Relevant bibliographies by topics / Wind tunnel

Academic literature on the topic 'Wind tunnel'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 31 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Wind tunnel"

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Andreas, Edgar L., and Larry Mahrt. "On the Prospects for Observing Spray-Mediated Air–Sea Transfer in Wind–Water Tunnels." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 73, no. 1 (December 21, 2015): 185–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-15-0083.1.

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Abstract Nature is wild, unconstrained, and often dangerous. In particular, studying air–sea interaction in winds typical of tropical cyclones can place researchers, their instruments, and even their research platforms in jeopardy. As an alternative, laboratory wind–water tunnels can probe 10-m equivalent winds of hurricane strength under conditions that are well constrained and place no personnel or equipment at risk. Wind–water tunnels, however, cannot simulate all aspects of air–sea interaction in high winds. The authors use here the comprehensive data from the Air–Sea Interaction Salt Water Tank (ASIST) wind–water tunnel at the University of Miami that Jeong, Haus, and Donelan published in this journal to demonstrate how spray-mediated processes are different over the open ocean and in wind tunnels. A key result is that, at all high-wind speeds, the ASIST tunnel was able to quantify the so-called interfacial air–sea enthalpy flux—the flux controlled by molecular processes right at the air–water interface. This flux cannot be measured in high winds over the open ocean because the ubiquitous spray-mediated enthalpy transfer confounds the measurements. The resulting parameterization for this interfacial flux has implications for modeling air–sea heat fluxes from moderate winds to winds of hurricane strength.
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Tabatabaei, Narges, Ramis Örlü, Ricardo Vinuesa, and Philipp Schlatter. "Aerodynamic Free-Flight Conditions in Wind Tunnel Modelling through Reduced-Order Wall Inserts." Fluids 6, no. 8 (July 27, 2021): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fluids6080265.

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Parallel sidewalls are the standard bounding walls in wind tunnels when making a wind tunnel model for free-flight condition. The consequence of confinement in wind tunnel tests, known as wall-interference, is one of the main sources of uncertainty in experimental aerodynamics, limiting the realizability of free-flight conditions. Although this has been an issue when designing transonic wind tunnels and/or in cases with large blockage ratios, even subsonic wind tunnels at low-blockage-ratios might require wall corrections if a good representation of free-flight conditions is intended. In order to avoid the cumbersome streamlining methods especially for subsonic wind tunnels, a sensitivity analysis is conducted in order to investigate the effect of inclined sidewalls as a reduced-order wall insert in the airfoil plane. This problem is investigated via Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) simulations, and a NACA4412 wing at the angles of attack between 0 and 11 degrees at a moderate Reynolds number (400 k) is considered. The simulations are validated with well-resolved large-eddy simulation (LES) results and experimental wind tunnel data. Firstly, the wall-interference contribution in aerodynamic forces, as well as the local pressure coefficients, are assessed. Furthermore, the isolated effect of confinement is analyzed independent of the boundary-layer growth. Secondly, wall-alignment is modified as a calibration parameter in order to reduce wall-interference based on the aforementioned assessment. In the outlined method, we propose the use of linear inserts to account for the effect of wind tunnel walls, which are experimentally simple to realize. The use of these inserts in subsonic wind tunnels with moderate blockage ratio leads to very good agreement between free-flight and wind tunnel data, while this approach benefits from simple manufacturing and experimental realization.
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Liu, Jie, Yimeng Wu, Zhanyou Sa, Bingke Wang, Haijun Wang, Hao Wang, and Shouqing Lu. "Study on the influence of cross-section shape on the characteristics of wind flow field in heavy-daty railway tunnel." E3S Web of Conferences 536 (2024): 01024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202453601024.

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In order to reduce the coal dust pollution when the heavy train enters the tunnel and to ensure the safety of railroad operation, this paper adopts numerical simulation to study the characteristics of the wind flow field of the heavy train passing through different shapes of tunnels. The results show that the shape of the tunnel section has a significant effect on the piston wind characteristics of the train entering the tunnel. When the train passes through the tunnel, the value of the wind pressure and the gradient of the pressure on the surface of the carriages increase from horseshoe shape, high wall shape and high arch shape. The vortex structure generated at the entrance of the horseshoe tunnel is the smallest and the flow field is more stable, and the wind turbulence shows significant weakening effect; when the rear end of the car enters the tunnel, the range of the influence of the piston winds outside the tunnel is in order of smallest to largest for the horseshoe, high wall, and high arch tunnels; in the wake region, the central region of the strong vorticity zone in the horseshoe tunnel is more continuous, reducing the instability of the airflow in the tunnel. The results of this study are of great significance in understanding the characteristics of the wind flow field and the effect on dust generation when heavy trains pass through the tunnel.
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Yao, Yahu. "Numerical Simulation Analysis of the Influence of Entrance Wind Speed on the Wind Speed Distribution of Coal Mine Tunnel Sections." Academic Journal of Science and Technology 7, no. 3 (October 29, 2023): 208–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ajst.v7i3.13399.

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In order to further accurately obtain the wind speed of coal mine tunnels and achieve intelligent ventilation, taking the Wuhushan coal mine tunnel as the research object, the COMSOL Multiphysics numerical simulation software was used to simulate and analyze the influence of inlet wind speed on the wind speed distribution on the tunnel section, and the wind speed distribution law of the semi circular arch tunnel section under different inlet wind speed conditions was obtained. The research results indicate that the wind speed contour is basically parallel to the tunnel wall, and the wind speed gradient near the tunnel wall is large, while the wind speed gradient in the middle of the tunnel is small. The thickness of the boundary layer decreases with increasing wind speed. The ratio of the maximum wind speed to the average wind speed of the tunnel section is approximately 1.2125. The distance between the average wind speed line of the semi circular arch tunnel and the roof is 10.76%~11.02% of the tunnel height, and the error between the simulation results and theoretical calculation results is within 4%. The research results provide strong support for precise measurement of the average wind speed at fixed points in coal mine underground tunnels.
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Hasan, Mohammed Munif, and Shabudin Mat. "Data Reduction Analysis on UTM-LST External Balance." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 10 (October 31, 2022): 952–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.47097.

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Abstract: The effective use of wind-tunnel testing in determining aerodynamic properties of a body is very much dependent upon the reliability and speed with which wind-tunnel data can be reduced. The operating efficiency of the wind tunnels is substantially improved by the capability of providing lower aerodynamic coefficients in real time, or online, which decreases the expensive wind-tunnel time necessary for each test. This paper describes a system for presenting reduced wind-tunnel data in real time for UTM-LST. The requirements for data-handling equipment and data reduction procedures for wind tunnels are quite diverse, and depend upon the wind tunnel design and the type of tests for which they are used. The supersonic wind tunnels mentioned in this description have a variety of force-balance systems and are used for force tests, pressure tests, and other research projects. Consequently, the problems associated with in order to solve this diversity we build a computerized program where we can find the transformation of axis and aerodynamic characteristics at ease. This program can find the values of different aerodynamic coefficients with certain angle of attacks.
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Allan, M. R., K. J. Badcock, G. N. Barakos, and B. E. Richards. "Wind-tunnel interference effects on a 70° delta wing." Aeronautical Journal 108, no. 1088 (October 2004): 505–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001924000000336.

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Abstract This paper considers the effects of both wind-tunnel walls and a downstream support structure, on the aerodynamics of a 70° delta wing. A RANS model of the flow was used with the wind-tunnel walls and supports being modelled with inviscid wall boundary conditions. A consistent discretisation of the domain was employed such that grid dependence effects were consistent in all solutions, thus any differences occurring were due to varying boundary conditions (wall and support locations). Comparing solutions from wind-tunnel simulations and simulations with farfield conditions, it has been shown that the presence of tunnel walls moves the vortex breakdown location upstream. It has also been seen that vortex strength, helix angle, and mean incidence also increase, leading to a more upstream breakdown location in wind-tunnels. The secondary separation line was also observed to move outboards. It was observed that for high Reynolds numbers, with a support downstream of the wing, vortex breakdown can be delayed due to blockage effects providing the vortices do not impinge on the support This was observed to be the case for smaller supports also.
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NISHIMURA, Hiroaki. "Wind Tunnel Experiment and Wind Tunnel Test." Wind Engineers, JAWE 39, no. 4 (2014): 333–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5359/jawe.39.333.

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Ma, Xiaojun, Yu Zhao, Xueying Wen, and Jiujiu Chen. "Accessibility Study of a Compact Wind Tunnel with an Unequal Spacing Grid for the Outdoor Wind Environment." Buildings 12, no. 12 (December 9, 2022): 2188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12122188.

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One of the key issues in architectural design and regional planning is to create a safe and comfortable outdoor building environment, which calls for more studies. Wind tunnel experiments and computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations are the primary methods for the current studies. The airflow and boundary conditions are controllable for the wind tunnel experiment, and the data is reliable. In most wind tunnel platforms, spires and roughness elements are applied to create the gradient wind of the atmospheric boundary layer, leading to the oversized, high construction cost, and complex operation. In this paper, in order to explore a simple method for measuring and studying the outdoor building wind environment using wind tunnels, a compact wind tunnel platform adopting grids with unequal spacing was designed and tested, based on the theoretical model of the atmospheric boundary layer. A comparison between the test results and the theoretical values indicated that this new wind tunnel platform could achieve a gradient wind field and is accessible in applying low-speed wind tunnels to the measurement and research of the building wind environment. The application case in a high-rise building of the central business district (CBD) region in Beijing, was presented in this paper. Compared with another analytical method, the CFD simulation, the compact wind tunnel revealed its applicability that could be used for predicting and evaluating the outdoor wind environment around the building. This compact wind tunnel is more flexible and convenient than the traditional ones, with a smaller size, easier construction and operation, and lower costs. Therefore, we suggest more applications of this compact wind tunnel platform in future experimental studies of outdoor wind environments.
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Flamand, Olivier, Philippe Delpech, Pierre Palier, and Jean-Paul Bouchet. "Benefit of Wind Tunnels with Large Test Sections for Wind Engineering Applications." Mathematical Modelling in Civil Engineering 15, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mmce-2019-0005.

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Abstract Atmospheric Boundary layer wind tunnels (ABLWT) dedicated to building safety and comfort have been operated by CSTB in Nantes since 1971. Because ABLWT only deal with reduced scale models of real structures, the necessity of a larger wind tunnel, the Jules Verne Climatic wind tunnel (CWT), able to reproduce extreme wind loads on real scale structures arose in the years 80. Hence, it became a major European facility operating for improvement of the safety, quality and environmental impact of buildings and civil engineering works as well as products from industrial fields (transportation, energy…) with respect to strong winds and other climatic hazards. Both wind tunnel types, the ABLWT and the CWT are complementary and used for studying the effect of wind on the same structures at two different scales, when the effect of wind scaling is important. During the 2018 year, several modifications were made to the CWT facility. The atmospheric test section of the existing facility was elongated preserving the initial advantages, very large test section (approximately 120 m2) with wind velocity performance compatible with many applications (up to 90 km/h). This new test section makes it possible to simulate turbulent wind and driving rain testing. The sand winds capabilities have been maintained in the new design, despite the closed loop configuration, by fitting a filtering. The modifications of the wind tunnel geometry now offer a long test section upstream the turning vanes where a whole set of new tests can be carried out, as windmill field, natural ventilation of urban environments, slender structures (large bridges, pylons, cable transport systems,)
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Zhang, Ying Chao, Wei Ding, Zhe Zhang, and Jie Li. "Comparison Research on Aerodynamic Drags and Pressure Coefficients of Reference Car Models in Automotive Wind Tunnel." Advanced Materials Research 989-994 (July 2014): 2834–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.989-994.2834.

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The aerodynamic drags of different reference car models were investigated to calibrate the performance of the Automotive Wind Tunnel in Jilin University. The two kinds of reference models--MIRA and SAE reference car models were involved in this paper, considering the actual situation of the Automotive Wind Tunnel in Jilin University. The results of the research show that the Automotive Wind Tunnel in Jilin University can meet the demand for automotive wind tunnel tests and it can get the same performances as other wind tunnels have and reliable test data can be obtained in it.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Wind tunnel"

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Premnath, S. M. Jason. "A tolerant axisymmetric wind tunnel." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28511.

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A solution to the current problem of wind tunnel wall interference could be achieved by ventilating the test section and thereby controlling the flow pattern around the model. The motivation for the slotted wall test section arises from the fact that a fully open jet and a fully closed jet introduce corrections of opposite sign to the wind tunnel data. This current work is limited to axisymmetric wind tunnels and solid blockage corrections. Such a tolerant axisymmetric wind tunnel (TAWT), which does not need any correction to the measured flow quantities and which is also independent of the test model shape and size would find wide application in the field of industrial aerodynamics. A numerical model based on a surface singularity potential flow method showed that at 70% OAR (open area ratio) for models of size up to 25% blockage and for three different shapes the tunnel design would yield results (coefficient of pressure) with less than 2% error while such models might need up to 75% data correction if tested in a solid wall wind tunnel. Experiments indicated good agreement with the numerical investigation and at 60% OAR the TAWT gave results close to free air results for all the models tested (up to 25% blockage).
Applied Science, Faculty of
Mechanical Engineering, Department of
Graduate
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Mujica, Fernández Fernando R. (Fernando René). "Lattice gas wind tunnel." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/13444.

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Hickle, Curtis. "Wind Tunnel renovation, flow verification and flapping wing analysis." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2006. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/06Jun%5FHickle.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S. in Mechanical Engineering)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2006.
Thesis Advisor(s):Dr. Kevin Jones and Dr. Garth Hobson. "June 2006." Includes bibliographical references (p.79-81). Also available in print.
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Paul, Matthew G. "Wing Deflection Analysis of 3D Printed Wind Tunnel Models." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2017. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1751.

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This work investigates the feasibility of producing small scale, low aerodynamic loading wind tunnel models, using FDM 3D printing methods, that are both structurally and aerodynamically representative in the wind tunnel. To verify the applicability of this approach, a 2.07% scale model of the NASA CRM was produced, whose wings were manufacturing using a Finite Deposition Modeling 3D printer. Experimental data was compared to numerical simulations to determine percent difference in wake distribution and wingtip deflection for multiple configurations. Numerical simulation data taken in the form of CFD and FEA was used to validate data taken in the wind tunnel experiments. The experiment utilized a wake rake to measure 3 different spanwise locations of the wing for aerodynamic data, and a videogrammetry method was used to measure the deflection of the wingtips for structural data. Both numerical simulations and experiments were evaluated at Reynolds numbers of 258,000 and 362,000 at 0 degrees angle of attack, and 258,000 at 5 degrees angle of attack. Results indicate that the wing wake minimum in the wind tunnel test had shifted approximately 8.8mm at the wingtip for the Nylon 910 wing at 258,000 Reynolds number for 0 degrees angle of attack when compared to CFD. Videogrammetry results indicate that the wing deflected 5.9mm, and has an 18.6% difference from observed deflection in FEA. This reveals the potential for small scale wind tunnel models to be more representative of true flight behavior for low loading scenarios.
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Danis, Reed. "Investigating Forward Flight Multirotor Wind Tunnel Testing in a 3-by 4-foot Wind Tunnel." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2018. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1909.

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Investigation of complex multirotor aerodynamic phenomena via wind tunnel experimentation is becoming extremely important with the rapid progress in advanced distributed propulsion VTOL concepts. Much of this experimentation is being performed in large, highly advanced tunnels. However, the proliferation of this class of vehicles extends to small aircraft used by small businesses, universities, and hobbyists without ready access to this level of test facility. Therefore, there is a need to investigate whether multirotor vehicles can be adequately tested in smaller wind tunnel facilities. A test rig for a 2.82-pound quadcopter was developed to perform powered testing in the Cal Poly Aerospace Department’s Low Speed Wind Tunnel, equipped with a 3-foot tall by 4-foot wide test section. The results were compared to data from similar tests performed in the U.S. Army 7-by 10-ft Wind Tunnel at NASA Ames. The two data sets did not show close agreement in absolute terms but demonstrated similar trends. Due to measurement uncertainties, the contribution of wind tunnel interference effects to this discrepancy in measurements was not able to be properly quantified, but is likely a major contributor. Flow visualization results demonstrated that tunnel interference effects can likely be minimized by testing at high tunnel speeds with the vehicle pitched 10-degrees or more downward. Suggestions towards avoiding the pitfalls inherent to multirotor wind tunnel testing are provided. Additionally, a modified form of the conventional lift-to-drag ratio is presented as a metric of electric multirotor aerodynamic efficiency.
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Engel, Mark A. "A wind tunnel investigation of a wing-tip trailing vortex." Thesis, This resource online, 1995. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-01102009-063459/.

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Fitzgerald, Ryan Elizabeth. "Wind tunnel blockage corrections for propellers." College Park, Md.: University of Maryland, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/7363.

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Thesis (M.S.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2007.
Thesis research directed by: Dept. of Aerospace Engineering. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Lubitz, William David. "Near real time wind energy forecasting incorporating wind tunnel modeling /." For electronic version search Digital dissertations database. Restricted to UC campuses. Access is free to UC campus dissertations, 2005. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.

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Conan, Boris. "Wind resource accessment in complex terrain by wind tunnel modelling." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00843645.

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To benefit from strong winds, an increasing number of wind turbines are placed in complex terrains. But complex terrains means complex flows and difficult wind resource assessment. This study proposed to use wind tunnel modelling to evaluate the wind in a complex topography. The goal of this study is to evaluate the possibilities of wind resources assessment by wind tunnel modelling and to quantify the important modelling parameters. The lower part of the atmosphere, the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) is defined by a velocity and a turbulence gradient. The ABL is reproduced in the wind tunnel by placing obstacles and roughness elements of different size representative to the type of terrain desired. The flow produced in the wind tunnel is validated against field data and a wise choice of the obstacles is discussed to reproduce the desired wind profile. The right reproduction of the inflow conditions is found to be the most important parameter to reproduce. The choice of the area to reproduce around a site in usually difficult to make in order to keep a low scaling factor and to account for the surrounding topography. A series of tests on simplified hills helps the experimentalist in this choice by enlightening the longitudinal and vertical extension of the wake downstream different hills shapes. Finally, two complex topographies are studied in two wind tunnels, the Bolund hill in Denmark and the Alaiz mountain in Spain. The results are giving good results, 5 to 10 %, for predicting the wind speed but more scatter is observed for the modelling of the turbulence, up to 100 %. The laboratory simulation of atmospheric flows proves to be a demanding but reliable tool for the prediction of the mean wind speed in complex terrain.
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Oliveira, Henrique Balona de Sá. "Wind erosion of biochar-amended soil: a wind tunnel experiment." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/14312.

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Mestrado em Engenharia do Ambiente
Biochar application to soils has been reported in the scientific community as a possible means of improving agricultural productivity and, at the same time, as a powerful tool for carbon sequestration and climate change mitigation. However, current knowledge of biochar effects on soil functions and possible environmental threats is still not enough for a full-scale implementation. Erosion is one of the most serious and irreversible threats to soil and there is still no information if biochar may increase or decrease soil erosion rates. Soil erosion by wind is of particular interest for biochar, because of the low particle density and potential human exposure. The purpose of this study was to fill this knowledge gap by investigating the wind erosion potential of biochar-amended soil with a focus on the effect of soil moisture content, using a laboratory wind tunnel. Firstly, experimental tests were implemented in the DAO wind tunnel to define a robust wind erosion methodology in a facility only used for smoke studies. Sediment collecting methods, dust fraction analysis and wind velocity range were the main factors that required investigation. The erosion of biochar-amended soil (10% m m-1) and control soil (sandy soil) was simulated by positioning a tray divided in a sample area and an area for creeping particles, inside the test section of the wind tunnel. To determine the effect of soil moisture content on the erosion potential, four moisture contents were used: 0.2%, 1.7%, 4% and 8% (gravimetric). The wind tunnel simulations were performed with the duration of 15 minutes at a wind velocity of 7 m s-1. The samples of collected sediment were oven-dried and weighed to give the sediment loss as consequence of the erosion event. Results on the erosion simulations for control and biochar-amended soil with the wind flow velocity of 7 m s-1 (small erosion event) indicated that only biochar particles were displaced. Erosion of biochar-amended soil was similar for 0.2%, 1.7% and 4.0% and despite a sediment loss reduction of 50% from 4% MC to the higher MC, 8%, this latter was not identified as the threshold MC for the moment when erosion ceases to exist. As for mineral particles, after 4% MC there was no sediment collected indicating this MC as the threshold, even though a reduced mass of particles eroded for the smaller MCs. Further future tests are needed to build a more comprehensive understanding of wind erosion of biochar-amended soils. Relevant factors to include are: higher wind velocities representative of medium and high erosion events, as well as higher MCs to identify when erosion of biochar particles will stop completely. Secondly, based on the results found in the present study, other soil types and biochar types warrant further investigation. Studies like this contribute for the understanding of the effects of biochar application to soil functions, as well as the behaviour and fate of this material, which are indispensable for the development of adequate biochar regulations and policies.
A aplicação de biochar no solo tem sido referida na comunidade científica como um possível meio para melhorar a produtividade agrícola e, ao mesmo tempo, como um instrumento para sequestro de carbono e mitigação de alterações climáticas. Contudo, o conhecimento actual sobre os efeitos do biochar nas funções do solo e possíveis ameaças ambientais não é, ainda, suficiente para uma implementação em larga escala. A erosão é uma das mais sérias e irreversíveis ameaças ao solo e não existe, ainda, informação se o biochar pode aumentar ou reduzir os níveis de erosão. A erosão do solo pelo vento é de particular interesse para o biochar, devido à reduzida densidade das partículas e à potencial exposição humana. O objectivo deste trabalho foi preencher esta falha ao investigar o potencial de erosão do solo melhorado com biochar com enfoque no efeito do teor de humidade, usando um túnel de vento. Primeiramente, testes experimentais foram implementados no túnel de vento do DAO para definir uma metodologia robusta de erosão eólica numa estrutura, até então, apenas usada para estudos de dispersão de poluentes. A colecta do sedimento, análise de fracção de poeiras e a gama de velocidades foram os factores principais que necessitaram de investigação. A erosão de solo com biochar (10% m m-1) e de solo de controle (solo arenoso) foi simulada posicionando um tabuleiro dividido em área de amostra e área para partículas de rolamento, dentro da secção de teste do túnel de vento. Para determinar o efeito do teor de humidade do solo no potencial de erosão, quatro teores de humidade foram usados: 0.2%, 1.7%, 4% and 8% (gravimétricos). As simulações no túnel de vento foram realizadas com a duração de 15 minutos a uma velocidade do vento de 7 m s-1. As amostras de sedimento colectado foram secas e pesadas para fornecerem a perda de sedimento como consequência do evento de erosão. Os resultados das simulações de erosão para o controle e o solo melhorado com biochar, com a velocidade de 7 m s-1 (reduzido evento de erosão) indicaram que apenas partículas de biochar foram movidas. Erosão de solo com biochar foi semelhante para 0.2%, 1.7% and 4.0% e, apesar da redução da perda de sedimento em 50% do teor de 4% para para o teor mais alto, 8%, este último não foi identificado como sendo o limiar para o momento em que a erosão deixa de existir. Relativamente às partículas minerais, após o teor de 4% não houve sedimento colectado indicando este teor de humidade como o limiar, ainda que uma massa reduzida de partículas tenha sofrido erosão para teores mais reduzidos. Testes futuros são necessários para gerar um melhor conhecimento acerca de erosão de solo com biochar pelo vento. Factores relevantes a incluir são: maiores velocidades do vento, representativas de eventos de erosão médios e elevados, tal como maiores teores de humidade para identificar quando a erosão de partículas de biochar pára por completo. Em segundo lugar, com base nos resultados observados neste estudo, outro tipos de solo e biochar impõe mais investigação.Estudos como este contribuem para perceber os efeitos da aplicação de biochar nos solos, bem como o comportamento e destino deste material, que são indispensáveis para o desenvolvimento de regulamentos e políticas adequadas sobre biochar.
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Books on the topic "Wind tunnel"

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Ajay, Kumar, Kegelman Jerome T, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. The Langley wind tunnel enterprise. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1998.

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Ajay, Kumar, Kegelman Jerome T, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. The Langley wind tunnel enterprise. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1998.

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North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development. Quality assessment for wind tunnel testing. Neuilly-sur-Seine, France: AGARD, 1994.

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North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development. Quality assessment for wind tunnel testing. Neuilly-sur-Seine: AGARD, 1994.

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Hufnagel, Klaus. Wind Tunnel Balances. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97766-5.

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Everhart, Joel L. Slotted-wall flow-field measurements in a transonic wind tunnel. Hampton, Va: Langley Research Center, 1991.

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B, Igoe William, Flechner Stuart G, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Scientific and Technical Information Program, eds. Slotted-wall flow-field measurements in a transonic wind tunnel. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Office of Management, Scientific and Technical Information Program, 1991.

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B, Igoe William, Flechner Stuart G, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Scientific and Technical Information Program., eds. Slotted-wall flow-field measurements in a transonic wind tunnel. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Office of Management, Scientific and Technical Information Program, 1991.

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E, Mineck Raymond, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Scientific and Technical Information Branch., eds. Adaptive wind tunnel walls: A selected, annotated bibliograpy. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Scientific and Technical Information Branch, 1986.

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A, Kilgore Robert, Moore Deborah L, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Scientific and Technical Information Division., eds. Cryogenic wind tunnels: A comprehensive, annotated bibliography. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Office of Management, Scientific and Technical Information Division, 1991.

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Book chapters on the topic "Wind tunnel"

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Fujino, Yozo, Kichiro Kimura, and Hiroshi Tanaka. "Wind Tunnel Tests." In Wind Resistant Design of Bridges in Japan, 89–118. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54046-5_6.

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Schatzmann, Michael, Stylianos Rafailidis, and Nijs Jan Duijm. "Wind Tunnel Experiments." In Urban Air Pollution — European Aspects, 261–76. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9080-8_14.

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Gao, Lei. "Wind Tunnel Test." In Encyclopedia of Ocean Engineering, 1–4. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6963-5_265-1.

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Gao, Lei. "Wind Tunnel Test." In Encyclopedia of Ocean Engineering, 2169–72. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6946-8_265.

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Bruno, Roberto, and Vincenzo Carbone. "A Natural Wind Tunnel." In Turbulence in the Solar Wind, 169–93. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43440-7_6.

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Matthews, R. K. "Hypersonic Wind Tunnel Testing." In Advances in Hypersonics, 72–108. Boston, MA: Birkhäuser Boston, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-0379-7_3.

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Fischer, Oliver. "Wind Tunnel Interference Effects." In Investigation of Correction Methods for Interference Effects in Open-Jet Wind Tunnels, 19–24. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-21379-4_3.

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Zasso, Alberto, Alessandro Fontanella, and Marco Belloli. "3D Wind Tunnel Experiments." In Handbook of Wind Energy Aerodynamics, 687–703. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31307-4_31.

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Boorsma, Koen. "Wind Tunnel Rotor Measurements." In Handbook of Wind Energy Aerodynamics, 659–85. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31307-4_30.

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Boorsma, Koen. "Wind Tunnel Rotor Measurements." In Handbook of Wind Energy Aerodynamics, 1–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05455-7_30-2.

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Conference papers on the topic "Wind tunnel"

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Scott, Robert C., Timothy Allen, Mark Castelluccio, Bradley Sexton, Scott Claggett, John R. Dykman, Christie Funk, David Coulson, and Robert E. Bartels. "Aeroservoelastic Wind-Tunnel Test of the SUGAR Truss Braced Wing Wind-Tunnel Model." In 56th AIAA/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2015-1172.

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Martin, Christopher A., Larry Jasmin, John S. Flanagan, Kari Appa, and Jayanth N. Kudva. "Smart wing wind tunnel model design." In Smart Structures and Materials '97, edited by Janet M. Sater. SPIE, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.274675.

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Scherer, Lewis B., Christopher A. Martin, Kari Appa, Jayanth N. Kudva, and Mark N. West. "Smart wing wind tunnel test results." In Smart Structures and Materials '97, edited by Janet M. Sater. SPIE, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.274694.

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Alves, Leonardo Boa Sorte, Marco Gabaldo, Luiz Severiano Dutra, and Jose Eduardo Mautone Barros. "Wind Tunnel Balance." In 26th SAE BRASIL Inernational Congress and Display. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2017-36-0237.

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Dekterev, Ar A., A. A. Dekterev, and D. A. Dekterev. "PIXEL WIND TUNNEL." In XXXVIII Сибирский теплофизический семинар, посвященный 65-летию Института теплофизики им. С.С.Кутателадзе СО РАН. Новосибирск: Сибирское отделение РАН, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53954/9785604859551_73.

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"Wind Tunnel Methods." In SP-240: Performance-Based Design of Concrete Building for Wind Loads. American Concrete Institute, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.14359/18294.

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Burdett, Timothy A., and Kenneth W. Van Treuren. "Scaling Small-Scale Wind Turbines for Wind Tunnel Testing." In ASME Turbo Expo 2012: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2012-68359.

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Wind tunnel testing of wind turbines can provide valuable insights into wind turbine performance and provides a simple process to test and improve existing designs. However, the scale of most wind turbines is significantly larger than most existing wind tunnels, thus, the scaling required for testing in a typical wind tunnel presents multiple challenges. When wind turbines are scaled, often only geometric similarity and tip speed ratio matching are employed. Scaling in this manner can result in impractical rotational velocities. For wind tunnel tests that involve Reynolds numbers less than approximately 500,000, Reynolds number matching is necessary. When including Reynolds number matching in the scaling process, keeping rotational velocities realistic becomes even more challenging and preventing impractical freestream velocities becomes difficult. Turbine models of 0.5, 0.4, and 0.3 m diameter, resulting in wind tunnel blockages up to 52.8%, were tested in order to demonstrate scaling using Reynolds number matching and to validate blockage corrections found in the literature. Reynolds numbers over the blades ranged from 20,000 to 150,000 and the tip speed ratio ranged from 3 to 4 at the maximum power point for each wind speed tested.
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Marks, Christopher R., Lauren Zientarski, Adam J. Culler, Benjamin Hagen, Brian M. Smyers, and James J. Joo. "Variable Camber Compliant Wing - Wind Tunnel Testing." In 23rd AIAA/AHS Adaptive Structures Conference. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2015-1051.

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Ozkan, Ender, Emanuele Mattiello, Francesco Dorigatti, Zachary Taylor, Erik Marble, Mark Istvan, Yildiray Yildizhan, and Onur Kantar. "Sazlidere Bridge Wind Tunnel Testing Assisted Design." In IABSE Symposium, Istanbul 2023: Long Span Bridges. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/istanbul.2023.0936.

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<p>In the context of the Northern Marmara Motorway Section 8 Project, a new cable-stayed bridge, the Sazlidere Bridge, is being designed and works have already started on site. To support this fast-paced project, RWDI is collaborating with the design team and providing wind engineering services. The activities employ wind tunnel experiments and are focused on two main aspects: aerodynamic stability of the bridge and the risk of wind-induced overturning of large lorries crossing the bridge. With respect to aerodynamic stability, limited tests on a sectional model of the bridge deck were performed in one of RWDI’s wind tunnels using a state-of-the-art sectional model test rig. Testing of a full bridge aeroelastic model with relevant topography was also conducted allowing for the simulation of atmospheric turbulence from any wind direction. This testing was used primarily to verify the aerodynamic stability of the structure for various wind directions and to measure the buffeting response of the bridge to turbulent winds. Further wind tunnel testing on a small-scale rigid transport lorry model was completed to measure the aerodynamic force and moment coefficients of the vehicle as a function of wind direction. These data were combined with a numerical model for the roll-over stability of high-sided vehicles to calculate critical wind speeds versus wind direction for lorries driving along the central span of the bridge.</p>
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Reinhardt, Steven K., Mark D. Hill, James R. Larus, Alvin R. Lebeck, James C. Lewis, and David A. Wood. "The Wisconsin Wind Tunnel." In the 1993 ACM SIGMETRICS conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/166955.166979.

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Reports on the topic "Wind tunnel"

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Slone, Scott, Marissa Torres, Alexander Stott, Ethan Thomas, and Robert Ibey. CRREL Environmental Wind Tunnel upgrades and the Snowstorm Library. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), January 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/48077.

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Environmental wind tunnels are ideal for basic research and applied physical modeling of atmospheric conditions and turbulent wind flow. The Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory's own Environmental Wind Tunnel (EWT)—an open-circuit suction wind tunnel—has been historically used for snowdrift modeling. Recently the EWT has gone through several upgrades, namely the three-axis chassis motors, variable frequency drive, and probe and data acquisition systems. The upgraded wind tunnel was used to simulate various snowstorm conditions to produce a library of images for training machine learning models. Various objects and backgrounds were tested in snowy test conditions and no-snow control conditions, producing a total of 1.4 million training images. This training library can lead to improved machine learning models for image-cleanup and noise-reduction purposes for Army operations in snowy environments.
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Miles, Richard B., and Garry L. Brown. Radiatively Driven Hypersonic Wind Tunnel. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada403037.

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Mayda, Edward A., C. P. van Dam, David D. Chao, and Dale E. Berg. Flatback airfoil wind tunnel experiment. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/933221.

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Alexander, Michael G. Subsonic Wind Tunnel Testing Handbook. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada240263.

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Grossir, Guillaume. On the design of quiet hypersonic wind tunnels. Von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35294/tm57.

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This document presents a thorough literature review on the development of hypersonic quiet tunnels. The concept of boundary layer transition in high-speed flows is presented first. Its consequences on the free-stream turbulence levels in ground facilities are reviewed next, demonstrating that running boundary layers along the nozzle walls must remain laminar for quiet operation. The design key points that enable laminar boundary layers and hypersonic operation with low free-stream noise levels are then identified and discussed. The few quiet facilities currently operating through the world are also presented, along with their design characteristics and performances. The expected characteristics and performances of a European quiet tunnel are also discussed, along with flow characterization methodologies and different measurement techniques. It is finally shown that the required expertise to establish the first European quiet hypersonic wind tunnel is mostly at hand.
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Maniet, Edward R., and Jr. Wind Tunnel Measurements of Windscreen Performance. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada409180.

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Willard, Richard S., and Stan K. Kranzler. Improved Wind Tunnel Data Reduction Procedure. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada345019.

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Heim, E. R. CFD Wing/Pylon/Finned Store Mutual Interference Wind Tunnel Experiment. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/adb152669.

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Arunajatesan, Srinivasan, and Katya Casper. Trisonic Wind Tunnel (TWT )Complex Cavity Geometry. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1177759.

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Torres, Marissa, Alexander Stott, Sandra LeGrand, and Marina Reilly-Collette. CRREL Environmental Wind Tunnel : characteristics and capabilities. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), May 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/32733.

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