sedimentation agents (coagulants). Benchscale experiments were conducted employing four types of pre-polymerised metal salt coagulants (polyaluminium chloride). Successful sedimentation of turbidity inducing compounds (up to 98 %) and suspended solid fractions (up to 92%) was achieved. These coagulants are highly suitable for the treatment of winery wastewater since the investigation showed that they are effective over a broad pH and dosage range. In addition, rapid sedimentation rates were observed, favouring thickener design economy. Ozone is a potent oxidising agent, and has been reported to increase the biodegradability of dissolved organic compounds and result in the decolouring of wastewaters. Ozonation is highly pH dependent, with hydroxyl radical activity dominating at alkaline pH. In the majority of gas-liquid contacting systems, the kinetics of the heterogeneous reaction is not limited by the chemical reaction rate, but by the transport of ozone to the liquid phase. To compensate, the ozone concentration in the gas phase is increased. Coupled to the primary investigation on the applicability of ozone treatment for winery wastewater, thus emerged a secondary investigation into an enhanced mass transfer system, realised by the use of impinging stream technology. The ozone transfer in a conventional bubble-column was compared to that of an impinging-stream jet-reactor. The latter significantly improved the ozone transfer to the winery wastewater, resulting in the rate-limiting step being the chemical reaction rate. Ozonation resulted in the increased biodegradability of the winery wastewater, and complete colour and odour elimination. Concerning jet-reactors, the principal importance lies in the substantial reduction in the initial ozone concentration requirement, thereby rendering the process more economically feasible. Following the investigation of the wastewater dynamics, the determination of eco-toxicology during irrigation should be conducted in future. When considering induced sedimentation, further studies should be directed towards ascertaining the most economic yet efficient dosage of the coagulant. Similarly, a study concerning the economic viability of ozone efficiency should be realised in terms of the energy requirements for both ozone generation and the operation of jet-reactors. Although the jet reactor poses a benefit for enhanced mass transfer, the essential criterion concerning residence time in the reactor must be addressed for positive results. Since no single solution exists for the treatment of winery wastewaters, the application of the considered technology must be carefully selected and incorporated in a treatment design; the two foremost criteria for selection being efficiency and economy.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Ekologiese stelsels en natuurlike waterbronne word gedurig bedreig deur besoedeling, dus moet ten aile tye gepoog word om besoedeling te minimiseer of te voorkom. Gedurende die laaste dekade is al hoe meer kommer uitgespreek oor die besoedeling van afloop water afkomstig van wyn en spiritualiee-vervaardiging. Navorsing aangaande wynafloopwater het ontstaan in die vroee negentigs, hoofsaaklik in Australie en Frankryk. Hierdie navorsing het gelei tot die karakterisering van wynafloopwater, en die uiteenlopendheid van hierdie water aangaande die kwaliteit en kwantiteit tussen kelders, is aangetoon. As gevolg van veranderinge in die SuidAfrikaanse wetgewing, asook 'n groeiende bewuswording van omgewingsake, het die noodsaaklikheid van omgewings impak-studies vir wynkelders na vore getree. Tot op hede is navorsing van hierdie aard nog nie in Suid Afrika gedoen nie. Vorige navorsing op die behandeling van wynafloopwater het meestal biologiese tegnologiee behels, met 'n mate van sukses maar ook met tekortkominge. Die meederheid wynkelders in Suid Afrika is in die Wes-Kaap gelee, baie binne dieselfde opvanggebied. Wynkelders kan tussen 1 tot 10 liter afloop water produseer per liter wyn geproduseer. Hierdie afloop het tipies 'n hoe konsentrasie organiese stowwe (is dus arm aan suurstof), is troebel en suur, en bevat gesuspendeerde materiaal. Gewoonlik word die wynafloop water besproei in die nabyheid van natuurlike waterbronne. Die besoedeling van watertafels en waterbronne kan dus plaasvind. Die kwantifisering, kwalifisering en behandeling van wynafloopwater word ondersoek in hierdie tesis. Die wynafloopwater van die hoofsaaklik rooiwyn produserende Rupert en Rothschild Vignerons, het gedien as proefstudie tydens 'n twee-jaar wynafloopwateroudit. 'n Deeglike analise in die formaat van 'n veelomvattende oudit is uitgevoer op die wynmaakproses en die waterafvoerstrome. 'n Akkurate bepaling van die oorsprong van waterkontaminasie, asook die eienskappe daarvan is bewerkstellig. Die oudit behels 'n spesifiek ontwerpte monsternemingprotokol, waarvan die formaat geformuleer is om te dien as 'n beginpunt vir die ontwikkeling van 'n Omgewingsbestuurstelsel (08S), uniek vir Rupert en Rothschild Vignerons. Hierdie 08S sluit toekomstige doelstellings vir die kwaliteit (chemiese suurstofbehoefte, gesuspendeerde vaste stowwe, pH, turbiditeit) van wynafloopwater in, asook 'n omgewingsbeleid. Die installering van 'n waterbehandelingsisteem moet geskied om te voldoen aan hierdie voorgestelde doelstellings. Die effektiwiteit van die huidige behandeling sisteem teenwoordig by Rupert en Rothschild Vignerons is geevalueer en het gelei tot navorsing oor fisieschemiese behandelingstegnologiee. Navorsing aangaande die toepassing van geinduseerde sedimentasie (koagulasie) en chemiese oksidasie (osoon), is vir die eerste keer toegepas op wynafloopwater, en het interessante gevolge in 'n pragmatiese en ekonomiese sin. Opgelosde en gesuspendeerde partikels teenwoordig in wynafloopwater sak nie onder normale gravitasie uit nie, en dus word die toediening van sedimentasie-induserende middels benodig. Eksperimente is in die laboratorium uitgevoer met vier verskillende gepolimeriseerde metaalsoutkoagulante (poli-aluminiumchloriedes). Dit het gelei tot die effektiewe sedimentering van stowwe wat troebelheid (turbiditeit) veroorsaak (tot 98 %) en ook gesuspendeerde stowwe (tot 92 %). Dit is gevind dat hierdie tipe koagulante hoogs geskik is vir die behandeling van wynafloop water, aangesien hulle effektief is by 'n wye pH- en doseringsreeks. Die uitsaktempo is vinnig, wat dus die ontwerp van 'n uitsaktenk (verdikker) ekonomies maak. Osoon is 'n sterk oksideermiddel, terwyl talle verslae aandui dat dit die biologiese ontbinding van opgelosde stowwe verhoog en die ontkleuring van afloopwaters tot. gevolg het. Osonering is pH afhanklik; by alkaliese pH oorheers die werking van hidroksielradikale. In die meerderheid gasvloeistofkontaksisteme word die kinetika van die heterogene chemiese reaksie nie beperk deur die intrinsieke reaksietempo nie, maar deur die vervoer van osoon na die vloeistoffase. Om te kompenseer hiervoor, word die osoon konsentrasie in die gasfase verhoog. Gekoppel aan die primere ondersoek aangaande die toepasbaarheid van osoonbehandeling op wynafloopwater, het 'n tweede ondersoek onstaan aangaande verhoogde massa-oordragssisteme deur die gebruik van hoeintensiteit spuitreaktore. Die osoonoordrag in konvensionele borrelkolomme is vergelyk met die van 'n hoe intensiteit spuitreaktor. Laasgenoemde het die osoonoordrag na die wynafloopwater aansienlik verhoog, met die gevolg dat die chemiese reaksie die beperking op die reaksie tempo geplaas het. Osonering het die biodegradasie van die wynafloop water verhoog, asook die kleur en reuk verwyder. By die spuit-reaktor Ie die belangrikheid daarin by die aansienlike veriaging in die aanvanklike behoefte aan osoonkonsentrasie, derhalwe is hierdie oordragsisteem meer ekonomies. Na afloop van die ondersoek op die dinamika van wynafloopwater, moet die ekotoksisiteit gedurende besproeiing bepaal word vir toekomstige doeleindes. Indien ge"induseerde sedimentasie verlang word, kan verdere studie gedoen word om die mees ekonomiese dosis van die koagulant te bepaal. Ooreenstemmend, moet die ekonomiese lewensvatbaarheid van die osoon effektiwiteit bepaal word ten opsigte van die energiebehoefte van beide die osoongenerasie en die werking van die hoe-intensiteit spuitreaktor. Alhoewel die spuitreaktor verhoogde massa-oordrag bewerkstellig, moet die effek van die residensietyd in die reaktor inag geneem word word ten einde positiewe resultate te verkry. Geen enkele oplossing bestaan vir die behandeling van wynafloop water nie, derhalwe moet die toepassing van die beoogde sisteem versigtig gekies word en ingesluit word in die ontwerp van 'n behandelingsisteem; die twee vernaamste maatstawwe is ondermeer effektiwiteit en ekonomiese aspekte.

The subject of the thesis is the preparation of project documentation for construction of the new building boarding house with a wine cellar near the recreation area Leopoldov, the local Městyse Buchlovice. Due to the location near the attractive location with a rich tradition of folklore object at the same time offers space for a presentation and wine tasting for the public, with the possibility of organizing smaller events. For added convenience, the services offered includes the construction of a total capacity of 48 beds. The total required capacity are dealt with in two separate buildings of rectangular plan in mutually perpendicular arrangement. The visible design of both buildings respects the landscape and sensitive integration of the building into the surrounding buildings. SO-01 Wineries Object wineries (production 60.000l/rok) with a wine cellar for the production, storage and presentation of wine products, a lounge for 48 people and an accommodation for 10 persons.The building is brick, single-storey, basement, covered with a wooden roof truss attic, partially flat grass roof. SO-02 Guest house Construction of accommodation (guest house) with a capacity of 38 persons for accommodation of visitors wine cellar. The building is brick, single-storey, basement, covered with a wooden roof truss attic utilized. The property adjoining a paved parking area.

This thesis addresses the design documentation winery Hog u Hustopečí . The building is composed of functional parts wine , wineries and townhouse investor. The proposed building has two floors and is set in sloping terrain. Family house is located above the wineries . Roofed building is a flat aisle roofs.

O presente estudo teve por objetivo identificar quais foram as melhorias competitivas, originárias da formação da Nova Aliança Ltda. Cooperativa que foi fruto da união política de cinco Cooperativas tradicionais da região, materializada e formalizada através da incorporação de quatro delas por uma das Cooperativas, todas do mesmo território, tendo como direcionador três grandes pilares: tecnologia, valor agregado e essência cooperativa. Para viabilizar a pesquisa foi utilizado o estudo de caso, realizado por meio das técnicas de levantamento de dados: entrevistas e documentos, sendo aplicados nos setores de contabilidade, administrativo, produção (produto e matéria-prima), qualidade e societário. Dos dados analisados, pode-se constatar apesar do curto espaço de tempo da implementação desta reestruturação da Cooperativa, melhorias em diversas áreas da organização e a construção de uma nova realidade para o sistema cooperativista gaúcho, retomando os princípios cooperativistas por meio da reorganização societária; o respeito ao meio ambiente através da produção de matéria prima orgânica e a reestruturação da infraestrutura otimizando os recursos naturais, bem como ofertando ao mercado produtos sem conservantes; e tendo na inovação o indutor para as mudanças que se traduzem em melhorias. Sendo estas: nos processos societários, industriais, administrativos, produtivos e comerciais, nos produtos, processos e no aprendizado de toda a equipe com os erros e acertos deste grande projeto. Os resultados poderão induzir novos movimentos intracooperativos que levem a um crescimento do Cooperativismo e do setor vitivinícola. Esta retomada induzirá o desenvolvimento sustentável e a perpetuidade do Cooperativismo por conseqüência dos agricultores familiares da região, bem como de outros territórios, pois o modelo Cooperativista vitivinícola gaúcho, representa atualmente, aproximadamente 25% da produção total de uvas e derivados do estado. O Rio Grande do Sul, por sua vez é responsável por mais de 90% da produção de vinhos e sucos de uva do Brasil. Passaram-se mais de oitenta anos e o cooperativismo continua sendo um instrumento imprescindível para a pequena propriedade da serra gaúcha, em virtude destas, serem formadas efetivamente por pequenas propriedades rurais que precisam inexoravelmente organizar-se de forma competente para competir no mercado e permanecer na área rural com dignidade.
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This study aimed to identify what were the improvements originating in formation of the Cooperativa Vinícola Nova Aliança Ltda., that was the consequence of political union of the five traditional cooperatives in the region, embodied and formalized by incorporating four Cooperatives of the same territory. To make the research case study, carried out by the techniques of data collection were used: interviews and documents, among others, being applied in accounting, administrative, output (product and raw materials), quality and corporate sectors. About the analyzed data, it can be verified, despite the short time of implementation of the restructuring of the Cooperative, improvements in several areas of the organization and building a new reality for the Gaucho cooperative system, retaking the cooperative principles through reorganization. Respecting nature through the production of organic raw material and restructuring of infrastructure, optimizing natural resources, as well as offering the market products without preservatives, having on innovation the propellant to changes, that result into improvements into administrative, productive, and commercial products and processes. The results may induce new movements that will lead to a growth of Cooperatives and the wine industry. This resumption will induce sustainable development and the perpetuity of Cooperative Movement, as a consequence of the farmers in the region, as well as other territories, because the Gaucho cooperativist wine model now represents about 25% of total production of grapes and derivatives of the state Rio Grande do Sul, on the other hand is responsible for more than 90% of wine production and grape juice from Brazil. It's been more than eighty years and cooperatives remains an essential tool for the small property of the Serra Gaúcha, because they are formed from small farms that need inexorably organize themselves in a competent manner to stay in a rural area with dignity.