Journal articles on the topic 'Wine industry – France'
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MARCU, Nicu, Georgeta-Madalina MEGHISAN-TOMA, Georgiana-Raluca LADARU, and Carmen-Elena DOBROTA. "Vineyards’ restructuring and conversion through national support programmes - the case of Romania." Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 48, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 783–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha48211874.
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Wine industry is considered to be a traditional industry, where the potential for growth is still important for the existing wine producers and new entrants, based on strategies for increasing international awareness, technological innovation and financing program. The paper aims to explore the evolution of the determinants of wine and vineyards industry from a macroeconomic perspective, in order to assess the efficiency of the National Support Programmes, financed by the European Union. The exploration intends to cover the tendency of the following indicators: areas under vines, areas under vines for wines, wine producers, wine consumers, wine imports and wine exports, in order to explore new opportunities for growth and develop future orientation. Moreover, the analysis intends to address the importance of National Support Programmes 2009-2013; 2014-2018; 2019-2023, whose evolution is currently considered a key research question in the field. Romania is an important European country from the point of view of wine industry, the various wines it produces are known for their quality. With an area of around 180.000 ha cultivated with vines which, in 2016, represented 1,42% of its agricultural area and 2,28% of arable area, Romania ranks the 5th position in the European Union, after Spain, Italy, France and Portugal. However, the countries that took advantage of the financial funds allocated to the National Support Programmes, were: Italy, Spain and France, which together spent more than 70% of the total amount for each of these programmes.
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Carrol, Alison. "Wine Making and the Politics of Identity in Alsace, 1918–1939." Contemporary European History 29, no. 4 (November 2020): 380–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777320000375.
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This article examines the politics of wine making in Alsace in the two decades after the region returned to French rule in 1918. During these years Alsatian wine makers worked to transform their wines to meet the tastes of French drinkers, following five decades of producing wine for German consumption. As wine makers grappled with the question of how to secure the future of their industry, Alsatian wine became emblematic of the most contentious aspects of Alsace's reintegration into France. The introduction of new laws on viticulture raised the question of what was French about wine, the wine industry's woes symbolised the difficulties of Alsace's economic reintegration and wine became an emblem for often fierce wrangling over identity and belonging in the recovered region. This article traces this process and argues that while wine became a symbol of the complications of reintegration, its importance in understandings of French national culture equally allowed it to offer a solution to the problems that return to France caused for Alsace's wine industry in the interwar years. In this way, this case study of the politics of wine making in Alsace is suggestive of wine's broader power as a symbol of national belonging.
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Meloni, Giulia, and Johan Swinnen. "The Rise and Fall of the World's Largest Wine Exporter—And Its Institutional Legacy." Journal of Wine Economics 9, no. 1 (April 16, 2014): 3–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jwe.2014.3.
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AbstractThis paper analyzes the causes of the rise and the fall of the Algerian wine industry. It is hard to imagine in the twenty-first century global wine economy, but until about 50 years ago Algeria was the largest exporter of wine in the world—and by a wide margin. Between 1880 and 1930 Algerian wine production grew dramatically. Equally spectacular was the decline of Algerian wine production: today, Algeria produces and exports little wine. There was an important bidirectional impact between developments in the Algerian wine sector and French regulations. French regulations had a major impact on the Algerian wine industry, and the growth of the Algerian wine industry triggered the introduction of important wine regulations in France at the beginning of the twentieth century and during the 1930s. Important elements of these regulations are still present in European wine policy today. (JEL Classifications: K23, L51, N44, N54, Q13)
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Ouvrard, Stéphane, Sajjad M. Jasimuddin, and Antonio Spiga. "Does Sustainability Push to Reshape Business Models? Evidence from the European Wine Industry." Sustainability 12, no. 6 (March 24, 2020): 2561. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12062561.
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The wine industry is not free from environmental concerns. The paper intends to explore the owners/managers’ interest in environmental sustainability issues in their business model and to empirically understand a business model in the wine industry. Taking a qualitative approach, this exploratory study allows us to observe the phenomenon in a natural setting. Eleven interviewees were selected from wineries based in France and Italy. The study reveals that sustainability is an important issue in wine businesses that shapes the business model. Highlighting the environmental aspects of wine production, the four components of a business model, i.e., performance, resources, innovation, and value creation (PRIV), have emerged from the interviews. The sustainability and environmental issues are reflected in business models in the wine industry. The paper explains how these components of a business model work together to ensure sustainability practices by wine producers. This study proposes a model for future applications in winery businesses. The paper helps to understand that wine producers are very keen on environmentally friendly wine businesses.
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Barton, Lisa C., Sandra Painbéni, and Harry Barton. "Small Firms Crafting Growth Niches in the French Wine Industry: The Role of Entrepreneurial Marketing." International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation 13, no. 3 (August 2012): 211–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/ijei.2012.0087.
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The Case Study section of the International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation serves two purposes. First, the case studies presented are concerned with problematical issues that are pertinent to students of entrepreneurship. Thus they constitute appropriate teaching and learning vehicles on a variety of postgraduate and undergraduate programmes. Each case study is accompanied by a set of guidelines for the use of tutors. Second, it is envisaged that those engaged in entrepreneurial activities will find the cases both interesting and useful. This case study focuses on Domaine de Mourchon, a niche producer of Côtes du Rhône Villages, Séguret Wines in France, owned by the Scottish McKinlay family. The case explores the role of entrepreneurial marketing in helping small independent wine producers to craft strong niche positions in a mature industry. Over the last two decades, French wine producers have been faced with changing consumption and production patterns and fiercer competition, particularly from the New World wine producers. McKinlay entered wine production in 1998 at the height of the industry decline in France. The case allows for the exploration of how a small independent domaine has been proactive in integrating customer preferences, competitor intelligence and product knowledge into the process of creating and delivering superior value to customers in an attempt to achieve a strong market positioning. The activities of McKinlay highlight some of the important considerations for successful entrepreneurial marketing in an industry facing severe marketing problems. Learning objectives: a) to explore the role of entrepreneurial marketing in promoting small firm growth, particularly in mature and/or declining industries; (b) to assess branding and the establishment of or involvement in cooperative interorganizational networks as key factors in successful entrepreneurial marketing; and (c) to stimulate debate about the role of entrepreneurial marketing for small and large firms in different industries.
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Balogh, Jeremiás Máté, and Attila Jámbor. "The global competitiveness of European wine producers." British Food Journal 119, no. 9 (September 4, 2017): 2076–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-12-2016-0609.
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Purpose Comparative advantage is an important indicator in the analysis of international trade flow; however, in empirical studies on agriculture it is often neglected. The purpose of this paper is to analyse global comparative advantage in the European Union (EU) wine industry and to test the duration and stability of trade indices. Design/methodology/approach The paper applies the theory of comparative advantages by using the Balassa indices to European wine trade (based on the 16 biggest producers) data from the period 2000-2013. Moreover, it applies stability and duration analysis on comparative advantages calculated. Findings Results suggest that Bulgaria, Cyprus, France, Greece, Italy, Portugal, and Spain are the highest ranked European wine producers in the world market and have the largest comparative advantages. However, duration and stability tests indicate that trade advantages have weakened for the majority of these countries. The paper discusses a number of reasons for this downturn, including changes to Common Agricultural Policy wine regulation, economic crisis, and the rise of New World wine producers. Originality/value The originality of the paper is that it applies the theory of comparative advantage to top wine exporters in the EU. The paper also makes valuable contributions to the wine literature by analysing the duration and stability of comparative advantage in the global wine trade. Moreover, the identification of industry-specific causes for changing patterns in comparative advantage in the EU might be important to the wine industry.
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Ticau, Iulia Ruxandra. "Evolution of the wine market in Europe: trends and barriers in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic." Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence 16, no. 1 (August 1, 2022): 918–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/picbe-2022-0086.
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Abstract Evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic has brought considerable transformations to the worldwide markets, creating an economic and sanitary crisis. Distribution channels were disrupted, affecting supply networks and business models. With restaurants and bars closed down, banned airlines and travel restrictions implemented, the economic well-being of worldwide industries got disturbed. As global decreases in alcohol trade were registered, wine market was appraised an industry worthy of being taken under consideration, with focus on its market size, incurred revenues, price evolution and degree of embracing digitalization to adapt to the ongoing restrictions imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic. The latter one referring to traditional wine tasting rooms which were banned due to the lockdown, wine industry found online wine tasting as a profitable alternative. The presented metrics were analyzed in Europe, with a high focus on region’s main wine producers: France, Spain, Italy, Germany and Portugal, but not only. Research followed an exploratory approach to determine changes under pandemic restrictions, lockdown and finally economic crisis in the selected industry, by engaging international available data and statistics. The study, therefore, formulated relevant hypothesis based on market size and registered revenues, price evolution and adoption of online wine tasting strategies. Results of the paper highlight decreases in market size and revenues of European wine market, however, on the long-term, industry revival is forecasted. Prices slightly decreased mainly for prestigious wines (AOP labelled), showing consumer budget restraints brought by the crisis. European’s wine market digitalization show differences among countries, with Germany being a leader for engaging such technologies. Our paper brings a snapshot of current trends and barriers under the COVID-19 pandemic, acting as a future basis and guidance for researchers in the field.
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Lecat, Benoit, Joelle Brouard, and Claude Chapuis. "Fraud and counterfeit wines in France: an overview and perspectives." British Food Journal 119, no. 1 (January 3, 2017): 84–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-09-2016-0398.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze the specificities of wine forgery today and to show the perspectives offered to the different stakeholders in the wine industry. Design/methodology/approach Owing to the technical aspects of this paper, a literature review based on academic papers (history) and articles coming from the professional press, internet websites and public organizations was made. Findings It was found that frauds have always existed. Forgers are constantly in search of new ways of counterfeiting wines. Producers have had to adapt to the various forms of counterfeiting, mainly by resorting to modern technology. As the traceability of great wines is becoming crucial, a new type of relationships between producers anxious to offer genuine estate wines and consumers anxious to drink the bottles they ordered has developed. This new constraint became a marketing opportunity for producers. Research limitations/implications It was difficult to obtain official data (interviews or surveys) because of the sensitiveness of the topic. Practical implications This paper, which offers an inventory of the methods used by forgers to deceive customers, makes both producers and consumers aware of the extent of the problem. The counterfeiting phenomenon is dangerous for producers’ image and the technological changes are a tool allowing producers to protect their wine and reinforce their relationships with consumers. Originality/value This paper gives an overview of forgers’ ploys in France. It opens a discussion about perspectives for the different stakeholders while most of the research tends to focus on technical solutions and the analysis of specific affairs which received media coverage.
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Dubois, Magalie, Lara Agnoli, Jean-Marie Cardebat, Raúl Compés, Benoit Faye, Bernd Frick, Davide Gaeta, et al. "Did Wine Consumption Change During the COVID-19 Lockdown in France, Italy, Spain, and Portugal?" Journal of Wine Economics 16, no. 2 (May 2021): 131–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jwe.2021.19.
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AbstractThis article documents how the COVID-19 crisis has affected the drinking behavior of Latin European wine consumers. Using a large online survey conducted during the first lockdown in France, Italy, Portugal, and Spain (n = 7,324 individuals), we reconstruct the purchasing and consumption patterns of the respondents. The number of people who maintained their wine consumption frequency is significantly higher than those who increased or decreased their consumption. Wine consumption frequency held up better than other types of alcohol (beer and spirits). We analyze heterogeneities among countries and individuals by employing the Marascuilo procedure and an ordered logit model. The latter identifies the impact of demographic, commercial, and psychosocial factors on wine consumption frequency. The results shed light on changes in wine consumer behavior during the first lockdown and consider possible post-lockdown trends that could be useful to industry players. (JEL Classifications: D5, L66, Q1)
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Iazzi, Antonio, Paola Scorrano, Pierfelice Rosato, and Balakrishna Grandhi. "Millennial generation preferences for rosé wine." British Food Journal 122, no. 8 (December 17, 2019): 2443–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-07-2019-0478.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to verify the preferences for the purchase of rosé wine by Italian and French Millennials, with the aim of allowing Italian companies to acquire knowledge in improving the positioning of this product in both the Italian and French markets. Design/methodology/approach The study involved a descriptive survey conducted between December 2018 and January 2019 on Millennials residing in Italy and France, intercepted via Facebook. In total, 500 valid responses to a highly structured self-administered questionnaire were collected. Descriptive and multivariate analysis techniques were used to examine the responses. Findings The two groups of Millennials show different preferences in the purchase of rosé wine. French Millennials rarely buy the product, and perhaps only for reasonable prices. Their purchasing process involves no characteristics of particular importance. On the other hand, Italian Millennials buy the product with a higher frequency and show a greater propensity to spend. In general, they attribute greater importance (though not a great deal of importance) to the characteristics of the product, paying attention to both its intrinsic aspects and its territorial origin and the quality certifications. Research limitations/implications The main limitation of the research is the small sample size. Future insights into the consumption of rosé wine will be sought in other significant European markets. Practical implications This study is of value to academic researchers, wine industry practitioners and other members of the wine distribution channel, as it provides insights into consumer behavior differences. Originality/value This research is the first to compare rosé wine preferences of Millennials in France and Italy.
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Jourjon, Frédérique, Ronan Symoneaux, Catherine Thibault, and Myriam Reveillere. "Comparison of different scaling techniques for sensory analysis of wines." OENO One 39, no. 1 (March 31, 2005): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2005.39.1.906.
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<p style="text-align: justify;">The use of sensory analysis for the winemaking industry is an interesting tool for objective evaluation of wine quality. Its development forces us to properly define and to adapt the methodology of tasting to this particular product – wine. The development of methodology of sensory analysis adapted to the wine industry constitutes one of the objectives of research carried out by the team of research from the laboratory GRAPPE of ESA (Ecole Supérieure d’Agriculture of Angers) in collaboration with Interprofession of the Wines of the Loire. The influence of scaling techniques on sensory evaluation results was studied during the setting up of a wine sensory trained panel and in order to obtain objective and pertinent characterisations of wine. Three different scales were used : a 10-point category scale ; a line scale consisting of a line where each taster’s appreciation is converted to a mark between 0 and 10 ; a scale mixing the first two.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">For each scale, five red wines from different appellations of Val de Loire – France were tested by the wine trained panel of the Laboratoire GRAPPE. Each set was repeated once. The products discrimination was better with the line scale and the category one. Nevertheless, interactions between judges and products were higher with the first. Results were less satisfactory with the category line scale. This method seemed to be less discriminating and interactions were more important. This fact can be explained by the different use of the scale by tasters. This study enabled us to verify the impact of the number of wine tested in the same session. Indeed, some attributes were significantly higher for the repeated wines. These results might justify establishing a different order of passage of wine for each assessor, thus minimising the order effect.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This experimentation opens interesting perspectives for the optimisation of sensory analysis methodology in the winemaking industry. Complementary studies are taking place in the Laboratoire GRAPPE.</p>
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Peterson, Karl J. "Life below the Bombing: How the Champagne Caves Saved the City of Reims, France, and Its People during World War I." Gastronomica 19, no. 1 (2019): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/gfc.2019.19.1.45.
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As we celebrated the one-hundredth anniversary of the end of World War I in 2018, we recalled the extraordinary acts of heroism, both individual and cultural, which contributed to bringing about the war's conclusion. Reims, France, was literally at the front lines of the war. The two hundred–plus miles of caves below the city, quarried by Romans in the third and fourth centuries ad and adopted for wine production and storage by the champagne industry in modern times, became a place of refuge for the citizens of Reims, as well as for French soldiers heading to and returning from the war. The local people who remained during the war rode out more than a thousand continuous days of bombing by living in the caves, where butchers set up shop, children attended school, Christian worship services were given, and musical concerts took place. Meanwhile, the champagne industry continued to produce wine under incredibly harsh conditions. This article tells the incredible story of survival in the face of the war both for the citizens of Reims and the champagne industry, and how the war contributed to the industry subsequently solving problems that had plagued it for decades.
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Ohana-Levi, Noa, and Yishai Netzer. "Long-Term Trends of Global Wine Market." Agriculture 13, no. 1 (January 16, 2023): 224. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13010224.
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The major factors of wine trade have been showing distinct patterns of temporal trends worldwide in past decades. Wine consumption, production, imports, and exports differ according to their location and classification to Old World and New World wine markets. Using datasets from various sources, this work focused on quantifying long-term trends (1995–2021) of these wine industry factors for each country, including long-term means and temporal trends, using the Mann-Kendall trend test, and resulting in Z-scores. The temporal relationships between these global factors were quantified by applying Pearson correlation to the original values, as well as by correlating the Z-scores. Our findings show that Old World wine consumers and producers (e.g., Spain, France, and Italy) have been experiencing gradual decreasing trends of wine consumption and production. In New World countries, some of the largest wine-consuming countries were found to have strong, significant increases in wine consumption and new wine production markets show rapid growth trends. About 80% of the countries demonstrated increasing trends of wine imports, signifying the impact of globalization on the wine market and the growing demand for foreign wine. Globally, consumption per capita was found to have significantly decreased. Wine production showed a strong, significant, and lagged dependence on wine consumption, which was also related to the temporal trends of wine imports and exports. The major forces driving the wine market are possibly economic growth and wider competition, with climate change acting as a disruptive force.
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Bower, Julie. "The Evolution of the UK Wine Market: From Niche to Mass-Market Appeal." Beverages 4, no. 4 (November 12, 2018): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/beverages4040087.
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This article is an historic narrative account of the emergence of the mass-market wine category in the UK in the post-World War II era. The role of the former vertically-integrated brewing industry in the early stages of development is described from the perspective of both their distributional effects and their new product development initiatives. Significant in the narrative is the story of Babycham, the UK’s answer to Champagne that was targeted to the new consumers of the 1950s; women. Then a specially-developed French wine, Le Piat D’Or, with its catchy advertising campaign, took the baton. These early brands were instrumental in extending the wine category, as beer continued its precipitous decline. That the UK is now one of the largest wine markets globally owes much to the success of these early brands and those that arrived later in the 1990s, with Australia displacing France as the source for mass-market appeal.
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Chládková, Helena. "Wine market in the United States and in the California." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 53, no. 6 (2005): 215–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun200553060215.
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The paper describes wine market in the United States and in the California. The paper is focused on characteristic of winegrowing, wine-production, wine-consumption and wine export too. Export of California wine is growing and wine is exported to the EU for the first. We can expect to grow of interest of our consumers too. California wine will compete in high quality and low prices. California is the fourth largest wine producer in the world after France, Italy and Spain. It accounted for $ 643 million in wine exports in 2003 from $ 537 million in 1998. Wine grapes were grown in 46 of California’s 58 counties, covering 529000 acres in 2003. California produced 444 million gallons of wine in 1998 it is 90 percent of all U.S. wine production, making California the leading wine producing state in America. The California wine industry has an annual impact of $ 45.4 billion on the state’s economy. An important California employer, the wine industry provides 207550 full-time equivalent jobs in wineries, vineyards or other affiliated businesses throughout the state. There are at least 1294 bricks and mortar commercial wineries in California. But the wine consumption is very low in California.Because California together with South Africa and another countries that so-called New World are important producers with growing export, is very necessary to analyse these markets because they are great competitors for Czech producers. These problems solved in another foreigner markets Černíková, Žufan (2004), Duda (2004), Hrabalová (2004), Kudová (2005), Lišková (2004), Tomšík, Chládková (2005).The paper is a part of solution of the grant focused on analysis and formulation of further development of winegrowing and wine-production in the Czech Republic provided by the Ministry of Agriculture (No. QF 3276), and it is also a part of solution of the research plan of the Faculty of Business and Economics, MUAF in Brno (No. MSM 6215648904).
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Goncharuk, Anatoliy G., and Natalia Lazareva. "International performance benchmarking in winemaking." Benchmarking: An International Journal 24, no. 1 (February 6, 2017): 24–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bij-07-2015-0071.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to study winemaking efficiency with the help of international performance benchmarking and to finding ways for its improvement. Design/methodology/approach In this research, three models of data envelopment analysis (DEA) and other tools of international performance benchmarking are used to analyse the efficiency of wine companies. Return to scale (RTS) and scale efficiency, labour and capital productivity and some other indicators are examined. The research is based on a sample of 36 wine companies from 15 countries. Findings International benchmarking expands performance improvement for domestic companies. The most efficient wine companies are originated from Germany, USA and New Zeeland. Scale inefficiency and increasing RTS for most of the wine companies was identified. Only three wine companies have decreasing RTS (those from UK, Australia and France). To increase relative efficiency, these companies need to reduce the output and sales as their costs are growing faster than the revenues. A huge potential for cost reduction and efficiency growth within Ukrainian wine companies was revealed. Research limitations/implications The research is limited to a single industry. This is explained by the requirement of technology (product, service) homogeneity while using DEA tools. Practical implications Study results include the data and recommendations to develop winemaking. These results can be used by wine companies’ management, present and potential investors and proprietors, regulative public authority, e.g. to improve efficiency in winemaking. Originality/value This is the first paper that adapts various DEA models to measure efficiency in the wine industry of Ukraine and the tools of international performance benchmarking for wine companies around the world.
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Román-Sánchez, Isabel M., José A. Aznar-Sánchez, and Luis J. Belmonte-Ureña. "Heterogeneity of the environmental regulation of industrial wastewater: European wineries." Water Science and Technology 72, no. 9 (July 21, 2015): 1667–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.387.
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The European legislation of the pollution of industrial wastewater shows a high degree of heterogeneity. This fact implies that there is a market failure with relevant consequences. Within the European Union, each Member State performs a specific transposition of the Water Framework Directive 2000/60. The member states introduce different sanitation fees to correct water pollution. In this paper, the case of the European wine industry is analyzed. It studies the sanitation fees of the five major wine producing countries: France, Italy, Spain, Germany and Portugal. Results show significant differences among the wastewater fees and the study reveals how such heterogeneity leads to relevant market distortions. The research concludes that more homogeneous environmental regulation would promote more sustainable wine production processes with more efficient water management and purification systems, as well as the introduction of cutting edge technologies.
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Aivazidou, Eirini, and Naoum Tsolakis. "A Water Footprint Review of Italian Wine: Drivers, Barriers, and Practices for Sustainable Stewardship." Water 12, no. 2 (January 29, 2020): 369. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12020369.
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Wine constitutes the dominant Italian agricultural product with respect to both production quantity and economic value. Italy is the top wine producer worldwide in terms of volume and the second one below France in terms of national income. As the Italian agricultural production accounts for 85% of the national freshwater appropriation, the country’s agricultural sector strains freshwater resources, especially in the central and southern regions, which constitute important winemaking areas in terms of quantity and quality. To this end, we first perform a review of the existing research efforts on wine water footprint assessment to investigate the water dynamics of wine production in Italy compared to the rest of the world. The results indicate a prevalence of studies on the water footprint of Italian wine, emphasising the need for deeper research on the sector’s water efficiency. Then, we aim at exploring the major drivers, barriers, and good practises for systematic water stewardship in the Italian winemaking industry, considering the product and territorial characteristics. This research is anticipated to contribute towards providing insights for practitioners in the Italian wine sector to develop water-friendly corporate schemes for enhancing the added value of their products.
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PETELCA, Oleg, Ciprian-Constantin PĂTRĂUCEANU, Iurie BEȘLIU, and Veronica GARBUZ. "INFLUENCE OF THE WINE SECTOR ON TOURISM DEVELOPMENT." Annals of the University of Oradea. Economic Sciences 31, no. 31(1) (July 15, 2022): 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.47535/1991auoes31(1)009.
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Wine tourism is the priority form of tourism for a series of countries. It must be integrated and adapted to the tourist market necessities worldwide, to increase the number of tourists. Investigations carried out in the field of wine tourism should be integrated with those conducted globally. At the same time, it is necessary to integrate the two industries: wine and tourism. Wine production and tourism are essentially on opposite ends of the industrial spectrum, while the characteristics of each activity are different from a microeconomic perspective. On one end, wine production is a primary and partially secondary activity based on industry, characterised by being dependent on supply prices and by producing a standardised and homogeneous product, relying on capital increase to create wealth. At the other end of the industrial spectrum, tourism is a services industry characterised as a heterogeneous service determined by demand, by obtaining prices, maximising profit, and relying on profits to create wealth. Wine tourism may generate substantial earnings, thus contributing to the development of regions and making the labour market and the companies conducting their activities in this sector more dynamic. By allotting various funds, one may increase wine quality and readjust the supply of tourist services, thus determining an increase in location popularity and incomes, implicitly. This paper approaches the interaction between wine tourism and wine production. It is due to the fact that wine tourism development is in the charge of wine producers, most often small and medium enterprises. Hence, the increase in wine quality is one of the challenges for the interested parties in wine enterprise development. The article aims to determine the influence of the wine sector on the development of tourism in the world’s leading countries in wine production. In order to achieve the objective, the statistical data for the period 2016-2021 regarding the evolution of wine production in 22 countries with the highest volume of wine production were analyzed. Travel and tourism competitiveness index and International tourist arrivals were analyzed for the same 22 countries. The results of the research showed that the countries with the highest volume of wine production have the highest International tourism inbound receipts. The countries leading the world in wine production such as Italy, Spain, France, USA among the top 5 countries with the largest International tourist arrivals.
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Ageyeva, Natalia, Anastasia Tikhonova, Boris Burtsev, and Anton Khrapov. "Effect of Yeast Biosorbents on Wine Quality." Food Processing: Techniques and Technology 52, no. 4 (December 21, 2022): 631–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2074-9414-2022-4-2392.
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Foreign food industries know a variety of products derived from wine yeast cells. These products are used to improve the sensory properties of wine. This article describes the effect of a new yeast biosorbent on the sensory and physicochemical properties of white and red wine, e.g., their sorption capacity for heavy metals.
The research featured red and white wines treated with the novel biosorbent. Glutarom (France) served as control. The study relied on various physicochemical, organoleptic, biochemical, and microbiological methods.
The biosorbent affected neither the volume fraction of ethyl alcohol nor the mass concentration of sugars and titrated acids. However, the biosorbent reduced the mass concentration of volatile acids in terms of acetic acid: it decreased by 20% in the white wines and by 50% in the red wine samples. The mass concentration of the reduced extract decreased by 0.2–0.7 g/dm3 as the amount of sorbent increased. In the white wine samples, the protein concentration decreased by 1.5–1.8 times, while the concentration of polysaccharides decreased by 110–115 mg/dm3. The content of phenolic compounds decreased by 13–37%, depending on the amount of the sorbent, due to their condensed forms. The biosorbent reduced the value of the redox potential. The yeast sorbents effectively adsorbed metal cations, including those of heavy metals. A set of experiments also revealed the difference in sorption time for different metal cations. The effectiveness of the biosorbent was dose-dependent. The wines treated with the biosorbent had better sensory assessment results, especially the red wine samples. They had a soft, round, and harmonious flavor and a bright aroma with pronounced varietal tones.
The novel biosorbent proved to have a good sorption capacity for phenolic compounds, as well as cations of toxic metals. It improved the sensory profile of the red and white wines. This biosorbent can substitute their imported analogs in the Russian wine industry.
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Lereboullet, Anne-Laure, Gérard Beltrando, and Douglas K. Bardsley. "Socio-ecological adaptation to climate change: A comparative case study from the Mediterranean wine industry in France and Australia." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 164 (January 2013): 273–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2012.10.008.
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Osipov, Evgeny Aleksandrovich. "Soviet-Algerian Relations in 1962-1971 in the Context of the Rivalry Between Moscow and Paris. Based on the Materials of the RGANI and the Archive of the French Foreign Ministry." Genesis: исторические исследования, no. 11 (November 2022): 9–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-868x.2022.11.39116.
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Based on documents from the archives of the French Foreign Ministry and the Russian State Archive of Modern History, the article analyzes Soviet-Algerian relations through the prism of the rivalry between Moscow and Paris in the period from Algeria's independence in 1962 to the nationalization in 1971 by the Algerian leadership of oil transportation facilities and 51% of the shares of French oil companies operating in the Arab state. In the first years after the signing of the Evian Agreements of 1962, loans provided by the USSR, supplies of Soviet equipment, the start of a program to train national personnel, as well as assistance from other socialist countries helped Algeria to stabilize the socio-economic situation in the country. Up until 1968, Moscow's actions in Algeria did not affect strategically important areas for France. However, the aggravation of French-Algerian relations due to Paris' non-compliance with the Algerian wine purchase agreement and, more importantly, the Algerian leadership's desire for independence from France in the oil sector and, at the same time, the beginning of supplies of Algerian wine to the USSR in 1968 and Moscow's assistance in the exploration and exploitation of oil fields in Algeria led to the beginning of the Soviet-French rivalry for the Algerian market. As a result, France and other Western countries were able to impose serious competition on the USSR, significantly reducing Moscow's capabilities in the Algerian direction. The USSR promoted Algeria's independence from France in the oil sector, but failed to make Algeria part of the socialist bloc. The main beneficiary of the Soviet-French rivalry was Algeria itself, which received significant support from the USSR in creating modern industry, agriculture and in the field of training qualified personnel, while retaining ample opportunities to enter Western markets.
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Rosso, D., and D. Bolzonella. "Carbon footprint of aerobic biological treatment of winery wastewater." Water Science and Technology 60, no. 5 (May 1, 2009): 1185–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.556.
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The carbon associated with wastewater and its treatment accounts for approximately 6% of the global carbon balance. Within the wastewater treatment industry, winery wastewater has a minor contribution, although it can have a major impact on wine-producing regions. Typically, winery wastewater is treated by biological processes, such as the activated sludge process. Biomass produced during treatment is usually disposed of directly, i.e. without digestion or other anaerobic processes. We applied our previously published model for carbon-footprint calculation to the areas worldwide producing yearly more than 106 m3 of wine (i.e., France, Italy, Spain, California, Argentina, Australia, China, and South Africa). Datasets on wine production from the Food and Agriculture Organisation were processed and wastewater flow rates calculated with assumptions based on our previous experience. Results show that the wine production, hence the calculated wastewater flow, is reported as fairly constant in the period 2005–2007. Nevertheless, treatment process efficiency and energy-conservation may play a significant role on the overall carbon-footprint. We performed a sensitivity analysis on the efficiency of the aeration process (αSOTE per unit depth, or αSOTE/Z) in the biological treatment operations and showed significant margin for improvement. Our results show that the carbon-footprint reduction via aeration efficiency improvement is in the range of 8.1 to 12.3%.
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Laroche Pinel, Eve, Sylvie Duthoit, Anne D. Costard, Jacques Rousseau, Jérome Hourdel, Marie Vidal-Vigneron, Véronique Cheret, and Harold Clenet. "Monitoring vineyard water status using Sentinel-2 images: qualitative survey on five wine estates in the south of France." OENO One 55, no. 4 (November 15, 2021): 115–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2021.55.4.4752.
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The wine industry must face many challenges because of climate change. One of them is the increase in temperatures and droughts events. These changes sometimes lead to yield losses and can also impact the quality of the wine produced (e.g., increased alcohol content). The management of available water is also a sensitive issue as water requirements for vineyard irrigation are quickly increasing in the south of France. In this context, there is a need for a decision tool that can help evaluate the vine water status through the entire growth season at a large scale. To address this issue, we have previously developed a model (see Laroche-Pinel et al. 2021a) which predicts the vine Stem Water Potential (Ψstem) using Sentinel-2 (S2) images. This model was developed based on a field campaign over three years. The present study now aims to investigate the feedback of winegrowers on the outputs of our model. Therefore, it was applied on the plots of five wine estates that do not belong to the set used in the initial paper. The qualitative results show interesting spatial and temporal consistency in accordance with winegrower knowledge, irrigation data, and weather forecast. The predicted Ψstemhighlights spatial variability in vine fields where a water source emerges and reflects the differences between vine fields with a drip or sparkling irrigation or without an irrigation system. The predicted Ψstem also clearly reacts to a peak in temperature. According to their feedback, three of the five winegrowers would be glad to use this service in the years to come.
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Balanov, Petr E., Irina V. Smotraeva, Malika S. Abdullaeva, Daria A. Volkova, and Olga B. Ivanchenko. "Study on resveratrol content in grapes and wine products." E3S Web of Conferences 247 (2021): 01063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124701063.
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The current state of the agro-industrial complex and the food industry allows to satisfy the needs of various consumers groups. Among those needs, functional foods enriched with beneficial nutrients are becoming more and more popular. Polyphenols are sometimes used as such additives. The bioflavonoid resveratrol, among the group of polyphenols, has very promising antioxidant, therapeutic, antimicrobial properties. In this regard, studying the potential of its use in the food is highly relevant. Resveratrol is naturally present in the dark grapes. It is localized in the skin of the fruit and passes into the food substance during technological processing. This transition has its own patterns which are outlined in this article. Three varieties of grapes were chosen as the objects of the study: Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Krasnostop. Clarified musts from these grape varieties, concentrated musts and wines were researched. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was utilized as the research method. This method allows to separate liquids of complex composition into components with subsequent identification of the mixture composition. To calibrate the chromatograph, the standard “25 mg European Pharmacopoeia”, produced in France, was used as a standard for the pure substance of resveratrol. As the result of the study, it was found that resveratrol is present in the studied samples in various amounts from 4,4 to 7,0 mg / dm³ in the grape juice, from 6,9 to 12,6 mg/dm³ in the wine materials, from 12,4 to 21,3 mg / dm³ in the concentrated juice. These data help establishing the influence of the processing technology of wine and juice concentrates on the resveratrol content. The article also discusses the potential of using concentrated grape juice, rich in resveratrol, to obtain various food products.
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АГЕЕВА, Н. М., А. Н. ТИХОНОВА, and Е. В. ГЛОБА. "SORPTION PROPERTIES OF BIOSORBENTS MADE FROM YEAST WASTE OF WINEMAKING." Известия вузов. Пищевая технология, no. 5(389) (October 31, 2022): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.26297/0579-3009.2022.5.18.
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Исследовано влияние биосорбента, произведенного из дрожжевых отходов винодельческой промышленности, на физико-химические показатели виноградных вин. Биосорбенты готовили по технологии, разработанной авторским коллективом. В качестве контроля (аналога) использовали промышленный препарат глутаром (Франция), произведенный из автолизированных дрожжей. Установлено, что объемная доля этилового спирта, массовая концентрация сахаров не претерпевали существенных изменений при обработке биосорбентами. При обработке красного виноматериала снижается содержание фенольных соединений за счет их конденсированных форм. Отмечено снижение массовой концентрации титруемых, летучих кислот и особенно токсичных элементов, катионов железа и меди, улучшение органолептических показателей вин. Сорбция катионов металлов из красного виноматериала была большей в сравнении с белым. Установлено, что с увеличением дозировки как экспериментального образца биосорбента, так и глутарома их сорбционная способность возрастает относительно всех исследованных катионов металлов. Рассмотрены возможные механизмы взаимодействия биосорбентов с катионами исследованных металлов, предпочтение отдано электростатическому взаимодействию между положительно заряженными ионами металлов и отрицательно заряженными активными центрами поверхности биосорбентов. The influence of a biosorbent produced from the yeast waste of the wine industry on the physicochemical parameters of grape wines has been studied. Biosorbents were prepared according to the technology developed by the team of authors. As a control (analogue), an industrial preparation glutarom (France) produced from autolyzed yeast was used. It was established that the volume fraction of ethyl alcohol, the mass concentration of sugars did not undergo significant changes when treated with biosorbents. When processing red wine, the content of phenolic compounds is reduced due to their condensed forms. A decrease in the mass concentration of titratable, volatile acids and, especially, toxic elements, iron and copper cations, and an improvement in the organoleptic characteristics of wines were noted. Sorption of metal cations from red wine was higher in comparison with white wine. It has been established that with an increase in the dosage of both the experimental sample of the biosorbent and glutarom, their sorption capacity increases relative to all the investigated metal cations. Possible mechanisms of interaction of biosorbents with cations of the studied metals are considered, preference is given to electrostatic interaction between positively charged metal ions and negatively charged active centers of the surface of biosorbents.
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Tyler, Beverly, Brooke Lahneman, Karin Beukel, Daniele Cerrato, Marco Minciullo, Nathalie Spielmann, and Allan Discua Cruz. "SME Managers’ Perceptions of Competitive Pressure and the Adoption of Environmental Practices in Fragmented Industries: A Multi-Country Study in the Wine Industry." Organization & Environment 33, no. 3 (October 5, 2018): 437–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1086026618803720.
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This study explains how managers’ perceptions of pressure from competitors and industry associations to adopt environmental practices are associated with the adoption of such practices, and firm performance in small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in fragmented industries. First, we hypothesize, in fragmented industries, perceived weaker competitive pressure focuses SME managers’ attention on opportunities associated with the adoption of environmental practices, resulting in further adoption of such practices. We also hypothesize that perceived stronger competitive pressure focuses managers’ attention on competitive threats and efforts to maximize value creation from adopted practices, thus, positively moderating the relationship between adopted environmental practices and financial performance. We test our hypotheses with survey data from wineries and vineyards in Italy, France, Denmark, and the United States, and find support for both hypotheses. These findings deepen our understanding of how SMEs in fragmented industries respond to perceived competitive pressure to adopt environmental practices.
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Xiao, Huogen, Olivia Roscow, Julia Hooker, Caihong Li, Hans J. Maree, and Baozhong Meng. "Concerning the Etiology of Syrah Decline: A Fresh Perspective on an Old and Complex Issue Facing the Global Grape and Wine Industry." Viruses 15, no. 1 (December 21, 2022): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v15010023.
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Syrah decline, first identified in Southern France in the 1990s, has become a major concern in the global grape and wine industry. This disease mainly affects Syrah (Shiraz) grapevines. Characteristic symptoms include the bright and uniform reddening of leaves throughout the canopy in late summer or early fall; the appearance of abnormalities on the trunk, mainly at the graft union (swelling, pits, grooves, and necrosis); and a reduction in vine vigor, yield and berry quality. Diseased vines may die a few years after disease onset. Damages to the vine are even more pronounced in cool climate regions such as Ontario (Canada), where the affected vines are subjected to very cold and prolonged winters, leading to large numbers of vine deaths. Despite the extensive efforts of the global grape research community over the past few decades, the etiology of this disease remains unclear. In this study, we conducted extensive analyses of viruses in declining Syrah vines identified in commercial vineyards in the Niagara region (Ontario, Canada) through high-throughput sequencing, PCR, RT-PCR and the profiling of genetic variants of select viruses. Multiple viruses and viral strains, as well as three viroids, were identified. However, an unequivocal causal relationship cannot be established between Syrah decline and any of these viruses, although the possibility that certain virus or genetic variants, or both in combination, may contribute to the disease cannot be excluded. Gleaning all information that is available to date, we feel that the traditional approach and an insistence on finding a single cause for such a complex disorder in a woody perennial fruit crop involving grafting will prove to be futile. We hope that this study offers new conceptual perspectives on the etiology of this economically important but enigmatic disease complex that affects the global grape and wine industry.
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Stanziani, Alessandro. "Negotiating Innovation in a Market Economy: Foodstuffs and Beverages Adulteration in Nineteenth-Century France." Enterprise & Society 8, no. 2 (June 2007): 375–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1467222700005899.
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In France, between 1870 and 1914, the business world was very concerned with the increase in “fraud” and “counterfeiting” in beverages and foodstuffs. This paper explores the origin and significance of this phenomenon. Three main products and markets are analyzed: wine, butter, and milk. On the basis of primary research, the paper contests the traditional interpretation according to which adulteration was linked to an increasing demand for food by low-income classes in highly imperfect markets. The paper adopts a radically different approach by questioning the way innovation is defined and perceived in a market economy: why is it common to speak of “innovation” for manufactures while evoking the term “adulteration” when food and drinks are concerned? The argument is that food and drink adulteration had its origins in technical progress (the introduction of chemistry into the food industry), urbanization, and the internationalization of the economy. As such, adulteration was a juridical category that was mobilized on occasions by economic lobbies in order to benefit from rents in the market, while continuously regulating innovation by agreement and compromise.One clear implication is that quality is not an objective, ahistorical category but that at different times different definitions of an item's quality compete with one another. It was only after the institutional and legal framework had been defined that social conventions and consumers' choices could take effect.
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Lopez-Fornieles, Eva, Guilhem Brunel, Nicolas Devaux, Jean-Michel Roger, James Taylor, and Bruno Tisseyre. "Application of Parallel Factor Analysis (PARAFAC) to the Regional Characterisation of Vineyard Blocks Using Remote Sensing Time Series." Agronomy 12, no. 10 (October 18, 2022): 2544. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12102544.
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Monitoring wine-growing regions and maximising the value of production based on their region/local specificities requires accurate spatial and temporal monitoring. The increasing amount and variability of information from remote sensing data is a potential tool to assess this challenge for the grape and wine industry. This article provides a first insight into the capacity of a multiway analysis method applied to Sentinel-2 time series to assess the value of simultaneously considering spectral and temporal information to highlight site-specific canopy evolution in relation to environmental factors and management practices, which present a large diversity at this regional scale. Parallel Factor Analysis (PARAFAC) was used as an unsupervised technique to recover pure spectra and temporal signatures from multi-way spectral imagery of vineyards in the Languedoc-Roussillon region in the south of France. The model was developed using a time series of Sentinel-2 satellite imagery collected over 4978 vineyard blocks between May 2019 and August 2020. From the Sentinel-2 (spectral and temporal) signal, the PARAFAC analysis allowed the identification of spectral and temporal profiles in the form of pure components, which corresponded to vegetation and soil. The PARAFAC analysis also identified that two of the pure spectra were strongly related to characteristics and dynamics of vineyard cultivation at a regional scale. A conceptual framework was proposed in order to simultaneously consider both vegetation and soil profiles and to summarise the mass of data accordingly. This methodology allowed the computation of a concentration index that characterised how close a field was to a vegetation or a soil profile over the season. The concentration indices were validated for the vegetation and the soil over two growing seasons (2019 and 2020) with geostatistical analysis. A non-random distribution of the concentration index at the regional scale was assumed to highlight a strongly spatially organised phenomenon related to spatially organised environmental factors (soil, climate, training system, etc.). In a second step, spatial patterns of indices were subjected to the expertise of a panel of advisors of the wine industry in order to validate them in relation to vine-growing conditions. Results showed that the introduction of the PARAFAC method opened up the possibility to identify relevant spectro-temporal profiles for vine monitoring purposes.
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Uliganets, S., S. Batychenko, L. Melnik, and Yu Sologub. "FEATURES DEVELOPMENT OF GASTRONOMIC TOURISM: FOREIGN EXPERIENCE." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Geography, no. 78-79 (2021): 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2721.2021.78-79.7.
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In the modern world, gastronomic tourism is gaining popularity as an alternative to all the usual holidays. Gastronomic tourism is a type of tourism-related to acquaintance with the production, technology of preparation and tasting of national dishes and drinks, as well as with the culinary traditions of the peoples of the world. A gastronomic journey is a way of expressing a traveller’s understanding of a country. There are well-known gastronomic destinations in the world, including Spain, France, Italy, Greece, Belgium, Portugal, the United States (especially California in the Napa and Sonoma Valley), Brazil, Peru, Mexico, New Zealand, South Africa, Australia, Chile, Malaysia, Japan, Indonesia, Bali, China, or Singapore. Gastronomy tourists include the following categories: tourists who are tired of ordinary tourism; tourists who want to make a difference in their diet; gourmets; tourists whose work is related to cooking and eating; representatives of travel companies are interested in organizing their own gastronomy. The top 5 popular gourmet tours in the world are analyzed. Some popular destinations for tasty trips, namely, countries with specific national cuisine (Italy, France, Japan, China, Thailand); regions that are famous for their products (in France, for example, Bordeaux, Burgundy, Champagne, have become innovators in the wine industry); the most famous restaurants of the country that are famous for their cuisine, marked by Michelin stars and International ratings (in Italy – “La Pergola” (Rome), Japan – Koji (Tokyo), England – Fet Duck (Bray) and others); enterprises that have become world leaders in the production of various products (Swiss chocolate factory “Alprose”, German breweries “Ettal” and “Andeks”, Swiss cheese factory “Gruyere”). Top 10 countries by number of Michelin starred restaurants are highlighted. Current gastronomic tours abroad are characterized. The results of the Gastronomic Tourism Forum in Spain, which will positively influence the development of gastronomic tourism in the world, are analyzed.
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Chapoton, Boris, Anne-Laure Werlen, and Véronique Regnier Denois. "Alcohol in TV series popular with teens: a content analysis of TV series in France 22 years after a restrictive law." European Journal of Public Health 30, no. 2 (September 20, 2019): 363–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckz163.
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Abstract Background European citizens are the largest alcohol users in the world with an average of 11 l of alcohol per individual per year being used. This consumption practice usually begins during adolescence. Youths’ views of substances consumption are built upon socialization experiments from which television takes part. To prevent vulnerable people from media influence, some governments tend to adopt restrictive laws against alcohol marketing within the public space including TV programmes; others rely on the self-control of the alcohol and/or media industry. More than 22 years ago, France adopted a restrictive law made of measures aiming to regulate or prohibit advertising of alcoholic products, especially within media dedicated to minors. Methods This study relies on a content analysis to identify the patterns and the frequencies of occurrences linked to alcohol within a sample of 14 TV series (8 French series and 6 American series) most watched by French teenagers. In total, 180 episodes have been analysed representing 111 h 24 min and 6 s of series coded. Results Alcohol is depicted within 87.8% of the sample. French series statistically show more events related to alcohol when compared to the American series. In French series, alcohol, mainly wine, is associated with a familiar lifestyle context with primary characters. Conclusion The restrictive law ongoing in France does not prevent popular TV programmes watched by minors to depict alcohol. Concerns should be raised about the impact of the values given to the substance integrated to main characters life within the media.
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Taliashvili, Alexandre. "Retrospective of Entrepreneurial Activity Development." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 7, no. 8 (August 11, 2020): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.78.8826.
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Historically, Entrepreneurship has been and still is the area of activities of targeted people. It is the main catalyst for both economic progress and development. The results obtained from entrepreneurial activity create wealth, fill and form the state budget, create jobs, solve the existing social problems. The entrepreneurial activity, as the most sensitive area of both scientific and technical progress, is the "locomotive" of decisions after which, as an innovative product, it is introduced to both consumer market and society. The entrepreneurs are the most affluent part of society as they own the biggest financial resources, securities, assets and values. At the same time, most of them become philanthropists and maecenas as well as founders and donors of international foundations. Entrepreneurship is a cultural phenomenon presenting an integral part of world civilization. The economic activity of entrepreneurs has a significant impact on the geopolitical strategies of countries, trade relations, the development of science, the provision of living standards of population, the establishment of labor, culture and modern standards and so on.
Historical and national tradition has turned this or that field or technological process into a part of the ethno-culture of the country or a sample of cultural heritage. For example: Switzerland is known for its watch industry, Venice - for its glass production and Saxony -for its porcelain plates and dishes, Netherlands - for its cheese production, France - for its champagne production and Scotland - for both cognac and whiskey technologies, Georgia -for both bread-making and pitcher wine-making technologies and etc. This is a small list of brands and technologies, that have withstood the demands of both the time and tough competition for centuries, and even today, they do not lose their unique specificity and attractiveness as samples of cultural heritage.
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Crandall, Sharifa G., Alamgir Rahman, Lina M. Quesada-Ocampo, Frank N. Martin, Guillaume J. Bilodeau, and Timothy D. Miles. "Advances in Diagnostics of Downy Mildews: Lessons Learned from Other Oomycetes and Future Challenges." Plant Disease 102, no. 2 (February 2018): 265–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-09-17-1455-fe.
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Downy mildews are plant pathogens that damage crop quality and yield worldwide. Among the most severe and notorious crop epidemics of downy mildew occurred on grapes in the mid-1880s, which almost destroyed the wine industry in France. Since then, there have been multiple outbreaks on sorghum and millet in Africa, tobacco in Europe, and recent widespread epidemics on lettuce, basil, cucurbits, and spinach throughout North America. In the mid-1970s, loss of corn to downy mildew in the Philippines was estimated at US$23 million. Today, crops that are susceptible to downy mildews are worth at least $7.5 billion of the United States’ economy. Although downy mildews cause devastating economic losses in the United States and globally, this pathogen group remains understudied because they are difficult to culture and accurately identify. Early detection of downy mildews in the environment is critical to establish pathogen presence and identity, determine fungicide resistance, and understand how pathogen populations disperse. Knowing when and where pathogens emerge is also important for identifying critical control points to restrict movement and to contain populations. Reducing the spread of pathogens also decreases the likelihood of sexual recombination events and discourages the emergence of novel virulent strains. A major challenge in detecting downy mildews is that they are obligate pathogens and thus cannot be cultured in artificial media to identify and maintain specimens. However, advances in molecular detection techniques hold promise for rapid and in some cases, relatively inexpensive diagnosis. In this article, we discuss recent advances in diagnostic tools that can be used to detect downy mildews. First, we briefly describe downy mildew taxonomy and genetic loci used for detection. Next, we review issues encountered when identifying loci and compare various traditional and novel platforms for diagnostics. We discuss diagnosis of downy mildew traits and issues to consider when detecting this group of organisms in different environments. We conclude with challenges and future directions for successful downy mildew detection.
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Brook, Paul, and Christina Purcell. "The resistible rise of the temporary employment industry in France." Economic and Industrial Democracy 41, no. 1 (June 6, 2017): 121–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143831x17695439.
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This article is an historical account of the contested growth of the temporary employment agency sector in France. It utilises a variegated capitalism conceptual framework to explain the evolution of a distinctive temporary employment agency sector and regulatory environment under French politico-institutional conditions that was contingent upon global developments. The article charts the role of large agencies in constructing a market for agency labour despite wide-scale cultural, political and trade union opposition. In order to build legitimacy, agencies sought partners in the labour movement from the late 1960s onwards. By the late 1990s, the sector had grown significantly within a gradually more permissive regulatory framework, despite ongoing but fragmenting opposition. The article demonstrates that the growth of agency labour was not an inevitable outcome of global pressure for labour market deregulation. It also reveals how national regulatory institutions alone are not a sufficient bulwark against global labour market pressures.
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DENTON, CHAD. "‘Récupérez!’ The German Origins of French Wartime Salvage Drives, 1939–1945." Contemporary European History 22, no. 3 (July 1, 2013): 399–430. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777313000210.
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AbstractThis article examines the origins, implementation and results of salvage drives carried out in wartime France from 1939 to 1945. In post-war accounts – including memoirs and local histories of the occupation – these salvage drives were understood simply as wartime frugality, a logical response to wide-spread shortages. Yet a careful study of the records of both the French Ministry of Armaments and Vichy's Service de la Récupération et de l'Utilisation des Déchets et Vieilles Matières combined with municipal and departmental sources reveals that these salvage drives were heavily influenced by Nazi German practices. From 1939 to 1940, even though French propaganda had previously ridiculed Nazi German salvage drives as proof of economic weakness, officials at the Ministry of Armaments emulated Nazi Germany by carrying out salvage drives of scrap iron and paper. After the fall of France, this emulation became collaboration. Vichy's salvage efforts were a conjoint Franco-German initiative, organised at the very highest levels of the occupation administration. Drawing on the experience of Nazi German salvage experts, Vichy officials carried out the salvage drives according to German models. Nevertheless, they carefully hid the German origins of the campaign from the chain of departmental prefects, mayors, Chambers of Commerce and youth leaders who organised the local drives and solicited participation by evoking French patriotic sentiment. After the liberation of France in 1944, the French Provisional Government renamed but otherwise maintained the Vichy-created salvage organisations and continued to oversee the collection of scrap iron, paper, rags, glass and bones until 1946. At that point, the government largely relinquished control of the salvage industry.
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Nye, John Vincent. "Firm Size and Economic Backwardness: A New Look at the French Industrialization Debate." Journal of Economic History 47, no. 3 (September 1987): 649–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700049044.
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This article challenges the traditional view of French industry—that small, inefficient family firms retarded France's economic growth—by examining data for the French textile and flour milling industries taken from the industry census of 1861–1865. The evidence suggests that the average size of French firms suited the economic and technological conditions of the day. The industries studied exhibit constant returns to scale over a wide output range. France would not seem likely to have gained much from larger firms. This is consistent with revisionist contentions that French industry was as rational as that of other nations.
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Warren, Kenneth. "The Politics of Industry." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 206, no. 3 (August 1992): 151–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1992_206_069_02.
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From a career in the aeronautical and electronics industry, rising from the shop floor and university to management, Kenneth Warren entered Parliament in 1970. During his time in Parliament he has been Chairman of the Conservative Back-Bench Aviation Committee and of the Western European Union's Science and Technology Committee. For four years he was Parliamentary Private Secretary to Sir Keith Joseph in the Department of Trade and Industry and then Education and Science. Currently he is Chairman of the British Russian Parliamentary Group as well as the Select Committee on Trade and Industry. Having visited some eighty countries, led parliamentary delegations overseas on a number of occasions and contributed papers at technical conferences in the United Kingdom, the United States, Holland, France, Japan and Hungary, he has a world-wide interest in the development of engineering and markets for technology. Communication between industry and politics and vice versa is not at the level of quality required in a major supplier/customer relationship. The author will develop a thesis on how this interface can be eroded. He will base his lecture on a background of international experience in politics and industry, including the Chairmanship of the Select Committee on Trade and Industry and as one of the four qualified engineers in the House of Commons.
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Gressier, Mathilde, Lisa Privet, Kevin Clark Mathias, Antonis Vlassopoulos, Florent Vieux, and Gabriel Masset. "Modeled dietary impact of industry-wide food and beverage reformulations in the United States and France." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 106, no. 1 (June 7, 2017): 225–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.117.153361.
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Duffield, Lee. "The New Caledonia independence referendum: What happens now?" Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa 25, no. 1&2 (July 31, 2019): 65–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v25i1.471.
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This article gives an interpretative treatment of the historical record, from France taking possession of New Caledonia in 1853, through to the current Matîgnon process, assessing indications for coming developments. Focused on the debate over independence, it considers: interests of the French state as both arbitrator and participant in events; relations among the indigenous Melanesian Kanaks, European French Caldoches, and smaller ethnic communities; memories of colonial exploitation obstructing progress; the large nickel industry; immigration, and associated minority status of Kanak society—a central problem. It describes the alternation of left and right-wing parties in government in France, with Socialist Party governments commencing moves towards independence, possibly in association with France, and conservative governments moving to countermand those moves. It posits that the parties in New Caledonia have improved their chances of finding a positive outcome through jointly participating in government during 30 years of peace.
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Bass-Krueger, Maude. "From the ‘union parfaite’ to the ‘union brisée’: The French Couture Industry and the midinettes during the Great War." Costume 47, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 28–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/0590887612z.00000000013.
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This article is an expanded version of a paper presented at the ‘Developments in Dress History’ conference at the University of Brighton in December 2011. Based on research from the author's master's thesis, ‘La mode en France durant la Première Guerre mondiale’, written at the Institut d'études politiques de Paris, this article examines the declining relationship between the Chambre syndicale de la couture parisienne, the couturiers and the seamstresses, which ignited an industry-wide labour strike in May 1917.
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Oh, Seung-Youn. "Shifting gears: industrial policy and automotive industry after the 2008 financial crisis." Business and Politics 16, no. 4 (December 2014): 641–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bap-2014-0015.
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Apart from being one of the hardest hit sectors during the 2008 financial crisis, the auto sector is also a prominent sector where emerging auto markets such as China have fared relatively well compared to their competitors in North America and Europe. This paper examines various ways that nations have shifted their policy gears to revive and restructure the automotive industry by using the case studies of the USA, France, and China. New sets of policy initiatives are contingent on particular industrial and institutional contexts, but both developed and developing countries have employed wide range of “murky” protectionist measures. This makes it unlikely for the WTO member countries to take a naming and shaming approach and file a case at the WTO level, which poses challenges to the WTO rules and trade liberalization.
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Linis, Bianca, and Sébastien Praicheux. "Digital and Blockchain-based Legal Regimes: An Eea Case Study Based on Innovative Legislations – Comparison of French and Liechtenstein Domestic Regulations." Financial Law Review, no. 22 (2) (2021): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/22996834flr.21.009.13977.
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The financial crisis of 2007/08 had shattered the global financial system and led – besides a flood of regulations – to a wide range of new concepts and business models. One of these new concepts was “Bitcoin”, a private digital monetary system, which is characterized by decentralization, transparency and immutability. To date the underlying Blockchain or Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) has evolved and offers an extensive range of possibilities, particularly in the financial industry. So far, an EU-wide legal basis for Blockchain or DLT applications and services is missing. France and the Principality of Liechtenstein took a step forward and adopted national laws trying to offer legal certainty in this field. This article aims to provide a comparison of the two acts and underline the similarities and differences.
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Moncel, Marie-Hélène, Claire Gaillard, and Jean Combier. "The Lower Palaeolithic Industry from Azé Cave (Saône et Loire) France: a case study of an assemblage without any handaxes." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 67 (2001): 175–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00001651.
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The Azé Cave (Sâone-et-Loire, France) has yielded, among other archaeological and palaeontological remains, a Lower Palaeolithic industry within a layer dated through faunal remains to 400–350 kya. This industry is made up of local rocks, mostly poor quality flint, and also chert and crystalline rocks.Only flint was definitely knapped; chert was only broken into pieces before being used. The process of knapping is opportunistic and the cores, seldom exhausted, usually bear two opposite reduction faces. The flakes often reveal patches of residual cortex. They are moderately thick and the striking platform angle varies within a wide range of values. Some of them seem to be the result of a tearing-off motion. All the flint pieces have been heavily retouched; half of them have been simply utilised, others are proper tools, mostly scrapers, usually with steep retouch. Fragments of chert, sometimes obtained by tearing-off (from the cave walls?) have been often retouched but with less intensity than the flint. A good number of more or less trimmed cobbles are also part of this collection. However, handaxes are completely missing.The lithic industry of Azé 1–1 lacks standardisation for the core reduction process as well as for trimming or retouching. It fits well in the Lower Palaeolithic industry but the absence of handaxes is noteworthy. This industry offers one more contribution to the diversity of this cultural period.
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Glynn, D. R., W. R. Baker, C. A. Jones, and J. L. Liesner. "Economic Issues in Water Privatisation and Regulation." Water Science and Technology 26, no. 7-8 (October 1, 1992): 1921–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0637.
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During the privatisation of the United Kingdom water and sewerage industry a wide range of important and challenging practical economic issues were encountered, many of which also arise in some form or other throughout the developed and developing worlds. One such issue is the control of the prices charged for public water supply and sewerage, sewage treatment and disposal services. This paper explores some of those issues, analyses how privatisation and regulation have been shaped in order to address them, and, where possible, evaluates performance so far. Where appropriate, examples of how similar issues have been tackled are given for other countries, including the US and France.
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Pfeffer, Wendy. "Patrick Gautier Dalché, Marie-Rose Bonnet and Philippe Rigaud, eds. and trans., Bertrand Boysset, Chronique. Textes vernaculaires du Moyen Age 20. Turnhout: Brepols, 2018." Mediaevistik 32, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 540–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3726/med.2019.01.161.
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Bertran Boysset’s fame has been on the rise in recent years, as his multiple works have been brought to the attention of scholars and to the general public. Born between 1345 and 1350, Boysset lived his life in Arles, France, where he worked as a surveyor, invested in the fishing industry, owned vines, and composed several original works in Occitan, including a saint’s life, a manual for surveyors, and this chronicle. He died in 1415 or 1416. As Patrick Gautier Dalché observes, Boysset’s œuvre demonstrates a literary, scientific, and technical education that is wide-ranging (17). Responsible for the illustrations in his texts, he was also a talented artist (20).
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Kuhlberg, Mark. "“eyes wide open”: E. W. Backus and The Pitfalls of Investing in Ontario’s Pulp and Paper Industry, 1902-19321." Journal of the Canadian Historical Association 16, no. 1 (May 7, 2007): 201–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/015732ar.
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Abstract It has long been argued that pulp and paper industrialists – especially Americans – could count on the cooperation of the provincial state as they established and expanded their enterprises in Canada in the first half of the twentieth century. The case of Edward Wellington Backus, an American industrialist, demonstrates that this paradigm does not explain the birth and dynamic growth of the newsprint industry in Ontario during this period. Backus rarely received the provincial government’s cooperation as he built paper plants in Fort Frances and Kenora. On the rare occasions when the politicians assisted him, they only did so within carefully prescribed limits. Backus’s story is significant because it indicates that it is time to reconsider the history of the political economy of Canada’s resource industries, at least as far as turning trees into paper is concerned.
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Kajitani, Makoto. "Special Issue on Japanese-French Congress of Mechatronics." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 5, no. 5 (October 20, 1993): 415. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.1993.p0415.
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The lst Japanese-French Congress of Mechatronics was held at Besancon City in France from October 20 to 23, 1992. The congress was cosponsored by the Japan Society for Precision Engineering and 1'Institut des Microtechniques de Frenche-Comte. A total of 216 persons participated in the congress, 72 from Japan and 144 from France and other European countries. The total number of announced papers was 84, 49 from Japan and 35 from Europe. In addition, three special addresses were made each from Japan and Europe. The number of robotic addresses totalled 30, the largest number by field. Among these 30 addresses, 23 were made by Japanese participants. Studies in a wide range of mechatronics were also announced which were related to sensors and measurement system and machine vision. Besancon is the capital of Doubs and is an ancient city with a history of 2000 years. Doubs is bordered by Switzerland and has been active in the precision industry, such as watches, since old times. It is mostly industrialized and has been interested in mechatronics. Unique studies have been conducted by some research and educational institutes including Ecole Nationale Superieure de Mechanique et des Microtechniques. The congress received attention as being unique and attracted many participants for the following reasons: there was very little interaction between Japan and France in the field of precision engineering or mechatronics and the French industry, a specific existence in Europe, has recently taken a great interest in Japanese technology. The editorial committee of this periodical urged authors to contribute papers suitable for the periodical among those announced at the congress and contained their contributions in it. Technological interactions between Japan and Europe will become more important. In 1994, the 2nd Japanese-French Congress of Mechatronics (International) will be held at Takamatsu City in Japan. I hope that many researchers and engineers of mechatronics worldwide will join the congress and have discussions on mechatronics to stimulate its growth.
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Thomas, Joseph. "Indian Floriculture Industry is Poised to Bloom." HortScience 31, no. 4 (August 1996): 651e—652. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.651e.
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Floriculture is growing at a frenetic pace in India. From a few units in 1990, nearly hundred units are either fully operational or at various stages of implementation. Almost seventy of these produce rose for the cut flower export market. The average unit size is two hectare under poly-cover. Anthurium, carnation, chrysanthemum, orchids and gerbera comprise the other cut flower producing units. Technology has come mostly from Holland, with Israel now giving severe competition to the Dutch. Germany, France, United Kingdom, and New Zealand are the other countries involved in technology transfer. Many units have the fan and pad system for temperature control along with drip irrigation and computer mediated operations. Most units use natural soil as the medium of growth whereas some have a combination of sand and natural soil and a few have adopted complete sand bed culture as practiced by Israeli growers. These hybrid as well as the state-of-the-art floriculture technologies are competing for the Indian market and the next few years will determine the system that is most suitable for adoption under local conditions. The Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA), a wing of the Commerce Ministry of the Government of India, and the National Horticulture Board have indeed provided substantial support for the growth of Indian floriculture Industry. Meanwhile, more and more entrepreneurs are, on their own, setting up cold storages and operating cold trucks near major airports to maintain appropriate temperatures from harvest to destination. It is widely expected that more than 50% of the existing floriculture units will make good whereas the remaining may not survive either due to sourcing of unsuitable technologies or lack of expertise in floriculture production and management as well as international marketing prowess. There is also consensus that no single foreign technology giver is capable of meeting adequately the total needs in the Indian context and often it is a matter of the collaborators learning together. What seems certain is that India will, by the year 2000, be a major player in international floriculture because of the diverse agroclimatically suitable locations, lower labor cost, and talented human resource.
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Drewnowski, Adam, Wesley Tang, and Rémi Brazeilles. "Calcium requirements from dairy foods in France can be met at low energy and monetary cost." British Journal of Nutrition 114, no. 11 (October 9, 2015): 1920–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114515003669.
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AbstractInadequate Ca intakes are a concern for global public health. In France, most dietary Ca is provided by dairy products: milks, fermented milks (mostly yogurts), dairy desserts and cheeses. The present dairy database (n 837) included milks (n 101), fermented milks, yogurts and other fresh dairy products (n 326), desserts (n 162) and a wide variety of cheeses (n 248). Energy and nutrient values were obtained from industry sources and the French national nutrient composition database. Retail prices were from Paris supermarkets. Products in each group were aggregated into twenty-one categories using clustering analyses. The costs in energy (kJ (kcal)), euros (€), and in SFA, added sugar and Na (defined here as nutrients to LIMit) associated with providing 120 mg of Ca (equivalent to 15 % daily value (15 % DV)) were calculated for each product group and category. The milk group supplied Ca at the lowest energy, monetary and LIM cost. Fresh plain and ‘light’ yogurts and fermented milks were next, followed by sweetened yogurts and flavoured milks. Light dairy desserts provided Ca with relatively few energy but were more expensive. Cheeses were a heterogeneous group. Hard cheeses (Comté) provided the most Ca per serving. Semi-hard cheeses (Camembert) and cream and blue cheeses (Roquefort) provided Ca at a cost comparable with sweetened yogurts and flavoured milks. Double cream, soft and goat cheeses were not optimal Ca sources. New value metrics can help identify affordable dairy foods that provide Ca without excessive energy or nutrients to limit. These conditions were satisfied by a wide variety of dairy products in France.