Journal articles on the topic 'Wind power plants – Germany'
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1
Hennecke, David, and Carsten Croonenbroeck. "Spatial-Economic Potential Analysis of Wind Power Plants in Germany." Wind 1, no. 1 (November 22, 2021): 77–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wind1010005.
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Before a new wind farm can be built, politics and regional planning must approve of the respective area as a suitable site. For this purpose, large-scale potential computations were carried out to identify suitable areas. The calculation of wind power plant potential usually focuses on capturing the highest energy potential. In Germany, due to an energy production reimbursement factor defined in the Renewable Energy Sources Act (“Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetz”, EEG) in 2017, the influence of energy quantities on the power plant potential varies, economically and spatially. Therefore, in addition to the calculation of energy potentials, it was also necessary to perform a potential analysis in terms of economic efficiency. This allows, on the one hand, an economic review of the areas tendered by the regional planning and, on the other hand, a spatial-economic analysis that expands the parameters in the search for new areas. In this work, (a) potentials with regard to the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) were calculated by the example of the electricity market in Germany, which were then (b) spatially and statistically processed on the level of the federal states.
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Lehneis, Reinhold, David Manske, Björn Schinkel, and Daniela Thrän. "Spatiotemporal Modeling of the Electricity Production from Variable Renewable Energies in Germany." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 11, no. 2 (January 27, 2022): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11020090.
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In recent years, electricity production from wind turbines and photovoltaic systems has grown significantly in Germany. To determine the multiple impacts of rising variable renewable energies on an increasingly decentralized power supply, spatially and temporally resolved data on the power generation are necessary or, at least, very helpful. Because of extensive data protection regulations in Germany, especially for smaller operators of renewable power plants, such detailed data are not freely accessible. In order to fill this information gap, simulation models employing publicly available plant and weather data can be used. The numerical simulations are performed for the year 2016 and consider an ensemble of almost 1.64 million variable renewable power plants in Germany. The obtained time series achieve a high agreement with measured feed-in patterns over the investigated year. Such disaggregated power generation data are very advantageous to analyze the energy transition in Germany on a spatiotemporally resolved scale. In addition, this study also derives meaningful key figures for such an analysis and presents the generated results as detailed maps at county level. To the best of our knowledge, such highly resolved electricity data of variable renewables for the entire German region have never been shown before.
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Novak, David. "Critical Analysis of Pumped Storage Power Plants in Germany." Journal of Business Theory and Practice 8, no. 1 (March 14, 2020): p45. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/jbtp.v8n1p45.
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Purpose: Anyone who wants to generate substantial amounts of electricity using regenerative systems must store excess energy so that it can be used again for times when it is needed but not generated by the sun and wind. Pumped storage power plants are currently the only way to present this on a larger scale realistically.Design/methodology/approach: The aim was to find out what the current status quo for pumped storage power plants in Germany is. Only current German literature was evaluated. All relevant German political parties were interviewed and all generally refused to take a position. In a longer expert interview with one of the leading professors and experts in this special field, the deeply unsatisfactory situation and development was clearly confirmed.Findings: The findings achieved can only be described as devastating, since the responsible politicians/parties fundamentally avoid the discussion and the environmental associations and ultimately also the electricity suppliers do not build up the necessary political pressure, while the locally affected population legally defends itself by all means to prevent necessary and directly related changes in your own life.Research/practical implications: In the previous form, it does not go on, since no progress has been made. There must be concerted action by all governing parties, all environmental associations and the media to make it clear that many changes are pending in this area in the future. All future and necessary investments and changes must be legally clear and fundamentally secured in advance. Future research must always stand on three legs here: politically/legally, economically/ecologically and most intensively, sociologically about the population and their approval of the changes, which are sometimes serious.Originality/value: There are hardly any relevant publications about it so far, and it seems that all politically responsible people are trying, at least so far, to keep the topic silent.
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Villena-Ruiz, Raquel, Andrés Honrubia-Escribano, Francisco Jiménez-Buendía, Ángel Molina-García, and Emilio Gómez-Lázaro. "Requirements for Validation of Dynamic Wind Turbine Models: An International Grid Code Review." Electronics 9, no. 10 (October 17, 2020): 1707. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9101707.
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Wind power is positioned as one of the fastest-growing energy sources today, while also being a mature technology with a strong capacity for creating employment and guaranteeing environmental sustainability. However, the stochastic nature of wind may affect the integration of power plants into power systems and the availability of generation capacity. In this sense, as in the case of conventional power plants, wind power installations should be able to help maintain power system stability and reliability. To help achieve this objective, a significant number of countries have developed so-called grid interconnection agreements. These are designed to define the technical and behavioral requirements that wind power installations, as well as other power plants, must comply with when seeking connection to the national network. These documents also detail the tasks that should be conducted to certify such installations, so these can be commercially exploited. These certification processes allow countries to assess wind turbine and wind power plant simulation models. These models can then be used to estimate and simulate wind power performance under a variety of scenarios. Within this framework, and with a particular focus on the new Spanish grid code, the present paper addresses the validation process of dynamic wind turbine models followed in three countries—Spain, Germany and South Africa. In these three countries, and as a novel option, it has been proposed that these models form part of the commissioning and certification processes of wind power plants.
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Flachsbarth, Franziska, Marion Wingenbach, and Matthias Koch. "Addressing the Effect of Social Acceptance on the Distribution of Wind Energy Plants and the Transmission Grid in Germany." Energies 14, no. 16 (August 7, 2021): 4824. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14164824.
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Social acceptance is increasingly becoming a limiting factor in implementing the energy transition in Germany. From today’s perspective, the expansion of wind energy and future transmission grids is only somewhat a technical or economic challenge rather than a social one. Since political decisions on the energy system transformation are often derived from findings of energy system modeling, it seems necessary to increasingly integrate the effects of socio-ecological aspects, such as acceptance issues in energy models. In this paper, an approach is introduced to address effects of social acceptance in energy system models by comparing the influence of different distribution scenarios of wind energy in Germany on the expansion need for future transmission lines. The results show that a socio-ecologic distribution of onshore wind installations according to a balanced burden of the German society does not reduce the grid expansion need significantly compared to an economic siting. An actual reduction of planned transmission grids could just be achieved by a more decentral scenario, including decentral market design. The sensitivity of regionalization is an opportunity to consider local acceptance issues within energy system models and should move more into focus inside the procedure of the current grid development process in Germany.
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Bogdan, Ovidiu, and Dan Creţu. "Wind Load Design of Photovoltaic Power Plants by Comparison of Design Codes and Wind Tunnel Tests." Mathematical Modelling in Civil Engineering 15, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 13–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mmce-2019-0008.
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Abstract Wind load design of the ground-mounted photovoltaic (PV) power plants requires interpretation of the design code considering the particularities of these structures. The PV power plants consist on systems of several solar panels. Wind load pressure coefficient evaluation, by design code, for a single solar panel considered as a canopy roof, neglect the group effect and the air permeability of the system. On the other hand, the canopy roofs are structures with medium serviceability, but the PV power plants are structures with low serviceability. This paper discuss the difficulties of the wind load design for the PV power plants ground mounted in Romania and compares the Romanian, German, European and American wind design code specifications with the parameters provided by the wind tunnel test, for this type of structures. For Romanian wind load design an evolution of the 1990, 2004 and 2012 editions of the design codes specifications is also studied. Evaluation of the internal resultants for the structural elements of the PV panel, considering the pressure coefficients and the force coefficients, conducts to different results. Further code explanations and design specifications are required for wind design of the PV power plants.
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Schüch, Andrea, Jan Sprafke, and Michael Nelles. "Role of biogenic waste and residues as an important building block towards a successful energy transition and future bioeconomy – results of a site analysis." Detritus, no. 10 (March 5, 2020): 109–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2020.13919.
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Renewable energies – especially wind and solar – have grown remarkably in recent years, but bioenergy is still the most important renewable resource worldwide and in Germany. In contrast to the situation in many other countries, bioenergy in Germany is often based on energy crops. As a result of changing political frameworks, the German bioenergy industry has to use alternative substrates as biogenic waste and residues and to implement more efficient utilization pathways. Biogenic waste and residues can cover in Germany 7 to 9% of the current total primary energy consumption. In the federal state of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, more electricity is produced than consumed. This means that the federal state exports electricity to other German regions or abroad, assuming grid bottlenecks do not prevent this. The share of fluctuating wind and solar power is still increasing. Without stabilization by coal power plants, the electrical network could be destabilized by those sources. The presented case study of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania shows that there are opportunities to contribute to a stable network through the use of bioenergy. Besides the supply of electricity, thermal energy at different temperature levels, as well as fuels for transportation, are also provided by biomass. Around 22% of the annual energy consumption of the federal state could be covered by biogenic waste and residues (based on the technical fuel potential). The figure is currently 7.3%. This shows that there is room to extend bioenergy generation and the use of biogenic waste and residues in the bioeconomy without impacting food production.
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Eichhorn, Marcus, Mattes Scheftelowitz, Matthias Reichmuth, Christian Lorenz, Kyriakos Louca, Alexander Schiffler, Rita Keuneke, et al. "Spatial Distribution of Wind Turbines, Photovoltaic Field Systems, Bioenergy, and River Hydro Power Plants in Germany." Data 4, no. 1 (February 11, 2019): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/data4010029.
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The expansion of renewable energy technologies, accompanied by an increasingly decentralized supply structure, raises many research questions regarding the structure, dimension, and impacts of the electricity supply network. In this context, information on renewable energy plants, particularly their spatial distribution and key parameters—e.g., installed capacity, total size, and required space—are more and more important for public decision makers and different scientific domains, such as energy system analysis and impact assessment. The dataset described in this paper covers the spatial distribution, installed capacity, and commissioning year of wind turbines, photovoltaic field systems, and bio- and river hydro power plants in Germany. Collected from different online sources and authorities, the data have been thoroughly cross-checked, cleaned, and merged to generate validated and complete datasets. The paper concludes with notes on the practical use of the dataset in an environmental impact monitoring framework and other potential research or policy settings.
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Popova, Evgeniya Mikhailovna, and Tatyana Viktorovna Nikitina. "Direct German investments in the Russian economy: regional cross-section." Теоретическая и прикладная экономика, no. 1 (January 2022): 68–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8647.2022.1.37585.
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Economic relations between Russia and Germany are developing in the context of such global challenges as the aggravation of the international political situation, the introduction of anti-Russian sanctions, the economic recession against the background of the Covid-19 pandemic. The subject of this study is the regional peculiarities of the placement of German capital on the territory of Russia. The object of the study is 55 subjects of the Russian Federation, which are recipients of direct German investments. The authors focus on studying the dynamics, species and geographical structure of accumulated direct German investments in the context of individual subjects and federal districts. The article assesses the level of differentiation of direct German investments within individual federal districts, calculates sub-federal investment positions, identifies trends in investment cooperation between Russian and German enterprises carried out within the framework of special economic zones. It is established that the factors contributing to the placement of German capital in European Russia are the preferential localization of special economic zones in this part of the country, as well as the conclusion of special investment contracts on the basis of already functioning production facilities. According to the results of the study, the authors summarize that the current regional structure of German investments does not contribute to the achievement of such a task provided for by the Spatial Development Strategy of the Russian Federation as the reduction of interregional socio-economic imbalances. The scientific novelty of this study is to develop recommendations for expanding investment cooperation between Russia and Germany in the Far East, special attention is paid to the role of state institutions. The authors substantiate that the implementation of investment projects for the production of wind power units and assemblies, solar panels, as well as the construction of wind and solar power plants in the Far East should be considered as a promising area of cooperation between Russia and Germany.
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Shao, Hai Jian, and Hai Kun Wei. "Short-Term Wind Power Forecasting in Wind Power Plants of North China Based on Support Vector Regression Analysis." Applied Mechanics and Materials 705 (December 2014): 284–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.705.284.
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This paper investigates the short-term wind power forecasting and demonstrates accurate modeling, which utilizes two representative heuristic algorithms (i.e. wavelet neural network (WNN) and Multilayer Perceptron (MLP)), and statistical machine learning techniques (i.e. Support Vector Regression (SVR)). The proposed method generates the performances of different approaches for random time series, characterized with high accuracy and high generalization capability. The employed data is obtained through Sampling equipment in Real Wind Power Plants (Power generation equipment is Dongfang Steam Turbine Co., Ltd. weak wind turbine type--FD77 with German REpower company technology). The main innovation of this paper comes from: (a) problem may encounter in the real application is in consideration such as corrupt, missing value and noisy data. (b) Data lag estimation are provided to investigate the data distribution and obtain the best input variables, respectively. (c) Comparison between MLP neural networks, WNN and SVR with optimized kernel parameters based on Grid-search method are provided to demonstrate the best forecasting approaches. The purpose of this paper is to provide a method with reference value for short-term wind power forecasting.
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Manske, David, Lukas Grosch, Julius Schmiedt, Nora Mittelstädt, and Daniela Thrän. "Geo-Locations and System Data of Renewable Energy Installations in Germany." Data 7, no. 9 (September 10, 2022): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/data7090128.
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Information on geo-locations of renewable energy installations is very useful to investigate spatial, social or environmental questions on their impact at local and national level. However, existing data sets do not provide a sufficiently accurate representation of these installations in Germany over space and time. This work provides a valid approach on how a data set of wind power plants, photovoltaic field systems, bioenergy plants and hydropower plants can be created for Germany based on a data extract from the Core Energy Market Data Register (CEMDR) and publicly available data. Established methods were used (e.g., random forest, image recognition), but new techniques were also developed to fill data gaps or locate misplaced renewable energy installations. In this way, a substantial part of the CEMDR data could be corrected and processed in such a way that it can be freely used in a GIS software by any scientific and non-scientific discipline.
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Saleh Afandiyev, Saleh Afandiyev, Mustafa Hamidov Mustafa Hamidov, and İsmailov Rauf İsmailov Rauf. "DEVELOPMENT OF PRİORİTİES AND PROSPECTS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES IN AZERBAIJAN." PAHTEI-Procedings of Azerbaijan High Technical Educational Institutions 12, no. 01 (January 22, 2022): 72–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/pahtei1201202272.
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The Republic of Azerbaijan is among the countries with a fairly high potential for renewable energy sources (RES). According to preliminary estimates, the total potential of the country's economically viable and technically usable BEMs is 26,940 MW, including 3,000 MW for wind energy, 23,040 MW for solar energy, 380 MW for bioenergy and 520 MW for mountain rivers[1]. At present, the country is using this potential to some extent. Over the past seven years, the production of energy from BEMs in Azerbaijan has increased many times. According to the Ministry of Energy, wind and solar power plants generated 408 million kWh of electricity in Azerbaijan in 2013-2019. Thus, in 2013, these stations produced only 1.6 million kWh of electricity. In 2019 this figure was 149 million. kWh, which is an increase of 93 times in the last 7 years. At present, Azerbaijan's total power generation capacity is 7,516 MW, and the capacity of renewable energy power plants, including large hydropower plants, is 1,278 MW, which is 17% of the total capacity, including 1,135 MW of hydropower capacity (22 HPP, 12 small hydroelectric power plants), wind power capacity 66 MW (5 plants, 1 hybrid), bioenergy capacity 38 MW (2 plants, 1 hybrid), solar power capacity 40 MW (9 plants, 1 hybrid). One hybrid power plant (Gobustan) is equipped with wind - 2.7 MW, solar - 3 MW and bioenergy - 1 MW. There are 2 solar power plants with a total capacity of 27 MW in the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic. The installed capacity of renewable energy sources, excluding large hydropower plants, in 2020 was 168.3 MW, which is 2.2% of the total electricity generation capacity. In 2020, the country's electricity production amounted to 25.8 billion kWh. During this period, electricity production was 24.3 billion kWh at thermal power plants and 1,069.5 million kWh at hydro power plants and 343.55 mln. kWh at other sources (WPP, SPP and Waste-to-Power). During the year, 96.1 mln. kWh of power generated at WPPs, 46.9 million kWh in solar power plants, 200.6 million kWh at the Solid Waste Incineration Plant. Electricity generated by RES accounted for about 6% of total production. In 2014, a Memorandum of Understanding was signed with the State Agency and the Ministry of Energy of the Islamic Republic of Iran, as well as in 2015 between the State Administration of Energy of the People's Republic of China. The main goal is to increase the country's renewable energy investment capacity to 30% by 2030 [3]. Within the framework of pilot projects on RES (wind and solar), the project "Strengthening the network to support renewable energy projects in Azerbaijan" was implemented with the involvement of an international consulting company in connection with the connection of power plants to the power grid and the integration of BEMs into the power grid. According to a report prepared by VPC, in order to achieve the 30% target, new renewable power plants with an installed capacity of 1,500 MW must be installed, which will increase the total capacity to 440 MW in 2020-2022 and 460 MW in 2023-2025. MW, 600 MW in 2026-2030, it was considered expedient to integrate into the network in 3 periods. At the same time, along with public investment, measures are being taken to launch new production facilities at the expense of private and foreign investment.. On January 9, 2021, the Ministry of Energy of Azerbaijan and ACWA Power of Saudi Arabia and Masdar of the United Arab Emirates signed executive agreements on the implementation of pilot projects on renewable energy. According to the agreements, pilot projects will be implemented in Azerbaijan with ACWA Power for the construction of 240 MW wind farms, and with Masdar for the construction of 200 MW solar power plants. In total, about 1.4 billion kWh/year of electricity is forecasted to be produced by wind and solar energy projects. These companies will invest about $ 400 million in pilot projects in the field of renewable energy in Azerbaijan. The projects will take about 2 years to implement and will be implemented in stages. The commissioning of these production facilities will save 300 million cubic meters of gas per year, which is equal to 10% of gas consumption in Azerbaijan. The development of alternative energy sources will also increase the country's export potential due to the saved gas. Azerbaijan cooperates with the following international organizations on the application of BEMs: Azerbaijan State Agency for Alternative Renewable Energy Sources, European Economic Commission of the UN, UNDP, European Union, World Bank, Asian Development Bank, German KFW Bank, France's International Development Agency, US Development Agency, Economic Cooperation Organization, Black Sea Economic Cooperation Organization, Japan International Cooperation Agency, Korea International Cooperation Agency, European Interstate Oil and Gas Transport Program, etc. as well as Germany, Turkey, France, Iran, Lithuania, UAE, Sweden and others. Keyswords: renewable energy sources (RES), wind power plant (WPP), solar power plant (SPP), bioenergy station, hybrid station, integration.
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Nepomnyashchiy, V. A. "Impact of wind and solar power plants on the reliability of the IPS." Safety and Reliability of Power Industry 13, no. 4 (February 18, 2021): 257–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.24223/1999-5555-2020-13-4-257-266.
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One of the most promising areas in the development of the electric power industry is generally regarded to lie in expanding the share of renewable energy sources (RES) in the electric energy balance of power systems in the form of wind and solar power plants (WPP and SPP), the saving of organic fuel (coal, gas, fuel oil) and the reduction of environmentally harmful emissions into the atmosphere considered to be their most important advantages. However, the impact of RES on the controllability of the modes of operation of electric power systems and on the reliability of the IPS operation remains quite unexplored.Currently, the global energy industry uses 318 million kW of WPP and about 142.4 million kW of SPP, of which the major West European countries account for about 227 million kW, or 49.3%. On average, wind and solar power plants account for almost 30% of the total generating capacity in Western Europe, with Denmark having the largest share of WPP (47%) and Germany having the highest share of SPP (18.6%). However, an uncontrolled growth in the share of WPP and SPP in the structure of generating capacities of power systems begins to manifest itself in a sharp decline in the reliability of the power industry due to the fact that a number of negative properties of WPP and SPP have not been taken into account (at least, to a sufficient extent), which manifested themselves in practice in a system accident in the UK power system that occurred on August 09, 2019, when, as a result of an "ordinary" short circuit, a system accident occurred, with up to 1.1 million consumers with a total load of 1690 MW disconnected from the power supply system for a period of 15 to 45 minutes. This is estimated to have resulted in economic losses for consumers amounting to 12.3–15.0 million USD.The reason for this is that the high sensitivity of WPP, SPP, CCGT and gas piston units to voltage and frequency drops is not properly considered in conditions of insufficient capacity of the rotating (mobile) generation reserve. Damage can be prevented by increasing the rotating reserve within the available reserve of the power system, which will require an increase in funds for maintaining the same due to additional fuel consumption. The ratio of reduction of probable damage to consumers and the cost of additional fuel consumption for maintenance of a required rotating reserve in the power system allows to economically substantiate the strategy and scale of introduction of renewable energy sources to the power industry.
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Böhm, Ralf, Ralph M. Schaidhauf, Robert Spanheimer, Diana Maria Erdmann, and Jörg Franke. "Flexibilization of Biogas Plants through Intelligent Automation Generates Earning Opportunities." Advanced Engineering Forum 19 (October 2016): 74–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.19.74.
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Due to guaranteed feed-in tariffs under the Renewable Energy Act and the feed-in precedence of renewable power generation plants the operation of biogas plants in Germany is currently plannable and economically advantageous. However, it is foreseeable that without this subvention biogas plants cannot compete with other regenerative plants such as photovoltaic and wind power plants on the open electricity market. Accordingly, it is of great importance for biogas plant operators to identify and occupy suitable niches to make full use of the unique features of their plants. Because of their predictable availability, those plants can particularly benefit of earning opportunities in times of high demand and contribute to grid stabilization. In order to keep the effort for plant operators as low as possible the automation of existing biogas plants can be extended and enabled to communicate with market platforms or control centers of the distribution system operator. Thus biogas plants can contribute to balancing group compensation not only for accounting purposes but factual by appropriate feed-in into the electrical network in consideration of actual demand.
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Tregubova, E. A., and A. I. Tregubov. "Intensity of using the non-traditional renewable energy sources capacity in the electric power industry: analysis of foreign and Russian experience." E-Management 5, no. 3 (September 26, 2022): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.26425/2658-3445-2022-5-3-15-25.
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The competitiveness and cost indicators of power plants operating on non-traditional renewable energy sources (NTRES) are significantly affected by the intensity of power operation. This determined the relevance of this study. The purpose of the study is a comparative analysis of indicators characterizing the using intensity of power plants on NRES in the electric power industry of developed countries (USA, Germany, France and the United Kingdom) and in the Russian Federation. The objectives of the study include the substantiation and evaluation of indicators characterizing the intensity of operation of power plants using renewable energy sources in the Russian Federation and abroad. The study is based on the scientific works of the Russian scientists, materials of foreign reviews and is carried out using the analytical methods and economic analysis. The authors note that abroad these power plants are located in areas with favorable natural and climatic conditions, and then they are distinguished by the highest rates of operation of renewable energy generators (solar power plants in the USA, offshore wind power plants in the United Kingdom). NRES-based power plants in the Russian Federation are characterized by lower rates of capacity exploitation compared to similar power plants in developed countries. One of the reasons for this is the massive localization of renewable energy generation in the United Energy System of the South, accompanied by problems of integrating these energy sources into the energy system. In order to increase the intensity of operation of NRES power plants in the Russian Federation, it is necessary to plan their construction, taking into account the existing scale of NRES power in regional energy systems and the possibility of transmitting the generated electricity to consumers.
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Marchese, Marco, Paolo Marocco, Andrea Lanzini, and Massimo Santarelli. "Economic appraisal of Power-to-Liquid Fischer-Tropsch plants exploiting renewable electricity, green hydrogen, and CO2 from biogas in Europe." E3S Web of Conferences 334 (2022): 02002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202233402002.
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The present work analyses the techno-economic potential of Power-to-Liquid routes to synthesize Fischer-Tropsch paraffin waxes for the chemical sector. The Fischer-Tropsch production unit is supplied with hydrogen produced by electrolysis and CO2 from biogas upgrading. In the analysis, 17 preferential locations were identified in Germany and Italy, where a flow of 1 t/h of carbon dioxide was ensured. For each location, the available flow of CO2 and the capacity factors for both wind and solar PV were estimated. A metaheuristic-based approach was used to identify the cost-optimal process design of the proposed system. Accordingly, the sizes of the hydrogen storage, electrolyzer, PV field, and wind park were evaluated. The analysis studied the possibility of having different percentage of electricity coming from the electric grid, going from full-grid to full-RES configurations. Results show that the lowest cost of Fischer-Tropsch wax production is 6.00 €/kg at full-grid operation and 25.1 €/kg for the full-RES solution. Wind availability has a key role in lowering the wax cost.
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Metzger, Michael, Mathias Duckheim, Marco Franken, Hans Joerg Heger, Matthias Huber, Markus Knittel, Till Kolster, et al. "Pathways toward a Decarbonized Future—Impact on Security of Supply and System Stability in a Sustainable German Energy System." Energies 14, no. 3 (January 22, 2021): 560. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14030560.
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Pathways leading to a carbon neutral future for the German energy system have to deal with the expected phase-out of coal-fired power generation, in addition to the shutdown of nuclear power plants and the rapid ramp-up of photovoltaics and wind power generation. An analysis of the expected impact on electricity market, security of supply, and system stability must consider the European context because of the strong coupling—both from an economic and a system operation point of view—through the cross-border power exchange of Germany with its neighbors. This analysis, complemented by options to improve the existing development plans, is the purpose of this paper. We propose a multilevel energy system modeling, including electricity market, network congestion management, and system stability, to identify challenges for the years 2023 and 2035. Out of the results, we would like to highlight the positive role of innovative combined heat and power (CHP) solutions securing power and heat supply, the importance of a network congestion management utilizing flexibility from sector coupling, and the essential network extension plans. Network congestion and reduced security margins will become the new normal. We conclude that future energy systems require expanded flexibilities in combination with forward planning of operation.
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Gil-García, Isabel C., Ana Fernández-Guillamón, M. Socorro García-Cascales, and Angel Molina-García. "A Multi-Factorial Review of Repowering Wind Generation Strategies." Energies 14, no. 19 (October 2, 2021): 6280. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14196280.
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The integration of renewables into power systems is a key transformation for mitigating climate change and reducing fossil-fuel dependence. Among the different resources, wind participation has become crucial in recent decades—both onshore and offshore wind power plants. However, assuming the useful life of the wind turbines at approximately 20 years, different solutions should be discussed to overcome the turbine’s aging problem. In the coming years, some countries within the wind sector will face the decision of partially or totally repowering or dismantling their turbines. This paper reviews different repowering strategies and contributions from a multifactorial perspective. A set of categories is defined by the authors and those multifactorial parameters are then classified according to such categories: technical, economic, environmental, social, and political. From each category, the most relevant factors to be considered for repowering decision-making purposes are identified and discussed. According to the specific literature, more than 90% of the reviewed contributions are focused on onshore wind power plant repowering actions. This percentage is in line with onshore and offshore wind generation units installed in recent decades. The reviewed studies show that Germany has a major number of contributions. Regarding offshore repowering strategies, all contributions propose a multifactorial analysis, in contrast to onshore repowering strategies where only 68% of the authors carry out a multifactorial analysis. The revised repowering methodologies and the categorization of factors can also be used by the repowering market, as a useful tool in the near future.
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Babaremu, Kunle, Nmesoma Olumba, Ikenna Chris-Okoro, Konyegwachie Chuckwuma, Tien-Chien Jen, Oluseyi Oladijo, and Esther Akinlabi. "Overview of Solar–Wind Hybrid Products: Prominent Challenges and Possible Solutions." Energies 15, no. 16 (August 19, 2022): 6014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15166014.
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Solar and wind power systems have been prime solutions to the challenges centered on reliable power supply, sustainability, and energy costs for several years. However, there are still various challenges in these renewable industries, especially regarding limited peak periods. Solar–wind hybrid technology introduced to mitigate these setbacks has significant drawbacks and suffers from low adoption rates in many geographies. Hence, it is essential to investigate the challenges faced with these technologies and analyze the viable solutions proposed. This work examined solar–wind hybrid plants’ economic and technical opportunities and challenges. In the present work, the pressing challenges solar–wind hybrids face were detailed through extensive case studies, the case study of enabling policies in India, and overproduction in Germany. Presently, the principal challenges of solar–wind hybrids are overproduction, enabling policies, and electricity storage. This review highlights specific, viable, proposed solutions to these problems. As already recorded in the literature, it was discovered that academic research in this space focuses majorly on the techno-economic and seemingly theoretical aspects of these hybrid systems. In contrast, reports and publications from original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) and engineering, procurement, and construction engineers (EPCs) are more rounded, featuring real-life application and implementation.
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Weiß, Andreas P., Dominik Stümpfl, Philipp Streit, Patrick Shoemaker, and Thomas Hildebrandt. "Numerical and Experimental Investigation of a Velocity Compounded Radial Re-Entry Turbine for Small-Scale Waste Heat Recovery." Energies 15, no. 1 (December 30, 2021): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15010245.
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The energy industry must change dramatically in order to reduce CO2-emissions and to slow down climate change. Germany, for example, decided to shut down all large nuclear (2022) and fossil thermal power plants by 2038. Power generation will then rely on fluctuating renewables such as wind power and solar. However, thermal power plants will still play a role with respect to waste incineration, biomass, exploitation of geothermal wells, concentrated solar power (CSP), power-to-heat-to-power plants (P2H2P), and of course waste heat recovery (WHR). While the multistage axial turbine has prevailed for the last hundred years in power plants of the several hundred MW class, this architecture is certainly not the appropriate solution for small-scale waste heat recovery below 1 MW or even below 100 kW. Simpler, cost-effective turbo generators are required. Therefore, the authors examine uncommon turbine architectures that are known per se but were abandoned when power plants grew due to their poor efficiency compared to the multistage axial machines. One of these concepts is the so-called Elektra turbine, a velocity compounded radial re-entry turbine. The paper describes the concept of the Elektra turbine in comparison to other turbine concepts, especially other velocity compounded turbines, such as the Curtis type. In the second part, the 1D design and 3D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) optimization of the 5 kW air turbine demonstrator is explained. Finally, experimentally determined efficiency characteristics of various early versions of the Elektra are presented, compared, and critically discussed regarding the originally defined design approach. The unsteady CFD calculation of the final Elektra version promised 49.4% total-to-static isentropic efficiency, whereas the experiments confirmed 44.5%.
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Beirle, Steffen, Christian Borger, Steffen Dörner, Ang Li, Zhaokun Hu, Fei Liu, Yang Wang, and Thomas Wagner. "Pinpointing nitrogen oxide emissions from space." Science Advances 5, no. 11 (November 2019): eaax9800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aax9800.
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Satellite observations of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) provide valuable information on the location and strength of NOx emissions, but spatial resolution is limited by horizontal transport and smearing of temporal averages due to changing wind fields. In this study, we map NOx emissions on high spatial resolution from TROPOMI observations of NO2 combined with wind fields based on the continuity equation. The divergence of horizontal fluxes proves to be highly sensitive for point sources like exhaust stacks. Thus, NOx emissions from individual power plants can be resolved and quantified even on top of considerably high urban pollution from the Saudi Arabian capital city Riyadh. This allows us to catalog NOx emissions from large point sources globally, as demonstrated for South Africa and Germany, with a detection limit of about 0.11 kg/s down to 0.03 kg/s for ideal conditions.
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Muisyo, Irene Ndunge, Christopher Maina Muriithi, and Stanley Irungu Kamau. "STATCOM Controller Tuning to Enhance LVRT Capability of Grid-Connected Wind Power Generating Plants." Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 2022 (June 25, 2022): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2873053.
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This paper investigates the utilization of a STATCOM to enhance the LVRT capability of wind power plants (WPPs) during grid faults. The STATCOM under investigation is tuned using the Water Cycle Algorithm (WCA), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), and a hybrid algorithm of both WCA and PSO. Simulations are conducted in MATLAB programming software, using the SimScape power system toolbox, where two test systems are investigated: a 9 MW WPP and the IEEE 39 bus test system. Performance analysis is done by investigating the ability of the WPPs to ride through grid voltage sags, with the incorporation of the STATCOM, independently tuned using WCA, PSO, and further with the hybrid WCA-PSO algorithm. To confirm the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, simulation results for the three scenarios are compared. Results show that the LVRT capability of the German power system was met for L-G faults, for the 9 MW test system, whereas during LLL-G faults, the WPP only remained online for WCA and WCA-PSO tuned STATCOM. For the IEEE 39 bus system, the WPPs were able to ride through the LLL-G fault. In all scenarios, the WCA-PSO tuned STATCOM resulted in the least voltage, active, and reactive power overshoots.
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Jovančić, Predrag, Dragan Ignjatović, and Stevan Đenadić. "Uporedni prikaz proizvodnje električne energije iz uglja zemalja Evrope sa najvećim udelom: politika i projekcija proizvodnje." Energija, ekonomija, ekologija XXIV, no. 3 (2022): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/eee22-3.63j.
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The energy development of European countries has been based on coal for decades. The installed capacity of all coal energy capacities based on coal is over 2000 GW. Coal is still essential for electricity generation in Europe. Despite the great potential of coal, the trend is to reduce the production of electricity from coal by 2050. Given the Green Agenda and EU policy, European countries are turning to those renewable energy resources. Serbia has potentials primarily in wind, solar and biomass energy, ie hydro potential and imported gas. Serbia's coal (lignite) reserves are over 3 billion tons and enable longterm exploitation and reliable supply of thermal power plants. Germany and Poland also have very large coal reserves, but also a long-term plan to close the mine, namely Germany by 2038, and Poland by 2049.Based on all these parameters, this paper is a review paper that can make a small contribution to the creation of future energy policy of Serbia.
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Magnusson, Dick, and Jenny Palm. "Come Together—The Development of Swedish Energy Communities." Sustainability 11, no. 4 (February 18, 2019): 1056. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11041056.
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Community energy (CE) and grassroots innovations have been widely studied in recent years, especially in the UK, Germany, and the Netherlands, but very little focus has been placed on Sweden. This paper describes and analyses the development and present state of several types of community energy initiatives in Sweden. The methodology uses interviews, document studies, analysis of previous studies, and website analysis. The results show that fewer initiatives have been taken in Sweden than in other countries, but that even with a rather ‘hostile’ institutional setting CE has emerged as a phenomenon. Wind cooperatives are the most common form of initiative, with solar photovoltaics cooperatives and eco-villages also prominent. The various types of initiatives differ considerably, from well-organized wind cooperatives that have grown into professional organizations to small-scale hydroelectric power plants owned by a rural community. The initiatives may have modest impact on the energy transition in quantitative terms, but they are crucial in knowledge sharing and as inspirations for future initiatives.
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Langston, Lee S. "Wild Blue Yonder." Mechanical Engineering 128, no. 05 (May 1, 2006): 36–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2006-may-3.
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This paper focuses on research and innovation in the gas turbine industry. The production of nonaviation gas turbines was $3.6 billion in 1990, only 15% of total production. With improvement in thermal efficiency, increases in unit size, and the building of record breaking combined-cycle electric power plants fueled by cheap natural gas, nonaviation production zoomed to a euphoric high of $25.8 billion in 2001. The US Department of Energy announced last year the award of $130 million for 10 new projects to integrate hydrogen-burning gas turbines and turbine subsystems into integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) central power stations. Nuclear generation is also a zero-emissions technology, and Pebble Bed Modular Reactor Ltd, a South African company, is developing a gas turbine-nuclear reactor electric power plant, with participating companies that include Westinghouse, MHI of Japan, Nukem of Germany, and South Africa's Eskom.
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Thiesen, Henning. "Power System Inertia Dispatch Modelling in Future German Power Systems: A System Cost Evaluation." Applied Sciences 12, no. 16 (August 21, 2022): 8364. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12168364.
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Increasing the share of grid frequency converter-connected renewables reduces power system inertia, which is crucial for grid frequency stability. However, this development is insufficiently covered by energy system modelling and analysis as well as related scientific literature. Additionally, only synchronous inertia from fossil fuel-emitting power plants is represented, although renewable generators are a source of synthetic inertia, thus resulting in increased must-run capacities, CO2 emissions and system costs. The work at hands adds an analysis of the future German power system considering sufficient inertia to the literature. Therefore, results of an novel open-source energy system model are analysed. The model depicts minimum system inertia constraints as well as wind turbines and battery storage systems as a carbon-dioxide-free source for a synthetic inertial response. Results indicate that integrating system inertia constraints in energy system models has a high impact on indicators such as system costs. Especially when investments in additional storage units providing an inertial response are necessary. With respect to researched scenarios, system cost increases range from 1% up to 23%. The incremental costs for providing additional inertia varies between 0.002 EURO/kg·m2 and 0.61 EURO/kg·m2.
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Neumüller, Heinz Werner, G. Klaus, and W. Nick. "Status and Prospects of HTS Synchronous Machines." Advances in Science and Technology 47 (October 2006): 228–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.47.228.
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Up to now most of the efforts for developing HTS technology have been directed to devices for grid applications. However, HTS synchronous machines as motors and generators become more and more interesting within the world-wide development programs. Replacing the copper winding of the rotor by an HTS one and introducing an iron-less aircore stator winding the very compact HTS machine has less than half the weight and volume, higher efficiency and an excellent operational behavior when compared to the conventional devices. These features make HTS rotating machines very attractive for e.g. ship drives and industrial applications for the processing industry and power generation in power plants and wind parks. World-wide, HTS machines have already demonstrated their advantages and technical feasibility. The prototypes are ranging from the 5 MW low-speed high-torque propulsion motor to the high-speed 3600 rpm 4 MVA HTS generator. Feasibility studies clearly show the financial benefits when introducing high-efficient HTS wire based rotors into a large scale power generator systems. At present, most of the industry driven activities take place in the United States, Germany, Japan and Korea and are mainly directed towards applications aboard ships. Further potential applications as well as the technical and economic benefits will be discussed.
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Bosch, Stephan, Joachim Rathmann, and Lucas Schwarz. "The Energy Transition between profitability, participation and acceptance – considering the interests of project developers, residents, and environmentalists." Advances in Geosciences 49 (August 15, 2019): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-49-19-2019.
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Abstract. The number of actors in the German Energy Transition as well as the planning complexity increases and new spatial implications emerge in contrast to the conventional energy system. In planning processes for Renewable Energy Technologies mostly economic approaches are chosen, but simultaneously the number of social conflicts related to wind power plants or solar energy plants is on an all-time high. The aim of the study is therefore to identify the essential parameters of a sustainable expansion of renewable energies from the diversity of potential influencing factors and to illustrate them using a regional case study and GIS. The analyses reveal the great regional assertiveness of photovoltaics, whereby wind energy can assert itself due to social parameters also at some locations. Beyond this, it is to be stated that renewable energies find themselves in intense economic and social competition for space, although the most compatible spatial solutions have not always been able to prevail so far. Nevertheless, the presented approach offers a sophisticated method to minimize the social conflicts that arise in the context of the energy system transformation.
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Babic, Iva, and Zeljko Djurisic. "Impact of daily variation of solar radiation on photovoltaic plants economy at the open market: A case study "Bavaniste" (Serbia)." Thermal Science 19, no. 3 (2015): 837–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci141025009b.
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The main purpose of this paper is to propose a correlation index between average time diagram of Photovoltaic Power Plant production and a typical diagram of the price of electrical energy at the open market. The basic idea is to define correlation index, which is of key importance for assessing the economy of a Photovoltaic Power Plant under open market conditions. This index may be useful for investors during evaluation of economic parameters of a Photovoltaic Power Plant project which will one part of its lifetime operate at the open market. In this paper, a case study for the project Bavaniste - Serbia is been presented. The estimated value of correlation index shows that each of the produced MWh at prospective Photovoltaic Power Plant Bavaniste will realize a price at The Germain Electricity Market - EEX, which is on average 20.8% higher than the average annual price of an MWh. By taking example of the prospective Photovoltaic Power Plant located in Bavaniste in Serbia, the proposed methodology has been used to show that the average MWh of electrical energy produced by a Photovoltaic Power Plant at the open market, can be over 20% better valued compare to Wind Power Plant in the same region.
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Streich, Rita, Michael Becken, and Oliver Ritter. "Robust processing of noisy land-based controlled-source electromagnetic data." GEOPHYSICS 78, no. 5 (September 1, 2013): E237—E247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2013-0026.1.
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Whereas robust processing techniques are routinely used for estimating high-quality magnetotelluric (MT) transfer functions, such techniques are not commonly applied for controlled-source electromagnetic (CSEM) processing, although CSEM and MT data suffer from similar noise. We implemented a new CSEM processing scheme that combines CSEM-specific preprocessing with statistically robust least-squares stacking to extract interpretable ground responses from very noisy onshore CSEM data. We applied the robust processing to signals from a new CSEM transmitter that was equipped with three grounded electrodes and allowed us to generate signals at multiple source polarizations with relatively little field effort. For this transmitter setup, we formulated a bivariate relation between the source currents injected through any two of the three source electrodes and the recorded electromagnetic field components. The resulting weighted least-squares system of equations from which we determined ground responses allowed us to jointly process data from multiple polarizations. Using several polarizations resulted in more stable response estimates than can be obtained from standard configurations with two distinct source dipole orientations. Exploiting dependencies between the three basic response functions that we obtain allows consistency checking and demonstrates the stability of our robust processing scheme. From the basic responses, data at arbitrary source polarizations can be synthesized, which may be useful for optimizing target illumination. We tested the benefits of robust CSEM processing using examples of data recorded across the [Formula: see text] storage test site at Ketzin, Germany, in an area heavily affected by various sources of strong cultural noise, including impressed-current cathodic protection systems, wind power plants, and major power lines.
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Harte, Reinhard, Markus Tschersich, Rüdiger Höffer, and Tarek Mekhail. "DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A PROTOTYPE SOLAR UPDRAFT CHIMNEY IN ASWAN/EGYPT." Acta Polytechnica 57, no. 3 (June 30, 2017): 167–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/ap.2017.57.0167.
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This work is part of a joint project funded by the Science and Technology Development Fund (STDF) of the Arab republic of Egypt and the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) of the Federal Republic of Germany. Continuation of the use of fossil fuels in electricity production systems causes many problems such as: global warming, other environmental concerns, the depletion of fossil fuels reserves and continuing rise in the price of fuels. One of the most promising paths to solve the energy crisis is utilizing the renewable energy resources. In Egypt, high insolation and more than 90 percent available desert lands are two main factors that encourage the full development of solar power plants for thermal and electrical energy production. With an average temperature of about 40 °C for more than half of the year and average annual sunshine of about 3200 hours, which is close to the theoretical maximum annual sunshine hours, Aswan is one of the hottest and sunniest cities in the world. This climatic condition makes the city an ideal place for implementing solar energy harvesting projects from solar updraft tower. Therefore, a Solar Chimney Power Plant (SCPP) is being installed at Aswan City. The chimney height is 20.0 m, its diameter is 1.0m and the collector is a four-sided pyramid, which has a side length of 28.5 m. A mathematical model is used to predict its performance. The model shows that the plant can produce a maximum theoretical power of 2 kW. Moreover, a CFD code is used to analyse the temperature and velocity distribution inside the collector, turbine and chimney at different operating conditions. Static calculations, including dead weight and wind forces on the solar updraft chimney and its solar collector, have been performed for the prototype. Mechanical loading and ambient impact on highly used industrial structures such as chimneys and masts cause lifetime-related deteriorations. Structural degradations occur not only from rare extreme loading events, but often as a result of the ensemble of load effects during the life-time of the structure. A Structural Health Monitoring (SHM), framework for continuous monitoring, is implemented on the solar tower. For the ongoing case study, the types of impacts, the development of the strategic sensor positioning concept, examples of the initially obtained results and further prospects are discussed. Additional wind tunnel tests have been performed to investigate the flow situation underneath the solar collector and inside the transition section. The flow situation in and around the SCPP has been simulated by a combination of the wind tunnel flow and a second flow inside the solar tower. Different wind tunnel velocities and volume flow rates have been measured respectively. Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) measurements give some indication of the flow situation on the in- and outside of the solar tower and underneath the collector roof. Numerical simulations have been performed with the ANSYS Fluent to validate the experimental tests.
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Chelukhin, V., A. Vasiliev, and Pyae Zone Aung. "Experimental Study of Energy Conversion of Daily Temperature Difference." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2096, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2096/1/012133.
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Abstract Recently, more and more attention is paid to renewable energy. Recently, green energy or renewable energy is increasingly beginning to squeeze traditional energy based on the combustion of fossil fuels: coal, oil, and so on. Basically, the development of renewable energy sources comes from wind energy and solar energy. However, as recent situations in Germany, the United States and others have shown, wind energy has its drawbacks. This is, first of all, the instability of the power supply, as well as the difficulty of converting variable wind energy into direct alternating current for industrial use. Solar energy also has its drawbacks. This is the need for large areas, the need for just such sunny areas and the cleaning of solar panels from snow, dust and other precipitation. Today, there is a search for renewable energy sources in all directions, the most insignificant options are being considered, such as, for example, at the junction of fresh water, salt water, some kind of energy is released. The paper considers a method of obtaining energy using the temperature difference between day and night. At any point in the world, the temperature is always higher during the day, and always lower at night. This so-called temperature drop can be from 3 to 12.15 and more degrees, for example, in Urengoy in winter it can reach 60 degrees. It’s the same on the planets: on the moon, especially on Mars. There, the temperature difference between day and night is about 60-80 degrees, since Mars has no atmosphere.
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Fuchs, Clemens, Drees Meyer, and Axel Poehls. "Production and Economic Assessment of Synthetic Fuels in Agriculture—A Case Study from Northern Germany." Energies 15, no. 3 (February 4, 2022): 1156. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15031156.
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A climate-friendly and CO2-neutral energy supply for agricultural farms is the subject of investigation of this study. The supply concerns the internal economy (buildings and animal husbandry) as well as the production of synthetic fuels for outdoor work (cultivation of the fields). This energy is in demand with many customers, e.g., the dairy cooperative Arla Foods, whose goal is the production of cow’s milk with net-zero CO2 emissions by the year 2050. The operational energy system considered here included renewable electricity generation, covering electricity consumption in the cowshed, battery storage for times without electricity generation, the production of synthetic fuels and feeding into the public power grid. Fluctuations depending on the day and the season were taken into account for electricity at 15-min intervals and for fuel per calendar week for one year. The aim was to determine the necessary capacities of renewable energy (RE) generation systems and production systems for synthetic fuel, as well as an economic evaluation with the calculation of the energy costs per kWh and the break-evens for the capital expenses (CapEx). Two different scenarios were developed using the example of a survey dairy farm with an annual electricity consumption of approximately 80,000 kWh in the cowshed and an annual diesel consumption of 35,000 L, corresponding to 350,000 kWh for field work. To ensure the energy supply, Scenario 1 required a photovoltaic system (PV) on the roof with an output of 125 kWp, a 250 kW small wind turbine, a battery with a storage capacity of 2 kWh and synthetic fuel production with an output of 210 kW. Scenario 2 required a 200 kWp PV system on the roof and a 520 kWp PV system in the open fields, a battery with a 105 kWh storage capacity and a synthetic fuel production facility with an output of 385 kW to cover the farm’s energy needs. The results showed that a farm’s own electricity production is currently profitable; however, a farm’s production of synthetic fuel still has comparatively high costs and therefore is not yet profitable. Further technical advances, rising prices of fossil fuels and economies of scale, e.g., larger cooperatively-operated plants, could help new technology to make a breakthrough.
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Muzalyova, Anna, Jens O. Brunner, Claudia Traidl-Hoffmann, and Athanasios Damialis. "Forecasting Betula and Poaceae airborne pollen concentrations on a 3-hourly resolution in Augsburg, Germany: toward automatically generated, real-time predictions." Aerobiologia 37, no. 3 (March 16, 2021): 425–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10453-021-09699-3.
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AbstractAirborne allergenic pollen impact the health of a great part of the global population. Under climate change conditions, the abundance of airborne pollen has been rising dramatically and so is the effect on sensitized individuals. The first line of allergy management is allergen avoidance, which, to date, is by rule achieved via forecasting of daily pollen concentrations. The aim of this study was to elaborate on 3-hourly predictive models, one of the very few to the best of our knowledge, attempting to forecast pollen concentration based on near-real-time automatic pollen measurements. The study was conducted in Augsburg, Germany, during four years (2016–2019) focusing on Betula and Poaceae pollen, the most abundant and allergenic in temperate climates. ARIMA and dynamic regression models were employed, as well as machine learning techniques, viz. artificial neural networks and neural network autoregression models. Air temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, air pressure, sunshine duration, diffuse radiation, and wind speed were additionally considered for the development of the models. It was found that air temperature and precipitation were the most significant variables for the prediction of airborne pollen concentrations. At such fine temporal resolution, our forecasting models performed well showing their ability to explain most of the variability of pollen concentrations for both taxa. However, predictive power of Betula forecasting model was higher achieving R2 up to 0.62, whereas Poaceae up to 0.55. Neural autoregression was superior in forecasting Betula pollen concentrations, whereas, for Poaceae, seasonal ARIMA performed best. The good performance of seasonal ARIMA in describing variability of pollen concentrations of both examined taxa suggests an important role of plants’ phenology in observed pollen abundance. The present study provides novel insight on per-hour forecasts to be used in real-time mobile apps by pollen allergic patients. Despite the huge need for real-time, short-term predictions for everyday clinical practice, extreme weather events, like in the year 2019 in our case, still comprise an obstacle toward highly performing forecasts at such fine timescales, highlighting that there is still a way to go to this direction.
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Brunner, Dominik, Gerrit Kuhlmann, Julia Marshall, Valentin Clément, Oliver Fuhrer, Grégoire Broquet, Armin Löscher, and Yasjka Meijer. "Accounting for the vertical distribution of emissions in atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> simulations." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19, no. 7 (April 5, 2019): 4541–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-4541-2019.
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Abstract. Inverse modeling of anthropogenic and biospheric CO2 fluxes from ground-based and satellite observations critically depends on the accuracy of atmospheric transport simulations. Previous studies emphasized the impact of errors in simulated winds and vertical mixing in the planetary boundary layer, whereas the potential importance of releasing emissions not only at the surface but distributing them in the vertical was largely neglected. Accounting for elevated emissions may be critical, since more than 50 % of CO2 in Europe is emitted by large point sources such as power plants and industrial facilities. In this study, we conduct high-resolution atmospheric simulations of CO2 with the mesoscale Consortium for Small-scale Modeling model extended with a module for the simulation of greenhouse gases (COSMO-GHG) over a domain covering the city of Berlin and several coal-fired power plants in eastern Germany, Poland and Czech Republic. By including separate tracers for anthropogenic CO2 emitted only at the surface or according to realistic, source-dependent profiles, we find that releasing CO2 only at the surface overestimates near-surface CO2 concentrations in the afternoon on average by 14 % in summer and 43 % in winter over the selected model domain. Differences in column-averaged dry air mole XCO2 fractions are smaller, between 5 % in winter and 8 % in summer, suggesting smaller yet non-negligible sensitivities for inversion modeling studies assimilating satellite rather than surface observations. The results suggest that the traditional approach of emitting CO2 only at the surface is problematic and that a proper allocation of emissions in the vertical deserves as much attention as an accurate simulation of atmospheric transport.
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Kuhlmann, Gerrit, Ka Lok Chan, Sebastian Donner, Ying Zhu, Marc Schwaerzel, Steffen Dörner, Jia Chen, et al. "Mapping the spatial distribution of NO<sub>2</sub> with in situ and remote sensing instruments during the Munich NO<sub>2</sub> imaging campaign." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 15, no. 6 (March 21, 2022): 1609–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-1609-2022.
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Abstract. We present results from the Munich Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) Imaging Campaign (MuNIC), where NO2 near-surface concentrations (NSCs) and vertical column densities (VCDs) were measured with stationary, mobile, and airborne in situ and remote sensing instruments in Munich, Germany. The most intensive day of the campaign was 7 July 2016, when the NO2 VCD field was mapped with the Airborne Prism Experiment (APEX) imaging spectrometer. The spatial distribution of APEX VCDs was rather smooth, with a horizontal gradient between lower values upwind and higher values downwind of the city center. The NO2 map had no pronounced source signatures except for the plumes of two combined heat and power (CHP) plants. The APEX VCDs have a fair correlation with mobile multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) observations from two vehicles conducted on the same afternoon (r=0.55). In contrast to the VCDs, mobile NSC measurements revealed high spatial and temporal variability along the roads, with the highest values in congested areas and tunnels. The NOx emissions of the two CHP plants were estimated from the APEX observations using a mass-balance approach. The NOx emission estimates are consistent with CO2 emissions determined from two ground-based Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) instruments operated near one CHP plant. The estimates are higher than the reported emissions but are probably overestimated because the uncertainties are large, as conditions were unstable and convective with low and highly variable wind speeds. Under such conditions, the application of mass-balance approaches is problematic because they assume steady-state conditions. We conclude that airborne imaging spectrometers are well suited for mapping the spatial distribution of NO2 VCDs over large areas. The emission plumes of point sources can be detected in the APEX observations, but accurate flow fields are essential for estimating emissions with sufficient accuracy. The application of airborne imaging spectrometers for studying NSCs is less straightforward and requires us to account for the non-trivial relationship between VCDs and NSCs.
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Karimov, S. K. O. "Germany. Wind power." Trends in the development of science and education 59, no. 2 (March 31, 2020): 40–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/lj-03-2020-28.
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Trofymenko, Olena, Serhii Voitko, Tetiana Pavlenco, and Yurii Tashcheiev. "ECONOMIC STIMULATION OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT IN THE FIELD OF RENEWABLE ENERGY IN THE WORLD AND IN UKRAINE." Economic Analysis, no. 31(4) (2021): 89–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/econa2021.04.089.
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The article is devoted to the study of areas of economic incentives for entrepreneurship development in the field of renewable energy in the world and Ukraine. Indicators of energy security, economic measurement, and cost of electricity for business are systematized. A graphical interpretation of the cost of electricity in terms of the ratio of the index of economic dimension and energy security in selected countries – some neighbouring countries, partners of Ukraine, and countries with leading economies, which allowed to implement a methodological approach to identify key areas for effective energy development. The expediency of using the experience and adaptation of measures in the energy policy for the development of renewable energy in countries such as Canada, Germany, France, and Turkey are substantiated. It is determined that in these countries the directions of economic stimulation of entrepreneurship in the field of renewable energy are developed, which is reflected in the basic strategies of their energy development. The main mechanisms of financial incentives for renewable and alternative energy in EU member states are presented, in particular, mechanisms with the use of benefits with pricing tools, regulatory mechanisms with quotas, green certificates, tariff auctions. The current mechanisms for stimulating renewable energy in Ukraine are analysed and the dynamics of the levelized cost of electricity and the "green" tariff for electricity from solar and wind power plants from 2009 to 2019 are presented. The main problems in the field of renewable energy regulation in Ukraine are identified. Recommendations for improving the renewable energy market in Ukraine and accelerating the achievement of the Goal 7 of sustainable development in Ukraine are provided.
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Zapf, Martin, Tobias Blenk, Ann-Catrin Müller, Hermann Pengg, Ivana Mladenovic, and Christian Weindl. "Lifetime Assessment of PILC Cables with Regard to Thermal Aging Based on a Medium Voltage Distribution Network Benchmark and Representative Load Scenarios in the Course of the Expansion of Distributed Energy Resources." Energies 14, no. 2 (January 18, 2021): 494. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14020494.
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The decentralized feed-ins from distributed energy resources (DER) represent a significant change in the manner in which the power grid is used. If this leads to high loads on electrical equipment, its aging can be accelerated. This applies in particular with regard to the thermal aging of older generations of power cables, namely paper insulated lead covered (PILC) cables. This type of power cable can still be found frequently in medium voltage (MV) networks. If aging of these cables is significantly accelerated in the presence of DER, distribution system operators (DSO) could face unplanned premature cable failures and a high replacement demand and costs. Therefore, this paper investigates the thermal aging of PILC cables in a MV distribution network benchmark for different load scenarios, using standardized load profiles and representative expansion scenarios for wind power and photovoltaics plants in particularly affected network areas in Germany. A main objective of this paper is to present a methodology for estimating the thermal degradation of PILC cables. An approach is used to draw simplified conclusions from the loading of cables to their conductor or insulation temperature. For this purpose, mainly Joule losses are considered. In addition, thermal time constants are used for the heating and cooling processes. Based on the insulation temperature, thermal aging is determined using the Arrhenius law or the Montsinger rule. However, it is important to note that there is an urgent need for research on reference data in this area. For this reason, the results of the lifetime estimation presented in this paper should only be considered as an approximation if the selected reference data from the literature for the aging model are actually applicable. The lifetime assessment is performed for a highly utilized line segment of the network benchmark. Accordingly, extreme values are examined. Different operational control strategies of DSO to limit cable utilization are investigated. The results show that the expansion of DER can lead to a short but high cable utilization, although the average utilization does not increase or increases only slightly. This can lead to significantly lower cable lifetimes. The possible influence of these temporarily high loads is shown by comparing the resulting cable lifetime with previous situations without DER. It is also shown that DSO could already reduce excessive aging of PILC cables by preventing overloads in a few hours of a year. In addition to these specific results, general findings on the network load due to the influence of DER are obtained, which are of interest for congestion management.
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Streuling, Christoph, Johannes Pagenkopf, Moritz Schenker, and Kim Lakeit. "Techno-Economic Assessment of Battery Electric Trains and Recharging Infrastructure Alternatives Integrating Adjacent Renewable Energy Sources." Sustainability 13, no. 15 (July 23, 2021): 8234. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13158234.
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Battery electric multiple units (BEMU) are an effective path towards a decarbonized regional rail transport on partly electrified rail lines. As a means of sector coupling, the BEMU recharging energy demand provided through overhead line islands can be covered from decentralized renewable energy sources (RES). Thus, fully carbon-free electricity for rail transport purposes can be obtained. In this study, we analyze cost reduction potentials of efficient recharging infrastructure positioning and the feasibility of covering BEMU energy demand by direct-use of locally produced renewable electricity. Therefore, we set up a model-based approach which assesses relevant lifecycle costs (LCC) of different trackside electrification alternatives comparing energy supply from local RES and grid consumption. The model-based approach is applied to the example of a German regional rail line. In the case of an overhead line island, the direct-use of electricity from adjacent wind power plants with on-site battery storage results in relevant LCC of EUR 173.4 M/30a, while grid consumption results in EUR 176.2 M/30a whereas full electrification results in EUR 224.5 M/30a. Depending on site-specific factors such as existing electrification and line lengths, BEMU operation and partial overhead line extension can lead to significant cost reductions of recharging infrastructure as compared to full electrification.
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Santaren, Diego, Grégoire Broquet, François-Marie Bréon, Frédéric Chevallier, Denis Siméoni, Bo Zheng, and Philippe Ciais. "A local- to national-scale inverse modeling system to assess the potential of spaceborne CO<sub>2</sub> measurements for the monitoring of anthropogenic emissions." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 14, no. 1 (January 20, 2021): 403–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-403-2021.
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Abstract. This work presents a flux inversion system which assesses the potential of new satellite imagery measurements of atmospheric CO2 for monitoring anthropogenic emissions at scales ranging from local intense point sources to regional and national scales. Such imagery measurements will be provided by the future Copernicus Anthropogenic Carbon Dioxide Monitoring Mission (CO2M). While the modeling framework retains the complexity of previous studies focused on individual and large cities, this system encompasses a wide range of sources to extend the scope of the analysis. This atmospheric inversion system uses a zoomed configuration of the CHIMERE regional transport model which covers most of western Europe with a 2 km resolution grid over northern France, western Germany and Benelux. For each day of March and May 2016, over the 6 h before a given satellite overpass, the inversion separately controls the hourly budgets of anthropogenic emissions in this area from ∼ 300 cities, power plants and regions. The inversion also controls hourly regional budgets of the natural fluxes. This enables the analysis of results at the local to regional scales for a wide range of sources in terms of emission budget and spatial extent while accounting for the uncertainties associated with natural fluxes and the overlapping of plumes from different sources. The potential of satellite data for monitoring CO2 fluxes is quantified with posterior uncertainties or uncertainty reductions (URs) from prior inventory-based statistical knowledge. A first analysis focuses on the hourly to 6 h budgets of the emissions of the Paris urban area and on the sensitivity of the results to different characteristics of the images of vertically integrated CO2 (XCO2) corresponding to the spaceborne instrument: the pixel spatial resolution, the precision of the XCO2 retrievals per pixel and the swath width. This sensitivity analysis provides a correspondence between these parameters and thresholds on the targeted precisions of emission estimates. However, the results indicate a large sensitivity to the wind speed and to the prior flux uncertainties. The analysis is then extended to the large ensemble of point sources, cities and regions in the study domain, with a focus on the inversion system's ability to separately monitor neighboring sources whose atmospheric signatures overlap and are also mixed with those produced by natural fluxes. Results highlight the strong dependence of uncertainty reductions on the emission budgets, on the wind speed and on whether the focus is on point or area sources. With the system hypothesis that the atmospheric transport is perfectly known, the results indicate that the atmospheric signal overlap is not a critical issue. All of the tests are conducted considering clear-sky conditions, and the limitations from cloud cover are ignored. Furthermore, in these tests, the inversion system is perfectly informed about the statistical properties of the various sources of errors that are accounted for, and systematic errors in the XCO2 retrievals are ignored; thus, the scores of URs are assumed to be optimistic. For the emissions within the 6 h before a satellite overpass, URs of more than 50 % can only be achieved for power plants and cities whose annual emissions are more than ∼ 2 MtC yr−1. For regional budgets encompassing more diffuse emissions, this threshold increases up to ∼ 10 MtC yr−1. The results therefore suggest an imbalance in the monitoring capabilities of the satellite XCO2 spectro-imagery towards high and dense sources.
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DeMeo, E. A., W. Grant, M. R. Milligan, and M. J. Schuerger. "Wind plant integration [wind power plants." IEEE Power and Energy Magazine 3, no. 6 (November 2005): 38–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mpae.2005.1524619.
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Krings, T., K. Gerilowski, M. Buchwitz, M. Reuter, A. Tretner, J. Erzinger, D. Heinze, U. Pflüger, J. P. Burrows, and H. Bovensmann. "MAMAP – a new spectrometer system for column-averaged methane and carbon dioxide observations from aircraft: retrieval algorithm and first inversions for point source emission rates." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 4, no. 9 (September 6, 2011): 1735–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-4-1735-2011.
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Abstract. MAMAP is an airborne passive remote sensing instrument designed to measure the dry columns of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2). The MAMAP instrument comprises two optical grating spectrometers: the first observing in the short wave infrared band (SWIR) at 1590–1690 nm to measure CO2 and CH4 absorptions, and the second in the near infrared (NIR) at 757–768 nm to measure O2 absorptions for reference/normalisation purposes. MAMAP can be operated in both nadir and zenith geometry during the flight. Mounted on an aeroplane, MAMAP surveys areas on regional to local scales with a ground pixel resolution of approximately 29 m × 33 m for a typical aircraft altitude of 1250 m and a velocity of 200 km h−1. The retrieval precision of the measured column relative to background is typically &lesssim;1% (1σ). MAMAP measurements are valuable to close the gap between satellite data, having global coverage but with a rather coarse resolution, on the one hand, and highly accurate in situ measurements with sparse coverage on the other hand. In July 2007, test flights were performed over two coal-fired power plants operated by Vattenfall Europe Generation AG: Jänschwalde (27.4 Mt CO2 yr−1) and Schwarze Pumpe (11.9 Mt CO2 yr−1), about 100 km southeast of Berlin, Germany. By using two different inversion approaches, one based on an optimal estimation scheme to fit Gaussian plume models from multiple sources to the data, and another using a simple Gaussian integral method, the emission rates can be determined and compared with emissions reported by Vattenfall Europe. An extensive error analysis for the retrieval's dry column results (XCO2 and XCH4) and for the two inversion methods has been performed. Both methods – the Gaussian plume model fit and the Gaussian integral method – are capable of deriving estimates for strong point source emission rates that are within ±10% of the reported values, given appropriate flight patterns and detailed knowledge of wind conditions.
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Limonov, L., and J. Sokolovsky. "GEARLESS WIND POWER PLANTS." Energy saving. Power engineering. Energy audit., no. 1(149) (November 30, 2019): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2313-8890.2019.01.06.
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Quraeshi, S. "Solar/wind power plants." Solar & Wind Technology 4, no. 1 (January 1987): 51–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0741-983x(87)90007-5.
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Solovev, Bogdan, and Giorgi Gamisonia. "WIND POWER PREDICTION METHODS FOR SHELF WIND POWER PLANTS." Electrical and data processing facilities and systems 18, no. 3-4 (2022): 108–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17122/1999-5458-2022-18-3-4-108-120.
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Relevance Wind energy forecasting is an opportunity to evaluate the production possibilities of a wind farm in the short term. Production often refers to the available capacity of the wind farm in question. For example, to date, the installed wind power in Russia has reached 20 GW. Direct transmission operators use existing tools to forecast wind production up to 48 hours. Forecasting tools help optimize power system management. This article discusses the abundance of relevant forecasting methods in the field of wind energy, evaluates their effectiveness and value for the most effective control of wind energy. Particular attention is paid to the ongoing development of wind energy forecasting models to meet the specifics of shelf. Aim of research Conduct a comparative analysis of existing forecasting methods in the field of wind energy under general given conditions, choose the best method for a particular case. Research methods To solve the problem, the authors conducted a comparative analysis of the popular, currently existing methods for forecasting wind farms, comparing their applicability with the specification of the area of use. Results In the course of the study, modern wind energy forecasting tools were analyzed, a comparative analysis was carried out, and conclusions were drawn about the applicability of each of the methods. Keywords: wind energy, short-term forecasting, shelf, optimization, efficiency, model, tool, control, mathematical model, forecast error level
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Neffe, Jürgen. "Wind power: West Germany backs out." Nature 316, no. 6025 (July 1985): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/316180b0.
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Kuznetsov, P. N., V. V. Cheboxarov, and B. A. Yakimovich. "Hybrid Wind-Solar Power Plants." Bulletin of Kalashnikov ISTU 23, no. 1 (June 15, 2020): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.22213/2413-1172-2020-1-45-53.
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Приведен анализ известных подходов к созданию гибридных ветро-солнечных энергетических установок. На примерах показано, что размещение фотоэлектрических преобразователей на роторах ветрогенераторов, существующих конструкций является неэффективным решением по ряду факторов. Представлено описание конструкции гибридной ветро-солнечной установки, разработанной ООО «НТЦ «Солнечная энергетика», с вертикальным ротором Дарье и фотоэлектрическими преобразователями, расположенными на общей опорной конструкции, позволяющей получить положительный синергетический эффект от использования двух возобновляемых источников энергии. Приведены достоинства данного решения, одними из которых является повышение энергетической эффективности фотоэлектрических преобразователей за счет интенсификации теплоотвода от поверхности фотоэлементов ветровым потоком от ротора Дарье, эффективное использование площади и стабильность выдачи электроэнергии.Приведены преимущества использования гибридных установок, работающих от возобновляемых источников энергии, в частности ветро-солнечных установок. Описаны возможные пути снижения негативных последствий, вызванных нестабильным характером выработки электроэнергии такими установками.Описаны результаты проведенных работ, направленных на повышение энергетической эффективности ротора ветроустановки и фотоэлектрических преобразователей за счет установки оптимального угла лопастей и фотоэлектрических модулей. Результатами моделирования показано, что максимальное значение коэффициента использования ветра достигается при установке лопастей под углом 38°, а оптимальный угол установки фотоэлектрических модулей для г. Севастополя составляет 34°. Приведены оценочные расчеты энергетических параметров комбинированной ветро-солнечной установки.
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Föllings, F. J., and A. E. Pfeiffer. "Economics of wind power plants." Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 27, no. 1-3 (January 1988): 263–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-6105(88)90041-4.
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Wan, Yih-huei, Michael Milligan, and Brian Parsons. "Output Power Correlation Between Adjacent Wind Power Plants*." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 125, no. 4 (November 1, 2003): 551–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1626127.
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The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) started a project in 2000 to record long-term, high-frequency (1-Hz) wind power data from large commercial wind power plants in the Midwestern United States. Outputs from about 330 MW of installed wind generating capacity from wind power plants in Lake Benton, MN, and Storm Lake, Iowa, are being recorded. Analysis of the collected data shows that although very short-term wind power fluctuations are stochastic, the persistent nature of wind and the large number of turbines in a wind power plant tend to limit the magnitude of fluctuations and rate of change in wind power production. Analyses of power data confirms that spatial separation of turbines greatly reduces variations in their combined wind power output when compared to the output of a single wind power plant. Data show that high-frequency variations of wind power from two wind power plants 200 km apart are independent of each other, but low-frequency power changes can be highly correlated. This fact suggests that time-synchronized power data and meteorological data can aid in the development of statistical models for wind power forecasting.