Relevant bibliographies by topics / WIND LOAD EFFECT

Academic literature on the topic 'WIND LOAD EFFECT'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 11 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "WIND LOAD EFFECT"

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Kim, Taeo, Sang Whan Han, and Soo Ik Cho. "Effect of Wind Loads on Collapse Performance and Seismic Loss for Steel Ordinary Moment Frames." Applied Sciences 12, no. 4 (February 15, 2022): 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12042011.

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The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of wind loads on the seismic collapse performance and seismic loss for steel ordinary moment frames (OMFs). For this purpose, 9-, 12-, 15-, and 18-story steel OMFs are repeatedly designed for (1) gravity load + seismic load, (2) gravity load + seismic load + wind load (wind speed = 44 m/s), and (3) gravity load + seismic load + wind load (wind speed = 55 m/s). The seismic collapse performance and seismic loss of OMFs are evaluated using the procedures in FEMA P695 (FEMA, 2009) and FEMA P58 (FEMA, 2018), respectively. Steel OMFs designed with consideration of wind loads have larger member sections than corresponding steel OMFs designed without consideration of wind loads as expected. Although member sections are increased when wind loads are considered, the growth in the maximum base shear force and lateral stiffness of OMFs are insignificant. Unlike our expectation, OMFs designed with consideration of wind loads have higher expected annual loss (EAL) than corresponding OMFs designed without consideration of wind loads.
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Gao, Yong Tao, and Xiao Hu. "Wind Load Analysis on Adherent Billboard Considering the Turbulent Wind." Applied Mechanics and Materials 90-93 (September 2011): 1365–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.90-93.1365.

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Due to the applicable installation height, small mass, flexible characteristic, and small damp, the adherent billboard could easily result in vibration with the wind effect. The main factor is the turbulence among the cause effects. Combining the structural dynamic theory, and considering the characteristic of the adherent billboard, a wind effect calculation formula is set up considering the turbulent wind that is resulted by the 1st vibration type. Hope to provide some reference for similar structure designs.
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Ding, Wei, and Yasushi Uematsu. "Discussion of Design Wind Loads on a Vaulted Free Roof." Wind 2, no. 3 (July 8, 2022): 479–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wind2030026.

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This paper discusses the wind loads for designing vaulted free roofs based on a wind tunnel experiment, in which the wind force coefficients for the main wind force resisting system and the peak wind force coefficients for cladding are considered. The focus is on the dynamic load effects of fluctuating wind pressures on the wind force coefficients. Wind pressure distributions on the top and bottom surfaces were measured in a turbulent boundary layer. The results indicated that the distributions of wind force coefficients changed significantly with wind direction. Then, the wind direction providing the maximum load effect on the structural frame was detected from a dynamic response analysis using the time histories of wind pressure coefficients. In the analysis, the focus was on the bending moment at the windward column base and the axial force in the leeward column as the most important load effects. The LRC method proposed by Kasperski was employed for evaluating the equivalent static wind force coefficients providing the maximum load effects. Based on the results, a model of design wind force coefficient was proposed in the framework of the conventional gust effect factor approach. Finally, positive and negative peak wind force coefficients for designing the cladding were proposed based on the most critical maximum and minimum peak wind force coefficients among all wind directions.
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Guo, Long, Ai Rong Chen, and Li Ping Xu. "Strait Crossing Cable Stayed Bridge Girder Evolution." Advanced Materials Research 250-253 (May 2011): 1407–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.250-253.1407.

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The design of bridges, in particular long spanned ones, is challenging in the sense that there are many complicated issues to be considered. Amidst the loads to be considered, like dead load, live load, wind load, and earthquake load, the wind load becomes the prime concern for the design of the bridges. The paper will introduce several newly evolved kinds of girder that were based on commonly known physic natural law by structural engineer. Further structural analysis and wind effect research should be done in the future to validate and decide the structural member dimensions. The main problem to be solved in strait crossing bridge is lateral wind load that will effect traffic safety as well as wind effect on structures (statically and dynamically) for long span bridge arrangement.
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Bao, Wen Bo, Yu Yong Hu, and Yang Cui. "Wind Loads Simulation of Tall Building Structure Subjected to Wind-Structure Interaction." Advanced Materials Research 163-167 (December 2010): 4286–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.163-167.4286.

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Wind is an important and complex load and an important basis in the structural analysis and the design of high-rise structure. Based on Davenport wind spectrum, multi-dimensional fluctuating wind and random wind load of tall building structure are simulated by using harmonic wave superposition method. To investigate the coupling effect of wind loads, wind-structure system is solved with Wilson-θ step-by-step numerical integration method, and the wind load of Tall building structure subjected to fluid-structure interaction. Turbulence intensity and its variation are presented in this paper.
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Wei, Hua, Yan Jun Cheng, Zhi Yuan Peng, and Hai Jun Wang. "Finite Element Analysis for the Wind Resistance of the Tower of Wind Turbine." Advanced Materials Research 189-193 (February 2011): 1718–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.189-193.1718.

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1MW variable speed constant frequency wind turbine tower of steel structure is analyzed by using the software ANSYS, the coupling between the wind and the tower is realized through the order coupling method. The maximum Von Mises stress and the deformation of the tower in the case of limit loads are obtained, and then these results are compared with that without wind load. Comparison result shows that the effect of wind load on the tower’s displacement along the wind speed is great, and the maximum Von Mises stress of the tower becomes larger after considering the influence of wind load, the increase extent is determined by wind load case.
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Wu, Xiaotong, Ying Sun, Yue Wu, Ning Su, and Shitao Peng. "The Interference Effects of Wind Load and Wind-Induced Dynamic Response of Quayside Container Cranes." Applied Sciences 12, no. 21 (October 29, 2022): 10969. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122110969.

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Strong wind has caused damage to group-arranged quayside container cranes in terminals and ports in recent years. Interference may amplify the wind loads in some cases. However, the interference effect among cranes has rarely been studied. In this study, high-frequency force balance tests were conducted to obtain the wind load of isolated and group-arranged container cranes. The results of the computational fluid dynamics simulation were validated by wind tunnel tests and provided the mean wind loads of all 15 types of member cranes. According to the results from wind tunnel tests, the fluctuating wind loads of each member were generated using the weighted amplitude wave superposition method. Based on dynamic finite element methods, the wind-induced responses were obtained considering the interference effect. It was found that the interference effect is the combined effects of both the shielding effect and the amplification of turbulence. Although in some cases the fluctuating and peak wind loads can increase by up to 16% and 6%, respectively, those in the most unfavorable cases are reduced by the interference effect. The interference factor for extreme nodal deformation is 0.56 and 0.69. The interference effect in container cranes mainly appears as a shielding effect, reducing the wind loads and response of the structures in unfavorable cases.
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Zakhama, R., M. M. Abdalla, Z. Gürdal, and H. Smaoui. "Wind load effect in topology optimization problems." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 75 (July 1, 2007): 012048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/75/1/012048.

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Brungardt, M. V., A. V. Brungardt, E. A. Goncharova, and O. A. Li. "Effect of wind load on waveguide strength." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2373, no. 2 (December 1, 2022): 022037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2373/2/022037.

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Abstract The article considers the features of the influence of wind load in the Arctic and Far North regions on the static and dynamic state of direct waveguides. Waveguides have a thin-walled design with restrictions on wall deflections, so the theory of plates and shells is used to calculate them. In the static state, the wind load is modeled by uniform pressure on one side of the waveguide. This made it possible to obtain an analytical solution to the problem by the plate theory, identify the features of the stress distribution over the waveguide structure, and clarify the solution compared to the beam theory. Comparing the results of the calculation according to the proposed method with the results of beam theory showed good convergence. The dynamic state was estimated by the first natural frequency of waveguides, considering ice deposits. The results of the calculations showed a significant impact of ice deposits on the frequency of oscillations and showed the need for deicing.
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Hafeez, G., A. M. El Ansary, and A. A. El Damatty. "Effect of wind loads on the stability of conical tanks." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 38, no. 4 (April 2011): 444–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l11-017.

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During the past few decades, a number of conical tanks have collapsed in various locations around the globe. Previous studies attributed the reason of collapse to inadequate thickness of the conical vessel especially at the bottom part. Most of the previous studies focused on studying the stability of conical tanks under the effect of only hydrostatic pressure. The current study focuses on studying the combined effect of wind loading and hydrostatic pressure on the stability of conical tanks. The study is conducted numerically, using a three-dimensional finite element model that is developed in-house. The critical imperfection shapes leading to minimum buckling capacity of conical shells under wind load alone, and under the combined effect of wind load and hydrostatic pressure, are determined. The study shows that a non-axisymmetric imperfection shape leads to minimum buckling capacity of empty conical tanks subjected to wind loads, while an axisymmetric distribution is noticed in the case of conical tanks under the combined effect of wind loads and hydrostatic pressure. In addition, the current study assesses the adequacy of an existing design procedure, which accounts for hydrostatic pressure, when the combination of hydrostatic pressure and wind load is considered.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "WIND LOAD EFFECT"

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Mutallimov, Turan. "Wind load effect on storage tanks in Azerbaijan." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/23576/.

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Oil storage tanks play a significant role in social and economic development in Azerbaijan where is known as an oil producer country; however, there have been various cases of wind and earthquake destruction. The effect of wind disturbance on dynamic responses is analyzed, and the role of storage ratio and seismic waveform on dynamic responses under wind-earthquake activity is investigated further. The results show that the wind disruption effect has a significant impact on the dynamic responses of liquid storage tanks, especially in the empty state. When the liquid storage level is high, traditional oil storage tanks are easily destroyed by the action of a strong wind. Wind interference effect should be considered in the design and implementation of oil storage tanks, while shock absorption and strengthening steps for oil storage tanks under wind-strong earthquakes should be taken.
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Jones, Scott Alan. "Effect of pruning type, pruning dose, and wind speed on tree response to wind load." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2005. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0013321.

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Martin, Mogamat Noer. "Optimal placement and effect of a wind farm on load flow and protection systems in a municipal distribution network." Master's thesis, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/31005.

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Much research has been done on the effects of distributed generation on network characteristics. However, little research has been done on the effects of this distributed generation on current network protection schemes. An IPP has approached a South African municipality regarding the connection of a wind farm that would be connected to the municipality’s existing grid. This presented a unique opportunity to simulate and study the impact and effect that this wind farm would have on a real-life network in terms of network operation and protection schemes. This also presents the possibility of connecting the wind farm in a different configuration, possibly resulting in better network operation at a lower cost. The network optimisation in this research was done using the probability-based incremental learning (PBIL) and differential evolution (DE) optimisation techniques. These algorithms were programmed and modelled according to the desired IPP wind farm requirements using the MATLAB and MATPOWER simulation packages. The networks used in these algorithms were modelled in the text-based MATPOWER format. This research goes on to study a modified 14-bus IEEE test network in terms of network characteristics and protection performance so that an idea of the performance of the optimisation algorithms can be obtained. Protection data for the IEEE network was not available. The network was thus graded for use in this study. The research then continues to model the existing and proposed network configuration, and proposes various other points of connection to the municipal network using the PBIL and DE algorithms. These studies were conducted using the DIgSILENT PowerFactory simulation package, with the networks and protection data being modelled in this package. Network and protection performance results were recorded for each case in both networks under study. The results show that in the case of the modified IEEE network, the DE algorithm provides a better solution in terms of improving power losses while the PBIL algorithm provides a better solution in terms of improving the voltage profile. In the case of the municipality network, the DE algorithm provides the best performance, with the DE result managing to reduce power losses by 83.89% compared to the current and proposed network configurations. The overall voltage profile was also seen to improve by over 23%. The research also found that the change in fault level for the various cases are minimal. This is due to the limitation in fault current contribution imposed by the use of an inverter system connecting the wind farm to the grid. This means that, as the results shows, network grading is not very much affected by the addition of the wind farm connections. However, it is seen that the municipal network is not optimally graded in the base case. Finally, it is also seen that, though not often used in research, the MATPOWER package works well as a network simulation tool. A costing analysis was also conducted and shows that the DE solution is the most cost-effective solution, in addition to being the best-performing solution. The study recommends that the results produced by the DE algorithm be implemented instead of the proposed implementation. The municipal network should also be regraded and new protection settings should be implemented.
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AYME, CARRIE NATHALIE. "Analyse des effets du vent sur les structures baties : constructions basses et structures elancees." Nantes, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987NANT2051.

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Methode de calcul d'une force statique equivalente pour representer l'action du vent sur une structure basse type (halle industrielle), avec determination de coefficients de pression dans une approche reglementaire. Pour les structures elevees, ou l'aspect dynamique est preponderant, developpement d'un logiciel a partir du modele vickery-basu (structure elancee a section circulaire); determination des parametres aerodynamiques a partir de donnees experimentales
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Lemoult, Bernard. "Contribution a la connaissance des actions du vent sur les batiments a structure metallique." Poitiers, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988POIT2201.

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Etude experimentale a echelle reduite dans une soufflerie a couche limite (cstb, nantes), pour determiner le champ de pression; le role de la turbulence du vent amont sur les sollicitations extremes sur un batiment a ossature metallique est souligne
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Woldemikael, Biruk Worku. "Effects of cracking of coupling beams onhigh rise towers subjected to wind load." Thesis, KTH, Betongbyggnad, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-290589.

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In high rise towers, reinforced concrete elevator shafts with coupling beams are extensively used as a principal structural element to resist lateral loads. The lateral load resistance of the tower is dominantly dependent on the stiffness of the load-bearing walls, and coupling beams connecting them. In an interest to study the reduction in the stiffness of high rise tower due to cracking in the coupling beams, variability in the reinforcement content, concrete grade and the effect of joint flexibility at the beam-wall intersection, this master thesis presents the analytical and finite element approaches to determine the equivalent height of the concrete coupling beams and the overall global stability of the high-rise tower. A comprehensive parametric study on 240 combinations of reinforced concrete coupling beams and 48 models of the global tower has been carried out to backtrack the effective stiffness of the RC coupling beams from the load-deflection curve. As a result, the stiffness and the equivalent height of coupling beams are computed and plotted as a function of the concretegrade, reinforcement content and aspect ratio. Additionally, the tip deflections of the towers for both the cracked & reinforced and un-reinforced & un-cracked models are also plotted as functions of the concrete grade, reinforcement content and aspect ratio.The obtained results show that the stiffness ratio and the ratio of the equivalent height to the normal height increase with the increase in the longitudinal reinforcement ratio and aspectratio but decrease with an increase in the concrete grade for both analytical and finite element methods. The tip deflection of tower is not significantly affected by an increase in the reinforcement content of slender coupling beams and vice versa for both the analytical and the finite element method. Independently of the slenderness of the composing coupling beams, the stiffness increases significantly with an increase in the concrete grade. These results show a good picture on how to choose the equivalent height in the model with no reinforcement. So, the developed diagram will be a more practical method for the designer of awhole building at the early stage design. Thick coupling beams need to be reinforced to reach the gross section’s stiffness while slender sections will have a higher stiffness with reinforcement. This would help the designer to find a more rational model without reinforcement. Using Hans Petersson’s analytical method, regarding the joint flexibility at the beam wall intersection, to exploit the full capacity of a concrete coupling beam section, the stiffness should be reduced. For global models, independently of the slenderness of the composing coupling beams, the stiffness increases significantly with an increase in the concrete grade.
I höghus används hisschakt av armerad betong tillsammans med kopplingsbalkar i stor utsträckning som främsta konstruktionselement för att motstå horisontella laster. Tornets horisontella bärförmåga är beroende av analytiska studier och studier med finita element metoden styvheten hos de bärande väggarna, och kopplingsbalkarna som förbinder dem. För att studera minskningen av styvheten i höghustorn på grund av sprickbildning i kopplingsbalkar, variationen i armeringsmängden, betongkvaliteten och effekten av ledflexibilitet vid balk-vägg-knutpunkten, presenterar detta examensarbete kopplingsbalkarnas effektiva styvhet och höghusets globala stabilitet. En omfattande parametrisk studie på 240 olika kombinationer av armerade kopplingsbalkar och 32 modeller av ett höghus har genomförts för att härleda den effektiva styvheten i de armerade kopplingsbalkarna från last-deformationskurvan. Som ett resultat beräknas styvheten och den ekvivalenta höjden av kopplingsbalkarna och plottas som funktion av betongkvaliteten och armeringsmängden. Dessutom modelleras höghuset för både spruckna & armerade kopplingsbalkar samt oarmerade & ospruckna kopplingsbalkar för att erhålla utböjningen av höghusets topp. Resultatet plottas som funktion av betongkvaliteten och armeringsmängden. De erhållna resultaten visar att styvhetsförhållandet och förhållandet mellan ekvivalent höjd till normal höjd ökar med mer längsgående armering och tvärsnittsförhållandet men minskar med en ökning av betongkvaliteten för både den analytiska och finita elementmetoden. Utböjningen av höghusets topp påverkas inte nämnbart av en ökning av armeringsmängden i de slanka kopplingsbalkarna och vice versa för både den analytiska och finita elementmetoden. Oberoende av slankheten av kopplingsbalkarna ökar styvheten betydligt med en ökning av betongkvaliteten. Dessa resultat visar en bra bild på hur man väljer ekvivalent höjd i modellen utan armering. Därmed kommer det framtagna diagrammet vara en mer praktisk metod för att i ett tidigt skede konstruera en hel byggnad. Tjocka kopplingsbalkar måste armeras för att nå tvärsnittets styvhet medan smala tvärsnitt kommer att ha en högre styvhet med armering. Detta skulle hjälpa konstruktören att hitta en mer rationell modell utan armering. Med hjälp av Hans Peterssons analytiska metod, angående ledflexibiliteten vid balk-väggknutpunkten, bör styvheten minskas för att utnyttja den fulla kapaciteten hos en betongkopplingsbalk. För globala modeller, oberoende av de slanka kopplingsbalkarna, ökar styvheten betydligt med en ökning av betongkvaliteten.
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Kayisoglu, Bengi. "Investigation Of Wind Effects On Tall Buildings Through Wind Tunnel Testing." Master's thesis, METU, 2011. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12613324/index.pdf.

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In recent years, especially in the crowded city-centers where land prizes have become extremely high, tall buildings with more than 30 floors have started to be designed and constructed in Turkey. On the other hand, the technical improvements have provided the opportunity of design and construction of more slender structures which are influenced by the wind actions more. If the building is flexible, wind can interact with it so the wind induced oscillations can be significantly magnified. In order to analyze the response of such buildings under wind effects, wind tunnel tests are accepted to be the most powerful tool all over the world. In this study, a series of tests were performed in Ankara Wind Tunnel on a model building in the shape of a rectangular prism. For the similitude of flow conditions, passive devices were designed. The response of the model building was measured through a high frequency base balance which was designed specifically for this case study. Through the tests, the effects of turbulence intensity, vortex shedding and wind angle of attack on the response of the building were questioned. Finally, the results were compared with the results of various technical specifications about wind.
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Al, Tubi Issa. "Effects of variable load and rotational speed conditions on gear micropitting in wind turbine gearboxes." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2014. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/7173/.

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Micropitting damage is one of the failure modes commonly observed on gears and bearings in wind turbine (WT) gearboxes. It can lead to destructive failures which, in turn, lead to unplanned WT shutdown and expensive replacement. This research provides an insight into effects of variable load and rotational speed condition on micropitting in WT gearboxes. It also investigates in detail the occurrence of micropitting in WT gearboxes under various operational conditions using an experimental study and an analytical study, employing two methods: an analytical method based on selected SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) data and a probabilistic modelling of SCADA data method. This study focuses predominantly on the micropitting of the high speed shaft (HSS) gear of a WT gearbox operating under nominal and varying load and speed conditions. The SCADA datasets recorded from WT gearboxes in operation are used. Based on the SCADA data, the recorded WT generator power output and generator rotational speed are used to obtain the shaft torque of the HSS driven gear. Based on ISO Technical Report ISO/TR 15144-1 (2010) and various ISO gear standards, an analytical study is carried out to assess the risk of gear micropitting by determining the contact stress, sliding parameter, local contact temperature, lubricant film thickness and specific lubricant film thickness along the line of action of the gear tooth contact by considering the WT operating load and speed conditions. The experimental study investigates the initiation and progression of gear micropitting when gear tooth flanks are subjected to varying torque levels at a constant rotational speed. The study is conducted by carrying out gear micropitting testing and surface inspection, as well as validating implementing analytical evaluations by comparing the obtained results with that obtained by using various commercial software packages based on ISO Technical Report ISO/TR 15144-1 and AGMA 925-A03 standard. The surface inspection of tested gears is carried out using procedures of surface roughness measurement, replica of surface micropits and profile deviation measurement. The analytical results are compared to the experimental results to predict the occurrence of gear micropitting through evaluating tooth contact stress, sliding parameter, local contact temperature and specific lubricant film thickness at different points along the gear tooth flank. The surface roughness measurements, obtained from the tested gears after each cycle run under specific torque levels, are considered in the analytical investigation. The gear testing results show that micropitting initiates at the pinion dedendum, but escalates at the addendum because of the greater severity of progressive micropitting at the mating wheel dedendum. The micropitting initiates at the beginning of the tip relief area of the pinion and at the root of the pinion with which the wheel tip relief area first starts to mesh. The analytical results confirm that maximum contact stresses and minimum lubricant film thickness occur at these areas. The lubricant film thickness varies considerably because of changes in surface roughness after the gears undergo various running cycles under varying torque levels. The validation process reveals that the ISO/TR 15144-1 results provide a better correlation with experimental results, as compared to AGMA 925-A03 results. The analysis of WT operational condition using selected one month SCADA data identifies three regions of relationships between the generator power and wind speed, the generator speed and wind speed variations. Non-uniform distributions of contact stress, contact temperature and lubricant film thickness over the tooth flank are observed. This is due to the conditions of torque and rotational speed variations and sliding contact along the gear tooth flanks. The lubricant film thickness varies along the tooth flank and is at its lowest when the tip of the HSS wheel gear engages with the root of the HSS driven gear. The lubricant film thickness increases with the increase of the rotational speed and decreases as the torque and sliding increase. It can be concluded that micropitting is most likely to initiate at the dedendum of pinion gear. The lowest film thickness occurs when the torque is high and the rotational speed is at its lowest, which may cause direct tooth surface contact. In low torque condition, the varying rotational speed condition may cause a considerable variation in lubricant film thickness, thus interrupting the lubrication, which may result in micropitting. Finally, a probabilistic analysis is carried out to investigate the probabilistic risk of tooth flank micropitting failure using the entire SCADA datasets. A random number of datasets of smaller sizes of gear shaft torque and rotational speed are generated to substitute for the large amounts of data in the original SCADA datasets. Based on the selected random number datasets, the effect of variations in gear shaft torque and rotational speed on the probabilistic characteristics of gear tooth flank micropitting is investigated. The study shows that the HSS driven pinion gear is subject to overloading conditions, resulting in maximum contact stresses higher than the allowable contact stress of the material. Thus, the high torque value, which occurs at low rotational speed according to the data analysis, is the main cause of micropitting in WTs as it leads to high contact stress. In addition, the results of the analysis of specific lubricant film thickness show that there is a considerable risk of micropitting at the dedendum region of gear teeth under variable operational condition.
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Young, Michael A. "Effect of open fields on low building wind loads in a suburban environment." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq28694.pdf.

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RIOS, MARINA POLONIA. "EFFECT OF DAMPERS ON THE DYNAMIC BEHAVIOUR OF TALL BUILDINGS UNDER WIND LOADS." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2015. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=25761@1.

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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
O aumento da altura dos edifícios, aliado ao surgimento de materiais mais resistentes, faz com que as estruturas sejam cada vez mais esbeltas. Com isso, a ação do vento se torna um importante fator a ser considerado nesses projetos. A sua característica dinâmica provoca efeitos de vibração nas estruturas que devem ser analisados, em especial em relação ao conforto do usuário, afetado por deslocamentos e acelerações elevadas. Este estudo aborda a utilização de amortecedores fluidos como forma de reduzir a resposta dinâmica das estruturas submetidas a cargas de vento. A carga de vento consiste em um evento aleatório, devendo ser analisada estatisticamente. Desta forma, foi adotado o Método dos Ventos Sintéticos para definir o carregamento de vento aplicado à estrutura. Os amortecedores empregados na estrutura são fluidos, altamente viscosos, portanto seu comportamento pode ser considerado linear. A avaliação do comportamento da estrutura foi realizada pelo programa computacional Robot Structural Analysis. Foi feita uma análise estática afim de realizar o pré-dimensionamento da estrutura. Em seguida, fez-se uma análise dinâmica para a estrutura submetida ao carregamento de vento, com o objetivo de se analisar a influência dos amortecedores. Foram definidos cinco modelos estruturais, com diferentes configurações de amortecedores, de forma a encontrar a sua melhor distribuição na estrutura para reduzir a resposta a níveis aceitáveis de conforto para os usuários.
With the increase in building height and the development of more resistant materials, structures are becoming more flexible. This has made the consideration of wind loads an important factor to be considered in their projects. The dynamic characteristic of these loads causes important vibration effects in these structures due to their low vibration frequencies, which must be considered in design, especially regarding the users comfort, affected by high displacements and acceleration. This study analyses the use of fluid dampers in order to reduce the dynamic response of the structure under wind loading. The wind load is a random phenomenon, and must be studied statistically. In the present work the Synthetic Wind Method has been adopted in order to generate the variation of the wind load in time. The dampers applied to the structure are fluid dampers, highly viscous, so its behavior can be considered linear. The computer software Robot Structural Analysis is used to study the structural behavior. An analysis considering the wind as an equivalent static load is adopted for the preliminary design. Then, a dynamic analysis is conducted, considering the structure under a time varying wind loading, to investigate the effect of the fluid dampers on the response. Five models are investigated, with different configurations for the dampers, in order to define the best configuration and obtain acceptable levels of displacements and acceleration.
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Books on the topic "WIND LOAD EFFECT"

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H, Scanlan Robert, ed. Wind effects on structures: An introduction to wind engineering. 2nd ed. New York: Wiley, 1986.

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H, Scanlan Robert, ed. Wind effects on structures: Fundamentals and applications to design. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley, 1996.

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Simiu, Emil. Wind effects on structures: Fundamentals and applications to design. 3rd ed. Mineola, N.Y: Dover Publications, Inc., 2008.

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Scientific and Technical Information Branch. and George C. Marshall Space Flight Center., eds. Study of wind change for the development of loads reduction techniques for the space shuttle. [Washington, D.C.]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Scientific and Technical Information Branch, 1987.

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I, Adelfang Stanley, and George C. Marshall Space Flight Center., eds. A compendium of wind statistics and models for the NASA space shuttle and other aerospace vehicle programs. [Marshall Space Flight Center], Ala: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Marshall Space Flight Center, 1998.

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L, Wilbur Matthew, Langley Research Center, and U.S. Army Research Laboratory., eds. Wind-tunnel evaluation of the effect of blade nonstructural mass distribution on helicopter fixed-system loads. Hampton, Va: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1998.

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L, Wilbur Matthew, U.S. Army Research Laboratory., and Langley Research Center, eds. Wind-tunnel evaluation of the effect of blade nonstructural mass distribution on helicopter fixed-system loads. Hampton, Va: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1998.

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Meyer, Robert R. Effects of winglets on a first-generation jet transport wing: VII - Sideslip effects on winglet loads and selected wing loads at subsonic speeds for a full-scale model. Edwards, Calif: Dryden Flight Research Facility, 1986.

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F, Covell Peter, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Scientific and Technical Information Branch., eds. Effects of winglets on a first-generation jet transport wing: VII, sideslip effects on winglet loads and selected wing loads at subsonic speeds for a full-span model. [Washington, D.C.]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Scientific and Technical Information Branch, 1986.

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Jimmy, Fung, and Langley Research Center, eds. Parameter estimation of actuators for Benchmark Active Control Technology (BACT) wind tunnel model with analysis of wear and aerodynamic loading effects. Hampton, Va: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1998.

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Book chapters on the topic "WIND LOAD EFFECT"

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Tonk, Himanshu, Ajay Pratap, Neelam Rani, and Vinayak Gautam. "Wind Load Effect on Square and Helical Buildings." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 365–73. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-12011-4_28.

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Gautam, Vinayak, and Neelam Rani. "Numerically Investigating the Effect of Wind Load on Square and Setback Building." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 43–52. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-1886-7_4.

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Singh, Ashish, Piyush Gaikwad, and Sasankasekhar Mandal. "Shear Lag Effect in Framed-Tube Buildings Due to Torsional Wind Load." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 123–31. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-4183-4_12.

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Mandal, Shanku, Sujit Kumar Dalui, and Soumya Bhattacharjya. "Effect of Limb Position on U Plan Shaped Tall Building Under Wind Load." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 107–18. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6490-8_10.

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Kumar, C. L. Mahesh, K. G. Shwetha, B. C. Shanthappa, and K. Manjunatha. "Effect of Buckling Due to Wind Load on Analysis of Natural Draught Cooling Tower." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 1077–93. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2826-9_67.

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Liu, Dongyun, Chao Wang, Jaime Gonzalez-Libreros, Ola Enoksson, Tommy Hojsten, Yongming Tu, Lennart Elfgren, and Gabriel Sas. "Numerical Analysis of High-Speed Train Induced Aerodynamic Load on Noise Barrier Considering Wind Effect." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 332–41. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-32511-3_36.

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Boopathi, D., K. Jagatheesan, B. Anand, V. Kumarakrishnan, and Sourav Samanta. "Effect of Sustainable Energy Sources for Load Frequency Control (LFC) of Single-Area Wind Power Systems." In Industrial Transformation, 87–98. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003229018-5.

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Abu-Siada, Ahmed. "Preface." In Recent Advances in Renewable Energy, i. UAE: Bentham Science Publishers Ltd., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9781681085425117020001.

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Due to the continuous resources’ reduction and cost increase of conventional fossil fuel along with the global trend to decrease the greenhouse effect, clean energy production from renewable sources has been given a global great concern. Among renewable energy sources, wind energy conversion systems have received a worldwide notable attention. It is expected that more than 10% of the global electricity demand will to be generated by wind energy conversion systems by the year 2020. During their early implementation stage, wind turbines were to be disconnected during abnormal and fault conditions within the electricity grid it is connected to. Owing to the fact that current wind installations supply a significant portion of the load demand, disconnecting windfarms may lead to business interruption and discontinuity of power supply to the end user. As such, transmission line operators have developed strict grid codes that wind turbine generator must meet to maintain its connection to support the grid during various fault conditions. To comply with these codes, flexible AC transmission systems have been widely used with current wind energy conversion systems to modulate reactive and/or active power at the point of common coupling of the wind turbine generator and the grid. This book presents the applications of various flexible ac transmission system devices to wind energy conversion systems. Devices such as unified power flow controllers, superconducting magnetic energy storage and static synchronous compensator are covered in this book. Topologies, control systems along with case studies of the aforementioned devices are presented and discussed. This book will be useful for postgraduate research students, upper-division electrical engineering students and practicing engineers.
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Srikanth, P., and A. S. Sekhar. "Effect of Gear Tooth Breakage on the Dynamic Response in a Wind Turbine Drive Train Subjected to Stochastic Load Excitation." In Proceedings of the 9th IFToMM International Conference on Rotor Dynamics, 1333–43. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-06590-8_109.

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Balendra, T. "Dynamic Effects of Winds on Buildings." In Vibration of Buildings to Wind and Earthquake Loads, 47–82. London: Springer London, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-2055-1_3.

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Conference papers on the topic "WIND LOAD EFFECT"

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Wan Chik, F. A., N. I. Ramli, M. K. A. Muhammad, T. A. Majid, and Amirul Hafiz. "The Effect of Wind Load on Rural Roofing System." In Eighth Asia-Pacific Conference on Wind Engineering. Singapore: Research Publishing Services, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/978-981-07-8012-8_276.

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Nga Nguyen and Joydeep Mitra. "Effect of wind power on load frequency control." In 2016 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting (PESGM). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pesgm.2016.7741814.

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Moriarty, Patrick J., William E. Holley, and Sandy Butterfield. "Effect of Turbulence Variation on Extreme Loads Prediction for Wind Turbines." In ASME 2002 Wind Energy Symposium. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/wind2002-50.

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The effect of varying turbulence levels on long-term loads extrapolation techniques was examined using a joint probability density function of both mean wind speed and turbulence level for loads calculations. The turbulence level has a dramatic effect on the statistics of moment maxima extracted from aeroelastic simulations. Maxima from simulations at lower turbulence levels are more deterministic and become dominated by the stochastic component as turbulence level increases. Short-term probability distributions were calculated using four different moment-based fitting methods. Several hundred of these distributions were used to calculate a long-term probability function. From the long-term probability, 1- and 50-year extreme loads were estimated. As an alternative, using a normal distribution of turbulence level produced a long-term load comparable to that of a log-normal distribution and may be more straightforward to implement. A parametric model of the moments was also used to estimate the extreme loads. The parametric model predicted nearly identical loads to the empirical model and required less data. An input extrapolation technique was also examined. Extrapolating the turbulence level prior to input into the aeroelastic code simplifies the loads extrapolation procedure but, in this case, produces loads lower than the empirical model and may be non-conservative in general.
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wei Zhang, Zheng, and Alex P. To. "Recommendation on Topographic Effect Correction Factor for Applying of Chinese National Wind Load Code." In Eighth Asia-Pacific Conference on Wind Engineering. Singapore: Research Publishing Services, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/978-981-07-8012-8_187.

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Chen, Xiaolu, Zhiyu Jiang, Qinyuan Li, and Ye Li. "Effect of Wind Turbulence on Extreme Load Analysis of an Offshore Wind Turbine." In ASME 2019 38th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2019-95634.

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Abstract Evaluation of dynamic responses under extreme environmental conditions is important for the structural design of offshore wind turbines. Previously, a modified environmental contour method has been proposed to estimate extreme responses. In the method, the joint distribution of environmental variables near the cut-out wind speed is used to derive the critical environmental conditions for a specified return period, and the turbulence intensity (TI) of wind is assumed to be a deterministic value. To address more realistic wind conditions, this paper considers the turbulence intensity as a stochastic variable and investigates the impact on the modified environmental contour. Aerodynamic simulations are run over a range of mean wind speeds at the hub height from 9–25 m/s and turbulence levels between 9%–15%. Dynamic responses of a monopile offshore wind turbine under extreme conditions were studied, and the importance of considering the uncertainties associated with wind turbulence is highlighted. A case of evaluating the extreme response for 50-year environmental contour is given as an example of including TI as an extra variant in environmental contour method. The result is compared with traditional method in which TI is set as a constant of 15%. It shows that taking TI into consideration based on probabilistic method produces a lower extreme response prediction.
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Yurong Zhang, Bin Wang, Min Zhang, Yi Feng, Wenzhong Cao, and Lin Zhang. "Unit commitment considering effect of load and wind power uncertainty." In 2014 IEEE Workshop on Advanced Research and Technology in Industry Applications (WARTIA). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wartia.2014.6976527.

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Kvittem, Marit, and Ludvik Kjosås Bergmann. "The Effect of Mean Tension on Fatigue of Mooring Chain for a 12 MW Semi-Submersible Wind Turbine." In ASME 2022 4th International Offshore Wind Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/iowtc2022-94183.

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Abstract Recently published studies have documented a significant mean load effect on fatigue capacity for offshore mooring chains, showing that a reduction of mean loads gives an increase in fatigue life. Standard design practice has been to base S-N fatigue design curves on tests carried out at 20% of the chain minimum breaking load (MBL). These curves are then used to compute damage for all tension cycles, regardless of their actual mean value. This paper investigates the mean load dependency in mooring chains for the INO WINDMOOR 12 MW floating offshore wind turbine by describing the mean load tension associated with each stress cycle in two different ways: The average of the maximum and minimum load in each cycle (cycle mean) and half-hour mean load. A parametrized S-N curve design approach developed by Fernández et al. was used to account for the mean tension. With both methods for accounting for mean stress, the mean tension was below 20% MBL, for the least extreme load conditions. More extreme load cases caused half-hour means above 20% of MBL, and single cycle mean tensions were far beyond the 20% limit, and contributed with large fatigue damage. This caused some difference between the methods. Compared to the DNVGL-OS-E301 S-N curve, a significant reduction in fatigue damage was seen for the mooring lines least affected by the extreme conditions (leeward). However, mean tensions beyond 20% of MBL in the windward line contributed to larger fatigue damage in extreme cases, and ended up with a total accumulated damage similar to the design curve base case. The validity range of the method was 7%–20%, and many observations were outside of this range.
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Damatty, Ashraf El, Ahmed Hamada, and Amal Elawady. "Development of Critical Load Cases Simulating the Effect of Downbursts and Torndos on Transmission Line Structures." In Eighth Asia-Pacific Conference on Wind Engineering. Research Publishing Services, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/978-981-07-8012-8_key-01.

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Yi, Lin, An-kang Hu, Jiang Wei, and Xiong Fei. "The Wind Tunnel Experiment Study of Wind Load on Jack-Up Drilling Unit." In ASME 2012 31st International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2012-83675.

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Owing to the characteristics of the Jack-up drilling unit, the environment loads are important factors to the structure safety of jack-up. The wind load takes up a much larger proportion in structure analysis, and it has been now paid more and more attention in the field of offshore engineering. According to the MODU rule, the projected area method is used to calculate wind load. The height coefficient Ch and shape coefficient Cs are chosen by experience listed in MODU rule. However, the aerodynamic interference between platform components, such as wind shielding effects and acceleration flow effects are ignored. So the calculation results in accordance with MODU rule are conservative, and not good for structure optimization designing to some degree. Therefore, the wind tunnel experiment is very important and necessary. In this paper, a 400ft jack-up, which is developed by CIMC, is studied as an example. Considering the Reynolds number effects, the wind loads of jack-up both in normal drilling condition and severe storm condition are obtained in the experiment. Compared with the results, which are calculated according to MODU rule, it indicates that the experiment results are less, and the effect of aerodynamic interference and updraft can’t be ignored.
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Hu, An-kang, Yi Lin, and Wei Jiang. "The Wind Tunnel Experiment Study of Wind Load on Jack-Up Drilling Unit." In ASME 2013 32nd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2013-10194.

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Owing to the characteristics of the Jack-up drilling unit, the environment loads are important factors to the structure safety of jack-up. The wind load takes up a much larger proportion in structure analysis, and it has been now paid more and more attention in the field of offshore engineering. According to the MODU rule, the projected area method is used to calculate wind load. The height coefficient Ch and shape coefficient Cs are chosen by experience listed in MODU rule. However, the aerodynamic interference between platform components, such as wind shielding effects and acceleration flow effects are ignored. So the calculation results in accordance with MODU rule are conservative, and not good for structure optimization designing to some degree. Therefore, the wind tunnel experiment is very important and necessary. In this paper, a 400ft jack-up, which is developed by CIMC, is studied as an example. Considering the Reynolds number effects, the wind loads of jack-up both in normal drilling condition and severe storm condition are obtained in the experiment. Compared with the results, which are calculated according to MODU rule, it indicates that the experiment results are less, and the effect of aerodynamic interference and updraft can’t be ignored.
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Reports on the topic "WIND LOAD EFFECT"

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Boyle, Maxwell, and Elizabeth Rico. Terrestrial vegetation monitoring at Fort Pulaski National Monument: 2019 data summary. National Park Service, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrds-2288716.

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The Southeast Coast Network (SECN) conducts long-term terrestrial vegetation monitoring as part of the nationwide Inventory and Monitoring Program of the National Park Service (NPS). The vegetation community vital sign is one of the primary-tier resources identified by SECN park managers, and monitoring is currently conducted at 15 network parks (DeVivo et al. 2008). Monitoring plants and their associated communities over time allows for targeted understanding of ecosystems within the SECN geography, which provides managers information about the degree of change within their parks’ natural vegetation. 2019 marks the first year of conducting this monitoring effort on four SECN parks, including Fort Pulaski National Monument (FOPU). Twelve vegetation plots were established at Fort Pulaski National Monument in August. Data collected in each plot included species richness across multiple spatial scales, species-specific cover and constancy, species-specific woody stem seedling/sapling counts and adult tree (greater than 10 centimeters [3.9 inches {in}]) diameter at breast height (DBH), overall tree health, landform, soil, observed disturbance, and woody biomass (i.e., fuel load) estimates. This report summarizes the baseline (year 1) terrestrial vegetation data collected at Fort Pulaski National Monument in 2019. Data were stratified across two dominant broadly defined habitats within the park (Maritime Tidal Wetlands and Maritime Upland Forests and Shrublands). Noteworthy findings include: Sixty-six vascular plant taxa were observed across 12 vegetation plots, including six taxa not previously known from the park. Plots were located on both Cockspur and McQueen’s Island. The most frequently encountered species in each broadly defined habitat included: Maritime Tidal Wetlands: smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora), perennial saltmarsh aster(Symphyotrichum enuifolium), and groundsel tree (Baccharis halimifolia) Maritime Upland Forests and Shrublands: yaupon (Ilex vomitoria), southern/eastern red cedar (Juniperus silicicola + virginiana), and cabbage palmetto (Sabal palmetto). Four non-native species identified as invasive by the Georgia Exotic Pest Plant Council (GA-EPPC 2018) were found during this monitoring effort. These species (and their overall frequency of occurrence within all plots) included: Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica; 17%), bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum; 8%), Vasey’s grass (Paspalum urvillei; 8%), and European common reed (Phragmites australis; 8%). Two rare plants tracked by the Georgia Department of Natural Resources (GADNR 2013) were found during this monitoring effort. These include Florida wild privet (Forestiera segregata) and Bosc’s bluet (Oldenlandia boscii). Southern/eastern red cedar and cabbage palmetto were the most dominant species within the tree stratum of the maritime Upland Forest and Shrubland habitat type. Species that dominated the sapling and seedling strata of this type included yaupon, cabbage palmetto, groundsel tree, and Carolina laurel cherry (Prunus caroliniana). The health status of sugarberry (Celtis laevigata)—a typical canopy species in maritime forests of the South Atlantic Coastal Plain--observed on park plots appeared to be in decline, with most stems experiencing elevated levels of dieback and low vigor. Over the past decade, this species has been experiencing unexplained high rates of dieback and mortality throughout its range in the Southeastern United States; current research is focusing on what may be causing these alarming die-off patterns. Duff and litter made up the majority of downed woody biomass (fuel loads) across FOPU vegetation plots.
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BUCKLING BEHAVIOUR OF THE STEEL PLATE IN STEEL – CONCRETE – STEEL SANDWICH COMPOSITE TOWER FOR WIND TURBINE. The Hong Kong Institute of Steel Construction, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18057/ijasc.2022.18.3.7.

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To solve the problem of collapses caused by local buckling of steel plates under compression in traditional steel towers, a novel steel-concrete-steel (SCS) sandwich composite tower for a wind turbine is proposed in this paper. To study the buckling behaviour of steel plates in SCS sandwich composite towers, six specimens were designed and tested under axial compression. The specimens were designed considering the key parameters of curvature radius, thickness of the steel plate, and the spacing-to-thickness ratio (the ratio of stud spacing to the thickness of steel plate). The failure modes, normalised average stress-strain curves and load-strain curves of the specimens were assessed, and the effects of the curvature radius and the spacing-to-thickness ratio of the steel plate were analysed. The experimental results showed that the buckling strength of the steel plate increased with a decrease in the ratio of the curvature radius to the thickness of the steel plate. The finite element (FE) model of the elastic buckling stress of the steel plate of the SCS sandwich composite tower was employed and validated against the test results. In parametric study, the effects of governing parameters including the curvature radius of the steel plate, thickness of the steel plate and spacing of the studs, on the effective length factors of the inner and outer steel plates were analysed. Subsequently, the design rules of the effective length factor of the inner and outer steel plates, and the design methods of spacing of studs to prevent local instability of the inner and outer steel plates before yielding were proposed.
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