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1
Roddier, Dominique, and Joshua Weinstein. "Floating Wind Turbines." Mechanical Engineering 132, no. 04 (April 1, 2010): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2010-apr-2.
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This article discusses the functioning of floating wind turbines. The engineering requirements for the design of floating offshore wind turbines are extensive. Wind turbine design tools usually consist of an aerodynamic model (for flow around the blades) coupled with a structural code. Aero-elastic models used in the design of fixed turbines calculate all the necessary loading parameters, from turbine thrust and power generation, to blade and tower deflections. The design of floating structures usually involves hydrodynamics tools such as WAMIT Inc.’s software for studying wave interactions with vessels and platforms, or Principia’s DIODORE, to predict the hydrodynamic quantities, such as added mass, damping and wave exciting forces, which are used as a kernel in the time domain simulations. In marine projects, design tools typically need to be validated against model tests in a wave tank or basin. Such work is performed frequently, and scaling laws are very well defined.
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Hua, Xugang, Qingshen Meng, Bei Chen, and Zili Zhang. "Structural damping sensitivity affecting the flutter performance of a 10-MW offshore wind turbine." Advances in Structural Engineering 23, no. 14 (June 15, 2020): 3037–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433220927260.
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Classical flutter of wind turbine blades is one of the most destructive instability phenomena of wind turbines especially for several-MW-scale turbines. In the present work, flutter performance of the DTU 10-MW offshore wind turbine is investigated using a 907-degree-of-freedom aero-hydro-servo-elastic wind turbine model. This model involves the couplings between tower, blades and drivetrain vibrations. Furthermore, the three-dimensional aerodynamic effects on wind turbine blade tip have also been considered through the blade element momentum theory with Bak’s stall delay model and Shen’s tip loss correction model. Numerical simulations have been carried out using data calibrated to the referential DTU 10-MW offshore wind turbine. Comparison of the aeroelastic responses between the onshore and offshore wind turbines is made. Effect of structural damping on the flutter speed of this 10-MW offshore wind turbine is investigated. Results show that the damping in the torsional mode has predominant impact on the flutter limits in comparison with that in the bending mode. Furthermore, for shallow water offshore wind turbines, hydrodynamic loads have small effects on its aeroelastic response.
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Abreu, Rafael, Daniel Peter, and Christine Thomas. "Reduction of wind-turbine-generated seismic noise with structural measures." Wind Energy Science 7, no. 3 (June 20, 2022): 1227–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1227-2022.
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Abstract. Reducing wind turbine noise recorded at seismological stations promises to lower the conflict between renewable energy producers and seismologists. Seismic noise generated by the movement of wind turbines has been shown to travel large distances, affecting seismological stations used for seismic monitoring and/or the detection of seismic events. In this study, we use advanced 3D numerical techniques to study the possibility of using structural changes in the ground on the wave path between the wind turbine and the seismic station in order to reduce or mitigate the noise generated by the wind turbine. Testing a range of structural changes around the foundation of the wind turbine, such as open and filled cavities, we show that we are able to considerably reduce the seismic noise recorded by placing empty circular trenches approx. 10 m away from the wind turbines. We show the expected effects of filling the trenches with water. In addition, we study how relatively simple topographic elevations influence the propagation of the seismic energy generated by wind turbines and find that topography does help to reduce wind-turbine-induced seismic noise.
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Asim, Taimoor, Sheikh Zahidul Islam, Arman Hemmati, and Muhammad Saif Ullah Khalid. "A Review of Recent Advancements in Offshore Wind Turbine Technology." Energies 15, no. 2 (January 14, 2022): 579. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15020579.
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Offshore wind turbines are becoming increasingly popular due to their higher wind energy harnessing capabilities and lower visual pollution. Researchers around the globe have been reporting significant scientific advancements in offshore wind turbines technology, addressing key issues, such as aerodynamic characteristics of turbine blades, dynamic response of the turbine, structural integrity of the turbine foundation, design of the mooring cables, ground scouring and cost modelling for commercial viability. These investigations range from component-level design and analysis to system-level response and optimization using a multitude of analytical, empirical and numerical techniques. With such wide-ranging studies available in the public domain, there is a need to carry out an extensive yet critical literature review on the recent advancements in offshore wind turbine technology. Offshore wind turbine blades’ aerodynamics and the structural integrity of offshore wind turbines are of particular importance, which can lead towards system’s optimal design and operation, leading to reduced maintenance costs. Thus, in this study, our focus is to highlight key knowledge gaps in the scientific investigations on offshore wind turbines’ aerodynamic and structural response. It is envisaged that this study will pave the way for future concentrated efforts in better understanding the complex behavior of these machines.
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Li, Jiawen, Jingyu Bian, Yuxiang Ma, and Yichen Jiang. "Impact of Typhoons on Floating Offshore Wind Turbines: A Case Study of Typhoon Mangkhut." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 5 (May 17, 2021): 543. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9050543.
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A typhoon is a restrictive factor in the development of floating wind power in China. However, the influences of multistage typhoon wind and waves on offshore wind turbines have not yet been studied. Based on Typhoon Mangkhut, in this study, the characteristics of the motion response and structural loads of an offshore wind turbine are investigated during the travel process. For this purpose, a framework is established and verified for investigating the typhoon-induced effects of offshore wind turbines, including a multistage typhoon wave field and a coupled dynamic model of offshore wind turbines. On this basis, the motion response and structural loads of different stages are calculated and analyzed systematically. The results show that the maximum response does not exactly correspond to the maximum wave or wind stage. Considering only the maximum wave height or wind speed may underestimate the motion response during the traveling process of the typhoon, which has problems in guiding the anti-typhoon design of offshore wind turbines. In addition, the coupling motion between the floating foundation and turbine should be considered in the safety evaluation of the floating offshore wind turbine under typhoon conditions.
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Gong, Sen, Kai Pan, Hua Yang, and Junwei Yang. "Experimental Study on the Effect of the Blade Tip Distance on the Power and the Wake Recovery with Small Multi-Rotor Wind Turbines." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11, no. 5 (April 22, 2023): 891. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse11050891.
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In order to investigate the output power and wake velocity of small multi-rotor wind turbines compared to single-rotor wind turbines, which operate in the same swept area at various blade tip distances, this paper used the wind tunnel test method to examine single-rotor wind turbines with diameter D of 0.4 m and 0.34 m corresponding to the triple-rotor wind turbines and double-rotor wind turbines with a single rotor diameter D of 0.24 m, respectively. The experimental results indicated that, without rotation speed control, the triple-rotor wind turbine produced more power than the single-rotor wind turbine with an equivalent swept area and that the output power tended to rise initially and then fall as the distance between each rotor increased. Moreover, the power increase reached a maximum of 8.4% at the 0.4D blade tip distance. In terms of wake measurement, triple-rotor wind turbines had smaller wake losses and faster recovery rates than single-rotor wind turbines. The smaller the blade tip distance, the earlier the wake merged and fused and the faster the recovery rate. In designing small multi-rotor wind turbines, the above discussion can serve as a guide.
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Moll, Jochen. "Damage detection in grouted connections using electromechanical impedance spectroscopy." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 233, no. 3 (March 26, 2018): 947–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406218764226.
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Grouted connections are structural joints formed by a cementitious grout cast between two concentric circular tubes. They are widely used in the offshore construction of oil and gas platforms, and for offshore wind turbines (monopiles and jackets). However, their application in offshore wind turbine installations can be critical due to the high bending moments coming from wind loading. Recently, it was found that grouted connections show limited performance in offshore wind turbine installations leading to settlements between the steel tubes and steel/grout debonding. Hence, structural health monitoring techniques for grouted connections are needed that ensure a safe and reliable operation of offshore wind turbines. This short communication describes the successful application of electromechanical impedance spectroscopy for damage detection in grouted connections.
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Xia, Yaping, Minghui Yin, Ruiyu Li, De Liu, and Yun Zou. "Integrated structure and maximum power point tracking control design for wind turbines based on degree of controllability." Journal of Vibration and Control 25, no. 2 (June 26, 2018): 397–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077546318783363.
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A linearization model is obtained for a three-bladed horizontal-axis wind turbine (HAWT) consisting of blades and a drive-train. Sensitivity analysis of the degree of controllability (DOC) and maximum power point tracking (MPPT) efficiency with respect to the structural parameters of wind turbines is discussed by numerical simulations. It is observed from the simulation results that higher MPPT efficiency can be achieved with the increase of DOC. Based on the observation, this paper proposes a new integrated design method based on DOC to design and optimize the structural parameters of a HAWT. The designed turbine is tested by the commercial simulation software of wind turbines named Bladed. It is observed from simulations that when using the identical MPPT control strategy, the wind turbine whose structural parameters are optimized for a larger value of DOC can achieve higher MPPT performance.
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Manolas, Dimitris I., Panagiotis K. Chaviaropoulos, and Vasilis A. Riziotis. "Assessment of Vortex Induced Vibrations on wind turbines." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2257, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 012011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2257/1/012011.
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Abstract Modern wind turbines are prone to Vortex Induced Vibrations (VIV). In the present work, an engineering semi-empirical framework is proposed that assesses VIV aero-elastic instabilities of wind turbine configurations. The procedure employs engineering tools relying on airfoil polars. It uses the state-of-the-art aero-elastic tool hGAST along with the EUROCODE VIV framework for steel structures extended to wind turbine configurations. The aero-elastic tool provides the missing modal input data (i.e. modal frequencies, total structural plus aerodynamic modal damping and modeshapes) to evaluate the semi-analytical expressions of the displacement and load amplitudes. Numerical results for single- and two-bladed configurations of the NREL 5MW Reference Wind Turbine (RWT) during assembly are presented, assessing turbine loads under the most unfavourable VIV scenarios examined.
10
Shaler, Kelsey, Amy N. Robertson, and Jason Jonkman. "Sensitivity analysis of the effect of wind and wake characteristics on wind turbine loads in a small wind farm." Wind Energy Science 8, no. 1 (January 4, 2023): 25–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-25-2023.
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Abstract. Wind turbines are designed using a set of simulations to determine the fatigue and ultimate loads, which are typically focused solely on unwaked wind turbine operation. These structural loads can be significantly influenced by the wind inflow conditions. Turbines experience altered inflow conditions when placed in the wake of upstream turbines, which can additionally influence the fatigue and ultimate loads. It is important to understand the impact of uncertainty on the resulting loads of both unwaked and waked turbines. The goal of this work is to assess which wind-inflow-related and wake-related parameters have the greatest influence on fatigue and ultimate loads during normal operation for turbines in a three-turbine wind farm. Twenty-eight wind inflow and wake parameters are screened using an elementary effects sensitivity analysis approach to identify the parameters that lead to the largest variation in the fatigue and ultimate loads of each turbine. This study uses the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) 5 MW baseline wind turbine, simulated with OpenFAST and synthetically generated inflow based on the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Kaimal turbulence spectrum with the IEC exponential coherence model using the NREL tool TurbSim. The focus is on sensitivity to individual parameters, though interactions between parameters are considered, and how sensitivity differs between waked and unwaked turbines. The results of this work show that for both waked and unwaked turbines, ambient turbulence in the primary wind direction and shear are the most sensitive parameters for turbine fatigue and ultimate loads. Secondary parameters of importance for all turbines are identified as yaw misalignment, streamwise integral length, and the exponent and streamwise components of the IEC coherence model. The tertiary parameters of importance differ between waked and unwaked turbines. Tertiary effects account for up to 9.0 % of the significant events for waked turbine ultimate loads and include veer, non-streamwise components of the IEC coherence model, Reynolds stresses, wind direction, air density, and several wake calibration parameters. For fatigue loads, tertiary effects account for up to 5.4 % of the significant events and include vertical turbulence standard deviation, lateral and vertical wind integral lengths, non-streamwise components of the IEC coherence model, Reynolds stresses, wind direction, and all wake calibration parameters. This information shows the increased importance of non-streamwise wind components and wake parameters in the fatigue and ultimate load sensitivity of downstream turbines.
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Hsu, Ming-Hung, and Zheng-Yun Zhuang. "An Intelligent Detection Logic for Fan-Blade Damage to Wind Turbines Based on Mounted-Accelerometer Data." Buildings 12, no. 10 (October 1, 2022): 1588. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12101588.
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Many wind turbines operate in harsh marine or shore environments. This study assists industry by establishing a real-time condition-monitoring and fault-detection system, with rules for recognizing a wind turbine’s abnormal operation mainly caused by different types of fan-blade damage. This system can ensure ideal wind turbine operation by monitoring the health status of the blades, detecting sudden anomalies, and performing maintenance almost in real time. This is especially significant for wind farms in areas subject to frequent natural disasters (e.g., earthquakes and typhoons). Turbines might fail to endure these because the manufacturers have built them according to the standards developed for areas less prone to natural disasters. The system’s rules are established by utilising concepts and methods from data analytics, digital signal processing (DSP) and statistics to analyse data from the accelerometer, which measures the vibration signals in three dimensions on the platform of the wind turbine’s base. The patterns for those cases involving fan-blade damage are found to establish the rules. With the anomalies detected and reported effectively, repairs and maintenance can be carried out on the faulty wind turbines. This enables ‘maintenance by prediction’ actions for unplanned maintenance as a supplement to the ‘predictive maintenance’ tasks for regular planned maintenance.
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Zhang, Huiming, Dong Zhang, Yong Zhou, Mark E. J. Cutler, Dandan Cui, and Zhuo Zhang. "Quantitative Analysis of the Interaction between Wind Turbines and Topography Change in Intertidal Wind Farms by Remote Sensing." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 4 (April 6, 2022): 504. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10040504.
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Offshore wind farms have developed rapidly in Jiangsu Province, China, over the last decade. The existence of offshore wind turbines will inevitably impact hydrological and sedimentary environments. In this paper, a digital elevation model (DEM) of the intertidal sandbank in southern Jiangsu Province from 2018 to 2020 was constructed based on the improved remote sensing waterline method. On this basis, the stability of the sandbank was analysed, and combined with the hypothetical sandbank surface discrimination method (HSSDM), the erosional/depositional influences of wind turbine construction on topography were quantitatively analysed. The results show that due to the frequent oscillations of the tidal channels, only 35.03% of the study area has a stable topography, and more than 90% of the wind turbines in all years have a balanced impact on the intensity of topographic change, and all see a small reduction in their impact in the following year. The remaining wind turbines with erosional/depositional impacts are mainly located in areas with unstable topography, but the overall impact of all wind turbines is balanced in 2018–2020. The impact of wind turbines on topography is both erosional and depositional, but the overall intensity of the impact is not significant. This study demonstrates the quantitative effects of wind turbine construction on topography and provides some help for wind turbine construction site selection and monitoring after turbine completion.
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Benham, A., K. Thyagarajan, Sylvester J. John, and S. Prakash. "Structural Analysis of a Wind Turbine Blade." Advanced Materials Research 768 (September 2013): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.768.40.
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Wind turbines blades of propeller type are made according to various blade profiles such as NACA, LS, and LM. There are many factors for selecting a profile. One significant factor is the chord length, which depend on various values throughout the blade. In this work a NACA 4412 profile was created using DESIGN FOIL software to obtain the coordinates of a wind turbine blade in PRO/E. Aerodynamic analysis was done on the created design. Maximum lift to drag ratio was calculated by varying angle of attack of the blade. To find a suitable composite for wind turbine blade, Modal and Static analysis were performed on the modified design using Carbon fiber, E-Glass, S-Glass and Kevlar fiber composites in ANSYS APDL 12.0 software.
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Antoniadou, I., N. Dervilis, E. Papatheou, A. E. Maguire, and K. Worden. "Aspects of structural health and condition monitoring of offshore wind turbines." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 373, no. 2035 (February 28, 2015): 20140075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2014.0075.
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Wind power has expanded significantly over the past years, although reliability of wind turbine systems, especially of offshore wind turbines, has been many times unsatisfactory in the past. Wind turbine failures are equivalent to crucial financial losses. Therefore, creating and applying strategies that improve the reliability of their components is important for a successful implementation of such systems. Structural health monitoring (SHM) addresses these problems through the monitoring of parameters indicative of the state of the structure examined. Condition monitoring (CM), on the other hand, can be seen as a specialized area of the SHM community that aims at damage detection of, particularly, rotating machinery. The paper is divided into two parts: in the first part, advanced signal processing and machine learning methods are discussed for SHM and CM on wind turbine gearbox and blade damage detection examples. In the second part, an initial exploration of supervisor control and data acquisition systems data of an offshore wind farm is presented, and data-driven approaches are proposed for detecting abnormal behaviour of wind turbines. It is shown that the advanced signal processing methods discussed are effective and that it is important to adopt these SHM strategies in the wind energy sector.
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Sonune, Gaurav G., Chandani S. Bisen, Chhagendranath K. Nagmote, Akshay K. Dhongade, and Akshay B. Kathwate. "Fabrication of Vertical Axis Wind Turbine and Application." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 4 (April 30, 2022): 127–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.41206.
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Abstract: Wind energy is one of the renewable energy sources and the trend is positive and increasing year by year. This technology is applied widely in several regions in the world and already has maturity in technology, good infrastructure, and relative cost competitiveness. The application of structural health monitoring (SHM) is crucial especially to evaluate the performance of wind turbines in real-time assessment. One of the main advantages of this type of wind turbine is the fact that is the only one that was accepted by the environmental agencies because the special shape of the rotor doesn’t kill birds that fly in the area where these turbines are mounted. Keywords: Wind turbine, Green Energy, Energy Management, respect for the Environment, Vertical Axis Wind Turbine
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Wang, Zhuoran, Gang Hu, Dongqin Zhang, Bubryur Kim, Feng Xu, and Yiqing Xiao. "Aerodynamic Characteristics of a Square Cylinder with Vertical-Axis Wind Turbines at Corners." Applied Sciences 12, no. 7 (March 30, 2022): 3515. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12073515.
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A preliminary study is carried out to investigate the aerodynamic characteristics of a square cylinder with Savonius wind turbines and to explain the reason why this kind of structure can suppress wind-induced vibrations. A series of computational fluid dynamics simulations are performed for the square cylinders with stationary and rotating wind turbines at the cylinder corners. The turbine orientation and the turbine rotation speed are two key factors that affect aerodynamic characteristics of the cylinder for the stationary and rotating turbine cases, respectively. The numerical simulation results show that the presence of either the stationary or rotating wind turbines has a significant effect on wind forces acting on the square cylinder. For the stationary wind turbine cases, the mean drag and fluctuating lift coefficients decrease by 37.7% and 90.7%, respectively, when the turbine orientation angle is 45°. For the rotating wind turbine cases, the mean drag and fluctuating lift coefficients decrease by 34.2% and 86.0%, respectively, when the rotation speed is 0.2 times of vortex shedding frequency. Wind turbines installed at the corners of the square cylinder not only enhance structural safety but also exploit wind energy simultaneously.
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Vennell, Ross. "An optimal tuning strategy for tidal turbines." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 472, no. 2195 (November 2016): 20160047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2016.0047.
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Tuning wind and tidal turbines is critical to maximizing their power output. Adopting a wind turbine tuning strategy of maximizing the output at any given time is shown to be an extremely poor strategy for large arrays of tidal turbines in channels. This ‘impatient-tuning strategy’ results in far lower power output, much higher structural loads and greater environmental impacts due to flow reduction than an existing ‘patient-tuning strategy’ which maximizes the power output averaged over the tidal cycle. This paper presents a ‘smart patient tuning strategy’, which can increase array output by up to 35% over the existing strategy. This smart strategy forgoes some power generation early in the half tidal cycle in order to allow stronger flows to develop later in the cycle. It extracts enough power from these stronger flows to produce more power from the cycle as a whole than the existing strategy. Surprisingly, the smart strategy can often extract more power without increasing maximum structural loads on the turbines, while also maintaining stronger flows along the channel. This paper also shows that, counterintuitively, for some tuning strategies imposing a cap on turbine power output to limit loads can increase a turbine’s average power output.
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Devriendt, Christof, Filipe Magalhães, Wout Weijtjens, Gert De Sitter, Álvaro Cunha, and Patrick Guillaume. "Structural health monitoring of offshore wind turbines using automated operational modal analysis." Structural Health Monitoring 13, no. 6 (November 2014): 644–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1475921714556568.
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This article will present and discuss the approach and the first results of a long-term dynamic monitoring campaign on an offshore wind turbine in the Belgian North Sea. It focuses on the vibration levels and modal parameters of the fundamental modes of the support structure. These parameters are crucial to minimize the operation and maintenance costs and to extend the lifetime of offshore wind turbine structure and mechanical systems. In order to perform a proper continuous monitoring during operation, a fast and reliable solution, applicable on an industrial scale, has been developed. It will be shown that the use of appropriate vibration measurement equipment together with state-of-the art operational modal analysis techniques can provide accurate estimates of natural frequencies, damping ratios, and mode shapes of offshore wind turbines. The identification methods have been automated and their reliability has been improved, so that the system can track small changes in the dynamic behavior of offshore wind turbines. The advanced modal analysis tools used in this application include the poly-reference least squares complex frequency-domain estimator, commercially known as PolyMAX, and the covariance-driven stochastic subspace identification method. The implemented processing strategy will be demonstrated on data continuously collected during 2 weeks, while the wind turbine was idling or parked.
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Ibrahim, Mohd Zamri, and Aliashim Albani. "Wind turbine rank method for a wind park scenario." World Journal of Engineering 13, no. 6 (December 5, 2016): 500–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wje-09-2016-0083.
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Purpose This paper aims to present a method of the wind turbine ranking, either stall or pitch-regulated wind turbine (WTG), to determine the suitability of wind turbine in a selected site. Design/methodology/approach The method included the wind park target capacity, the maximum hub-height, the standard rotor diameter and the characteristic of wind speed on the site. As the method had been applied to a wind park, with more than one wind turbine, the wake losses had been considered by subtracting the gross capacity factor. Besides, the turbine-site matching index (TSMI) was computed by dividing the net capacity factor with the total installed capital cost per kilowatt. Findings The components of the total installed capital cost were cost of turbine, installation, as well as operation and maintenance. Meanwhile, the target capacity index (TCI) was calculated by dividing the estimated wind park capacity with the target wind park capacity. Originality/value Both TSMI and TCI were used together to rank the wind turbines. Furthermore, a site in the eastern part of Kudat was selected as the case study site, where ten models of wind turbines were tested and ranked.
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Tian, Xiange, Yongjian Jiang, Chen Liang, Cong Liu, You Ying, Hua Wang, Dahai Zhang, and Peng Qian. "A Novel Condition Monitoring Method of Wind Turbines Based on GMDH Neural Network." Energies 15, no. 18 (September 14, 2022): 6717. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15186717.
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The safety of power transmission systems in wind turbines is crucial to the wind turbine’s stable operation and has attracted a great deal of attention in condition monitoring of wind farms. Many different intelligent condition monitoring schemes have been developed to detect the occurrence of defects via supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) data, which is the most commonly applied condition monitoring system in wind turbines. Normally, artificial neural networks are applied to establish prediction models of the wind turbine condition monitoring. In this paper, an alternative and cost-effective methodology has been proposed, based on the group method of data handling (GMDH) neural network. GMDH is a kind of computer-based mathematical modelling and structural identification algorithm. GMDH neural networks can automatically organize neural network architecture by heuristic self-organization methods and determine structural parameters, such as the number of layers, the number of neurons in hidden layers, and useful input variables. Furthermore, GMDH neural network can avoid over-fitting problems, which is a ubiquitous problem in artificial neural networks. The effectiveness and performance of the proposed method are validated in the case studies.
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Sun, Da-Gang, Jin-Jun Guo, Yong Song, Bi-juan Yan, Zhan-Long Li, and Hong-Ning Zhang. "Flutter stability analysis of a perforated damping blade for large wind turbines." Journal of Sandwich Structures & Materials 21, no. 3 (April 28, 2017): 973–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1099636217705290.
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The flutter stability of wind turbine blades is one of the important contents in the research of wind turbines. The bending stiffness of blades has decreased with the development of large-sized wind turbines. To achieve damping flutter-suppressing on the long spanwise blades, perforated damping blade was proposed under the consideration of the structural damping factor and the structural stiffness in this paper. Through the study of the unit cell, the deformation model was established and the structural loss factor of the perforated damping blade was derived. The undamped blade and the perforated damping blade, combined with the relevant parameters of a 1500 kW wind turbine blade, were established to simulate the flutter-suppressing abilities and the structural stability. The dynamic response analysis was accomplished with the large deformation theory, and the MPC algorithm was used to realize grid mobile and data delivery, according to the Newmark time integration method. The comparison results show that the perforated damping blade has both a higher structural damping factor and a better structural stiffness.
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Alhrshy, Laurence, Alexander Lippke, and Clemens Jauch. "Variable Blade Inertia in State-of-the-Art Wind Turbine Structural-Dynamics Models." Energies 16, no. 16 (August 18, 2023): 6061. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16166061.
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This paper presents a comparison of two methods to represent variable blade inertia in two codes for aero-servo-elastic simulations of wind turbines: the nonlinear aeroelastic multi-body model HAWC2 and the nonlinear geometrically exact beam model BeamDyn for OpenFAST. The main goal is to enable these tools to simulate the dynamic behavior of a wind turbine with variable blade inertia. However, current state-of-the-art load simulation tools for wind turbines cannot simulate variable blade inertia, so the source code of these tools must be modified. The validity of the modified codes is proven based on a simple beam model. The validation shows very good agreement between the modified codes of HAWC2, BeamDyn and an analytical calculation. The add-on of variable blade inertias is applied to reduce the mechanical loads of a 5-megawatt reference wind turbine with an integrated hydraulic-pneumatic flywheel in its rotor blades.
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Liu, Qinming, Zhinan Li, Tangbin Xia, Minchih Hsieh, and Jiaxiang Li. "Integrated Structural Dependence and Stochastic Dependence for Opportunistic Maintenance of Wind Turbines by Considering Carbon Emissions." Energies 15, no. 2 (January 17, 2022): 625. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15020625.
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Wind turbines have a wide range of applications as the main equipment for wind-power generation because of the rapid development of technology. It is very important to select a reasonable maintenance strategy to reduce the operation and maintenance costs of wind turbines. Traditional maintenance does not consider the environmental benefits. Thus, for the maintenance problems of wind turbines, an opportunistic maintenance strategy that considers structural correlations, random correlations, and carbon emissions is proposed. First, a Weibull distribution is used to describe the deterioration trend of wind turbine subsystems. The failure rates and reliability of wind turbines are described by the random correlations among all subsystems. Meanwhile, two improvement factors are introduced into the failure rate and carbon emission model to describe imperfect maintenance, including the working-age fallback factor and the failure rate increasing factor. Then, the total expected maintenance cost can be described as the objective function for the proposed opportunistic maintenance model, including the maintenance preparation cost, maintenance adjustment cost, shutdown loss cost, and operation cost. The maintenance preparation cost is related to the economic correlation, and the maintenance adjustment cost is described by using the maintenance probabilities under different maintenance activities. The shutdown loss cost is obtained by considering the structural correlation, and the operation cost is related to the energy consumption of wind turbines. Finally, a case study is provided to analyze the performance of the proposed model. The obtained optimal opportunistic maintenance duration can be used to interpret the structural correlation coefficient, random correlation coefficient, and sensitivity of carbon emissions. Compared with preventive maintenance, the proposed model provides better performance for the maintenance problems of wind turbines and can obtain relatively good solutions in a short computation time.
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Li, Bing, Kang Rong, Haifeng Cheng, and Yongxin Wu. "Fatigue Assessment of Monopile Supported Offshore Wind Turbine under Non-Gaussian Wind Field." Shock and Vibration 2021 (August 3, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6467617.
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The vibration of offshore wind turbines caused by external loads is significant, which will cause fatigue damage to offshore wind turbines. Wind load is the main load during the operation period of the wind turbine, and available studies have shown that the external wind field often exhibits certain non-Gaussian characteristics. This article aims to obtain the fatigue assessment of the monopile foundation of the wind turbine under the non-Gaussian wind fields. A 5 MW wind turbine is selected in this article, and OpenFAST is applied to simulate the wind load. By comparing the Mises stress time histories of the pile foundation at a different depth, the fatigue analysis of the critical spots of the pile foundation is obtained. In the analysis of fatigue damage, the rain flow counting method is adopted, and the two-segment S-N curve is selected to analyze the fatigue life of the critical spots. The results show that, by taking the non-Gaussian characteristic of the wind field into account, the fatigue life of the monopile foundation decreases. Therefore, attention should be paid to the influence of non-Gaussian characteristics of wind fields on the fatigue life of monopile-supported wind turbines.
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Deda Altan, Burcin, and Gursel Seha Gultekin. "Investigation of Performance Enhancements of Savonius Wind Turbines through Additional Designs." Processes 11, no. 5 (May 12, 2023): 1473. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11051473.
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This study examines the literature on improving the low performance of Savonius wind turbines, which are a type of vertical axis wind turbine. The literature studies on improving the performance of Savonius turbines have been summarized into two categories: interior structural design and exterior additional design. Due to the extensive nature of studies focusing on interior design changes, this research primarily focuses on performance studies related to exterior design modifications of Savonius wind turbines, particularly in recent years. This study aimed to provide a comprehensive examination of these performance studies and contribute to the existing literature by presenting a systematic reference on this issue. To achieve this objective, a thorough review of turbine exterior design studies has been conducted. The focus was on determining the percentage increase in power coefficient achieved by turbines with exterior design modifications compared to the classical turbine versions. Here, it has been determined that the power coefficient values of Savonius wind turbines can reach approximately 0.400 through interior design changes. However, with the implementation of additional exterior design modifications, these power coefficient values can be further increased to around 0.520. Thus, within the scope of this study, it has been determined that the turbine power coefficients show a fairly good increase with exterior design techniques compared to interior design techniques.
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Lu, Nan-You, Lance Manuel, Patrick Hawbecker, and Sukanta Basu. "A Simulation Study on Risks to Wind Turbine Arrays from Thunderstorm Downbursts in Different Atmospheric Stability Conditions." Energies 14, no. 17 (August 31, 2021): 5407. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14175407.
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Thunderstorm downbursts have been reported to cause damage or failure to wind turbine arrays. We extend a large-eddy simulation model used in previous work to generate downburst-related inflow fields with a view toward defining correlated wind fields that all turbines in an array would experience together during a downburst. We are also interested in establishing what role contrasting atmospheric stability conditions can play on the structural demands on the turbines. This interest is because the evening transition period, when thunderstorms are most common, is also when there is generally acknowledged time-varying stability in the atmospheric boundary layer. Our results reveal that the structure of a downburst’s ring vortices and dissipation of its outflow play important roles in the separate inflow fields for turbines located at different parts of the array; these effects vary with stability. Interacting with the ambient winds, the outflow of a downburst is found to have greater impacts in an “average” sense on structural loads for turbines farther from the touchdown center in the stable cases. Worst-case analyses show that the largest extreme loads, although somewhat dependent on the specific structural load variable considered, depend on the location of the turbine and on the prevailing atmospheric stability. The results of our calculations show the highest simulated foreaft tower bending moment to be 85.4 MN-m, which occurs at a unit sited in the array farther from touchdown center of the downburst initiated in a stable boundary layer.
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Guo, Xiaojiang, Yu Zhang, Jiatao Yan, Yiming Zhou, Shu Yan, Wei Shi, and Xin Li. "Integrated Dynamics Response Analysis for IEA 10-MW Spar Floating Offshore Wind Turbine." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 4 (April 14, 2022): 542. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10040542.
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Wind energy in the deep-sea area is more abundant and the capacity of wind turbines can be made larger. Therefore, the research on deep-sea floating offshore wind turbines will be the primary strategy for wind energy exploitation in the future. The spar-type platform depends on the characteristics of a small water plane, deep draft, and good stability, which has been applied to the commercial development of deep-sea wind energy. In the next ten years, the 10-MW wind turbine will become the mainstream class installed in the floating offshore wind turbine farm. Thus, it is very necessary to conduct a comprehensive and in-depth study on the 10-MW spar type floating offshore wind turbine. The direct-drive 10-MW offshore wind turbine was proposed by the International Energy Agency (IEA) in Wind Task 37 in 2019. In this paper, a spar-type platform is designed to support the IEA 10-MW reference wind turbines, and a nonlinear aero-hydro-servo-elastic numerical model is established using the FAST tool (which is developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, NREL). Then, the accuracy of the wind turbine and the sensitivity of the controller are verified, and the natural periods of the floating offshore wind turbine are obtained by free-decay tests. The natural periods of the platform in six degrees-of-freedom are found to be within the range recommended by the design standard. The measured wind and wave data of the target site close to Fujian Province of China are used to evaluate the performance of the floating offshore wind turbine under the 100-, 50-, 5-, and 2-year-return stochastic weather conditions. The results indicate that the design of the spar platform is reasonable and has excellent hydrodynamic performance.
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Jiang, Yadong, William Finnegan, Tomas Flanagan, and Jamie Goggins. "Optimisation of Highly Efficient Composite Blades for Retrofitting Existing Wind Turbines." Energies 16, no. 1 (December 22, 2022): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16010102.
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Currently, wind energy, a reliable, affordable, and clean energy source, contributes to 16% of Europe’s electricity. A typical modern wind turbine design lifespan is 20 years. In European Union countries, the number of wind turbines reaching 20 years or older will become significant beyond 2025. This research study presents a methodology aiming to upgrade rotor blades for existing wind turbines to extend the turbine life. This methodology employs blade element momentum theory, finite element analysis, genetic algorithm, and direct screen methods to optimise the blade external geometry and structural design, with the main objective to increase the blade power capture efficiency and enhance its structural performance. Meanwhile, the compatibility between the blade and the existing rotor of the wind turbine is considered during the optimisation. By applying this methodology to a 225 kW wind turbine, an optimal blade, which is compatible with the turbine hub, is proposed with the assistance of physical testing data. The optimised blade, which benefits from high-performance carbon-fibre composite material and layup optimisation, has a reduced tip deflection and self-weight of 48% and 31%, respectively, resulting in a significant reduction in resources, while improving its structural performance. In addition, for the optimised blade, there is an improvement in the power production of approximately 10.5% at a wind speed of 11 m/s, which results in an increase of over 4.2% in average annual power production compared to the existing turbine, without changing the blade length. Furthermore, an advanced aero-elastic-based simulation is conducted to ensure the changes made to the blade can guarantee an operation life of at least 20 years, which is equivalent to that of the reference blade.
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Awada, Ali, Rafic Younes, and Adrian Ilinca. "Review of Vibration Control Methods for Wind Turbines." Energies 14, no. 11 (May 25, 2021): 3058. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14113058.
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The installation of wind energy increased in the last twenty years, as its cost decreased, and it contributes to reducing GHG emissions. A race toward gigantism characterizes wind turbine development, primarily driven by offshore projects. The larger wind turbines are facing higher loads, and the imperatives of mass reduction make them more flexible. Size increase of wind turbines results in higher structural vibrations that reduce the lifetime of the components (blades, main shaft, bearings, generator, gearbox, etc.) and might lead to failure or destruction. This paper aims to present in detail the problems associated with wind turbine vibration and a thorough literature review of the different mitigation solutions. We explore the advantages, drawbacks, and challenges of the existing vibration control systems for wind turbines. These systems belong to six main categories, according to the physical principles used and how they operate to mitigate the vibrations. This paper offers a multi-criteria analysis of a vast number of systems in different phases of development, going from full-scale testing to prototype stage, experiments, research, and ideas.
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Chuang, Zhenju, Hui Yi, Xin Chang, Hongxiang Liu, Haidian Zhang, and Lulin Xia. "Comprehensive Analysis of the Impact of the Icing of Wind Turbine Blades on Power Loss in Cold Regions." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11, no. 6 (May 26, 2023): 1125. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse11061125.
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Blade icing often occurs on wind turbines in cold climates. Blade icing has many adverse effects on wind turbines, and the loss of output power is one of the most important effects. With the increasing emphasis on clean energy around the world, the design and production of wind turbines tend to be large-scale. So this paper selected the 15 MW wind turbine provided by NREL (American Renewable Energy Laboratory) to study the influence of blade icing on output power. In this paper, a multi-program coupled analysis method named CFD-WTIC-ILM (CFD: Computational fluid dynamics; WTIC: Wind Turbine Integrated Calculation; ILM: Ice loss method) was proposed to analyze the whole machine wind turbine. Firstly, Fensap-ice was used to simulate the icing of the wind turbine blades, and then the icing results were input into WTIC for the integrated calculation and analysis of the wind turbine. Then, the WTIC calculation results were used to simulate SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition) data and input into ILM to calculate the power loss. Finally, this paper analyzed the comprehensive influence of icing on output power. The calculation results show that the ice mainly accumulates on the windward side of the blade. Icing has a great influence on the aerodynamic characteristics of the airfoil, leading to a significant decrease in the power curve. The rated wind speed is pushed from 10.59 m/s to 13 m/s. The power loss of the wind turbine in the wind speed optimization stage is as high as 37.48%, and the annual power loss rate caused by icing can reach at least 22%.
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Barkat, Ibtissem, Abdelouahab Benretem, Fawaz Massouh, Issam Meghlaoui, and Ahlem Chebel. "Modeling and simulation of forces applied to the horizontal axis wind turbine rotors by the vortex method coupled with the method of the blade element." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 12, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 413. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v12.i1.pp413-420.
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This article aims to study the forces applied to the rotors of horizontal axis wind turbines. The aerodynamics of a turbine are controlled by the flow around the rotor, or estimate of air charges on the rotor blades under various operating conditions and their relation to the structural dynamics of the rotor are critical for design. One of the major challenges in wind turbine aerodynamics is to predict the forces on the blade as various methods, including blade element moment theory (BEM), the approach that is naturally adapted to the simulation of the aerodynamics of wind turbines and the dynamic and models (CFD) that describes with fidelity the flow around the rotor. In our article we proposed a modeling method and a simulation of the forces applied to the horizontal axis wind rotors turbines using the application of the blade elements method to model the rotor and the vortex method of free wake modeling in order to develop a rotor model, which can be used to study wind farms. This model is intended to speed up the calculation, guaranteeing a good representation of the aerodynamic loads exerted by the wind.
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Xue, Zhanpu, Hao Zhang, Hongtao Li, Yunguang Ji, and Zhiqiang Zhou. "Dynamic Analysis of a Flexible Multi-Body in 5 MW Wind Turbine." Shock and Vibration 2022 (October 17, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6883663.
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Flexible multi-body dynamics of wind turbines is a subfield of structural mechanics that mainly studies the response of the coupling structure under dynamic loading, such as the transient changes of displacement and stress, in order to measure the load carrying capacity of the coupling structure and obtain the corresponding dynamic properties. Structural dynamics takes into account not only the damping and inertia forces generated by the vibration of the structure but also the elastic force generated by the deformation of the structure. With the continuous increase of individual power and tower height, the flexibility of the multi-body system of wind turbines also increases. The study of the influence of structural parameters on the coupled structural vibrations of tower blades of large wind turbines can provide a scientific basis for the flexible design of large wind turbines as well as important theoretical support for their safe, stable, and economic operation.
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Jahani, Kamal, Robert G. Langlois, and Fred F. Afagh. "Structural dynamics of offshore Wind Turbines: A review." Ocean Engineering 251 (May 2022): 111136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2022.111136.
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Xing, Zhitai, Yan Jia, Lei Zhang, Xiaowen Song, Yanfeng Zhang, Jianxin Wu, Zekun Wang, Jicai Guo, and Qingan Li. "Research on Wind Turbine Blade Damage Fault Diagnosis Based on GH Bladed." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11, no. 6 (May 26, 2023): 1126. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse11061126.
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With the increasing installed capacity of wind turbines, ensuring the safe operation of wind turbines is of great significance. However, the failure of wind turbines is still a severe problem, especially as blade damage can cause serious harm. To detect blade damage in time and prevent the accumulation of microdamage of blades evolving into severe injury, a damage dataset based on GH Bladed simulation of blade damage is proposed. Then, based on the wavelet packet analysis theory method, the MATLAB software can automatically analyze and extract the energy characteristics of the signal to identify the damage. Finally, the GH Bladed simulation software and MATLAB software are combined for fault diagnosis analysis. The results show that the proposed method based on GH Bladed to simulate blade damage and wavelet packet analysis can extract damage characteristics and identify single-unit damage, multiple-unit damage, and different degrees of damage. This method can quickly and effectively judge the damage to wind turbine blades; it provides a basis for further research on wind turbine blade damage fault diagnosis.
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Lee, Kangsu, and Chang-Yong Song. "Structural Model Test for Strength Performance Evaluation of Disconnectable Mooring Apparatuses Installed on Floating-Type Offshore Wind Turbine." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11, no. 5 (May 21, 2023): 1085. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse11051085.
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The destructive power of typhoons has been continuously increasing due to the influence of global warming. In a situation where the installation of floating wind turbines is increasing around the world, concerns about huge losses and collapses of floating offshore wind turbines due to strong typhoons are deepening. Regarding the safe operation of floating offshore wind turbines, the development of a new type of disconnectable mooring system is required. The newly developed disconnectable mooring apparatuses, such as fairlead chain stoppers (FCS) and submersible mooring pulleys (SMP), considered in this study are devised to more easily attach or detach the floating offshore wind turbine with mooring lines compared to other disconnectable mooring systems. In order to investigate the structural safety of the initial design of FCS and SMP that can be applied to MW class floating-type offshore wind turbines, scaled-down structural models were produced using a 3-D printer, and structural tests were performed on those models. For the structural tests of the scaled-down models, tensile specimens of the acrylonitrile butadiene styrene material used in the 3-D printing process were prepared, and the material properties were evaluated by performing tensile tests. Finite element analyses of FCS and SMP were performed by applying the material properties obtained from the tensile tests and the same load and boundary conditions as in the scaled-down model structural tests. Through the finite element analyses, the weak structural parts of FCS and SMP were reviewed. The structural model tests were performed considering the main load conditions of the fairlead chain stopper, and the test results were compared to the finite element analyses. Through the results of this study, it was possible to experimentally verify the structural safety of the initial design of disconnectable mooring apparatuses. Furthermore, the study results can be used to improve the structural strength of FCS and SMP in a detailed design stage.
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Wang, Bin, Ying Li, Shan Gao, Kanmin Shen, Shengxiao Zhao, Yu Yao, Zhilu Zhou, Zhenhong Hu, and Xing Zheng. "Stability Analysis of Wind Turbine Blades Based on Different Structural Models." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11, no. 6 (May 23, 2023): 1106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse11061106.
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In order to better simulate the actual working conditions of wind turbines more realistically, this paper adopts the two-way fluid–structure coupling method to study the NREL 5 MW wind turbine, considering the blade coupling deformation and equivalent stress and strain distribution of the blades with different internal structures under different working conditions. The results show that the maximum equivalent stress and strain distribution of the beam–structure wind turbine blade was near the leading edge of the blade. The maximum equivalent stress and strain distribution of the shell structure wind turbine blade was near the leading edge of the blade root, and the dangerous area is obvious but smaller than that of the beam-type wind turbine. The coupled deformation of a wind turbine model with a shell structure blade with a web is significantly reduced, and the equivalent stress and strain distribution of the skin is similar to that of the shell structure, but the numerical value and the maximum equivalent stress distribution area are significantly smaller. From the comparison of the three, the shell structure blade with a web is the best.
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Usman, Muhammad, Bilal Akbar, Sajjad Miran, and Qazi Shahzad Ali. "A systematic failure finding model of wind turbine drive train based on interfaces." World Journal of Engineering 15, no. 1 (February 12, 2018): 86–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wje-10-2016-0119.
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Purpose Wind energy has become a distinguished field of energy among the alternative energy resources. Despite economical disadvantages, the production of wind energy is desired to fulfill the demand of the energy. Low reliability is a big issue in the development of wind energy technology that has affected wind farm operations. The purpose of the study is to find the reason for the low reliability and high downtime for wind turbines. Design/methodology/approach The systems engineering approach has a high success rate in handling complex systems such as wind farms. A failure finding model is presented based on the systems engineering, with the focus to analyze the failures at the interfaces. The required data have been collected by reviewing the literature. Findings Gear box interfaces are a vital reason for the higher downtime and frequent failures of wind turbines, and the bearing and the lubricant in the gear box are affected because of their inappropriate combination. Originality/value The reliability and the maintainability of the wind turbine is a topic of major importance. The study is an attempt to contribute to a more sophisticated solution to the reliability problem of the wind turbine. Moreover, it shows the importance of interfaces in designing the complex systems.
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Song, Kai, Guoqing Di, Yaqian Xu, and Xingwang Chen. "Community survey on noise impacts induced by 2 MW wind turbines in China." Journal of Low Frequency Noise, Vibration and Active Control 35, no. 4 (November 17, 2016): 279–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263092316676399.
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In order to investigate the noise impacts of wind turbines with a high single-machine capacity (2 MW) on the residents living around, a face-to-face questionnaire survey was conducted. The moderating factors of noise annoyance, noise exposure–response relationships as well as noise impacts on sleep and self-reported health were investigated. Results showed that noise sensitivity, attitude towards wind turbines’ visual impact on the landscape, general opinion on wind turbines and noise intensity had statistically significant impacts on annoyance due to wind turbine noise. Compared with wind turbines with lower single-machine capacity in relevant studies, those with higher single-machine capacity in this study induced higher annoyance at the same Lden, which was relative to the visibility of wind turbines, background noise levels of wind farm area, etc. Noise sensitivity, noise annoyance and noise intensity, which had no significant correlation with self-reported health effects, were statistically significantly correlated with sleep disturbance on respondents.
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Moeini, R., M. Entezami, M. Ratkovac, P. Tricoli, H. Hemida, R. Hoeffer, and C. Baniotopoulos. "Perspectives on condition monitoring techniques of wind turbines." Wind Engineering 43, no. 5 (November 28, 2018): 539–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309524x18807028.
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The ever-increasing development of wind power plants has raised awareness that an appropriate condition monitoring system is required to achieve high reliability of wind turbines. In order to develop an efficient, accurate and reliable condition monitoring system, the operations of wind turbines need to be fully understood. This article focuses on the online condition monitoring of electrical, mechanical and structural components of a wind turbine to diminish downtime due to maintenance. Failure mechanisms of the most vulnerable parts of wind turbines and their root causes are discussed. State-of-the-art condition monitoring methods of the different parts of wind turbine such as generators, power converters, DC-links, bearings, gearboxes, brake systems and tower structure are reviewed. This article addresses the existing problems in some areas of condition monitoring systems and provides a novel method to overcome these problems. In this article, a comparison between existing condition monitoring techniques is carried out and recommendations on appropriate methods are provided. In the analysis of the technical literature, it is noted that the effect of wind speed variation is not considered for traditional condition monitoring schemes.
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Grujicic, M., V. Chenna, R. Galgalikar, J. S. Snipes, S. Ramaswami, and R. Yavari. "Computational analysis of gear-box roller-bearing white-etch cracking." International Journal of Structural Integrity 5, no. 4 (November 11, 2014): 290–327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijsi-10-2013-0028.
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Purpose – A simple economic analysis has revealed that in order for wind energy to be a viable alternative, wind-turbines (convertors of wind energy into electrical energy) must be able to operate for at least 20 years, with only regular maintenance. However, wind-turbines built nowadays do not generally possess this level of reliability and durability. Specifically, due to the malfunction and failure of drive-trains/gear-boxes, many wind-turbines require major repairs after only three to five years in service. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – The subject of the present work is the so-called white etch cracking, one of the key processes responsible for the premature failure of gear-box roller-bearings. To address this problem, a multi-physics computational methodology is developed and used to analyze the problem of wind-turbine gear-box roller-bearing premature-failure. The main components of the proposed methodology include the analyses of: first, hydrogen dissolution and the accompanying grain-boundary embrittlement phenomena; second, hydrogen diffusion from the crack-wake into the adjacent unfractured material; third, the inter-granular fracture processes; and fourth, the kinematic and structural response of the bearing under service-loading conditions. Findings – The results obtained clearly revealed the operation of the white-etch cracking phenomenon in wind-turbine gear-box roller-bearings and its dependence on the attendant loading and environmental conditions. Originality/value – The present work attempts to make a contribution to the resolution of an important problem related to premature-failure and inferior reliability of wind-turbine gearboxes.
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Shohag, Md Abu S., Emily C. Hammel, David O. Olawale, and Okenwa I. Okoli. "Damage mitigation techniques in wind turbine blades: A review." Wind Engineering 41, no. 3 (May 19, 2017): 185–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309524x17706862.
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Wind blades are major structural elements of wind turbines, but they are prone to damage like any other composite component. Blade damage can cause sudden structural failure and the associated costs to repair them are high. Therefore, it is important to identify the causation of damage to prevent defects during the manufacturing phase, transportation, and in operation. Generally, damage in wind blades can arise due to manufacturing defects, precipitation and debris, water ingress, variable loading due to wind, operational errors, lightning strikes, and fire. Early detection and mitigation techniques are required to avoid or reduce damage in costly wind turbine blades. This article provides an extensive review of viable solutions and approaches for damage mitigation in wind turbine blades.
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Aho, Jacob P., Andrew D. Buckspan, Fiona M. Dunne, and Lucy Y. Pao. "Controlling Wind Energy for Utility Grid Reliability." Mechanical Engineering 135, no. 09 (September 1, 2013): S4—S12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2013-sep-4.
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This article provides an overview of utility grid operation by introducing the fundamental behavior of the electrical system, explaining the importance of maintaining grid reliability through balancing generation and load, and describing the methods of providing ancillary services using conventional utilities. This article also introduces the basic structural components of wind turbines, explains the traditional control systems for capturing maximum power, and highlights control methods developed in industry and academia to provide active power ancillary services with wind energy. As the penetration of wind energy continues to grow, the participation of wind turbines and wind farms in grid frequency stability is becoming more important. The future of wind energy development and deployment depends on many factors, such as policy decisions, economic markets, and technology improvements. Improvements through research and development in areas such as forecasting, turbine manufacturing processes, blade aerodynamics, power electronics, and active power control systems will continue to be a key driver for wind energy technology.
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Xu, Ying, George Nikitas, Tong Zhang, Qinghua Han, Marios Chryssanthopoulos, Subhamoy Bhattacharya, and Ying Wang. "Support condition monitoring of offshore wind turbines using model updating techniques." Structural Health Monitoring 19, no. 4 (September 16, 2019): 1017–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1475921719875628.
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The offshore wind turbines are dynamically sensitive, whose fundamental frequency can be very close to the forcing frequencies activated by the environmental and turbine loads. Minor changes of support conditions may lead to the shift of natural frequencies, and this could be disastrous if resonance happens. To monitor the support conditions and thus to enhance the safety of offshore wind turbines, a model updating method is developed in this study. A hybrid sensing system was fabricated and set up in the laboratory to investigate the long-term dynamic behaviour of the offshore wind turbine system with monopile foundation in sandy deposits. A finite element model was constructed to simulate structural behaviours of the offshore wind turbine system. Distributed nonlinear springs and a roller boundary condition are used to model the soil–structure interaction properties. The finite element model and the test results were used to analyse the variation of the support condition of the monopile, through an finite element model updating process using estimation of distribution algorithms. The results show that the fundamental frequency of the test model increases after a period under cyclic loading, which is attributed to the compaction of the surrounding sand instead of local damage of the structure. The hybrid sensing system is reliable to detect both the acceleration and strain responses of the offshore wind turbine model and can be potentially applied to the remote monitoring of real offshore wind turbines. The estimation of distribution algorithm–based model updating technique is demonstrated to be successful for the support condition monitoring of the offshore wind turbine system, which is potentially useful for other model updating and condition monitoring applications.
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Stavridou, Nafsika, Efthymios Koltsakis, and Charalampos C. Baniotopoulos. "Lattice and Tubular Steel Wind Turbine Towers. Comparative Structural Investigation." Energies 13, no. 23 (December 8, 2020): 6325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13236325.
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Renewable energy is expected to experience epic growth in the coming decade, which is reflected in the record new installations since 2010. Wind energy, in particular, has proved its leading role among sustainable energy production means, by the accelerating rise in total installed capacity and by its consistently increasing trend. Taking a closer look at the history of wind power development, it is obvious that it has always been a matter of engineering taller turbines with longer blades. An increase in the tower height means an increase in the material used, thereby, impacting the initial construction cost and the total energy consumed. In the present study, a numerical investigation is carried out in order to actively compare conventional cylindrical shell towers with lattice towers in terms of material use, robustness and environmental impact. Lattice structures are proved to be equivalently competitive to conventional cylindrical solutions since they can be designed to be robust enough while being a much lighter tower in terms of material use. With detailed design, lattice wind turbine towers can constitute the new generation of wind turbine towers.
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Chou, Jui-Sheng, Yu-Chen Ou, Kuan-Yu Lin, and Zhi-Jia Wang. "Structural failure simulation of onshore wind turbines impacted by strong winds." Engineering Structures 162 (May 2018): 257–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.02.006.
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Bensalah, Amina, Georges Barakat, and Yacine Amara. "Electrical Generators for Large Wind Turbine: Trends and Challenges." Energies 15, no. 18 (September 13, 2022): 6700. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15186700.
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This paper presents an overview of the emerging trends in the development of electrical generators for large wind turbines. To describe the developments in the design of electrical generators, it is necessary to look at the conversion system as a whole, and then, the structural and mechanical performances of the drive train need to be considered. Many drive train configurations have been proposed for large wind turbines; they should ensure high reliability, long availability and reduced maintainability. Although most installed wind turbines are geared, directly driven wind turbines with permanent magnet generators have attracted growing interest in the last few years, which has been in parallel to the continuous increase of the per unit turbine power. The aim of this work is to present the recent commercial designs of electrical generators in large wind turbines. Both the strengths and weaknesses of the existing systems are discussed. The most emerging technologies in high-power, low-speed electrical generators are investigated. Furthermore, a comparative analysis of different electrical generator concepts is performed, and the generators are assessed upon a list of criteria such as the mass, cost, and mass-to-torque ratio. Within the framework of these criteria, it may help to determine whether the electrical generator is technically feasible and economically viable for high-power wind turbines. Finally, this review could help to determine suitable generators for use in large and ultra-large wind energy systems.
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Guo, Feng, and David Schlipf. "A Spectral Model of Grid Frequency for Assessing the Impact of Inertia Response on Wind Turbine Dynamics." Energies 14, no. 9 (April 27, 2021): 2492. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14092492.
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The recent developments in renewable energy have led to a higher proportion of converter-connected power generation sources in the grid. Operating a high renewable energy penetration power system and ensuring the frequency stability could be challenging due to the reduced system inertia, which is usually provided by the conventional synchronous generators. Previous studies have shown the potential of wind turbines to provide an inertia response to the grid based on the measured rate of change of the grid frequency. This is achieved by controlling the kinetic energy extraction from the rotating parts by its converters. In this paper, we derive a spectral-based model of the grid frequency by analyzing historical measurements. The spectral model is then used to generate realistic, generic, and stochastic signals of the grid frequency for typical aero-elastic simulations of wind turbines. The spectral model enables the direct assessment of the additional impact of the inertia response control on wind turbines: the spectra of wind turbine output signals such as generator speed, tower base bending moment, and shaft torsional moment are calculated directly from the developed spectral model of the grid frequency and a commonly used spectral model of the turbulent wind. The calculation of output spectra is verified with non-linear time-domain simulations and spectral estimation. Based on this analysis, a notch filter is designed to significantly alleviate the negative impact on wind turbine’s structural loads due to the inertia response with only a small reduction on the grid support.
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Fu, Xiaohan, and Meiping Sheng. "Research on Structural Failure Analysis and Strengthening Design of Offshore Wind Turbine Blades." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 11 (November 4, 2022): 1661. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10111661.
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The existing blade protection mechanisms are highly dependent on the control system and its power supply. Safety of offshore wind turbines cannot be guaranteed under extreme weather when the control protection mechanisms fail. So far, not enough consideration has been given to the above problems in mechanical design for protecting wind turbine blades. In this paper, a reinforcing cable component (RCC) is proposed to improve the resistance ability of offshore wind turbine blades. The static model of the blades with reinforcing cable component was presented. The Finite Element (FE) simulation was performed for a 5 MW offshore wind turbine and load reduction effect of connection location for RCC was discussed according to the FE results. A static strain verification test was carried out. Simulation and test results indicate that the proposed reinforcing cable component effectively reduces the strain as well as the tip displacement of the blades. The proposed mechanical structure will help to enhance the survival ability of offshore wind turbine blades when the control protection system fails.
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Duda, Tobias, Christoph Mülder, Georg Jacobs, Kay Hameyer, Dennis Bosse, and Martin Cardaun. "Integration of electromagnetic finite element models in a multibody simulation to evaluate vibrations in direct-drive generators." Forschung im Ingenieurwesen 85, no. 2 (March 30, 2021): 257–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10010-021-00472-z.
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AbstractThis paper introduces a novel electromechanical model for calculating electromagnetic excited structural vibrations and structure borne acoustics for gearless wind turbines. Therefore, the wind turbine model structure is explained and a drivetrain model is derived to investigate the drivetrain decoupled from the aerodynamic excitations. The drivetrain model is fed with results from an electromagnetic finite element model of the generator considering air gap width changes and the wind turbine torque and speed characteristics. Furthermore, an exemplary ramp-up of the drivetrain is simulated. It can be seen, that generator structure oscillations are excited during certain rotational speeds, which may be relevant for the acoustic behavior of the turbine.
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Chrysochoidis-Antsos, Nikolaos, Gerard J. W. van Bussel, Jan Bozelie, Sander M. Mertens, and Ad J. M. van Wijk. "Performance Characteristics of A Micro Wind Turbine Integrated on A Noise Barrier." Energies 14, no. 5 (February 26, 2021): 1288. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14051288.
Full textAbstract:
Micro wind turbines can be structurally integrated on top of the solid base of noise barriers near highways. A number of performance factors were assessed with holistic experiments in wind tunnel and in the field. The wind turbines underperformed when exposed in yawed flow conditions. The theoretical cosθ theories for yaw misalignment did not always predict power correctly. Inverter losses turned out to be crucial especially in standby mode. Combination of standby losses with yawed flow losses and low wind speed regime may even result in a net power consuming turbine. The micro wind turbine control system for maintaining optimal power production underperformed in the field when comparing tip speed ratios and performance coefficients with the values recorded in the wind tunnel. The turbine was idling between 20%–30% of time as it was assessed for sites with annual average wind speeds of three to five meters per second without any power production. Finally, the field test analysis showed that inadequate yaw response could potentially lead to 18% of the losses, the inverter related losses to 8%, and control related losses to 33%. The totalized loss led to a 48% efficiency drop when compared with the ideal power production measured before the inverter. Micro wind turbine’s performance has room for optimization for application in turbulent wind conditions on top of noise barriers.