Relevant bibliographies by topics / Wind power plants – Germany

Academic literature on the topic 'Wind power plants – Germany'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Wind power plants – Germany"

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Hennecke, David, and Carsten Croonenbroeck. "Spatial-Economic Potential Analysis of Wind Power Plants in Germany." Wind 1, no. 1 (November 22, 2021): 77–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wind1010005.

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Before a new wind farm can be built, politics and regional planning must approve of the respective area as a suitable site. For this purpose, large-scale potential computations were carried out to identify suitable areas. The calculation of wind power plant potential usually focuses on capturing the highest energy potential. In Germany, due to an energy production reimbursement factor defined in the Renewable Energy Sources Act (“Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetz”, EEG) in 2017, the influence of energy quantities on the power plant potential varies, economically and spatially. Therefore, in addition to the calculation of energy potentials, it was also necessary to perform a potential analysis in terms of economic efficiency. This allows, on the one hand, an economic review of the areas tendered by the regional planning and, on the other hand, a spatial-economic analysis that expands the parameters in the search for new areas. In this work, (a) potentials with regard to the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) were calculated by the example of the electricity market in Germany, which were then (b) spatially and statistically processed on the level of the federal states.
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Lehneis, Reinhold, David Manske, Björn Schinkel, and Daniela Thrän. "Spatiotemporal Modeling of the Electricity Production from Variable Renewable Energies in Germany." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 11, no. 2 (January 27, 2022): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11020090.

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In recent years, electricity production from wind turbines and photovoltaic systems has grown significantly in Germany. To determine the multiple impacts of rising variable renewable energies on an increasingly decentralized power supply, spatially and temporally resolved data on the power generation are necessary or, at least, very helpful. Because of extensive data protection regulations in Germany, especially for smaller operators of renewable power plants, such detailed data are not freely accessible. In order to fill this information gap, simulation models employing publicly available plant and weather data can be used. The numerical simulations are performed for the year 2016 and consider an ensemble of almost 1.64 million variable renewable power plants in Germany. The obtained time series achieve a high agreement with measured feed-in patterns over the investigated year. Such disaggregated power generation data are very advantageous to analyze the energy transition in Germany on a spatiotemporally resolved scale. In addition, this study also derives meaningful key figures for such an analysis and presents the generated results as detailed maps at county level. To the best of our knowledge, such highly resolved electricity data of variable renewables for the entire German region have never been shown before.
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Novak, David. "Critical Analysis of Pumped Storage Power Plants in Germany." Journal of Business Theory and Practice 8, no. 1 (March 14, 2020): p45. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/jbtp.v8n1p45.

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Purpose: Anyone who wants to generate substantial amounts of electricity using regenerative systems must store excess energy so that it can be used again for times when it is needed but not generated by the sun and wind. Pumped storage power plants are currently the only way to present this on a larger scale realistically.Design/methodology/approach: The aim was to find out what the current status quo for pumped storage power plants in Germany is. Only current German literature was evaluated. All relevant German political parties were interviewed and all generally refused to take a position. In a longer expert interview with one of the leading professors and experts in this special field, the deeply unsatisfactory situation and development was clearly confirmed.Findings: The findings achieved can only be described as devastating, since the responsible politicians/parties fundamentally avoid the discussion and the environmental associations and ultimately also the electricity suppliers do not build up the necessary political pressure, while the locally affected population legally defends itself by all means to prevent necessary and directly related changes in your own life.Research/practical implications: In the previous form, it does not go on, since no progress has been made. There must be concerted action by all governing parties, all environmental associations and the media to make it clear that many changes are pending in this area in the future. All future and necessary investments and changes must be legally clear and fundamentally secured in advance. Future research must always stand on three legs here: politically/legally, economically/ecologically and most intensively, sociologically about the population and their approval of the changes, which are sometimes serious.Originality/value: There are hardly any relevant publications about it so far, and it seems that all politically responsible people are trying, at least so far, to keep the topic silent.
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Villena-Ruiz, Raquel, Andrés Honrubia-Escribano, Francisco Jiménez-Buendía, Ángel Molina-García, and Emilio Gómez-Lázaro. "Requirements for Validation of Dynamic Wind Turbine Models: An International Grid Code Review." Electronics 9, no. 10 (October 17, 2020): 1707. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9101707.

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Wind power is positioned as one of the fastest-growing energy sources today, while also being a mature technology with a strong capacity for creating employment and guaranteeing environmental sustainability. However, the stochastic nature of wind may affect the integration of power plants into power systems and the availability of generation capacity. In this sense, as in the case of conventional power plants, wind power installations should be able to help maintain power system stability and reliability. To help achieve this objective, a significant number of countries have developed so-called grid interconnection agreements. These are designed to define the technical and behavioral requirements that wind power installations, as well as other power plants, must comply with when seeking connection to the national network. These documents also detail the tasks that should be conducted to certify such installations, so these can be commercially exploited. These certification processes allow countries to assess wind turbine and wind power plant simulation models. These models can then be used to estimate and simulate wind power performance under a variety of scenarios. Within this framework, and with a particular focus on the new Spanish grid code, the present paper addresses the validation process of dynamic wind turbine models followed in three countries—Spain, Germany and South Africa. In these three countries, and as a novel option, it has been proposed that these models form part of the commissioning and certification processes of wind power plants.
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Flachsbarth, Franziska, Marion Wingenbach, and Matthias Koch. "Addressing the Effect of Social Acceptance on the Distribution of Wind Energy Plants and the Transmission Grid in Germany." Energies 14, no. 16 (August 7, 2021): 4824. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14164824.

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Social acceptance is increasingly becoming a limiting factor in implementing the energy transition in Germany. From today’s perspective, the expansion of wind energy and future transmission grids is only somewhat a technical or economic challenge rather than a social one. Since political decisions on the energy system transformation are often derived from findings of energy system modeling, it seems necessary to increasingly integrate the effects of socio-ecological aspects, such as acceptance issues in energy models. In this paper, an approach is introduced to address effects of social acceptance in energy system models by comparing the influence of different distribution scenarios of wind energy in Germany on the expansion need for future transmission lines. The results show that a socio-ecologic distribution of onshore wind installations according to a balanced burden of the German society does not reduce the grid expansion need significantly compared to an economic siting. An actual reduction of planned transmission grids could just be achieved by a more decentral scenario, including decentral market design. The sensitivity of regionalization is an opportunity to consider local acceptance issues within energy system models and should move more into focus inside the procedure of the current grid development process in Germany.
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Bogdan, Ovidiu, and Dan Creţu. "Wind Load Design of Photovoltaic Power Plants by Comparison of Design Codes and Wind Tunnel Tests." Mathematical Modelling in Civil Engineering 15, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 13–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mmce-2019-0008.

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Abstract Wind load design of the ground-mounted photovoltaic (PV) power plants requires interpretation of the design code considering the particularities of these structures. The PV power plants consist on systems of several solar panels. Wind load pressure coefficient evaluation, by design code, for a single solar panel considered as a canopy roof, neglect the group effect and the air permeability of the system. On the other hand, the canopy roofs are structures with medium serviceability, but the PV power plants are structures with low serviceability. This paper discuss the difficulties of the wind load design for the PV power plants ground mounted in Romania and compares the Romanian, German, European and American wind design code specifications with the parameters provided by the wind tunnel test, for this type of structures. For Romanian wind load design an evolution of the 1990, 2004 and 2012 editions of the design codes specifications is also studied. Evaluation of the internal resultants for the structural elements of the PV panel, considering the pressure coefficients and the force coefficients, conducts to different results. Further code explanations and design specifications are required for wind design of the PV power plants.
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Schüch, Andrea, Jan Sprafke, and Michael Nelles. "Role of biogenic waste and residues as an important building block towards a successful energy transition and future bioeconomy – results of a site analysis." Detritus, no. 10 (March 5, 2020): 109–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2020.13919.

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Renewable energies – especially wind and solar – have grown remarkably in recent years, but bioenergy is still the most important renewable resource worldwide and in Germany. In contrast to the situation in many other countries, bioenergy in Germany is often based on energy crops. As a result of changing political frameworks, the German bioenergy industry has to use alternative substrates as biogenic waste and residues and to implement more efficient utilization pathways. Biogenic waste and residues can cover in Germany 7 to 9% of the current total primary energy consumption. In the federal state of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, more electricity is produced than consumed. This means that the federal state exports electricity to other German regions or abroad, assuming grid bottlenecks do not prevent this. The share of fluctuating wind and solar power is still increasing. Without stabilization by coal power plants, the electrical network could be destabilized by those sources. The presented case study of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania shows that there are opportunities to contribute to a stable network through the use of bioenergy. Besides the supply of electricity, thermal energy at different temperature levels, as well as fuels for transportation, are also provided by biomass. Around 22% of the annual energy consumption of the federal state could be covered by biogenic waste and residues (based on the technical fuel potential). The figure is currently 7.3%. This shows that there is room to extend bioenergy generation and the use of biogenic waste and residues in the bioeconomy without impacting food production.
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Eichhorn, Marcus, Mattes Scheftelowitz, Matthias Reichmuth, Christian Lorenz, Kyriakos Louca, Alexander Schiffler, Rita Keuneke, et al. "Spatial Distribution of Wind Turbines, Photovoltaic Field Systems, Bioenergy, and River Hydro Power Plants in Germany." Data 4, no. 1 (February 11, 2019): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/data4010029.

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The expansion of renewable energy technologies, accompanied by an increasingly decentralized supply structure, raises many research questions regarding the structure, dimension, and impacts of the electricity supply network. In this context, information on renewable energy plants, particularly their spatial distribution and key parameters—e.g., installed capacity, total size, and required space—are more and more important for public decision makers and different scientific domains, such as energy system analysis and impact assessment. The dataset described in this paper covers the spatial distribution, installed capacity, and commissioning year of wind turbines, photovoltaic field systems, and bio- and river hydro power plants in Germany. Collected from different online sources and authorities, the data have been thoroughly cross-checked, cleaned, and merged to generate validated and complete datasets. The paper concludes with notes on the practical use of the dataset in an environmental impact monitoring framework and other potential research or policy settings.
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Popova, Evgeniya Mikhailovna, and Tatyana Viktorovna Nikitina. "Direct German investments in the Russian economy: regional cross-section." Теоретическая и прикладная экономика, no. 1 (January 2022): 68–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8647.2022.1.37585.

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Economic relations between Russia and Germany are developing in the context of such global challenges as the aggravation of the international political situation, the introduction of anti-Russian sanctions, the economic recession against the background of the Covid-19 pandemic. The subject of this study is the regional peculiarities of the placement of German capital on the territory of Russia. The object of the study is 55 subjects of the Russian Federation, which are recipients of direct German investments. The authors focus on studying the dynamics, species and geographical structure of accumulated direct German investments in the context of individual subjects and federal districts. The article assesses the level of differentiation of direct German investments within individual federal districts, calculates sub-federal investment positions, identifies trends in investment cooperation between Russian and German enterprises carried out within the framework of special economic zones. It is established that the factors contributing to the placement of German capital in European Russia are the preferential localization of special economic zones in this part of the country, as well as the conclusion of special investment contracts on the basis of already functioning production facilities. According to the results of the study, the authors summarize that the current regional structure of German investments does not contribute to the achievement of such a task provided for by the Spatial Development Strategy of the Russian Federation as the reduction of interregional socio-economic imbalances. The scientific novelty of this study is to develop recommendations for expanding investment cooperation between Russia and Germany in the Far East, special attention is paid to the role of state institutions. The authors substantiate that the implementation of investment projects for the production of wind power units and assemblies, solar panels, as well as the construction of wind and solar power plants in the Far East should be considered as a promising area of cooperation between Russia and Germany.
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Shao, Hai Jian, and Hai Kun Wei. "Short-Term Wind Power Forecasting in Wind Power Plants of North China Based on Support Vector Regression Analysis." Applied Mechanics and Materials 705 (December 2014): 284–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.705.284.

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This paper investigates the short-term wind power forecasting and demonstrates accurate modeling, which utilizes two representative heuristic algorithms (i.e. wavelet neural network (WNN) and Multilayer Perceptron (MLP)), and statistical machine learning techniques (i.e. Support Vector Regression (SVR)). The proposed method generates the performances of different approaches for random time series, characterized with high accuracy and high generalization capability. The employed data is obtained through Sampling equipment in Real Wind Power Plants (Power generation equipment is Dongfang Steam Turbine Co., Ltd. weak wind turbine type--FD77 with German REpower company technology). The main innovation of this paper comes from: (a) problem may encounter in the real application is in consideration such as corrupt, missing value and noisy data. (b) Data lag estimation are provided to investigate the data distribution and obtain the best input variables, respectively. (c) Comparison between MLP neural networks, WNN and SVR with optimized kernel parameters based on Grid-search method are provided to demonstrate the best forecasting approaches. The purpose of this paper is to provide a method with reference value for short-term wind power forecasting.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Wind power plants – Germany"

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Shams, Solary Arasto. "Wind power plants integration to the power grid." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektro- och systemteknik (EES), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-200633.

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Tamadon, Nahal. "Specification and Classification of Wind Power Plants." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektro- och systemteknik (EES), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-200628.

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Montenegro, León Alejandro. "Advanced power electronic for wind-power generation buffering." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2005. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0010112.

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Díaz-González, Francisco. "Contributions of flywheel systems in wind power plants." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/129688.

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The stepwise replacement of conventional power plants by renewable-based ones such as wind power plants could a ect the system behaviour and planning. First, the network stability may be compromised as it becomes less resilient against sudden changes in the loads or generator trips. This is because wind turbines are not synchronized with network frequency but they are usually connected to the grid through fast controllable electronic power converters. And second, due to the stochastic nature of wind, the electrical power generated by wind power plants is neither constant non controllable. This aff ects the network planning as the expected generation level depends on non reliable wind forecasts. Also it aff ects the power quality as the fast fluctuations of wind power can cause harmonics and flicker emissions. For these reasons, network operators gradually set up more stringent requirements for the grid integration of wind power. These regulations require wind power plants to behave in several aspects as conventional synchronized generating units. Among other requirements, it is set the provision of some ancillary services to the grid as frequency and voltage control, the capability of withstanding short-circuits and faults, and to respect some threshold level with regard to the quality of the power generated. Accordingly, energy storage systems may play an important role in wind power applications by enhancing the controllability of the output of wind power plants and providing ancillary services to the power system and thus, enabling an increased penetration of wind power in the system. This thesis focuses on the potential uses of flywheel energy storage systems in wind power. The thesis introduces the basis of several energy storage systems as well as identi es their applications in wind power based on an extensive literature review. It follows with the presentation of the design and setting up of a scale-lab flywheel-based energy storage system. From this work, research concentrates on the application of flywheel devices for power smoothing of wind power plants. The developed concepts are proved by simulations but also experimentally using the above mentioned scale-lab test bench. In particular, research focuses on the de nition of an optimization criteria for the operation of flywheel devices while smoothing the wind power, and the design and experimental validation of the proposed control algorithms of the storage device. The last chapters of the thesis research on the role of wind power plants in system frequency control support. In this sense, an extensive literature review on the network operator's requirements for the participation of wind power plants in system frequency control related-tasks is off ered. Also, this review covers the proposed control methods in the literature for enabling wind turbines to participate in system frequency control. The results of this work open the door to the design of control systems of wind turbines and wind power plants for primary frequency control. The contribution of flywheel devices is also considered. Results highlight the tremendous potential of energy storage systems in general for facilitating the grid integration of wind power plants. Regarding the uses of flywheel devices, it is worth noting that some of their characteristics as the high-ramp power rates can be exploited for reducing the variability of the power generated by wind turbines, and thus for improving the quality of the power injected to the grid by wind power plants. Also, they can support wind power plants to ful l the requirements for their participation in system frequency control support related tasks.
El progressiu despla cament de plantes de generaci o convencionals per part de plantes de generaci o de tipus renovable, com els parcs e olics, pot afectar el comportament i la plani caci o del sistema el ectric. Primer, l'estabilitat pot ser compromesa ja que el sistema el ectric resulta m es vulnerable davant canvis abruptes provocats per les c arregues del sistema o desconnexions no programades de generadors. Aix o es degut a que les turbines e oliques no estan sincronitzades amb la freqü encia el ectrica del sistema ja que la seva connexi o es a trav es de convertidors electr onics de pot encia. Segon, degut a la gran variabilitat del vent, la pot encia el ectrica generada per les turbines e oliques no es constant ni controlable. En aquest sentit, la qualitat de la pot encia del parc e olic es pot veure compromesa, ja que es poden detectar nivells apreciables d'harm onics i emissions de "flicker" degudes a les r apides variacions de la pot encia generada pel parc e olic. Per aquests motius, els operadors dels sistemes el ectrics fan gradualment m es restrictius els requeriments de connexi o dels parcs e olics al sistema el ectric. Aquestes regulacions requereixen als parcs e olics que es comportin en molts aspectes com plantes de generaci o convencional. Entre d'altres requeriments, els parcs e olics han de proveir serveis auxiliars per a la operaci o del sistema el ectric com tamb e el suport en el control dels nivells de tensi o i freqü encia de la xarxa; oferir suport durant curtcircuits; i mantenir uns nivells m nims en la qualitat de la pot encia generada. Els sistemes d'emmagatzematge d'energia poden millorar la controlabilitat de la pot encia generada pels parcs e olics i ajudar a aquests a proveir serveis auxiliars al sistema el ectric, afavorint aix la seva integraci o a la xarxa. Aquesta tesi tracta l'aplicaci o en parcs e olics dels sistemes d'emmagatzematge d'energia basats en volants d'in ercia. La tesi introdueix les bases de diversos sistemes d'emmagatzematge i identi ca les seves potencials aplicacions en parcs e olics en base a una extensa revisi o bibliogr a ca. El treball continua amb la posta a punt d'un equipament de laboratori, que con gura un sistema d'emmagatzematge d'energia basat en un volant d'in ercia. Següents cap tols de la tesi estudien l'aplicaci o dels volants d'in ercia per a esmorteir el per l fluctuant de la pot encia generada pels parcs e olics. Els treballs es focalitzen en la de nici o dels criteris per a la operaci o optima dels volants d'in ercia per la seva aplicaci o d'esmorteir el per l fluctuant de potencia e olica, i tamb e en el disseny i validaci o experimental dels algoritmes de control desenvolupats per governar el sistema d'emmagatzematge. Els cap tols finals de la tesi tracten sobre el suport al control de freqü encia per part dels parcs e olics. S'ofereix una extensa revisi o bibliografica respecte els requeriments indicats pels operadors del sistema el ectric en aquest sentit. A m es, aquesta revisi o cobreix els m etodes de control dels parcs e olics i turbines e oliques per la seva participaci o en el suport al control de freqü encia. Les conclusions extretes serveixen per proposar sistemes de control de parcs e olics i de turbines e oliques per proveir el servei de control de freqüencia. Aquest treball, tamb e contempla la inclusi o de volants d'in ercia en els parcs e olics. Dels resultats de la tesi se'n dedueix l'important potencial dels sistemes d'emmagatzematge d'energia per a afavorir la integraci o a la xarxa dels parcs e olics. La controlabilitat de la pot encia dels volants d'in ercia, afavoreix el seu us per reduir la variabilitat de la pot encia generada pels parcs e olics, millorant aix la qualitat de pot encia del mateix. A m es, els volants d'in ercia poder ajudar als parcs e olics a complir amb els requeriments per a la seva integraci o a xarxa, com la participaci o en el control de freqüencia del sistema el ectric.
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Li, Pei 1981. "Controlling hour-long power of wind farms." Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=112574.

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In attempting to control the power output of a wind farm, it is first necessary to smooth the power fluctuations due to wind turbulence. This is accomplished by spatial smoothing, whereby the high frequency power components of a single wind turbine generator (WTG) is reduced by a factor of N-1/2, where N is the number of WTGs in the farm. For this reason the first part of the thesis is concerned with developing a model of smoothing in a wind farm and justifying it mathematically.
After spatial smoothing, the wind farm output still contains low frequency fluctuations. The second part of the thesis makes use of a combination of: (i) pitch angle control of the turbine blades, (ii) power electronic control of the generators, (iii) spatial filtering and (iv) negative feedback control to remove the low frequency fluctuations. The wind farm output then has the quality to be sold as regulated power which fetches a better economic return than when sold as energy. This, of course, presumes that 1-hour ahead prediction of wind velocity at 1-hour long low variance is available.
The thesis also considers the case when the conditions for regulated power are not predicted. In this situation, the wind farm may opt to use the tracking mode which tracks the slowly time varying non-turbulent wind power. The thesis examines the possibility of diverting some of the wind farm power to implement dynamic performance enhancement strategies, for system damping for example.
The controllability of the wind farm is demonstrated by simulations of a wind farm made up of 24 wind turbine-generators (WTGs) using 1-hour long wind velocity data.
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Kimm, Dennis. "Windy Business: Exploring a Local Wind Power Project in Germany." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-330950.

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The need for a sustainable energy supply is widely recognized, as formulated under goal 7 of the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals. Yet, on the local level problems may arise with the implementation of renewable energy systems, such as wind power. Issues around visual intrusion of the landscape, noise and shadow flicker, and concerns over wildlife protections are often in the heart of local resistance to wind power projects. The aim of this thesis is to closely examine the developments for wind power in the city of Euskirchen in Germany, including the planning and decision making processes, with regards to milestones and obstacles encountered over the last two decades. The analysis applies the methodology of a qualitative case study. Furthermore, views and opinions of involved and affected parties are collected through semi-structured interviews, and analysed through the lenses of social acceptance and public participation. Finally, from the examination of the planning and decision making processes and the discovered local attitudes towards wind energy, recommendations will be formulated to guide future wind power developments in the region.
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Nilsson, Julia. "On maintenance management of wind and nuclear power plants." Licentiate thesis, Stockholm : Skolan för elektro- och systemteknik, Kungliga Tekniska högskolan, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-11321.

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Barry, Martin. "Distributed small-scale wind in New Zealand : advantages, barriers and policy support instruments : a thesis submitted to the Victoria University of Wellington in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Environmental Studies /." ResearchArchive@Victoria e-Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10063/87.

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Scott, Ryan. "Characterizing Tilt Effects on Wind Plants." PDXScholar, 2019. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/5035.

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Tilting the nacelle of a wind turbine modifies entrainment into the wind plant and impacts total efficiency. Extreme angles can produce flying and crashing wakes where the wake either disrupts entertainment from the undisturbed flow above or is decimated on the ground. The effect of tilt angle on downstream wake behavior was investigated in a series of wind tunnel experiments. Scale model turbines with a hub height and diameter of 12 cm were arranged in a Cartesian array comprised of four rows of three turbines each. Nacelle tilt was varied in the third row from -15° to 15° in chosen 5° increments. Stereo PIV measurements of the instantaneous velocity field were recorded at four locations for each angle. Tilted wakes are described in terms of the average streamwise velocity field, wall-normal velocity field, Reynolds stresses, and mean vertical transport of kinetic energy. Conditional sampling is used to quantify the importance of sweep vs. ejection events and thus downwards vs. upwards momentum transfer. Additionally, wake center displacement and changes in net power are presented and compared to existing models. The results demonstrate large variations in wake velocity and vertical displacement with enhanced vertical energy and momentum transfer for negative tilt angles. Simulation models accurately predict wake deflection while analytic models deviate considerably highlighting the difficulties in describing tilt phenomena. Negative angles successfully produce crashing wakes and improve the availability of kinetic energy thereby improving the power output of the wind plant.
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Domínguez, García José Luis. "Analysis of the contribution of wind power plants to damp power system oscillations." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/129687.

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Wind power has emerged as one of the most promising renewable energy sources. The very penetration levels of wind energy in power systems have altered several aspects of power system operation, such as system stability. Owing to the large penetration of wind power, transmission system operators (TSOs) have established special grid codes for wind farms connection. These grid codes require wind farms to provide ancillary services to the grid such as frequency and voltage regulation. In the near future, the capability of damping power system oscillations will be required. As a result of the development of such requirements, the concept of wind power plant (WPP) arises being de ned as a wind farm which is expected to behave similarly to a conventional power plant in terms of power generation, control and ancillary services. As future grid codes will require power oscillation damping contribution from wind power, the thesis is mainly focused on the analysis of the power system stabilizer (PSS) capability of wind power plants. The change produced by wind power plants based on di erent wind turbine technologies on power system small signal dynamics is analysed to determine their possible contribution to damp oscillations. The eff ect of the distance from the tie line to the wind power plant on the controller response and the influence of wind power plants proximity to synchronous generators are demonstrated to be critical factors. At this point several questions are raised as: What are the most critical factors? How can be ensure a proper contribution, at least the best possible response? Can it be ensured to be independent to the power system and the controller selected? To answer these questions, this thesis conducts research on proper selection of input-output signal pairs to damp out electromechanical oscillations using wind power plants without drawing attention to a particular control design. This is necessary conclusions about the power system independently of a particular controller. The capability to damp is an intrinsic characteristic of the system and should not be a ected by a particular controller (PSS). Firstly, di erent analysis techniques are compared, considering both controllability and observability measures and input-output interactions. This enables recommendations to be drawn so as to the selection of the the best signal pairs to damp power system oscillations considering di erent approaches, such as single-input single-output (SISO) and multivariable control (MIMO). Second, a new criterion to select the best input-output signals used by a PSS based on WPPs is presented, considering explicitly local and remote signals in the analysis. Taking into account fundamental design limitations and using controllability and observability concepts, the criterion is able to identify the most suitable pair of input-output local signals without consider any particular controller. Finally, due to the increase of wind power generation - including o shore locations - and the concept of an interconnected Pan-European network, a new o shore wind power plant AC network similar in design to the European SuperGrid \SuperNode", is analyzed. The cost e ect of choosing a nonstandard operating frequency on the o shore AC network is investigated. As the o shore AC network is isolated from onshore networks through the use of HVDC links, it may be operated in an asynchronous fashion and at a suitable frequency. The cost associated with operating the network at a fixed frequency in the range 20 to 120 Hz is investigated, focusing on the frequency-cost-scalings of electrical devices (such as cables, transformers and reactive compensation) and the related o shore infrastructures,
L'energia e olica s'ha convertit en una de les fonts d'energia renovable m es prometedores. Actualment, l'elevat nivell de penetraci o de l'energia e olica a la xarxa el ectrica ha conduï t a la modi caci o del comportament de diversos aspectes d'aquesta, com per exemple, l'estabilitat. Degut a aquesta gran penetraci o, els operadors de xarxes de transmissi o (TSOs) han establert procediments d'operaci o especials per a la connexi o de grans parcs e olics. Aquests codis requereixen als parcs elics que realitzin serveis auxiliars al sistema el ectric com, per exemple, la regulaci o de freqü encia i la regulaci o de la pot encia reactiva. En un futur proper, la capacitat dels parcs e olics per esmorteir les oscil lacions del sistema de pot encia es requerir a (en l'actualitat ja existeixen esborranys de nous procediments d'operaci o que ho inclouen). A causa d'aquest requeriments, el concepte de central de generaci o d'energia e olica es de neix com un parc e olic que s'espera que es comporti de manera similar a una central de generaci o el ectrica convencional en termes de poder realitzar tasques tals com generaci o, control i serveis auxiliars. Ja que un futur requeriment dels operadors de xarxa ser a la contribuci o de l'energia e olica en l'esmorteiment de les oscil lacions de pot encia, en aquesta tesi s'estudia la capacitat de les centrals e oliques per actuar com estabilitzador dels sistemes el ectrics de pot encia. A m es a m es, s'analitza l'efecte de les centrals d'energia e olica al comportament din amic del sistema el ectric considerant l'estabilitat de petita senyal, per a determinar quina podr a ser la possible contribuci o proporcionada per aquestes tecnologies. S'ha estudiat que l'efecte de la dist ancia des d'el punt de connexi o amb la central d'energia e olica a la resposta del control estabilitzant i la influ encia de la proximitat de les centrals e oliques als generadors s ncrons s on factors cr tics. D'aquest fet surgeixen algunes preguntes com: Es aquest el factor m es cr tic? Com es pot assegurar una contribuci o adequada, si m es no la millor resposta possible, per ajudar a estabilitzar el sistema el ectric? Es poden asegurar quina ser a la contribuci o a l'estabilitat del sistema el ectric independentment de la xarxa i l'esquema de control escollit? Per respondre a aquestes preguntes, aquesta tesi ha realitzat investigacions sobre l'adequada selecci o de parells de senyals d'entrada-sortida per esmorteir les oscil lacions electromec aniques amb centrals e oliques evitant dissenyar el controlador i propossant met odes f acilment adaptables a qualsevol sistema el ectric. En primer lloc, s'han comparat diferents t ecniques d'an alisi tenint en compte tant les mesures de controlabilitat i observabilitat com les interaccions entre les senyals d'entrada i sortida. D'aquesta comparaci o, certes recomanacions es donen a l'hora de seleccionar els millors parells de senyals per esmorteir les oscil lacions del sistema el ectric de pot encia considerant diferents esquemes de control com ara entrada unica sortida unica (SISO) i control multivariable (MIMO). En segon lloc, s'ha proposat un nou criteri per seleccionar les senyals d'entrada i sortida utilitzades per un control estabilitzador per centrals d'energia e olica. On, a difer encia amb anteriors met odes de selecci o proposats, el criteri presentat considera expl citament tant senyals locals com senyals remotes dins el seu an alisi. Aquest criteri es capa c d'identi car la parella de senyals locals d'entrada i sortida m es adequada sense realitzar el disseny del controlador, considerant tant les limitacions fonamentals del disseny del controlador imposades per el sistema com els conceptes de controlabilitat i observabilitat. Finalment, a causa del augment de la generaci o d'energia e olica, principalment en localitzacions marines, i al concepte d'una xarxa el ectrica comuna Pan-Europea, s'ha realitzat l'an alisi d'un nou concepte de xarxa en corrent altern (AC) dins de les centrals d'energia e olica marina, amb un disseny similar al concepte investigat a la Super-Xarxa Europea \Supernode". En aquest treball s'ha investigat l'efecte que t e en els costos la tria una freqüencia nominal d'operaci o no est andard en dita xarxa en corrent altern. La xarxa en AC que es forma entre les turbines e oliques i el convertidor de transmissi o es aï llada tant de les xarxes terrestres per l' us d'enlla cos en corrent continu (HVDC) com de la pr opia de les turbines per el convertidor que porten incorporat. Aquest fet implica que aquesta xarxa pot ser operada sense sincronitzar a qualsevol freqüencia. En aquesta tesi, s'ha estudiat quin es el cost associat amb l'operaci o de la xarxa a una freqü encia fi xa dins del rang de 20-120 Hz, focalitzant principalment en l'escalat del costos dels diferents elements el ectrics (com ara cables, transformadors i compensaci o reatviva i infraestructures necessaris en instal lacions marines respecte la freqüencia.
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Books on the topic "Wind power plants – Germany"

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Gasch, Robert, and Jochen Twele, eds. Wind Power Plants. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-22938-1.

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Buck, Bela Hieronymus. Farming in a high energy environment: Potentials and constraints of substainable offshore aquaculture in the German Bight (North Sea) = Chancen und Limitierungen extensiver Offshore-Aquakultur in der Deutschen Bucht. Bremerhaven: Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung, 2007.

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Thomas, Ackermann, ed. Wind power in power systems. Chichester, West Sussex, England: John Wiley, 2005.

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Wind power. Mankato, MN: Creative Education, 2015.

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Ackermann, Thomas. Wind power in power systems. 2nd ed. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley, 2012.

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Offshore wind: A comprehensive guide to successful offshore wind farm installation. Waltham. MA: Elsevier/Academic Press, 2012.

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Glasdam, Jakob Bærholm. Harmonics in Offshore Wind Power Plants. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26476-9.

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U.S. Dept. of Energy. Wind power in America's future: 20% wind energy by 2030. Mineola, N.Y: Dover Publications, 2010.

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Perkins, Samuel D. Offshore wind power: Challenges, economics, and benefits. New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2011.

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Wind and solar power systems. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1999.

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Book chapters on the topic "Wind power plants – Germany"

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Gasch, Robert, and Jochen Twele. "The wind." In Wind Power Plants, 114–67. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-22938-1_4.

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Gasch, Robert, and Jochen Twele. "Wind pump systems." In Wind Power Plants, 330–62. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-22938-1_10.

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Gasch, Robert, and Jochen Twele. "Offshore wind farms." In Wind Power Plants, 520–39. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-22938-1_16.

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Gasch, Robert, and Jochen Twele. "Introduction to Wind Energy." In Wind Power Plants, 1–14. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-22938-1_1.

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Gasch, Robert, and Jochen Twele. "Wind turbines for electricity generation - basics." In Wind Power Plants, 363–99. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-22938-1_11.

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Gasch, Robert, and Jochen Twele. "Supervisory and control systems for wind turbines." In Wind Power Plants, 400–427. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-22938-1_12.

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Gasch, Robert, and Jochen Twele. "Concepts of electricity generation by wind turbines." In Wind Power Plants, 428–60. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-22938-1_13.

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Gasch, Robert, and Jochen Twele. "Wind turbine operation at the interconnected grid." In Wind Power Plants, 461–79. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-22938-1_14.

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Gasch, Robert, and Jochen Twele. "Planning, operation and economics of wind farm projects." In Wind Power Plants, 480–519. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-22938-1_15.

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Gasch, Robert, and Jochen Twele. "Historical development of windmills." In Wind Power Plants, 15–45. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-22938-1_2.

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Conference papers on the topic "Wind power plants – Germany"

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Bartz, Wilfried J. "Tribological Aspects of Wind Power Plants." In World Tribology Congress III. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/wtc2005-63019.

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Using sustainable and renewable energy resources becomes more and more important. One possibility is the use of the energy content of the wind. During the past 20 years the wind energy technology experienced a remarkable development. More than 50 countries world wide are producing wind energy. The forecasts for 2005 are about 8,525 MW installations in Europe and 12,175 MW world wide. The accumulated capacity at the end of 2005 will be in the order of magnitude of 65,000 MW (2). The main growth market is still Europe, followed by the USA and by Asia. In Europe the countries with the highest figures are Germany, Spain and Denmark. Until the end of 2005 in Germany an accumulated power output of about 18,000 MW will be installed (2).
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Graebig, M. "WindNODE – Showcasing Smart Energy Systems from Northeastern Germany. Lessons learnt from East Germany's biggest energy transition consortium." In 20th International Workshop on Large-Scale Integration of Wind Power into Power Systems as well as on Transmission Networks for Offshore Wind Power Plants (WIW 2021). Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/icp.2021.2599.

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Graebig, M. "WindNODE – Showcasing Smart Energy Systems from Northeastern Germany. Lessons learnt from East Germany's biggest energy transition consortium." In 20th International Workshop on Large-Scale Integration of Wind Power into Power Systems as well as on Transmission Networks for Offshore Wind Power Plants (WIW 2021). Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/icp.2021.2599.

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Jahns, F., M. König, M. Livrozet, R. Pfeiffer, H. Woiton, and H. Vennegeerts. "Coal exit in Germany: Impact on system-technical aspects and resulting challenges." In 20th International Workshop on Large-Scale Integration of Wind Power into Power Systems as well as on Transmission Networks for Offshore Wind Power Plants (WIW 2021). Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/icp.2021.2602.

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Popella, H., T. Hennig, M. Kaiser, J. Massmann, L. Müller, and R. Pfeiffer. "Necessary development of inverter-based generation with grid forming capabilities in Germany." In 20th International Workshop on Large-Scale Integration of Wind Power into Power Systems as well as on Transmission Networks for Offshore Wind Power Plants (WIW 2021). Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/icp.2021.2609.

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Popella, H., T. Hennig, M. Kaiser, J. Massmann, L. Müller, and R. Pfeiffer. "Necessary development of inverter-based generation with grid forming capabilities in Germany." In 20th International Workshop on Large-Scale Integration of Wind Power into Power Systems as well as on Transmission Networks for Offshore Wind Power Plants (WIW 2021). Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/icp.2021.2609.

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Popella, H., T. Hennig, M. Kaiser, J. Massmann, L. Müller, and R. Pfeiffer. "Necessary development of inverter-based generation with grid forming capabilities in Germany." In 20th International Workshop on Large-Scale Integration of Wind Power into Power Systems as well as on Transmission Networks for Offshore Wind Power Plants (WIW 2021). Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/icp.2021.2609.

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Jahns, F., M. König, M. Livrozet, R. Pfeiffer, H. Woiton, and H. Vennegeerts. "Coal exit in Germany: Impact on system-technical aspects and resulting challenges." In 20th International Workshop on Large-Scale Integration of Wind Power into Power Systems as well as on Transmission Networks for Offshore Wind Power Plants (WIW 2021). Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/icp.2021.2602.

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Forbes, K. F. "A methodology to improve the predictability of wind energy generation with confirmatory evidence from Germany." In 20th International Workshop on Large-Scale Integration of Wind Power into Power Systems as well as on Transmission Networks for Offshore Wind Power Plants (WIW 2021). Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/icp.2021.2606.

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Forbes, K. F. "A methodology to improve the predictability of wind energy generation with confirmatory evidence from Germany." In 20th International Workshop on Large-Scale Integration of Wind Power into Power Systems as well as on Transmission Networks for Offshore Wind Power Plants (WIW 2021). Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/icp.2021.2606.

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Reports on the topic "Wind power plants – Germany"

1

Singh, Mohit, and Surya Santoso. Dynamic Models for Wind Turbines and Wind Power Plants. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1028524.

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Milligan, M. Modeling utility-scale wind power plants, part 1: Economics. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/758362.

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Clark, Caitlyn, Aaron Barker, Jennifer King, and James Reilly. Wind and Solar Hybrid Power Plants for Energy Resilience. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1842446.

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Milligan, M. R. Modeling Utility-Scale Wind Power Plants, Part 2: Capacity Credit. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/15000143.

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Denholm, P., M. Hand, M. Jackson, and S. Ong. Land Use Requirements of Modern Wind Power Plants in the United States. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/964608.

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McDowell, Jason, Reigh Walling, William Peter, Edi Von Engeln, Eric Seymour, Robert Nelson, Leo Casey, Abraham Ellis, and Chris Barker. Reactive power interconnection requirements for PV and wind plants : recommendations to NERC. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1039006.

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Kotarbinski, Matthew, David Keyser, and Jeremy Stefek. Workforce and Economic Development Considerations from the Operations and Maintenance of Wind Power Plants. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1735633.

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Denholm, P., G. Brinkman, D. Lew, and M. Hummon. Operation of Concentrating Solar Power Plants in the Western Wind and Solar Integration Phase 2 Study. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1132184.

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Gao, David Wenzhong, Eduard Muljadi, Tian Tian, Mackay Miller, and Weisheng Wang. Comparison of Standards and Technical Requirements of Grid-Connected Wind Power Plants in China and the United States. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1326717.

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Mortensen, Ken. Improved Performance of an Air Cooled Condenser (ACC) Using SPX Wind Guide Technology at Coal-Based Thermoelectric Power Plants. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1025180.

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