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1
Anarwati, Agustin, and Iman Setiono. "RANCANG BANGUN ALAT PEMANTAUAN PENGATURAN KECEPATAN PUTAR MOTOR DC POWER WINDOWS BERBASIS PLC PANASONIC MENGGUNAKAN HUMAN MACHINE INTERFACE (HMI)." Gema Teknologi 19, no. 3 (October 31, 2017): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/gt.v19i3.21883.
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Agustin Anarwati, Iman Setiono, today human life is very rapidly developing, one of them in the field of technology as time advances. This requires the creation of ideas to make a variety of equipment that is more practical and more reliable in meeting needs. In the industrial world today, most equipment uses PLC as a controller for various existing equipment, while the Human Machine Interface (HMI) is used to simplify monitoring existing equipment. In the automotive world, the power windows system is part of the body's electrical circuit which aims to make it easier for motorists to operate car windows. The driver can adjust the work of the power windows through a switch. When the driver presses the switch then the motor power window will rotate and will make the window work both open and close. The type of motor used in the power window system is a DC motor. One of the features of this DC motor is its speed can be controlled easily. In this case, I tried to make the design of the monitoring device setting the DC power speed of the windows power using PLC and HMI as monitors and controllers for operating the DC power windows rotating speed to make it easier, the speed can be adjusted through the output voltage from the PLC to the driver, starting from 0 VDC up to 5 VDC. if the voltage is 5 VDC then the motor will rotate with a maximum speed of 100%, whereas if given a 2.5 VDC input, the motor speed will be half of the 5 VDC rotational speed. Keywords: Panasonic PLC, Human Machine Interface (HMI), Dc Power Motor Windows, PWM DriverReferencesAnonim. “Sensor”. 5 agustus 2015. https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/SensorIsyanto, Jazi Eko. 2014. Pengantar Elektronika dan Instrumentasi Pendekatan Project Arduino dan Android. Yogyakarta: ANDI.Koestoer, Raldi Artono.2004. Pengukuran Teknik. Jakarta: Departemen Teknik Mesin Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia.Massimo dkk., “Arduino/Genuino Uno”,29 juli 2015. https://www.Arduino.cc/en/Main/ArduinoBoardUnoPurnama , Agus ”Kapasitor” 28 juli 2015. http://komponenelektronika.biz/pengertian- kapasitor.html.Riny Sulistyowati. 2012. Perancangan Prototype System Kontrol Dan Monitoring Pembatas Daya Listrik Berbasis Mikrokontroler. Surabaya : Institut Adhi Tama Surabaya.Surono. 1988. Tata Tulis Karya Ilmiah Bahasa Indonesia. Semarang : Fakultas Sastra Universitas Diponegoro.
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Chou, Zhen Dong. "Windows High-Speed Drawing Technology Research." Applied Mechanics and Materials 441 (December 2013): 660–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.441.660.
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The display speed of image and large real-time data processing is a huge challenge for realtime system. This paper completed a thorough research on existing drawing technology on the platform of windows; analyzed adaptive characteristics of using the general high-speed drawing techniques for high speed drawing and its merits and demerits. Finally, through a lot of experiments and simulations of high speed drawing process after optimization and combination, tested their drawing performance and efficiency in order to select an appropriate drawing method to develop a high-speed graphics engine for large real-time data.
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Булатов, Sergey Bulatov, Савиных, Petr Savinykh, Миронов, and Konstantin Mironov. "Determination of the optimal position of grain crusher boot screen of the impulse-reflective action." Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University 8, no. 4 (January 13, 2014): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2436.
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We have developed an experimental setup of corn crusher of shock-reflective action. The experimental data on the impact of the loading windows location of corn crusher of shock-reflective effect on its activity were obtained. Their analyses were carried out and we identified the optimal location of the loading window, from the point of view of the of energy consumption reduction of grain refinement process. The authors studied the influence of feed delivery through the lower, upper and both loading windows simultaneously. According to the results of the experiments, we constructed graphs of energy consumption change, depending on the capacity of the crusher, during the loading the crushed feed through the top, bottom and both windows. As a result of this work it was founded that: the lowest cost crusher throughput 90 kg per hour are observed, while loading the feed through both windows; increasing the capacity over 90 kg per hour implies a sharp increase in power consumption, when applying the feed through both windows, and minimal consumption - when filing through the upper window; minimum energy fall is when feeding the feed through the top of window and hitting speed of n=2900 ... 5100 min-1. Thus revealed, that in order to reduce the energy consumption for a finished product, we must conduct further studies at loading the feed through the top window, and the rotor speed must be within n=2900 ... 5100 min-1.
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Huang, Han, Jie Xiong, and Junfang Zhang. "Windows of Opportunity in the CoPS’s Catch-Up Process: A Case Study of China’s High-Speed Train Industry." Sustainability 13, no. 4 (February 17, 2021): 2144. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13042144.
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Over the last 20 years, the rapid development of high-speed Chinese trains has provided valuable guidelines to countries and companies eager to develop their complex product and system (CoPS) sectors. CoPS refers to the high cost and technology-intensive systems, networks, infrastructure and engineering constructs, and services. Although established studies highlight the importance of CoPS to the economy and development of a country, especially those that have yet to develop high-speed rail, scholars have not paid much attention to investigating the catch-up of CoPS industries from the windows of opportunity perspective. We aimed to fill in this research gap by analyzing the successful catch-up of Chinese high-speed trains. Based on a longitudinal case study of this industry, we analyzed and detailed the mechanisms of the catch-up process of a typical CoPS sector and its development. Our results enrich the literature of the catch-up process, CoPS, and the studies of windows of opportunity. In particular, we show that the windows of opportunity that emerge in the catch-up process of CoPS have the characteristics of endogeneity, asymmetry, and relevance. Moreover, our study further indicates that the endogenous windows of opportunity regarding policy result in the development of later windows of technology and demand. We also find that the technology’s windows of opportunity consist of the window to broaden the technology width and the window to deepen the technology depth of latecomers. In addition to theoretical contributions, our findings can help policymakers of latecomer countries better formulate CoPS industrial policies, followed by a gradual progress in successfully catch-up with the leading countries.
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Makarov, V. A. "New bench for testing the reliability of windows and doors of passenger cars." VNIIZHT Scientific Journal 80, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 86–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.21780/2223-9731-2021-80-2-86-90.
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The article describes a new bench for testing the reliability of passenger car windows and doors. The bench can be used in various industries, mainly in transport engineering, as well as in the construction industry. This bench is functionally designed to test the entire product (windows or doors), as well as to determine the service life of individual mechanisms of this product. In contrast to the known analogs, the new bench for testing the reliability of windows and doors allows testing under the influence of variable aerodynamic pressure arising from the operation of windows and doors on moving objects, for example on high-speed transport. Specially developed test method is proposed on this bench, which allows simulating alternating aerodynamic effects on windows and doors that occur when a train passes tunnels or when trains in opposite directions diverge at high speeds. Thanks to this, bench tests can serve as an actual addition to the existing methods of testing windows and doors of modern high-speed rolling stock.
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Moreland, K., M. A. Dayeh, G. Li, A. Farahat, R. W. Ebert, and M. I. Desai. "Variability of Interplanetary Shock and Associated Energetic Particle Properties as a Function of the Time Window Around the Shock." Astrophysical Journal 956, no. 2 (October 1, 2023): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/acec6c.
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Abstract We study the effect of sampling windows on derived shock and associated energetic storm particle (ESP) properties in 296 fast-forward interplanetary shocks using Advanced Composition Explorer measurements at 1 au between 1998 February and 2013 August. We vary the time windows from 2 minutes to 20 minutes for the shock properties and from 2 minutes to 540 minutes for ESP properties. Variability is quantified by the median absolute deviation statistic. We find that the magnetic, density, and temperature compression ratios vary from their median values by 17.03%, 20.05%, and 25.91%, respectively; shock speed by 16.26%; speed jump by 45.46%; Alfvénic Mach number by 31.53%; and shock obliquity by 24.25%. Spectral indices in the 2 minute–540 minute windows downstream of the shock vary from the median value of 1.79 by 26.05% and by 30.53% from the 1.70 median value upstream of the shock. Similarity of ESP spectral indices upstream and downstream of the shock suggest that these ESP populations are likely locally accelerated at the shock. Furthermore, we find that for a moving sampling window around the shock, values for the density ratio hold for ∼10 minutes; the magnetic ratio and shock speed jump hold for ∼30 minutes and ∼60 minutes, respectively. Fixing the upstream window to 2 minutes and moving only in the downstream direction, the density ratio holds for ∼60 minutes downstream, magnetic ratio holds for ∼30 minutes, and the shock speed jump holds for ∼110 minutes. Beyond these time windows, derived shock properties are no longer representative of shock properties. These results provide constraints for modeling and forecasting efforts of shock and ESP-associated properties.
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Hu, Xing Jun, Feng Tao Ren, Bo Yang, and Peng Guo. "Effect of Sunroofs and Side Windows on Aerodynamic Characteristics of Transit Bus." Applied Mechanics and Materials 224 (November 2012): 333–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.224.333.
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In this paper, k-Omega turbulence model is applied in the numerical simulation of the transit bus, several typical working conditions of the transit bus with windows open at a speed of 10m/s are investigated, and a custom function Q is introduced to characterize the amount of ventilation of each window. The results show that, when the transit bus travels with windows open, the air always flows into the carriage through the middle and rear side windows of the transit bus, and circulates in the carriage and then flows out of the carriage through the front side window. When the bus travels with sunroofs open in leeward mode and side windows open, the amount of ventilation is the maximum. This working condition is the best one when taking both drag coefficient and the amount of ventilation.
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MAKRA, P., Z. TOPALIAN, C. G. GRANQVIST, L. B. KISH, and C. KWAN. "ACCURACY VERSUS SPEED IN FLUCTUATION-ENHANCED SENSING." Fluctuation and Noise Letters 11, no. 02 (June 2012): 1250010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219477512500101.
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Fluctuation-enhanced sensing (FES) comprises the analysis of the stochastic component of the sensor signal and the utilization of the microscopic dynamics of the interaction between the agent and the sensor. We study the relationship between the measurement time window and the statistical error of the measurement data in the simplest case, when the output is the mean-square value of the stochastic signal. This situation is relevant at any practical case when the time window is finite, for example, when a sampling of the output of a fluctuation-enhanced array takes place; or a single sensor's activation (temperature, etc.) is stepped up; or a single sensor's output is monitored by sampling subsequently in different frequency windows. Our study provides a lower limit of the relative error versus data window size with different types of power density spectra: white noise, 1/f(flicker, pink) noise, and 1/f2 (red) noise spectra.
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Zhao, Nan, Jing Yan Zhang, and Xue Fei Xing. "A Computational Study on Structural Barrier to Vertical Spread of Window Spill Plume along Building Exterior Façade under External Wind." Applied Mechanics and Materials 501-504 (January 2014): 2392–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.501-504.2392.
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External wind is one of the major factors that influence the spread of fire along building exterior facade in high-rise buildings. Fire simulation experiments are conducted .First, under two circumstances of low-speed and high-speed side-blown wind, observing barrier of window spill plume along building exterior facade under different dimensions of windows, windowsill walls and balconies. Then the correlation between smoke temperature near the exterior facade and dimensions of window, windowsill wall and balcony is obtained by numerical fitting and dimensional analyses. The correlation indicates that, on low-speed side-blown wind, spill plume spreading diagonal up downwind, balcony width plays a leading barrier; on high-speed side-blown wind, spill plume horizontal spreading downwind, balcony extension plays a leading barrier.
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Alonso Pérez-Chao, Enrique, Alberto Lorenzo, Aaron Scanlan, Pedro Lisboa, Carlos Sosa, and Miguel Ángel Gómez. "Higher Playing Times Accumulated Across Entire Games and Prior to Intense Passages Reduce the Peak Demands Reached by Elite, Junior, Male Basketball Players." American Journal of Men's Health 15, no. 5 (September 2021): 155798832110543. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15579883211054353.
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The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of different factors on the external peak demands (PD) encountered by elite, junior, male basketball players in games, including the (1) total playing time during games and (2) playing time accumulated directly prior to each PD episode. Workload variables included the PD for total distance, distance covered in different intensity zones, accelerations >2 m·s-2 (ACC), decelerations <-2 m·s-2 (DEC), and PlayerLoad. PD were calculated across different sample durations for each variable. Linear mixed models were used to identify differences in PD between groups based on playing times. PD for total distance (5-min window), high-speed running (>18 km·h-1) distance (2-min window), and ACC (30-s, 45-s, 1-min, 2-min, and 5-min windows) were significantly ( p < .05) higher for players who completed lower total playing times (16.6 ± 2.4 min) than players who completed higher total playing times (25.0 ± 3.4 min). The PD for total distance (30-s, 45-s, 1-min, and 2-min windows), high-speed running distance (30-s and 5-min windows), and PlayerLoad (1-min and 2-min windows) were significantly ( p < .05) higher for players who accumulated lower playing times before each PD episode than players who accumulated higher playing times before each PD episode. Players who undertake less playing time overall and prior to each PD episode can reach higher peak external loads aggregated across varied time windows. These findings can inform tactical coaching decisions during games for high external loads to be accomplished during important passages of play.
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Daryanto, Daryanto, and Firza Utama S. "Jendela Hemat Energi pada Fasade Rumah Susun di Jakarta." ComTech: Computer, Mathematics and Engineering Applications 3, no. 1 (June 1, 2012): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/comtech.v3i1.2364.
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Window is one of building components that is directly related to lighting and ventilation. Currently a lot of vertical housings pay less attention to the design of energy-efficient windows. This study aims to find energy efficient windows that are applicable to vertical housing. Surveys on some vertical housings in Jakarta was conducted and environmental simulation programs using CFD and Ecotect was used to explore and analyze the performance of windows for natural lighting and ventilation and further developing of energy efficient windows. The result showed that the Jalousie windows mounted on the center of wall facing out and two louvers above the entrance and upperside of walls in the opposite side of rooms, combined with openings at the bottom of doors are able to create optimum cross ventilation. The resulted wind speed within the range of 0.15 to 0.12 m/s is enough to make comfortable air flow effect, and the average natural lighting of 200 lux is adequate forresidential activity.
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Xie, Xiaohan, Haining Ji, Lingcan Wang, Shaomei Wang, Qi Chen, and Runteng Luo. "Design and Implementation of Electrochromic Smart Windows with Self-Driven Thermoelectric Power Generation." Nanomaterials 14, no. 12 (June 13, 2024): 1027. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano14121027.
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Electrochromic smart windows can achieve controllable modulation of color and transmittance under an external electric field with active light and thermal control capabilities, which helps reduce energy consumption caused by building cooling and heating. However, electrochromic smart windows often rely on external power circuits, which greatly affects the independence and portability of smart windows. Based on this, an electrochromic smart window driven by temperature-difference power generation was designed and implemented. This smart window provides automatic and manual control of the reversible cycle of electrochromic glass from light blue to dark blue according to user requirements and changes in the surrounding environment, achieving adaptive adjustment of visual comfort and reducing energy consumption. The infrared radiation rejection (from 780 to 2500 nm) of the electrochromic smart window is as high as 77.3%, and its transmittance (from 380 to 780 nm) fluctuates between 39.2% and 56.4% with changes in working state. Furthermore, the temperature in the indoor simulation device with electrochromic glass as the window was 15 °C lower than that with ordinary glass as the window after heating with a 250 W Philips infrared lamp for ten minutes. After 2000 cycles of testing, the performance of the smart window was basically maintained at its initial values, and it has broad application prospects in buildings, vehicles, and high-speed rail systems.
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Zhang, Yumei, Xinbiao Xiao, David Thompson, Giacomo Squicciarini, Zefeng Wen, Zhihui Li, and Yue Wu. "Sound transmission loss of windows on high speed trains." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 744 (September 2016): 012141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/744/1/012141.
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Grünewald, Jonas, Florian Gehringer, Maximilian Schmöller, and Katrin Wudy. "Influence of Ring-Shaped Beam Profiles on Process Stability and Productivity in Laser-Based Powder Bed Fusion of AISI 316L." Metals 11, no. 12 (December 9, 2021): 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11121989.
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A major factor slowing down the establishment of additive manufacturing processes as production processes is insufficient reproducibility and productivity. Therefore, this work investigates the influence of ring-shaped beam profiles on process stability and productivity in laser-based powder bed fusion of AISI 316L. For this purpose, the weld track geometries of single tracks and multi-track segments with varying laser power, scan speed, hatch distance, and beam profile (Gaussian profile and three different ring-shaped profiles) are analyzed. To evaluate the process robustness, process windows are identified by classifying the generated single tracks into different process categories. The influence of the beam profiles on productivity is studied by analyzing the molten cross-sectional areas and volumes per time. When using ring-shaped beam profiles, the process windows are significantly larger (up to a laser power of 1050 W and a scanning speed of 1700 mm/s) than those of Gaussian beams (laser power up to 450 W and scanning speed up to 1100 mm/s), which suggests a higher process robustness and stability. With ring-shaped beam profiles, larger volumes can be stably melted per track and time. The weld tracks created with ring-shaped profiles are significantly wider than those generated with Gaussian profiles (up to factor 2 within the process window), allowing enlargement of the hatch distances. Due to the higher scanning speeds and the enlarged hatch distances for ring-shaped beam profiles, the process can be accelerated by a factor of approximately 2 in the parameter range investigated.
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Chen, Hsuan-Chih, Kin-Tong Chan, and Kam-Cheong Tsoi. "Reading Self-Paced Moving Text on a Computer Display." Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 30, no. 3 (June 1988): 285–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001872088803000303.
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Readability of text moved horizontally along a single line on a computer display was studied as a function of two line lengths and three jump lengths. In the experiment text was advanced in continuous jumps of one or several characters at a time and the speed of text display was controlled in real time by subjects via a control knob. The results showed that jump lengths of five and nine character spaces resulted in a higher reading rate than the one-character jump condition. Furthermore, text appearing in 20-character windows was read as fast as text in 40-character windows. However, when text was advanced one character space at a time, the small window condition resulted in higher comprehension than the large window condition. Implications of these results for reading self-paced computer displays are discussed.
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Almech, A., and E. Roanes-Lozano. "An Accelerated-Time Simulation of Queues at Ticket Offices at Railway Stations." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021 (May 25, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9313174.
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Although nowadays many railway tickets are bought online, still many are bought through rail appointed travel agents and ticket offices at stations. There are several works on microscopic and accelerated-time simulations, some of them related to the topic of this paper, treating passengers movements in railway stations (both of general purpose and also with a focus on specific topics like evacuation, stations design, ticketing, etc.). We focus on a very specific topic: modelling queuing at ticket offices at a main Spanish station where “AVE” (“High-Speed”), “Larga Distancia” (“Long-Distance”), “Media Distancia” (“Middle-Distance”), and “Cercanías” (“Suburban Services”) dedicated windows exist. The existence of “Last Minute” desks is also considered. The goal is to provide the user with a tool that allows to choose the best option for windows distribution along time, after different microscopic simulations based on given data and windows possible distribution are performed (as done in a previous work of one of the authors for airport terminals check-in counters). Special attention is paid to “Last Minute” windows and shared windows (for example simultaneously selling tickets for “Larga Distancia” and “Media Distancia”). Input is given by arrival curves or can be generated by the package. The output is the detailed situation of any window at any moment and the evolution of queues by train or window type. There are different further possible extensions of this work. The implementation has been developed in a computer algebra system in order to minimize the development time.
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Fan, Yunqing, Junjun Yin, and Jian Yang. "Oil Tank Detection and Recognition via Monogenic Signal." Remote Sensing 16, no. 4 (February 14, 2024): 676. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs16040676.
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With the rapid development of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) techniques, satellite systems’ capabilities to acquire information are continually improving. The PAZ satellite, with its high resolution and wide scanning swath, can provide high-quality data support for SAR applications. Oil tanks serve as energy storage devices, and their identification holds significant value in both military and civilian fields. Challenges in the detection and recognition of oil tanks using classical methods include poor detection, slow computation speed, and multiple windows of correct recognition. This paper centers on the analysis of oil tanks using PAZ data. We employ a sliding-window approach to acquire candidate target windows, process the windows through Weibull distribution modeling and hole filling, and extract target features using the monogenic signal based on regional L2 norm. The results demonstrate that the proposed method effectively improves the accuracy, and the model exhibits strong generalization ability and robustness.
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Kumar, Nikhil, Haruka Kitagawa, Muhammad Nur Fajri Alfata, Tasuku Maeda, Daiki Nakahara, Tetsu Kubota, Takashi Asawa, Yukari Hirayama, and Andhang Rakhmat Trihamdani. "Experimental study on vertical void for improving natural ventilation in midrise double-loaded apartments." E3S Web of Conferences 396 (2023): 02024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202339602024.
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Affordable apartments in tropical developing countries generally have double-loaded corridors to maximise the total floor areas. Building designs with double-loaded corridors often suffer from poor environmental conditions. Passive design using a vertical void can help improve the natural ventilation in the such building design. This study investigates the effectiveness of vertical voids in enhancing the wind speed in the building. An experimental building with a vertical void, open pilotis, penthouse at rooftop and wind fin on the ground floor to help direct air to the void was constructed in Tegal, Indonesia. Five cases were considered by controlling the window openings, louver openings on the roof and change in fin size at pilotis. Wind speed and direction were recorded at one-second intervals. High wind speed was experienced in the pilotis and void when the wind direction is from the north and the wind speed in the void improved due to the wind fin being placed on the south corridor of the building. The results show the average wind speed in the void is twice as high as compared to the corridors. The building design performed best with high wind speeds in the void and corridores when all windows were kept open.
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Evans, R. Colby, Austin Ellingworth, Christina J. Cashen, Christopher R. Weinberger, and Justin B. Sambur. "Influence of single-nanoparticle electrochromic dynamics on the durability and speed of smart windows." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 26 (June 3, 2019): 12666–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1822007116.
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Nanomaterials have tremendous potential to increase electrochromic smart window efficiency, speed, and durability. However, nanoparticles vary in size, shape, and surface defects, and it is unknown how nanoparticle heterogeneity contributes to particle-dependent electrochromic properties. Here, we use single-nanoparticle-level electro-optical imaging to measure structure–function relationships in electrochromic tungsten oxide nanorods. Single nanorods exhibit a particle-dependent waiting time for tinting (from 100 ms to 10 s) due to Li-ion insertion at optically inactive surface sites. Longer nanorods tint darker than shorter nanorods and exhibit a Li-ion gradient that increases from the nanorod ends to the middle. The particle-dependent ion-insertion kinetics contribute to variable tinting rates and magnitudes across large-area smart windows. Next, we quantified how particle–particle interactions impact tinting dynamics and reversibility as the nanorod building blocks are assembled into a thin film. Interestingly, single particles tint 4 times faster and cycle 20 times more reversibly than thin films made of the same particles. These findings allow us to propose a nanostructured electrode architecture that optimizes optical modulation rates and reversibility across large-area smart windows.
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Yang, Lin, Xiangdong Li, and Jiyuan Tu. "Thermal comfort analysis of a high-speed train cabin considering the solar radiation effects." Indoor and Built Environment 29, no. 8 (September 18, 2019): 1101–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1420326x19876082.
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Due to the fast development of high-speed rail (HSR) around the world, high-speed trains (HSTs) are becoming a strong competitor against airliners in terms of long-distance travel. Compared with airliner cabins, HST cabins have much larger window sizes. When the big windows provide better lighting and view of the scenery, they also have significant effects on the thermal conditions in the cabins due to the solar radiation through them. This study presents a numerical study on the solar radiation on the thermal comfort in a typical HST cabin. The effect of solar radiation was discussed in terms of airflow pattern, temperature distribution and thermal comfort indices. Parametric studies with seven different daytime hours were carried out. The effect of using the roller curtain was also studied. The overall cabin air temperature, especially near passengers, was found to have significantly increased by solar radiation. Passengers sitting next to windows were recorded to have an obvious thermal comfort variation at different hours of the day. To improve the passengers’ comfort and reduce energy consumption during hot weather, the use of a curtain could effectively reduce the solar radiation effect in the cabin environment.
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Jiang, Xi, Haijun Mao, and Hao Zhang. "Simultaneous Optimization of the Liner Shipping Route and Ship Schedule Designs with Time Windows." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2020 (December 22, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/3287973.
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This paper proposes to address the problem of the simultaneous optimization of the liner shipping route and ship schedule designs by incorporating port time windows. A mathematical programming model was developed to minimize the carrier’s total operating cost by simultaneously optimizing the port call sequence, ship arrival time per port of call, and sailing speed per shipping leg under port time window constraints. In view of its structure, the nonlinear nonconvex optimization model is further transformed into a mixed-integer linear programming model that can be efficiently solved by extant solvers to provide a global optimal solution. The results of the numerical experiments performed using a real-world case study indicated that the proposed model performs significantly better than the models that handle the design problems separately. The results also showed that different time windows will affect the optimal port call sequence. Moreover, port time windows, bunker price, and port efficiency all affect the total operating cost of the designed shipping route.
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Sim, So-Kumneth, Philipp Maass, and Pedro Lind. "Wind Speed Modeling by Nested ARIMA Processes." Energies 12, no. 1 (December 26, 2018): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12010069.
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Wind speed modelling is of increasing interest, both for basic research and for applications, as, e.g., for wind turbine development and strategies to construct large wind power plants. Generally, such modelling is hampered by the non-stationary features of wind speed data that, to a large extent, reflect the turbulent dynamics in the atmosphere. We study how these features can be captured by nested ARIMA models. In this approach, wind speed fluctuations in given time windows are modelled by one stochastic process, and the parameter variation between successive windows by another one. For deriving the wind speed model, we use 20 months of data collected at the FINO1 platform at the North Sea and use a variable transformation that best maps the wind speed onto a Gaussian random variable. We find that wind speed increments can be well reproduced for up to four standard deviations. The distributions of extreme variations, however, strongly deviate from the model predictions.
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Ait Ali, Abderrahman, and Tomas Lidén. "Minimal utilization rate for railway maintenance windows: a cost-benefit approach." European Journal of Transport and Infrastructure Research 22, no. 2 (April 22, 2022): 108–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.18757/ejtir.2022.22.2.6130.
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Methods for economic assessment are often used in the rail sector to evaluate large infrastructure investments such as new high-speed lines. With larger networks and ageing infrastructure, these methods can also be used for planning maintenance. In this paper, we focus on the newly introduced concept of maintenance windows in Sweden. These are pre-allocated slots in the train timetable dedicated to performing, among others, periodic/frequent maintenance activities. To justify the pre-allocation of such windows, this study presents a method to find minimal utilization rates depending on window designs and traffic situations. Using a cost-benefit approach, the windows are assessed using a total social cost including work costs, loss in traffic production and reliability gains in future traffic. Based on a case study from the Southern main line in Sweden, we study the minimal utilization rate in different test scenarios, i.e., night or day shifts, asset degradation functions and designs of maintenance windows. The results show that lower utilization rates (4-42%) can be accepted during low-volume traffic or for partial closures, while higher utilization rates (47-83%) are required for full closures during high-volume traffic. Whether the rates are measured as the share of used window time or the share of utilized windows is less important, especially when higher utilization is required. Sensitivity analyses of asset knowledge indicate that parameters such as asset degradation function and minimum asset quality (and to a lesser extent traffic volume, discount rate and failure likelihood) can have a substantial effect on the minimum required utilization rates.
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Li, M., J. G. Gao, T. Li, G. D. Liu, C. C. Hu, and Y. Q. Liu. "Modeling and analyzing patterns of residential manual window operation." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1372, no. 1 (July 1, 2024): 012094. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012094.
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Abstract Window operating behaviour can improve indoor air quality, human thermal comfort, and building energy efficiency. Studies on occupants’ window opening behaviour in hot summer and warm winter region of China are limited and influencing factors and prediction models are not clear. Another limitation is the large number of proposed machine learning-based window opening behaviour models. However, the applicability and stability of these models in different datasets has not been proven. In response to these questions, modelling and field measurements were conducted in Quanzhou, China. Two different types of window-opening behaviour were noticed in the tested households. The first type was the all-closed windows, which had an average daily window-opening rate of 0.03%. The second type was the low-intensity window opening. The average daily window-opening rate was 10.6% and 9.1%, respectively. Then, the analysis of point biserial correlation coefficients revealed different reasons for closing windows in low-intensity households. One household closed the windows due to high outdoor humidity and the other mainly due to high outdoor wind speed and outdoor temperature. Furthermore, the suitable hyperparameters were screened for the support vector machine (SVM) model by K-fold cross-validation and grid search. The prediction model achieved an accuracy of 98.5% on the test set. Finally, the SVM model was trained and tested to verify the robustness of the model using data from the published literature. The prediction accuracy was improved from 0.7% to 7.4% compared to the different models used in the published literature.
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Dexter M. Toyado. "Typhoon Guard: Windows Protection System for Typhoon." Journal of Electrical Systems 20, no. 5s (April 13, 2024): 1098–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.52783/jes.2421.
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Typhoons are hazard that is threatening the Philippines every year. Design and construction of the houses and shelter in Catanduanes changes rapidly incorporating provision against wind speed. The effect of typhoon become the basis in the design of structures and the windows components. The study sought to answer what is the type of house built in Catanduanes, what is typical window system used for houses/building in Catanduanes, what are the protection and provision being implemented to withstand the effect of high winds pressure, and what are the safety practices to counter the effect of high winds of typhoon? Most designs and houses constructed in the late 80’s already introduced these provisions that make them easy to install the windows shutter locally termed as “typhoon guard”. This was also implemented by architects, engineers, and owners as a mandatory inclusion in the building construction and design. The selection criteria for designer and owner include the budget, structural integrity of the window, and aesthetical appearance. Respondents acknowledge that windows must be protected from the force of gusty winds and debris impact and this will also ensure that your entire house or building stays safe and intact. Many respondents agree that it is vital to protect the window from breakage by using materials that can withstand the full force of the wind pressure or employing protection components to keep the window intact and safe. However, most owners of nipa hut and a handful of owners of bungalow houses suffer minor and major damages during super typhoon Rolly, and they have common concerns about their safety and evacuation to safe buildings is the ultimate safety practice to mitigate the risk pose by the typhoon. It is recommended that typical windows systems to be used in homes and buildings must be rigid enough to withstand wind forces. Safety practices to counter the effect of high winds of typhoon includes removal of possible debris and projectile must be practiced. Also, Integrated windows protection design such as windbreaker must be re-integrated into the design of the building and adopt new window design to mitigate typhoon wind forces.
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Hwang, Hyeon Seong, Hyun Mok Cho, and Se-Um Kim. "Recent Progress in Liquid Crystal-Based Smart Windows." Journal of Flexible and Printed Electronics 2, no. 1 (June 2023): 61–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.56767/jfpe.2023.2.1.61.
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Smart windows can perform energy savings, intelligent lighting, and privacy protection within buildings and their potential applications have extended to next-generation mobility. However, the widespread adoption of smart windows is hindered by challenges related to scalability, cost-effectiveness, and performance reliability. In this context, smart windows based on liquid crystals (LCs) may offer notable advantages such as rapid driving speed and scalability. This review article aims to present the recent research trends in LC-based smart windows.
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Yang, Runmin, Jingjing Ma, Shu Zhang, Yu Zheng, Lusheng Wang, and Daming Zhu. "mzMD: visualization-oriented MS data storage and retrieval." Bioinformatics 38, no. 8 (February 16, 2022): 2333–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btac098.
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Abstract Motivation Drawing peaks in a data window of an MS dataset happens at all time in MS data visualization applications. This asks to retrieve from an MS dataset some selected peaks in a data window whose image in a display window reflects the visual feature of all peaks in the data window. If an algorithm for this purpose is asked to output high-quality solutions in real time, then the most fundamental dependence of it is on the storage format of the MS dataset. Results We present mzMD, a new storage format of MS datasets and an algorithm to query this format of a storage system for a summary (a set of selected representative peaks) of a given data window. We propose a criterion Q-score to examine the quality of data window summaries. Experimental statistics on real MS datasets verified the high speed of mzMD in retrieving high-quality data window summaries. mzMD reported summaries of data windows whose Q-score outperforms those mzTree reported. The query speed of mzMD is the same as that of mzTree whereas its query speed stability is better than that of mzTree. Availability and implementation The source code is freely available at https://github.com/yrm9837/mzMD-java. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Diao, Jie Tao, Jing Guo, Hong Qi Yu, Zhao Lin Sun, Hai Jun Liu, and Hong Shan Nie. "The Implementation of a RAM Disk." Applied Mechanics and Materials 198-199 (September 2012): 672–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.198-199.672.
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RAM disk uses the memory of a computer to construct a high speed, high reliable storage space. Though it is useful, there is little information on the development of RAM disk, especially on Microsoft Windows platform. On Windows platform, RAM disk has to be realized though writing Windows drivers. Implement drivers for Windows is a challenging task that only a small group of programmer can handle for many years. Now, with the new Windows Driver Foundation (WDF), this task is much easier. In this paper, Microsoft’s skeleton RAM disk driver in Windows Driver Kit (WDK) was analyzed and modified. At last, a full function, resizable RAM disk driver was got.
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Bhowmick, Mithun, Will P. Basset, Sergey Matveev, Lawrence Salvati, and Dana D. Dlott. "Optical windows as materials for high-speed shock wave detectors." AIP Advances 8, no. 12 (December 2018): 125123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5055676.
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HORIUCHI, Masahiko, Katufumi HASHIMOTO, Hitoshi SHIRAISHI, Satoru AKIYAMA, and Yasufumi MINAMIMOTO. "Sound insulation quality of the windows for high speed train." Proceedings of the Transportation and Logistics Conference 2003.12 (2003): 37–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmetld.2003.12.37.
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Chmiel, Jacek, and Maria Skublewska-Paszkowska. "Time analysis of the performance of Windows 10 and Windows 8.1 based on mobile application." Journal of Computer Sciences Institute 8 (November 30, 2018): 241–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/jcsi.689.
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This article presents time analysis of performance of Windows 10 and Windows 8.1. Presented research was mainly focused on performance comparison of mobile device system elements which are relevant from end user point of view like main processor, RAM and mass storage throughput, image generation speed by the graphics processor and access time to devices. In order to measure the performance of the above elements a mobile benchmark application was created. The hypotheses set in the article have been verified and partially confirmed.
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Ko, Yujin, Hyogeun Oh, Hiki Hong, and Joonki Min. "Energy Consumption Verification of SPD Smart Window, Controllable According to Solar Radiation in South Korea." Energies 13, no. 21 (October 28, 2020): 5643. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13215643.
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Between 60% and 70% of the total energy load of a house or office occurs through the exteriors of the building, and in the case of offices, heat loss from windows and doors can approach 40%. A need for glass that can artificially control the transmittance of visible light has therefore emerged. Smart windows with suspended particle device (SPD) film can reduce energy consumption by responding to environmental conditions. To measure the effect of SPD windows on the energy requirements for cooling and heating in Korea, we installed a testbed with SPD windows. With TRNSYS18, the comparison between measurements and simulation has been made in order to validate the simulation model with respect to the modeling of an SPD window. Furthermore, the energy requirements of conventional and SPD-applied windows were compared and analyzed for a standard building that represented an actual office building. When weather for the city of Anseong and a two-speed heat pump were used to verify the simulation, the simulated electricity consumption error compared with the testbed was −1.0% for cooling and −0.9% for heating. The annual electricity consumption error was −0.9%. When TMY2 Seoul weather data were applied to the reference building, the decrease in electricity consumption for cooling in the SPD model compared with the non-SPD model was 29.1% and the increase for heating was 15.8%. Annual electricity consumption decreased by 4.1%.
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Liu, Youchen, Rui Zhang, Xiaotao Han, and Qing Wang. "Design and Optical Performance Analysis of Large-Aperture Optical Windows for Structural Vibration Reduction." Photonics 11, no. 1 (January 17, 2024): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics11010086.
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In order to address the issue of large-aperture optical windows operating in wind tunnel environments with dynamic responses, the damping ratio between the vibration isolation device and the mass of the system was calculated by the passive vibration isolation principle. Two isolation models using circular rubber pads and rectangular rubber pads were proposed, and it was proven that the stiffness value of the circular rubber pad is superior to that of the rectangular rubber pad. A three-dimensional model of the optical window was established using finite element analysis software to simulate the working vibration environment of the optical window. Modal analysis and harmonic response analysis were carried out on the optical system with the isolation device installed, and the nodal data of the optical glass surface changes in the optical window were input into the Zemax 19.4 optical design software in the form of Zernike coefficients to calculate imaging quality evaluation indicators. Through finite element structural analysis of the optical window and evaluation of optical performance indicators, it was demonstrated that under the background of the wind tunnel working environment, the isolation performance of the circular rubber pad in the isolation device of the optical window is superior to that of the rectangular rubber pad. This study can provide a design basis for the isolation analysis methods and isolation measures of optical windows in wind tunnel working environments. These research results have implications for the development of large-aperture optical windows in high-speed wind tunnel applications.
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Adrianto, Felix, Inez Gavrila Wahyudi, and Jovis Tanner. "Eksplorasi Kecepatan Perhitungan Aplikasi Matematika pada Windows (98, Me, Xp, 7, 8)." Jurnal ULTIMA InfoSys 4, no. 2 (December 1, 2013): 60–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.31937/si.v4i2.243.
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This research aims to give information regarding the speed of mathematical calculation on windows so that people can choose an operating system which suits them without wasting their time. In this research, we need a laptop and some operating systems (windows) so that we can compare one with the other accurately. The result of this research will be noted and analysed qualitatively, quantitatively, and descriptively. It shows that running the same mathematical calculation program on different operating systems will produce a same result but different time.
Index Terms - calculate the speed, operating system
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Lei, Li Qun, Kun Qi Wang, and Ju Han. "Implementation Study about the Software CNC System Based on Windows." Advanced Materials Research 411 (November 2011): 264–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.411.264.
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Real-time control method about all software CNC based on Windows was proposed in the paper, and the data transfer methods were given. The determination method of clock interrupt about software CNC and the enhancement of the interrupt level were given in the paper to meet the needs of the speed control and the interpolation operator. The resolves showed that the speed of the whole software CNC was significantly improved.
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Piao, Yong Jie, Chun Yu Liu, and Wei Xu. "Design of SDLC Communication Module Based Windows CE." Applied Mechanics and Materials 433-435 (October 2013): 1520–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.433-435.1520.
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SDLC bus communication module was designed and implemented in this paper. AM85C30 is used to accomplish the SDLC protocol control and adapts to PC/104 bus. Driver software is designed based on DMA streams driver under Windows CE 5.0. In order to achieve the maximum baud rate and lowering down the CPU usage, data exchange between AM85C30 and the host is implemented using DMA. Software circular FIFO is designed for buffering the SDLC frame data and status information, solving the frame losing problem when transferring data in high speed. RS485 bus is used in physical layer and works in half-duplex mode. The network topology is simplified and communication reliability is enhanced. The SDLC module is deployed in a launch vehicle video acquisition system. Field working indicates that the system can achieve stable speed of 2Mbps for both channels simultaneously.
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Wu, Yajun, Zhanxin Li, Yuzhong Wang, Wenhua Guo, and Bingheng Lu. "Study on the Process Window in Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing of a High Relative Density Aluminum Alloy." Metals 14, no. 3 (March 13, 2024): 330. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met14030330.
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In recent years, there has been a heightened focus on multiplex porosity due to its significant adverse impact on the mechanical properties of aluminum alloy components produced through wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM). This study investigates the impacts of the process parameters and dimension parameters on the relative densities of WAAM 2219 aluminum alloy components by conducting experiments and investigates the changes in high relative density process windows with different dimension parameters. The findings reveal a hierarchy in the influence of various parameters on the relative density of the 2219 aluminum alloy: travel speed (TS), wire feed speed (WFS), the number of printed layers (L), interlayer cooling time (ICT), and theoretical length of weld (TLW). A series of data for analysis was produced through a designed experiment procedure, and on the basis of this, by integrating the data augmentation method with the eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) algorithm, the relationship among the process parameters, dimension parameters, and relative density was modeled. Furthermore, through leveraging the established model, we analyzed the changes in the optimized process window corresponding to a high relative density with the L. The optimal windows of WFS and TS change when the L reaches a certain value. In contrast, the optimal window of ICT remains consistent despite an increase in the L. Finally, the relative density and mechanical properties of the formed 20-layer specimens within the model-derived window were verified. The relative density of the specimens within the window reached 98.77%, the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) reached 279.96 MPa, and the yield strength (YS) reached 132.77 MPa. This work offers valuable insights for exploring the process window and selecting process parameters through a more economical and faster approach in WAAM aluminum components.
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Werner, Tobias, and Thomas Brinkhoff. "Window Operators for Processing Spatio-Temporal Data Streams on Unmanned Vehicles." AGILE: GIScience Series 1 (July 15, 2020): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/agile-giss-1-21-2020.
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Abstract. Unmanned aerial and submersible vehicles are used in an increasing number of applications especially for data collection in misanthropic environments. During a mission, such vehicles generate multiple spatio-temporal data streams suitable to be processed by data stream management systems (DSMS). The main approach of a DSMS is limiting the elements of a stream by using sliding and tilting windows with time intervals as temporal condition. However, due to varying vehicle speed and limited on-board resources, such temporal windows do not provide adequate support for spatio-temporal problems. For solving this problem, we propose a set of six new spatio-temporal window operators in this paper. This set comprises of sliding distance, tilting distance, tilting waypoint, session distance, jumping distance and an area window to limit stream elements based on spatial conditions. Each of the listed operators provides an individual behaviour to support sophisticated applications like spatial interpolation and forecasting. An evaluation based on an example trajectory shows the benefit of the presented operators for spatio-temporal applications.
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Ng, Soon Hock, Vijayakumar Anand, Tomas Katkus, and Saulius Juodkazis. "Invasive and Non-Invasive Observation of Occluded Fast Transient Events: Computational Tools." Photonics 8, no. 7 (July 1, 2021): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics8070253.
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Industrial processes involving thermal plasma such as cutting, welding, laser machining with ultra-short laser pulses (nonequilibrium conditions), high temperature melting using electrical discharge or ion-beams, etc., generate non-repeatable fast transient events which can reveal valuable information about the processes. In such industrial environments containing high temperature and radiation, it is often difficult to install conventional lens-based imaging windows and components to observe such events. In this study, we compare imaging requirements and performances with invasive and non-invasive modes when a fast transient event is occluded by a metal window consisting of numerous holes punched through it. Simulation studies were carried out for metal windows with different types of patterns, reconstructed for both invasive and non-invasive modes and compared. Sparks were generated by rapid electrical discharge behind a metal window consisting of thousands of punched through-holes and the time sequence was recorded using a high-speed camera. The time sequence was reconstructed with and without the spatio-spectral point spread functions and compared. Commented MATLAB codes are provided for both invasive and non-invasive modes of reconstruction.
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Pérez-Castán, Javier Alberto, Álvaro Rodríguez-Sanz, Luis Pérez Sanz, Rosa M. Arnaldo Valdés, V. Fernando Gómez Comendador, Clemence Greatti, and Lidia Serrano-Mira. "Probabilistic Strategic Conflict-Management for 4D Trajectories in Free-Route Airspace." Entropy 22, no. 2 (January 30, 2020): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e22020159.
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The expected growth of air traffic in the following decades demands the implementation of new operational concepts to avoid current limitations of the air traffic management system. This paper focuses on the strategic conflict management for four-dimensional trajectories (4DT) in free-route airspace. 4DT has been proposed as the future operational concept to manage air traffic. Thus, aircraft must fulfil temporary restrictions at specific waypoints in the airspace based on time windows. Based on the temporary restrictions, a strategic conflict management method is proposed to calculate the conflict probability of an aircraft pair (that intersects in the air) and to calculate temporary-blocking windows that quantify the time span at which an aircraft cannot depart because one conflict could occur. This methodology was applied in a case-study for an aircraft pair, including the uncertainty associated with 4DT. Moreover, a sensitivity analysis was performed to characterise the impact of wind conditions and speed control on the temporary-blocking windows. The results concluded that it is feasible to propose 4DT strategic de-confliction based on temporary-blocking windows. Although, uncertainty variables such as wind and speed control impact on the conflict probability and the size of the temporary-blocking windows.
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Luo, Huan, Yinhe Wang, Ruidian Zhan, Xuexi Zhang, Haoxiang Wen, and Senquan Yang. "Cluster-Delay Mean Square Consensus of Stochastic Multi-Agent Systems with Impulse Time Windows." Entropy 23, no. 8 (August 11, 2021): 1033. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23081033.
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This paper investigates the cluster-delay mean square consensus problem of a class of first-order nonlinear stochastic multi-agent systems with impulse time windows. Specifically, on the one hand, we have applied a discrete control mechanism (i.e., impulsive control) into the system instead of a continuous one, which has the advantages of low control cost, high convergence speed; on the other hand, we considered the existence of impulse time windows when modeling the system, that is, a single impulse appears randomly within a time window rather than an ideal fixed position. In addition, this paper also considers the influence of stochastic disturbances caused by fluctuations in the external environment. Then, based on algebraic graph theory and Lyapunov stability theory, some sufficiency conditions that the system must meet to reach the consensus state are given. Finally, we designed a simulation example to verify the feasibility of the obtained results.
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Mathai, Varghese, Asimanshu Das, and Kenneth Breuer. "Aerosol transmission in passenger car cabins: Effects of ventilation configuration and driving speed." Physics of Fluids 34, no. 2 (February 2022): 021904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0079555.
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Identifying the potential routes of airborne transmission during transportation is of critical importance to limit the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Here, we numerically solve the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations along with the transport equation for a passive scalar in order to study aerosol transmission inside the passenger cabin of an automobile. Extending the previous work on this topic, we explore several driving scenarios including the effects of having the windows fully open, half-open, and one-quarter open, the effect of opening a moon roof, and the scaling of the aerosol transport as a function of vehicle speed. The flow in the passenger cabin is largely driven by the external surface pressure distribution on the vehicle, and the relative concentration of aerosols in the cabin scales inversely with vehicle speed. For the simplified geometry studied here, we find that the half-open windows configuration has almost the same ventilation effectively as the one with the windows fully open. The utility of the moonroof as an effective exit vent for removing the aerosols generated within the cabin space is discussed. Using our results, we propose a “speed–time” map, which gives guidance regarding the relative risk of transmission between driver and passenger as a function of trip duration and vehicle speed. A few strategies for the removal of airborne contaminants during low-speed driving, or in a situation where the vehicle is stuck in traffic, are suggested.
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ZHANG, Yumei. "Study on Sound Transmission Loss of Windows on High Speed Trains." Journal of Mechanical Engineering 54, no. 4 (2018): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3901/jme.2018.04.212.
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Mitra, D., and J. B. Seery. "Dynamic adaptive windows for high speed data networks: theory and simulations." ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review 20, no. 4 (August 1990): 30–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/99517.99527.
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Maeda, Toshiyuki, Yoichiro Sato, Tokumi Yokohira, and Takuji Okamoto. "Realization of multiwindow system with high-speed operations of nonrectangular windows." Systems and Computers in Japan 27, no. 10 (1996): 48–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/scj.4690271005.
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Gao, Yuan, and Zhuo Sun. "Tramp ship routing and speed optimization with tidal berth time windows." Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review 178 (October 2023): 103268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2023.103268.
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Hu, Qiu Xu, Yue Tong Xu, Zheng Tuo Wang, Meng Yang, Qing Yuan Wang, and Kai Ge Fu. "Research on Real-Time Plotting of High-Speed CNC Laser Cutting." Advanced Materials Research 1006-1007 (August 2014): 340–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1006-1007.340.
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According to the confusion effect of processing route drawing, few sampling points and contradiction between timing accuracy and system fluency of Windows system in high-speed CNC real-time plotting process, this paper presents a method based on Windows environment to achieve real-time plotting goal of the machining contour in high-speed CNC laser cutting process by pretreating G codes and interpolation algorithm improvement. Experimental research was implemented and this method has already been successfully applied to practical production. Comparing to traditional real-time plotting method, this method can not only achieve faster real-time plotting, but also ensure accurate graphic drawing quality and meet the demand of practical circumstances. This method, put forward by the author in addressing real-time plotting problem of laser cutting, can be equally applied to other two-dimensional high-speed cutting occasions.
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Zbieć, Andrzej. "Aerodynamic Phenomena Caused by the Passage of a Train. Part 2: Pressure Influence on Passing Trains." Problemy Kolejnictwa - Railway Reports 65, no. 192 (September 2021): 195–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.36137/1926e.
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In the series of articles describing the aerodynamic phenomena caused by the passage of a train, the effects of a train running at high speed on itself, on other trains, on objects on the track and on people are characterized. This impact can be of two types – generated pressure and slipstream. Apart from the literature analysis, the author’s research is also taken into account. The second part presents the effect of pressure changes on the front and side surfaces of passing trains. Conclusions concerning side windows and windscreens in high-speed railway vehicles and older type railway vehicles with lower allowable speeds and the possibility of using various rolling stock on the same lines are presented. Keywords: rolling stock, high-speed railways, aerodynamic phenomena
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Chen, Jun Min, Xiao Lin Yao, and Shao Ping Li. "Study on the Influence of Window Glass Ignition Temperature on the Heat Release Rate of CRH Passenger Rail Car." Applied Mechanics and Materials 170-173 (May 2012): 2760–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.170-173.2760.
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The window glass ignition temperature is one of the main factors that determine the Heat Release Rate (HRR) of passenger rail car. In order to reveal the influence of window glass ignition temperature on the HRR of China Railways High-speed (CRH) passenger rail car, the HRR, ignition temperature and other thermal parameters of the individual materials and component assemblies of the CRH passenger rail car, are measured with the Cone Calorimeter, burning temperature tester and other instruments, as the input parameters of Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS), and according to the different window glass ignition temperatures ,4 fire scenarios have been designed to obtain the HRR vs. time curves of CRH passenger rail car. The comparison results show that the window glass ignition temperature exerts a significant influence on the HRR of passenger rail car; if the ignition temperature is lower than 415°C, during the fire process the windows near the ignition source will be broken, and the back draft phenomenon will take place, resulting in the extremely high second peak HRR, about 22.6MW; if the ignition temperature is higher than 470°C, during the fire process all the windows will not be broken; and so it is suggested that the window glass ignition temperature in the passenger rail car should be higher than 520°C.
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Baydoun, Reham, and Abdul Razak Sapian. "EVALUATING THE EFFECT OF MASHRABIYA AND PERFORATED MALAY CARVING WINDOW ON THE INDOOR NATURAL VENTILATION PERFORMANCE OF LIVING SPACE." Journal of Architecture, Planning and Construction Management 12, no. 2 (December 28, 2022): 58–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/japcm.v12i2.694.
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This study focuses on natural cross-ventilation improvements in terms of internal air velocity, measured in meter per second in the living room space in Malaysia, using two types of perforated windows namely, Mashrabiya window as well as perforated Malay carving window element to determine the performance of their internal air velocity. Cross ventilation has been proposed as one of the most effective natural ventilation methods for thermal comfort by several studies. It is, however, one of the most misunderstood aspects of passive design's approach to regulating interior temperature. In this study, the proposed design solution is by introducing the Mashrabiya (W1) and perforated Malay carving window (W2) as two predominant indigenous solutions for traditional houses that can be further developed and utilized in modern houses. The research involves three stages. The first stage includes the inventory exercise on five (5) different reference case studies of perforated windows. This is to ascertain the most fundamental and common pattern, as well as the dimensions of each W1 and W2. The second step involves computer simulations utilising Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software known as Ansys fluent R2 2021. This program is used to simulate and evaluate natural air velocity and its performance in an interior context, and to determine the viability of a recommended design solution. Finally, an empirical method is used to predict the internal air velocity. The result shows that W1 and W2 represent effective passive design strategies for energy saving. The air velocity using W1 is three times higher than the normal speed which is 4.5/1.5 m/s, while using W2 makes the air velocity two times higher than the actual air speed which is 3/1.5 m/s. The simulation test and results are discussed based on the Malaysian region with a 1.5m/s wind speed. Understanding the different effects of the size of the voids and the placement of the patterns are significant to improve the indoor natural ventilation performance in a living room space.