Journal articles: 'Wind power – Canada'

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Dong, Cong, Guohe (Gordon) Huang, and Guanhui Cheng. "Offshore wind can power Canada." Energy 236 (December 2021): 121422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.121422.

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Guha, Souvik, Hany M. Soloumah, and Narayan C. Kar. "Status of and Prospect for Wind Power Generation in Canada." Wind Engineering 29, no. 3 (May 2005): 253–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/030952405774354912.

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Increasing environmental concerns and decreasing stocks of fossil fuels encourage wind power generation worldwide. In Canada, being consistent with the world wide growth, wind power is growing at an impressive rate as a potential energy source. This paper investigates the status and prospects of wind power development in Canada. Currently, Canada has an installed wind power capacity of 444 MW and the target is to reach the 4,000 MW mark by 2010 to meet the Canadian Government's commitment to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases. Federal and provincial governments are encouraging the application of wind power by implementing different policies and programs. Some of these policies are discussed in this paper. In this article, a few key issues which the country has to overcome in order to utilize the significant untapped wind energy available have been discussed along with their possible solutions.

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Luo, Yilan, Deniz Sezer, David Wood, Mingkuan Wu, and Hamid Zareipour. "Estimation of the Daily Variability of Aggregate Wind Power Generation in Alberta, Canada." Energies 12, no. 10 (May 24, 2019): 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12101998.

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This paper describes a hierarchy of increasingly complex statistical models for wind power generation in Alberta applied to wind power production data that are publicly available. The models are based on combining spatial and temporal correlations. We apply the method of Gaussian random fields to analyze the wind power time series of the 19 existing wind farms in Alberta. Following the work of Gneiting et al., three space-time models are used: Stationary, Separability, and Full Symmetry. We build several spatio-temporal covariance function estimates with increasing complexity: separable, non-separable and symmetric, and non-separable and non-symmetric. We compare the performance of the models using kriging predictions and prediction intervals for both the existing wind farms and a new farm in Alberta. It is shown that the spatial correlation in the models captures the predominantly westerly prevailing wind direction. We use the selected model to forecast the mean and the standard deviation of the future aggregate wind power generation of Alberta and investigate new wind farm siting on the basis of reducing aggregate variability.

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Jameson, Joel W., and Craig K. R. Willis. "Bat Mortality at a Wind Power Facility in Central Canada." Northwestern Naturalist 93, no. 3 (December 2012): 194–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1898/12-03.1.

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Leclerc, Christophe, and Christian Masson. "Abnormally High Power Output of Wind Turbine in Cold Weather: A Preliminary Study." International Journal of Rotating Machinery 9, no. 1 (2003): 23–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s1023621x03000034.

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According to popular belief, air temperature effects on wind turbine power output are produced solely by air density variations, and power is proportional to air density. However, some cases have been reported, all involving stall-controlled wind turbines, in which unexpected high power output was observed at very low temperatures.As a preliminary study, this article intends to quantify the influence of air temperature on the power production of the Tacke TW600 wind turbine installed in Tiverton, Ontario, Canada. Increases in power output due to air temperature variation are stratified by wind velocity, showing that these increases are below the theoretical limits of air density variations during operation in low winds and are comparable to and beyond those theoretical limits at higher wind velocities. At – 9°C and 0°C, narrow bands of power at distinct levels are observed in the stall regime of the turbine; they are typical of many stall phenomena observed on stall-controlled rotors, but these levels have been found to be independent of any parameters recorded.

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Daines, Jeffrey T., Adam H. Monahan, and Charles L. Curry. "Model-Based Projections and Uncertainties of Near-Surface Wind Climate in Western Canada." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 55, no. 10 (October 2016): 2229–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-16-0091.1.

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AbstractNear-surface wind is important in forestry, agriculture, air pollution, building energy use, and wind power generation. In western Canada it presently plays a minor role in power generation, but ongoing reductions in the cost of wind power infrastructure and the increasing costs of conventional power generation (including environmental costs) motivate the assessment of the projected future wind climate and uncertainties in this projection. Multiple realizations of the Canadian Regional Climate Model (CRCM) at 45-km resolution were driven by two global climate models over the periods 1971–2000 (using historical greenhouse gas concentrations) and 2031–60 (using the SRES-A2 concentration scenario). Hourly wind speeds from 30 stations were analyzed over 1971–2000 and used to calibrate downscaled ensembles of projected wind speed distributions over 2031–60. At most station locations modest increases in mean wind speed were found for a majority of the projections, but with an ensemble spread of the same order of magnitude as the increases. Relative changes in mean wind speeds at station locations were found to be insensitive to the station observations and calibration technique. In view of this result, projected relative changes in future wind climate over the entire CRCM domain were estimated using uncalibrated pairs of past-period and future-period wind speed distributions. The relative changes are robust, in the sense that their ensemble mean relative change is greater than their standard deviation, but are not very substantial, in the sense that their ensemble mean change is generally less than the standard deviation of their annual means.

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Hassan, Quazi K., Ahad Ali, Navdeep S. Sekhon, and Xin Wang. "Analysis of wind power potentials at selected airport locations in Canada." International Journal of Industrial and Systems Engineering 9, no. 2 (2011): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijise.2011.042832.

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Mortezazadeh, Mohammad, Jiwei Zou, Mirata Hosseini, Senwen Yang, and Liangzhu Wang. "Estimating Urban Wind Speeds and Wind Power Potentials Based on Machine Learning with City Fast Fluid Dynamics Training Data." Atmosphere 13, no. 2 (January 28, 2022): 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13020214.

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Wind power is known as a major renewable and eco-friendly power generation source. As a clean and cost-effective energy source, wind power utilization has grown rapidly worldwide. A roof-mounted wind turbine is a wind power system that lowers energy transmission costs and benefits from wind power potential in urban areas. However, predicting wind power potential is a complex problem because of unpredictable wind patterns, particularly in urban areas. In this study, by using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and the concept of nondimensionality, with the help of machine learning techniques, we demonstrate a new method for predicting the wind power potential of a cluster of roof-mounted wind turbines over an actual urban area in Montreal, Canada. CFD simulations are achieved using city fast fluid dynamics (CityFFD), developed for urban microclimate simulations. The random forest model trains data generated by CityFFD for wind prediction. The accuracy of CityFFD is investigated by modeling an actual urban area and comparing the numerical data with measured data from a local weather station. The proposed technique is demonstrated by estimating the wind power potential in the downtown area with more than 250 buildings for a long-term period (2020–2049).

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Howland, Michael F., Sanjiva K. Lele, and John O. Dabiri. "Wind farm power optimization through wake steering." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 29 (July 1, 2019): 14495–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1903680116.

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Global power production increasingly relies on wind farms to supply low-carbon energy. The recent Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Special Report predicted that renewable energy production must leap from 20% of the global energy mix in 2018 to 67% by 2050 to keep global temperatures from rising 1.5°C above preindustrial levels. This increase requires reliable, low-cost energy production. However, wind turbines are often placed in close proximity within wind farms due to land and transmission line constraints, which results in wind farm efficiency degradation of up to 40% for wind directions aligned with columns of turbines. To increase wind farm power production, we developed a wake steering control scheme. This approach maximizes the power of a wind farm through yaw misalignment that deflects wakes away from downstream turbines. Optimization was performed with site-specific analytic gradient ascent relying on historical operational data. The protocol was tested in an operational wind farm in Alberta, Canada, resulting in statistically significant (P<0.05) power increases of 7–13% for wind speeds near the site average and wind directions which occur during less than 10% of nocturnal operation and 28–47% for low wind speeds in the same wind directions. Wake steering also decreased the variability in the power production of the wind farm by up to 72%. Although the resulting gains in annual energy production were insignificant at this farm, these statistically significant wake steering results demonstrate the potential to increase the efficiency and predictability of power production through the reduction of wake losses.

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Weis, Timothy M., Adrian Ilinca, and Jean-Paul Pinard. "Stakeholders’ perspectives on barriers to remote wind–diesel power plants in Canada." Energy Policy 36, no. 5 (May 2008): 1611–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2008.01.004.

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Kassem, Youssef, Hüseyin Çamur, and Ramzi Aateg Faraj Aateg. "Exploring Solar and Wind Energy as a Power Generation Source for Solving the Electricity Crisis in Libya." Energies 13, no. 14 (July 18, 2020): 3708. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13143708.

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The current study is focused on the economic and financial assessments of solar and wind power potential for nine selected regions in Libya for the first time. As the existing meteorological data, including wind speed and global solar radiation, are extremely limited due to the civil war in the country, it was therefore decided to use the NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) database as a source of meteorological information to assess the wind and solar potential. The results showed that the country has huge solar energy potential compared to wind energy potential. Additionally, it is found that Al Kufrah is a suitable region for the future installation of the Photovoltaic (PV) power plant due to high annual solar radiation. Based on the actual wind speed analysis, Benghazi and Dernah are the best regions for large-scale wind farm installation in the future taking into account existing meteorological data limitations. The values of the wind power density in all regions are considerable and small-scale wind turbines can be used to generate electricity based on NASA average monthly wind data for 37 years (1982–2019). Moreover, this work aimed to evaluate the wind/PV systems technical and economically through RETScreen Expert (Version 6.0, CanmetENERGY Varennes Research Centre of Natural Resources Canada, Varennes, Canada). Focusing on the power supply crisis in the country, the potential of electricity production by 5 kW grid-connected residential/household rooftop PV in all regions is proposed and presented. Additionally, this paper evaluated a techno-economic analysis of the 50MW wind/PV system in suitable places. The performance of a 5 kW and 50 MW PV solar system with three PV technologies, namely mono-crystalline silicon, poly-crystalline silicon, and thin-film (CdTe), was also analyzed. The results demonstrated that the development of the wind/PV system in the selected regions is both technically and economically feasible. The outcomes of this study can help decision-makers in designing and installing PV power plants as an alternative source for the future.

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Bigdeli, Nooshin, Karim Afshar, Amin Shokri Gazafroudi, and Mostafa Yousefi Ramandi. "A comparative study of optimal hybrid methods for wind power prediction in wind farm of Alberta, Canada." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 27 (November 2013): 20–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.06.022.

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Romanic, Djordje, Ashkan Rasouli, and Horia Hangan. "Urban wind resource assessment in changing climate: Case study." Wind Engineering 41, no. 1 (August 1, 2016): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309524x16653486.

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Urban wind resource assessment in changing climate has not been studied so far. This study presents a methodology for microscale numerical modelling of urban wind resource assessment in changing climate. The methodology is applied for a specific urban development in the city of Toronto, ON, Canada. It is shown that the speed of the southwest winds, that is, the most frequent winds increased for .8 m s−1 in the period from 1948 to 2015. The generated wind energy maps are used to estimate the influences of climate change on the available wind energy. It is shown that the geometry of irregularly spaced and located obstacles in urban environments has to be taken into consideration when performing studies on urban wind resource assessment in changing climate. In the analysed urban environment, peak speeds are more affected by climate change than the mean speeds.

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Cai, Youming, Zheng Li, and Xu Cai. "Optimal Inertia Reserve and Inertia Control Strategy for Wind Farms." Energies 13, no. 5 (March 1, 2020): 1067. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13051067.

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It is important to reduce the impact of the high penetration of wind power into the electricity supply for the purposes of the security and stability of the power grid. As such, the inertia capability of wind farms has become an observation index. The existing control modes cannot guarantee the wind turbine to respond to the frequency variation of the grid, hence, it may lead to frequency instability as the penetration of wind power gets much higher. For the stability of the power grid, a simple and applicable method is to realize inertia response by controlling wind farms based on a high-speed communication network. Thus, with the consideration of the inertia released by a wind turbine at its different operating points, the inertia control mechanism of a doubly-fed wind turbine is analyzed firstly in this paper. The optimal exit point of inertia control is discussed. Then, an active power control strategy for wind farms is proposed to reserve the maximum inertia under a given power output constraint. Furthermore, turbines in a wind farm are grouped depending on their inertia capabilities, and a wind farm inertia control strategy for reasonable extraction of inertia is then presented. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy is verified by simulation on the RT-LAB (11.3.3, OPAL-RT TECHNOLOGIES, Montreal, Quebec, Canada) platform with detailed models of the wind farm.

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Howland, Michael F., and John O. Dabiri. "Wind Farm Modeling with Interpretable Physics-Informed Machine Learning." Energies 12, no. 14 (July 16, 2019): 2716. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12142716.

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Turbulent wakes trailing utility-scale wind turbines reduce the power production and efficiency of downstream turbines. Thorough understanding and modeling of these wakes is required to optimally design wind farms as well as control and predict their power production. While low-order, physics-based wake models are useful for qualitative physical understanding, they generally are unable to accurately predict the power production of utility-scale wind farms due to a large number of simplifying assumptions and neglected physics. In this study, we propose a suite of physics-informed statistical models to accurately predict the power production of arbitrary wind farm layouts. These models are trained and tested using five years of historical one-minute averaged operational data from the Summerview wind farm in Alberta, Canada. The trained models reduce the prediction error compared both to a physics-based wake model and a standard two-layer neural network. The trained parameters of the statistical models are visualized and interpreted in the context of the flow physics of turbulent wind turbine wakes.

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Weis, Timothy M., and Adrian Ilinca. "Assessing the potential for a wind power incentive for remote villages in Canada." Energy Policy 38, no. 10 (October 2010): 5504–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2010.04.039.

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Li, Meishen, and Xianguo Li. "Investigation of wind characteristics and assessment of wind energy potential for Waterloo region, Canada." Energy Conversion and Management 46, no. 18-19 (November 2005): 3014–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2005.02.011.

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Salgado-Herrera, Nadia Maria, David Campos-Gaona, Olimpo Anaya-Lara, Aurelio Medina-Rios, Roberto Tapia-Sánchez, and Juan Ramon Rodríguez-Rodríguez. "THD Reduction in Wind Energy System Using Type-4 Wind Turbine/PMSG Applying the Active Front-End Converter Parallel Operation." Energies 11, no. 9 (September 16, 2018): 2458. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11092458.

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In this paper, the active front-end (AFE) converter topology for the total harmonic distortion (THD) reduction in a wind energy system (WES) is used. A higher THD results in serious pulsations in the wind turbine (WT) output power and several power losses at the WES. The AFE converter topology improves the capability, efficiency, and reliability in the energy conversion devices; by modifying a conventional back-to-back converter, from using a single voltage source converter (VSC) to use pVSC connected in parallel, the AFE converter is generated. The THD reduction is achieved by applying a different phase shift angle at the carrier of digital sinusoidal pulse width modulation (DSPWM) switching signals of each VSC. To verify the functionality of the proposed methodology, the WES simulation in Matlab-Simulink® (Matlab r2015b, Mathworks, Natick, MA, USA) is analyzed, and the experimental laboratory tests using the concept of rapid control prototyping (RCP) and the real-time simulator Opal-RT Technologies (Montreal, QC, Canada) is achieved. The obtained results show a type-4 WT with a total output power of 6 MVA, generating a THD reduction up to 5.5 times of the total WES current output by Fourier series expansion.

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Nguyen, Thai-Thanh, Hak-Man Kim, and Hyung Suk Yang. "Impacts of a LVRT Control Strategy of Offshore Wind Farms on the HTS Power Cable." Energies 13, no. 5 (March 5, 2020): 1194. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13051194.

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High temperature superconducting (HTS) power cables are a potential solution for the grid integration of offshore wind farms since the HTS cable can conduct bulk wind power at low voltage levels. However, the transient current through the HTS cable in cases of low voltage ride through (LVRT) operation has a negative impact on the HTS cable operation due to the quenching phenomenon. This paper analyzes the impact of LVRT control strategies on the HTS cable operation. In addition, a coordinated control of wind turbines for LVRT improvement of an offshore wind farm is proposed. The feasibility of the HTS cable application for the grid connection of offshore wind farms is also discussed in this study. The proposed controller is designed for the wind turbine generator based on a type-4 permanent magnet synchronous generator. In the proposed controller, the transient current through the HTS cable is reduced by regulating the machine side power during fault conditions. The feasibility of the proposed controller is validated in the PSCAD/EMTDC program (Manitoba Hydro International Ltd., Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, version 4.2.1). The effects of transient current on the cable temperatures and resistances are analyzed in this study. Simulation results show that the proposed control strategy could reduce the transient current and temperature rise of the HTS cable.

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Acker, Thomas L., André Robitaille, Hannele Holttinen, Marian Piekutowski, and John Olav Giæver Tande. "Integration of Wind and Hydropower Systems: Results of IEA Wind Task 24." Wind Engineering 36, no. 1 (February 2012): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/0309-524x.36.1.1.

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In May of 2004, the IEA Wind Implementing Agreement (IA) established R&D Task 24, “Integration of Wind and Hydropower Systems.” Australia, Canada, Finland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United States joined Task 24 with the goal of collaborating in the study of wind integration in a variety of electrical system configurations (load, generation, and transmission); hydro system configurations and characteristics; and market and operational configurations. Representing these countries were utilities and research organizations with the intent to understand the potential for and limiting factors in integrating wind into systems with hydropower. Case studies that analyze the feasibility, benefits, detriments, and costs of specific wind-hydro integration projects were the mechanism through which the goals of the task were addressed. The purpose of this article is to summarize the framework within which these studies were performed, and to present the key results and the general conclusions of the Task.

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Yang, Jing, Wei Yu, Julien Choisnard, Alain Forcione, and Slavica Antic. "Coupled Atmospheric–Ice Load Model for Evaluation of Wind Plant Power Loss." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 54, no. 6 (June 2015): 1142–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-14-0125.1.

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AbstractIcing is a weather phenomenon that is typical of cold climates. It impacts human activities through ice accretion on tower structures, transmission lines, and the blades of wind turbines. Icing on turbine blades, in particular, results in wind turbine performance degradation and/or safety shutdowns. The objective of this study is to explore the feasibility of using a coupled atmospheric and ice load model to simulate icing start-up, duration, and amount while also quantitatively evaluating power loss in wind plants related to icing events and mechanisms. Eight of 27 icing episodes identified for a wind plant in the Gaspé region of Québec (Canada) during the period 2008–10 were simulated using a mesoscale model (the Global Environmental Multiscale Limited-Area Model, or GEM-LAM). The simulations were verified using near-surface temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed, all of which compared well to in situ observations. Simulated wind speed, precipitation, cloud liquid water content, and median volume diameter of the droplets were used to drive ice load models to simulate the total ice load on a cylindrical structure. The three ice load models accounted for freezing rain, wet snow, and in-cloud icing, respectively, and in all three cases a sink term was added to account for melting due to radiation. The start-up and duration of ice were well captured by the coupled model, and a positive correlation was found between icing episodes and wind power reduction. This study demonstrates the improvements of the icing forecasts by using three ice load models, and provides a framework for both qualitative and quantitative evaluation of icing impact on wind turbine operations.

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Diana Ognjan, Zoran Stanić, and Željko Tomšić. "PROFITABILITY OF INCENTIVE PURCHASE PRICES FOR WIND FARM PROJECTS IN CROATIA." Journal of Energy - Energija 57, no. 2 (October 11, 2022): 178–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.37798/2008572321.

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In 2007 the Croatian energy legislation underwent a series of changes. Along with the opening of the electricity market to all legal entities, on 1 July 2007 a package of five bylaws on the incentives to electricity generation from renewable energy resources entered into force. The incentive method Croatia has opted for are feed-in tariffs, the widest-spread and currently most successful method in the European Union. In Croatia a massive venture capital interest in renewables is recently manifest, especially wind power projects. This raises a question about the real profitability of such projects and whether or not the incentive puchase price is high enough to make the wind power projects viable. The present work analyses a generic wind power plant project, installed power 25 MW (the reasons why this rating has been chosen are given later on), by using RETScreen International Software, developed in Canada and used throughout the world. The introductory part, which describes the current situation in Croatia regarding renewables, is followed by a brief overview of newly introduced bylaws aimed to provide incentives for electricity generation from renewables. The works explains in detail the input of all relevant technical, economic and financial parameters and shows the results of modelling a wind power plant with capacity factors of 18 %, 20 %, 22 %, 25 %, 27 % and 30 % by using RETScreen International Software. A detailed susceptibility and risk analysis is given for a wind power plant with the capacity factor of 25%, followed by a conclusion.

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Benchaabane, Youssef, Rosa Elvira Silva, Hussein Ibrahim, Adrian Ilinca, Ambrish Chandra, and Daniel R. Rousse. "Computer Model for Financial, Environmental and Risk Analysis of a Wind–Diesel Hybrid System with Compressed Air Energy Storage." Energies 12, no. 21 (October 24, 2019): 4054. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12214054.

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Remote and isolated communities in Canada experience gaps in access to stable energy sources and must rely on diesel generators for heat and electricity. However, the cost and environmental impact resulting from the use of fossil fuels, especially in local energy production, heating, industrial processes and transportation are compelling reasons to support the development and deployment of renewable energy hybrid systems. This paper presents a computer model for economic analysis and risk assessment of a wind–diesel hybrid system with compressed air energy storage. The proposed model is developed from the point of view of the project investor and it includes technical, financial, risk and environmental analysis. Robustness is evaluated through sensitivity analysis. The model has been validated by comparing the results of a wind–diesel case study against those obtained using HOMER (National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, United States) and RETScreen (Natural Resources Canada, Government of Canada, Canada) software. The impact on economic performance of adding energy storage system in a wind–diesel hybrid system has been discussed. The obtained results demonstrate the feasibility of such hybrid system as a suitable power generator in terms of high net present value and internal rate of return, low cost of energy, as well as low risk assessment. In addition, the environmental impact is positive since less fuel is used.

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Ioannidou, Lily, Wei Yu, and Stéphane Bélair. "Forecasting of Surface Winds over Eastern Canada Using the Canadian Offline Land Surface Modeling System." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 53, no. 7 (July 2014): 1760–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-12-0284.1.

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AbstractThe capability of the Canadian land surface external modeling system known as the Global Environmental Multiscale Surface (GEM-SURF) system with respect to surface wind predictions is evaluated. Based on the Interactions between Soil, Biosphere, and Atmosphere (ISBA) land surface scheme, and an exponential power law adjusted to the local stability conditions for the prediction of surface winds, the system allows decoupling of surface processes from those of the free atmosphere and enables high resolutions at the surface as dictated by the small-scale heterogeneities of the surface boundary. The simulations are driven by downscaled forecasts from the Regional Deterministic Prediction System, the 15-km Canadian regional operational modeling system. High-resolution, satellite-derived datasets of orography, vegetation, and soil cover are used to depict the surface boundary. The integration domains cover Canada’s eastern provinces at resolutions ranging from that of the driving model to resolutions similar to those of the geophysical datasets. The GEM-SURF predictions outperform those of the driving operational model. Reduction of the standard error and improvement of the model skill is seen as resolution increases, for all wind speeds. Further, the bias error is reduced in association with a rise in the corresponding value of the roughness length. For all examined resolutions GEM-SURF’s predictions are shown to be superior to those obtained through a simple statistical downscaling. In the prospect of the future development of a multicomponent system that provides wind forecasts at levels of wind energy generation, GEM-SURF’s potential for improved scores at the surface and its limited requirements in computer resources make it a suitable surface component of such a system.

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Ehrenman, Gayle. "Current From Currents." Mechanical Engineering 125, no. 02 (February 1, 2003): 40–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2003-feb-2.

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This article discusses that in the quest for renewable energy, the oceans’ tides and flow have gone largely untapped. Companies in the United Kingdom and Canada are trying to harvest the power of sea current through new application of an old technology: turbines. IT Power is using technology from its spin-off company, Marine Current Turbines, also in Hampshire. The technology consists of a pair of axial flow rotors that are roughly 50 to 65 feet in diameter. Each drives a generator via a gearbox, much like a wind turbine. Blue Energy Canada is also working the currents. Its approach differs from that of IT Power in two significant ways: orientation of the turbine blades and their arrangement. A study conducted in 2001 by Triton Consultants, based in Vancouver, BC, on behalf of BC Hydro (one of the largest electrical utilities in Canada), found that the cost to develop a current turbine site is rather high, but the cost of annual power generation would be low. The study considered a site at the Discovery Passage in British Columbia, which it speculated would run 7941-MW Marine Current Turbines spread over roughly 3922 acres.

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Kabanda, Herve, Alex Romard, Fuze Yurtsever, Anjali Wadhera, Joshua Andrews, and Craig Merrett. "Construction Time Estimation Function for Canadian Utility Scale Power Plants." Energies 14, no. 17 (August 31, 2021): 5421. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14175421.

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Construction time and time overruns for infrastructure projects have been frequently studied; however, the construction time of power plants has not been studied. This lack of study is problematic, as more renewable energy power plants, such as wind and solar, are planned for many jurisdictions. Accurately estimating the construction time of a power plant will assist construction planning, budget estimates, and policy development encouraging the use of more renewable sources. The construction times of utility scale power plants in Canada were studied using publicly available data. Multiple linear regression analysis techniques were applied to the data to generate construction time estimation functions for all power plants together, and for individual technologies. The analyses reveal that construction time is sensitive to jurisdiction and the decade of construction, indicating that decisions made by individual Canadian provincial governments at different times had statistically significant impacts on construction time. The analyses also indicated that construction time is a strong function of installed capacity, independent of technology. This finding suggests that large solar or wind energy facilities will encounter longer construction times similar to large hydroelectric facilities.

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Pakchotanon, Pet, Amornvadee Veawab, Adisorn Aroonwilas, and Teerawat Sema. "Atmospheric Dispersion of Gaseous Amine Emitted from Absorption-Based Carbon Capture Plants in Saskatchewan, Canada." Energies 15, no. 3 (February 8, 2022): 1221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15031221.

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Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a key strategy to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from industrial point sources. Gas absorption into aqueous amine solutions is an immediate technology for carbon capture that has been tested in many demonstration plants. One concern of using the amine-based carbon capture process is the environmental impacts and health risk caused by emissions of gaseous amines from the process to the atmosphere. This work applied the knowledge of air dispersion modelling to map out the atmospheric dispersion and resulting ground surface level concentration of gaseous amine, namely Monoethanolamine (MEA), from a coal-fired power plant (with a carbon capture unit) and in surrounding areas, in case of an accidental leaking of amine from the CCS system to the atmosphere. The chosen study area was centered on a coal-fired power plant in the province of Saskatchewan, Canada. The Environmental Protection (EPA) approved air pollution model (CALPUFF), together with meteorological and geophysical data were used for gaseous amine dispersion simulation. The results were presented, and the ground amine concentrations were found to vary with wind patterns (wind direction and wind speed). The maximum ground surface amine concentrations standard is 15.2 µg/m3. However, the results showed that when using the water wash unit, the MEA concentrations were well below the standard level, compared to those without the water wash unit. It is essential for CO2 capture plants located in highly populated areas to be equipped with water wash units.

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Jami, Anahita, and Philip Walsh. "Wind Power Deployment: The Role of Public Participation in the Decision-Making Process in Ontario, Canada." Sustainability 8, no. 8 (July 26, 2016): 713. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su8080713.

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Weis, Timothy M., and Adrian Ilinca. "The utility of energy storage to improve the economics of wind–diesel power plants in Canada." Renewable Energy 33, no. 7 (July 2008): 1544–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2007.07.018.

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Bubshait, Abdullah, and Marcelo G. Simões. "Optimal Power Reserve of a Wind Turbine System Participating in Primary Frequency Control." Applied Sciences 8, no. 11 (October 23, 2018): 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8112022.

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Participation of a wind turbine (WT) in primary frequency control (PFC) requires reserving some active power. The reserved power can be used to support the grid frequency. To maintain the required amount of reserve power, the WT is de-loaded to operate under its maximum power. The objective of this article is to design a control method for a WT system to maintain the reserved power of the WT, by controlling both pitch angle and rotor speed simultaneously in order to optimize the operation of the WT system. The pitch angle is obtained such that the stator current of the permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) is reduced. Therefore, the resistive losses in the machine and the conduction losses of the converter are minimized. To avoid an excessive number of pitch motor operations, the wind forecast is implemented in order to predict consistent pitch angle valid for longer timeframe. Then, the selected pitch angle and the known curtailed power are used to find the optimal rotor speed by applying a nonlinear equation solver. To validate the proposed de-loading approach and control method, a detailed WT system is modeled in Matlab/Simulink (The Mathworks, Natick, MA, USA, 2017). Then, the proposed control scheme is validated using hardware-in-the-loop and real time simulation built in Opal-RT (10.4.14, Opal-RT Inc., Montreal, PQ, Canada).

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Ibrahim, Hussein, Mazen Ghandour, and Georges El-Jamal. "Feasibility Study of Hybrid Wind-Diesel-Battery Power Generating Systems: Parametric and Sensitivity Analysis." MATEC Web of Conferences 171 (2018): 01004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201817101004.

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The renewables energies are being used to reduce the environmental pollution, combat the climate change and burning of fossil fuels. For remote or decentralized areas, where grid connection is very complex, renewable energy generation system can be a reliable and optimized source of energy. Moreover, wind-diesel-solar hybrid system technology promises lots of opportunities in remote areas which are far from the main grid and are supplied by diesel gensets. This paper is based on the analysis of a hybrid energy system for optimization. The analysis of the hybrid system is realized in the HOMER software package. The HOMER software was utilized as the assessment tool with modeling performed with hourly data of wind speed, solar radiation and load. In this study, the remote village of Tuktoyaktuk situated in Northwest Territories of Canada has been taken for the discussion of the optimization analysis of a hybrid energy generation system.

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Dehghani-Sanij, A. R., A. Al-Haq, J. Bastian, G. Luehr, J. Nathwani, M. B. Dusseault, and Y. Leonenko. "Assessment of current developments and future prospects of wind energy in Canada." Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 50 (March 2022): 101819. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2021.101819.

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Oshin, Ola Austin. "Development of Wind Turbine Generator and Solar Hybrid Power System Model for Rural Electrification." Journal La Multiapp 3, no. 4 (August 26, 2022): 131–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.37899/journallamultiapp.v3i4.674.

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The countries that are most energy-consuming, where there are industrial developments, where the energy demand is highest are the advanced and developing countries in the world (Mustafa, 2018). For instance, the average power per capital (watts per person) in the United States is 1,377 Watts. In Canada, it is as high as 1,704 Watts per person and in South Africa; it is 445 Watts per person. The average power per capital in Australia is 1,112 Watts and in New Zealand it is 1,020 W per person. Whereas, the average power per capital (watts per person) in Nigeria is 14 W per person. (Austin, O. O et.al, 2020). Also, power supply in many parts of Africa is erratic and characterized with a lot of faults and outages. In Nigeria, it is estimated that only 40 % of Nigerians are connected to the national grid and the connected population are exposed to frequent power outages (Abubakar et al, 2015, Austin O.A, 2020). Unfortunately, the effects of incessant power supply have destroyed many industrial activities, reduced employment and has increased crime activities in many parts of the continent (Africa). Therefore, in order to provide urgent solution to these problems and satisfy the high energy demand in African residential and industrial environments, electrical energy should be reliable, aﬀordable, effective, and sustainable. This calls for an urgent establishment of alternative Renewable Hybrid Power Supply System which will provide continuous, reliable and effective power supply to the consumers.

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Elsaraiti, Meftah, and Adel Merabet. "Application of Long-Short-Term-Memory Recurrent Neural Networks to Forecast Wind Speed." Applied Sciences 11, no. 5 (March 8, 2021): 2387. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11052387.

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Forecasting wind speed is one of the most important and challenging problems in the wind power prediction for electricity generation. Long short-term memory was used as a solution to short-term memory to address the problem of the disappearance or explosion of gradient information during the training process experienced by the recurrent neural network (RNN) when used to study time series. In this study, this problem is addressed by proposing a prediction model based on long short-term memory and a deep neural network developed to forecast the wind speed values of multiple time steps in the future. The weather database in Halifax, Canada was used as a source for two series of wind speeds per hour. Two different seasons spring (March 2015) and summer (July 2015) were used for training and testing the forecasting model. The results showed that the use of the proposed model can effectively improve the accuracy of wind speed prediction.

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Ayuketang Arreyndip, Nkongho, and Ebobenow Joseph. "Generalized Extreme Value Distribution Models for the Assessment of Seasonal Wind Energy Potential of Debuncha, Cameroon." Journal of Renewable Energy 2016 (2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9357812.

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The method of generalized extreme value family of distributions (Weibull, Gumbel, and Frechet) is employed for the first time to assess the wind energy potential of Debuncha, South-West Cameroon, and to study the variation of energy over the seasons on this site. The 29-year (1983–2013) average daily wind speed data over Debuncha due to missing values in the years 1992 and 1994 is gotten from NASA satellite data through the RETScreen software tool provided by CANMET Canada. The data is partitioned into min-monthly, mean-monthly, and max-monthly data and fitted using maximum likelihood method to the two-parameter Weibull, Gumbel, and Frechet distributions for the purpose of determining the best fit to be used for assessing the wind energy potential on this site. The respective shape and scale parameters are estimated. By making use of the P values of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistic (K-S) and the standard error (s.e) analysis, the results show that the Frechet distribution best fits the min-monthly, mean-monthly, and max-monthly data compared to the Weibull and Gumbel distributions. Wind speed distributions and wind power densities of both the wet and dry seasons are compared. The results show that the wind power density of the wet season was higher than in the dry season. The wind speeds at this site seem quite low; maximum wind speeds are listed as between 3.1 and 4.2 m/s, which is below the cut-in wind speed of many modern turbines (6–10 m/s). However, we recommend the installation of low cut-in wind turbines like the Savonius or Aircon (10 KW) for stand-alone low energy need.

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E, Harikrishnan. "DESIGN OF A LOW-COST HYBRID SYSTEM FOR A CANADIAN HOME: A CASE STUDY." International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology 7, no. 4 (August 1, 2022): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.33564/ijeast.2022.v07i04.007.

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The energy challenge has become the most critical issue in this century, leading to many global conflicts. Solar power is broadly acknowledged as a green technology. A stable and non-outages grid with the lowest cost becomes the target for many people interested in energy, especially after a sharp rise in the regular price of energy. This academic research aims to design a low-cost system for a Canadian home to significantly reduce the power bill of a home in St. Johns, Canada. A house or a small industrial facility can generate enough energy to meet its needs by combining two or three energy sources. In St. John's, Newfoundland, the average yearly wind speed is 6.7 m/s, and monthly average solar radiation exceeds 220 W/m2 . A typical R2000-compliant home uses 68.4kWh per day on average. Many distant dwellings can benefit from hybrid energy systems to generate energy. Photovoltaic and wind power generates electricity by combining solar cells with wind turbines, then integrated into a battery bank. The energy is transferred to an inverter, which produces an alternating current. Before using such energy, significant concerns, such as the input-output relationship, must be considered. A charge controller is required to monitor variations in the energy sources, and a power inverter is needed to convert electric current to alternating current. The economic and geological feasibility is conducted for this case study

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Şahin, Ahmet Duran, Ibrahim Dincer, and Marc A. Rosen. "New Spatio-Temporal Wind Exergy Maps." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 128, no. 3 (January 27, 2006): 194–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2213271.

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In this paper, energy and exergy characteristics of wind energy are investigated. The effects of wind speed and air temperature and pressure at the inlet of a wind turbine on windchill temperature are examined. We also investigate energy and exergy efficiencies of the wind energy generating system and verify the models through a case study on a 100 kW wind generating system for 21 climatic stations in the province of Ontario, Canada. New energy and exergy efficiency maps of the wind energy generating system are introduced to provide a common basis for regional assessments and interpretations. These efficiency maps are plotted for 4 months of the year (January, April, July, October), which are taken to be representative months of the seasons. The results show that aerial differences between energy and exergy efficiencies are approximately 20%–24% at low wind speeds and approximately 10%–15% at high wind speeds.

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Arabzadeh Saheli, Mahdieh, Farivar Fazelpour, Nima Soltani, and Marc A. Rosen. "Performance analysis of a photovoltaic/wind/diesel hybrid power generation system for domestic utilization in winnipeg, manitoba, canada." Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy 38, no. 2 (October 5, 2018): 548–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ep.12939.

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39

Rebello, Eldrich, David Watson, and Marianne Rodgers. "Ancillary services from wind turbines: automatic generation control (AGC) from a single Type 4 turbine." Wind Energy Science 5, no. 1 (February 12, 2020): 225–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-225-2020.

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Abstract. Wind turbines possess the technical ability to provide various ancillary services to the electrical grid. Despite this, renewable generators such as wind and solar have traditionally not been allowed to provide significant amounts of ancillary services, in part due to the variable and uncertain nature of their electricity generation. Increasing levels of renewable generation, however, continue to displace existing synchronous generation and thus necessitate new sources of ancillary or system services. This work is part of an ongoing project that seeks to provide empirical evidence and an examination of how ancillary services can be provided from commercially available wind turbines. We focus specifically on providing secondary frequency response (automatic generation control or AGC) and demonstrate that wind turbines have the technical capability to provide this service. The algorithms used are intentionally simple so as to evaluate the capabilities and limitations of the turbine technology. This work presents results from a single, 800 kW, International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Type 4 wind turbine. A total of 10 % of rated power is offered on the regulation market. We do not separate up- and downregulation into individual services. Upregulation is offered through a 5 % constant power curtailment. The AGC update interval is 4 s, to mimic real-world conditions. We use performance scoring methods from the Pennsylvania–Jersey–Maryland (PJM) operator and the National Research Council (NRC) of Canada to quantify the wind turbine's response. We use the calculated performance scores, annual site wind data, and 2017 PJM market price data to estimate income from providing secondary frequency regulation. In all cases presented, income from the regulation market is greater than the energy income lost due to curtailment.

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Cunanan, Carlo James, Carlos Andrés Elorza Casas, Mitchell Yorke, Michael Fowler, and Xiao-Yu Wu. "Design and Analysis of an Offshore Wind Power to Ammonia Production System in Nova Scotia." Energies 15, no. 24 (December 16, 2022): 9558. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15249558.

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Green ammonia has potential as a zero-emissions energy vector in applications such as energy storage, transmission and distribution, and zero-emissions transportation. Renewable energy such as offshore wind energy has been proposed to power its production. This paper designed and analyzed an on-land small-scale power-to-ammonia (P2A) production system with a target nominal output of 15 tonnes of ammonia per day, which will use an 8 MW offshore turbine system off the coast of Nova Scotia, Canada as the main power source. The P2A system consists of a reverse osmosis system, a proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyser, a hydrogen storage tank, a nitrogen generator, a set of compressors and heat exchangers, an autothermal Haber-Bosch reactor, and an ammonia storage tank. The system uses an electrical grid as a back-up for when the wind energy is insufficient as the process assumes a steady state. Two scenarios were analyzed with Scenario 1 producing a steady state of 15 tonnes of ammonia per day, and Scenario 2 being one that switched production rates whenever wind speeds were low to 55% the nominal capacity. The results show that the grid connected P2A system has significant emissions for both scenarios, which is larger than the traditional fossil-fuel based ammonia production, when using the grid in provinces like Nova Scotia, even if it is just a back-up during low wind power generation. The levelized cost of ammonia (LCOA) was calculated to be at least 2323 CAD tonne−1 for both scenarios which is not cost competitive in this small production scale. Scaling up the whole system, reducing the reliance on the electricity grid, increasing service life, and decreasing windfarm costs could reduce the LCOA and make this P2A process more cost competitive.

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B.M.J. Ouarda, Taha, and Christian Charron. "Non-stationary statistical modelling of wind speed: A case study in eastern Canada." Energy Conversion and Management 236 (May 2021): 114028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2021.114028.

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42

Squires, Kelly A., Bethany G. Thurber, J. Ryan Zimmerling, and Charles M. Francis. "Timing and Weather Offer Alternative Mitigation Strategies for Lowering Bat Mortality at Wind Energy Facilities in Ontario." Animals 11, no. 12 (December 8, 2021): 3503. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11123503.

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Relatively high mortality of migratory bats at wind energy facilities has prompted research to understand the underlying spatial and temporal factors, with the goal of developing more effective mitigation approaches. We examined acoustic recordings of echolocation calls at 12 sites and post-construction carcass survey data collected at 10 wind energy facilities in Ontario, Canada, to quantify the degree to which timing and regional-scale weather predict bat activity and mortality. Rain and low temperatures consistently predicted low mortality and activity of big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) and three species of migratory tree bats: hoary bat (Lasiurus cinereus), eastern red bat (L. borealis), and silver-haired bat (Lasionycteris noctivagans). Bat activity occurred in waves with distinct peaks through the season; regardless of seasonal timing, most activities occurred in the first half of the night. We conclude that wind energy facilities could adopt a novel and more effective curtailment strategy based on weather and seasonal and nocturnal timing that would minimize mortality risks for bats while increasing the opportunities for power generation, relative to the mitigation strategy of increasing cut-in wind speed to 5.5 m/s.

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Mang-Benza, Carelle, and Jamie Baxter. "Not paid to dance at the powwow: Power relations, community benefits, and wind energy in M’Chigeeng First Nation, Ontario, Canada." Energy Research & Social Science 82 (December 2021): 102301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2021.102301.

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Jami, Anahita A. N., and Philip R. Walsh. "The role of public participation in identifying stakeholder synergies in wind power project development: The case study of Ontario, Canada." Renewable Energy 68 (August 2014): 194–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2014.02.004.

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45

Choisnard, Julien, Gaëtan Lafrance, and Monique Bernier. "SAR-Satellite for Offshore and Coastal Wind Resource Analysis, with Examples from St. Lawrence Gulf, Canada." Wind Engineering 28, no. 4 (June 2004): 367–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/0309524042886432.

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46

Charron, Martin, P. L. Houtekamer, and Peter Bartello. "Assimilation with an Ensemble Kalman Filter of Synthetic Radial Wind Data in Anisotropic Turbulence: Perfect Model Experiments." Monthly Weather Review 134, no. 2 (February 1, 2006): 618–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr3081.1.

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Abstract The ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) developed at the Meteorological Research Branch of Canada is used in the context of synthetic radial wind data assimilation at the mesoscale. A dry Boussinesq model with periodic boundary conditions is employed to provide a control run, as well as two ensembles of first guesses. Synthetic data, which are interpolated from the control run, are assimilated and simulate Doppler radar wind measurements. Nine “radars” with a range of 120 km are placed evenly on the horizontal 1000 km × 1000 km domain. These radars measure the radial wind with assumed Gaussian error statistics at each grid point within their range provided that there is sufficient upward motion (a proxy for precipitation). These data of radial winds are assimilated every 30 min and the assimilation period extends over 4 days. Results show that the EnKF technique with 2 × 50 members performed well in terms of reducing the analysis error for horizontal winds and temperature (even though temperature is not an observed variable) over a period of 4 days. However the analyzed vertical velocity shows an initial degradation. During the first 2 days of the assimilation period, the analysis error of the vertical velocity is greater when assimilating radar observations than when scoring forecasts initialized at t = 0 without assimilating any data. The type of assimilated data as well as the localization of the impact of the observations is thought to be the cause of this degradation of the analyzed vertical velocity. External gravity modes are present in the increments when localization is performed. This degradation can be eliminated by filtering the external gravity modes of the analysis increments. A similar set of experiments is realized in which the model dissipation coefficient is reduced by a factor of 10. This shows the level of sensitivity of the results to the kinetic energy power spectrum, and that the quality of the analyzed vertical wind is worse when dissipation is small.

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Adams, Evan M., Julia Gulka, and Kathryn A. Williams. "A review of the effectiveness of operational curtailment for reducing bat fatalities at terrestrial wind farms in North America." PLOS ONE 16, no. 11 (November 17, 2021): e0256382. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256382.

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Curtailment of turbine operations during low wind conditions has become an operational minimization tactic to reduce bat mortality at terrestrial wind energy facilities. Site-specific studies have demonstrated that bat activity is higher during lower wind speeds and that operational curtailment can effectively reduce fatalities. However, the exact nature of the relationship between curtailment cut-in speed and bat fatality reduction remains unclear. To evaluate the efficacy of differing curtailment regimes in reducing bat fatalities, we examined data from turbine curtailment experiments in the United States and Canada in a meta-analysis framework. We used multiple statistical models to explore possible linear and non-linear relationships between turbine cut-in speed and bat fatality. Because the overall sample size for this meta-analysis was small (n = 36 control-treatment studies from 17 wind farms), we conducted a power analysis to assess the number of control-treatment curtailment studies needed to understand the relationship between fatality reduction and change in cut-in speed. We also identified the characteristics of individual curtailment field studies that may influence their power to detect fatality reductions, and in turn, contribute to future meta-analyses. We found strong evidence that implementing turbine curtailment reduces fatality rates of bats at wind farms; the estimated fatality ratio across all studies was 0.37 (p < 0.001), or a 63% decrease in fatalities. However, the nature of the relationship between the magnitude of treatment and reduction in fatalities was more difficult to assess. Models that represented the response ratio as a continuous variable (e.g., with a linear relationship between the change in cut-in speed and fatalities) and a categorical variable (to allow for possible non-linearity in this relationship) both had substantial support when compared using AICc. The linear model represented the best fit, likely due to model simplicity, but the non-linear model was the most likely without accounting for parsimony and suggested fatality rates decreased when the difference in curtailment cut-in speeds was 2m/s or larger. The power analyses showed that the power to detect effects in the meta-analysis was low if fatality reductions were less than 50%, which suggests that smaller increases in cut-in speed (i.e., between different treatment categories) may not be easily detectable with the current dataset. While curtailment is an effective operational mitigation measure overall, additional well-designed curtailment studies are needed to determine precisely whether higher cut-in speeds can further reduce bat fatalities.

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Sidorov, Denis, Fang Liu, and Yonghui Sun. "Machine Learning for Energy Systems." Energies 13, no. 18 (September 10, 2020): 4708. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13184708.

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The objective of this editorial is to overview the content of the special issue “Machine Learning for Energy Systems”. This special issue collects innovative contributions addressing the top challenges in energy systems development, including electric power systems, heating and cooling systems, and gas transportation systems. The special attention is paid to the non-standard mathematical methods integrating data-driven black box dynamical models with classic mathematical and mechanical models. The general motivation of this special issue is driven by the considerable interest in the rethinking and improvement of energy systems due to the progress in heterogeneous data acquisition, data fusion, numerical methods, machine learning, and high-performance computing. The editor of this special issue has made an attempt to publish a book containing original contributions addressing theory and various applications of machine learning in energy systems’ operation, monitoring, and design. The response to our call had 27 submissions from 11 countries (Brazil, Canada, China, Denmark, Germany, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Korea, Taiwan, UK, and USA), of which 12 were accepted and 15 were rejected. This issue contains 11 technical articles, one review, and one editorial. It covers a broad range of topics including reliability of power systems analysis, power quality issues in railway electrification systems, test systems of transformer oil, industrial control problems in metallurgy, power control for wind turbine fatigue balancing, advanced methods for forecasting of PV output power as well as wind speed and power, control of the AC/DC hybrid power systems with renewables and storage systems, electric-gas energy systems’ risk assessment, battery’s degradation status prediction, insulators fault forecasting, and autonomous energy coordination using blockchain-based negotiation model. In addition, review of the blockchain technology for information security of the energy internet is given. We believe that this special issue will be of interest not only to academics and researchers, but also to all the engineers who are seriously concerned about the unsolved problems in contemporary power engineering, multi-energy microgrids modeling.

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Martin, Graham R. "Vision-Based Design and Deployment Criteria for Power Line Bird Diverters." Birds 3, no. 4 (December 9, 2022): 410–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/birds3040028.

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The design of bird diverters should be based upon the perception of birds, not the perception of humans, but until now it is human vision that has guided diverter design. Aspects of bird vision pertinent to diverter design are reviewed. These are applied in an example that uses Canada Geese Branta canadensis as a putative worst-case example of a collision-prone species. The proposed design uses an achromatic checkerboard pattern of high contrast whose elements match the low spatial resolution of these birds when they are active under twilight light levels. The detectability of the device will be increased by movement, and this is best achieved with a device that rotates on its own axis driven by the wind. The recommended spacing of diverters along a power line is based upon the maximum width of the bird’s binocular field and the linear distance that it subtends at a distance sufficient to allow a bird to alter its flight path before possible impact. Given the worst-case nature of this example, other bird species should detect and avoid such a device. The basic design can be modified for use with specific target species if sufficient is known about their vision. Field trials of devices based on these design criteria are now required.

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Tsvetkova, Olga, and Taha B. M. J. Ouarda. "Use of the Halphen distribution family for mean wind speed estimation with application to Eastern Canada." Energy Conversion and Management 276 (January 2023): 116502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2022.116502.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Wind power – Canada'

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