Journal articles: 'Wind energy conversion systems (WECS)'

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Meenakshi, Ram, and Ranganath Muthu. "An Overview of Maximum Power Point Tracking Techniques for Wind Energy Conversion Systems." Advanced Materials Research 622-623 (December 2012): 1030–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.622-623.1030.

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This paper presents on overview of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques for different types of wind energy conversion systems (WECS). In order to obtain maximum power from the wind turbine (WT), variable speed wind energy conversion systems (VSWECSs) are preferred over constant speed wind energy conversion systems (CSWECSs).In VSWECS, the rotational speed of the turbine is varied by controlling the aerodynamic or electrical parameters of WECS to maintain a constant tip-speed ratio (TSR). This is called maximum power point tracking and different techniques are applied to WECS namely Squirrel Cage Induction Generators (SCIGs) based WECS, Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generators (PMSGs) based WECS.

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Shi, Yun-Tao, Yuan Zhang, Xiang Xiang, Li Wang, Zhen-Wu Lei, and De-Hui Sun. "Stochastic Hybrid Estimator Based Fault Detection and Isolation for Wind Energy Conversion Systems with Unknown Fault Inputs." Energies 11, no. 9 (August 24, 2018): 2227. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11092227.

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In recent years, the wind energy conversion system (WECS) has been becoming the vital system to acquire wind energy. However, the high failure rate of WECSs leads to expensive costs for the maintenance of WECSs. Therefore, how to detect and isolate the faults of WECSs with stochastic dynamics is the pressing issue in the literature. This paper proposes a novel comprehensive fault detection and isolation (FDI) method for WECSs. First, a stochastic model predictive control (SMPC) controller is studied to construct the closed-loop system of the WECS. This controller is based on the Markov-jump linear model, which could precisely establish the stochastic dynamics of the WECS. Meanwhile, the SMPC controller has satisfied control performance for the WECS. Second, based on the closed-loop system with SMPC, the stochastic hybrid estimator (SHE) is designed to estimate the continuous and discrete states of the WECS. Compared with the existing estimators for WECSs, the proposed estimator is more suitable for WECSs since it considers both the continuous and discrete states of WECSs. In addition, the proposed estimator is robust to the fault input. Finally, with the proposed estimator, the comprehensive FDI method is given to detect and isolate the actuators’ faults of the WECS. Both the system status and the actuators’ faults can be detected by the FDI method and it can effectively quantify the actuators’ fault by the fault residuals. The simulation results suggest that the SHE could effectively estimate the hybrid states of the WECS, and the proposed FDI method gives satisfied fault detection performance for the actuators of the WECS.

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Aguemon, Dourodjayé Pierre, Richard Gilles Agbokpanzo, Frédéric Dubas, Antoine Vianou, Didier Chamagne, and Christophe Espanet. "A Comprehensive Analysis and Review on Electrical Machines in Wind Energy Conversion Systems." Advanced Engineering Forum 35 (February 2020): 77–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.35.77.

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Wind energy conversion systems (WECS) have developed rapidly in recent years in terms of capacity and wind turbines design. This development led to improve power quality, to reduce the costs and increase the energy yield. WECS are expected to be reliable, effective and more cost-competitive. A comprehensive analysis and review on electrical machines in WECS (viz., wind turbine generators) has been presented in this paper. Design, (dis) advantages, and market penetration of different wind turbine generators are analyzed and discussed. Some comparisons have been made on the permanent-magnet (PM) synchronous machines, promising generator for future wind turbines, especially offshore wind turbines.

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Li, T., A. J. Feng, and L. Zhao. "Neural Network Compensation Control for Output Power Optimization of Wind Energy Conversion System Based on Data-Driven Control." Journal of Control Science and Engineering 2012 (2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/736586.

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Due to the uncertainty of wind and because wind energy conversion systems (WECSs) have strong nonlinear characteristics, accurate model of the WECS is difficult to be built. To solve this problem, data-driven control technology is selected and data-driven controller for the WECS is designed based on the Markov model. The neural networks are designed to optimize the output of the system based on the data-driven control system model. In order to improve the efficiency of the neural network training, three different learning rules are compared. Analysis results and SCADA data of the wind farm are compared, and it is shown that the method effectively reduces fluctuations of the generator speed, the safety of the wind turbines can be enhanced, the accuracy of the WECS output is improved, and more wind energy is captured.

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Le, Xuan Chau, Minh Quan Duong, and Kim Hung Le. "Review of the Modern Maximum Power Tracking Algorithms for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator of Wind Power Conversion Systems." Energies 16, no. 1 (December 29, 2022): 402. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16010402.

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Wind energy conversion systems (WECSs) are considered green generators, environmentally friendly, and fully suitable energy sources to replace fossil energy sources. WECS’s output power is hugely dependent on the random nature of the wind. There are many solutions to improve the output power for WECSs, such as adjusting the profile of turbine blades, locating installation places, improving generators, etc. Nevertheless, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms for WECSs are optimal and the most effective because they are flexible in controlling different variable wind speeds and match all types of WECS. The parameters on the generator side control or the grid side control will be adjusted when MPPT algorithms are used, allowing the output power of WECSs to be maximized while maintaining stability in variable-speed wind. There are various MPPT algorithms, but the current problem is their efficiency and whether it requires deep knowledge to select the best MPPT solutions because each method has different advantages and disadvantages. This study has implemented an overview of modern maximum power tracking algorithms applied to permanent magnet synchronous generators in WECS with MPP methods based on speed convergence, efficiency, self-training, complexity, and measurement of wind parameters.

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Padmanathan, K., N. Kamalakannan, P. Sanjeevikumar, F. Blaabjerg, J. B. Holm-Nielsen, G. Uma, R. Arul, R. Rajesh, A. Srinivasan, and J. Baskaran. "Conceptual Framework of Antecedents to Trends on Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generators for Wind Energy Conversion Systems." Energies 12, no. 13 (July 8, 2019): 2616. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12132616.

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Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS) plays an inevitable role across the world. WECS consist of many components and equipment’s such as turbines, hub assembly, yaw mechanism, electrical machines; power electronics based power conditioning units, protection devices, rotor, blades, main shaft, gear-box, mainframe, transmission systems and etc. These machinery and devices technologies have been developed on gradually and steadily. The electrical machine used to convert mechanical rotational energy into electrical energy is the core of any WECS. Many electrical machines (generator) has been used in WECS, among the generators the Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generators (PMSGs) have gained special focus, been connected with wind farms to become the most desirable due to its enhanced efficiency in power conversion from wind energy turbine. This article provides a review of literatures and highlights the updates, progresses, and revolutionary trends observed in WECS-based PMSGs. The study also compares the geared and direct-driven conversion systems. Further, the classifications of electrical machines that are utilized in WECS are also discussed. The literature review covers the analysis of design aspects by taking various topologies of PMSGs into consideration. In the final sections, the PMSGs are reviewed and compared for further investigations. This review article predominantly emphasizes the conceptual framework that shed insights on the research challenges present in conducting the proposed works such as analysis, suitability, design, and control of PMSGs for WECS.

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Mwaniki, Julius, Hui Lin, and Zhiyong Dai. "A Condensed Introduction to the Doubly Fed Induction Generator Wind Energy Conversion Systems." Journal of Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/2918281.

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The increase in wind power penetration, at 456 GW as of June 2016, has resulted in more stringent grid codes which specify that the wind energy conversion systems (WECS) must remain connected to the system during and after a grid fault and, furthermore, must offer grid support by providing reactive currents. The doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) WECS is a well-proven technology, having been in use in wind power generation for many years and having a large world market share due to its many merits. Newer technologies such as the direct drive gearless permanent magnet synchronous generator have come up to challenge its market share, but the large number of installed machines ensures that it remains of interest in the wind industry. This paper presents a concise introduction of the DFIG WECS covering its construction, operation, merits, demerits, modelling, control types, levels and strategies, faults and their proposed solutions, and, finally, simulation. Qualities for the optimal control strategy are then proposed. The paper is intended to cover major issues related to the DFIG WECS that are a must for an overview of the system and hence serve as an introduction especially for new entrants into this area of study.

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Nazir, Muhammad Shahzad, Yeqin Wang, Muhammad Bilal, Hafiz M. Sohail, Athraa Ali Kadhem, H. M. Rashid Nazir, Ahmed N. Abdalla, and Yongheng Ma. "Comparison of Small-Scale Wind Energy Conversion Systems: Economic Indexes." Clean Technologies 2, no. 2 (April 3, 2020): 144–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cleantechnol2020010.

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Wind energy is considered as one of the most prominent sources of energy for sustainable development. This technology is of interest owing to its capability to produce clean, eco-friendly, and cost-effective energy for small-scale users and rural areas where grid power availability is insufficient. Wind power generation has developed rapidly in the past decade and is expected to play a vital role in the economic development of countries. Therefore, studying dominant economic factors is crucial to properly approach public and private financing for this emerging technology, as industrial growth and energy demands may outpace further economic studies earlier than expected. In this study, a strategy-focused method for performing economic analysis on wind energy based on financial net present value, levelized cost of energy, internal rate of return, and investment recovery period is presented. Numerical and simulation results depict the most optimal and economical system from a 3 and a 10 kW wind energy conversion system (WECS). Moreover, the aforementioned criteria are used to determine which WECS range is the most suitable investment with the shortest payback period. Finally, an economically viable and profitable wind energy system is recommended.

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Hao, Wang Shen, Feng Qin Li, Jie Han, Xin Min Dong, and Hong Chen. "Study on Fault Diagnosis Platform in Wind Energy Conversion Systems Based on JESS." Advanced Materials Research 230-232 (May 2011): 925–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.230-232.925.

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There is a constant need for the reduction of operational and maintenance costs of Wind Energy Conversion System(WECS). The most efficient way of reducing these costs would be to continuously monitor the condition of these systems, which allows for early detection of the degeneration of the generator health, facilitating a proactive response, minimizing downtime, and maximizing productivity. Wind generators are also inaccessible since they are situated on extremely high towers.There are also plans to increase the number of offshore sites increasing the need for a remote means of WECS monitoring that overcomes some of the difficulties of accessibility problems. Therefore it is important of condition monitoring and fault diagnosis in WECS. The monitoring schemes of transfer its monitor status with JESS technology was put forward in this paper. A remote condition monitoring platform (RCMP) was designed and constructed in this project. And its result brings us an effective solution to deal with the WECS condition monitoring.

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10

B S, Yogananda, and Dr K. Thippeswamy. "Improvement of Power Quality in Wind Energy Conversion Systems." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 5 (May 31, 2022): 12–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.41877.

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Abstract: Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECS) show variability in their output power as a result of changing their main engines (wind speed). This introduces a new grid uncertainty factor and poses many challenges to electricity system designers and utilities in terms of grid network integrity, ie power system security, power system stability and power quality. This paper discusses the various challenges of wind energy when integrated into the grid and identifies different mitigation strategies for its smooth integration. Keywords: wind energy system, Power quality, Power filters, Reactive Power, controllers

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Koay, Ying Ying, Jian Ding Tan, Siaw Paw Koh, Kok Hen Chong, Sieh Kiong Tiong, and Janaka Ekanayake. "Optimization of wind energy conversion systems – an artificial intelligent approach." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 11, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 1040. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v11.i2.pp1040-1046.

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The environmentally friendly wind energy conversion system has become one of the most studied branches of sustainable energy. Like many other power generator, maximum power point tracking is an easy yet effective way to boost the efficiency of the conversion system. In this research, a modified Electromagnetism-like Mechanism Algorithm (EM) is proposed for the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) scheme of a micro-wind energy conversion system (WECS). In contrast with the random search steps used in a conventional EM, modified EM is enhanced with a Split, Probe, and Compare (SPC-EM) feature which ensures solutions with higher accuracies quicker by not having to scrutinize the search in details at the beginning stages of the iterations. Experiments and simulations are carried to test the SPC-EM in tracking the maximum power point under different wind profiles. Results indicate that the performance of the modified EM showed significant improvement over the conventional EM in the benchmarking. It can thus be concluded that based on the simulations, the SPC-EM performs well as an MPPT scheme in a micro-WECS.

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Mwaniki, Julius, Hui Lin, and Zhiyong Dai. "A Concise Presentation of Doubly Fed Induction Generator Wind Energy Conversion Systems Challenges and Solutions." Journal of Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/4015102.

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There is increased worldwide wind power generation, a large percentage of which is grid connected. The doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) wind energy conversion system (WECS) has many merits and, as a result, large numbers have been installed to date. The DFIG WECS operation, under both steady state and fault conditions, is of great interest since it impacts on grid performance. This review paper presents a condensed look at the various applied solutions to the challenges of the DFIG WECS including maximum power point tracking, common mode voltages, subsynchronous resonance, losses, modulation, power quality, and faults both internal and from the grid. It also looks at approaches used to meet the increasingly stringent grid codes requirements for the DFIG WECS to not only ride through faults but also provide voltage support. These are aspects of the DFIG WECS that are critical for system operators and prospective investors and can also serve as an introduction for new entrants into this area of study.

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Alsumiri, Mohammed, and Raed Althomali. "Enhanced Low Voltage Ride Through Capability for Grid Connected Wind Energy Conversion System." International Journal of Robotics and Control Systems 1, no. 3 (September 9, 2021): 369–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.31763/ijrcs.v1i3.441.

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It is obvious that the current era has received much attention in the fields of science and technology, besides the continuous endeavor to provide environmentally friendly and resource-saving alternatives for conventional energy conversion systems. The rapid development of Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECS) has made Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) a primer choice because of its advantages. The current trend on WECS necessitates wind turbines to maintain continuous operation during voltage drops, which is referred to as Low Voltage Ride Through (LVRT). The PMSG control technique is a widely used approach for improving conversion efficiency as well as LVRT capability. This paper provides LVRT and power enhancement for grid-connected PMSG based WECS using control techniques. The LVRT capability has been investigated by using PI and Residue controllers. The simulation results show improved active power delivery and better LVRT capability during voltage dips when the Residue controller is implemented.

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Dumnic, Boris, Dragan Milicevic, Bane Popadic, Vladimir Katic, and Zoltan Corba. "Speed-sensorless control strategy for multi-phase induction generator in wind energy conversion systems." Thermal Science 20, suppl. 2 (2016): 481–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci151019032d.

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Renewable energy sources, especially wind energy conversion systems (WECS), exhibit constant growth. Increase in power and installed capacity led to advances in WECS topologies. Multi-phase approach presents a new development direction, with several key advantages over three-phase systems. Paired with a sensorless control strategy, multi-phase machines are expected to take primacy over standard solutions. This paper presents speed sensorless vector control of an asymmetrical six-phase induction generator based on a model reference adaptive system (MRAS). Suggested topology and developed control algorithm show that sensorless control can yield appropriate dynamic characteristics for the use in WECS with increase in reliability and robustness.

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Pratap, Alok, Naomitsu Urasaki, and Tomonobu Senju. "Control Strategies for Smoothing of Output Power of Wind Energy Conversion Systems." International Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems 14, no. 6 (October 12, 2013): 525–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijeeps-2012-0030.

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Abstract This article presents a control method for output power smoothing of a wind energy conversion system (WECS) with a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) using the inertia of wind turbine and the pitch control. The WECS used in this article adopts an AC–DC–AC converter system. The generator-side converter controls the torque of the PMSG, while the grid-side inverter controls the DC-link and grid voltages. For the generator-side converter, the torque command is determined by using the fuzzy logic. The inputs of the fuzzy logic are the operating point of the rotational speed of the PMSG and the difference between the wind turbine torque and the generator torque. By means of the proposed method, the generator torque is smoothed, and the kinetic energy stored by the inertia of the wind turbine can be utilized to smooth the output power fluctuations of the PMSG. In addition, the wind turbines shaft stress is mitigated compared to a conventional maximum power point tracking control. Effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by the numerical simulations.

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Senthilnathan, Karthikrajan, and K. Iyswarya Annapoorani. "A Review on Back-to-Back Converters in Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator based Wind Energy Conversion System." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 2, no. 3 (June 1, 2016): 583. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v2.i3.pp583-591.

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This paper presents a review on the application of back-to-back converters in the field of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) based Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECS). The wide applications of the back-to-back converters are power conditioning devices, micro grid, High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC), Renewable energy systems. The intention is to present an overview about the design considerations taken by various researchers in back-to-back converters in the field of Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECS) and recent developments on it. Generally the configuration of back-to-back converters used are 12 pulse Voltage Source Converters (VSC), 12 pulse Current Source Converter (CSC), 9 Pulse Voltage Source Converter.

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Hao, Wang Shen, Xin Min Dong, Jie Han, and Ling Jun Li. "Study on Remote Condition Monitoring Platform in Wind Energy Conversion Systems Based on AJAX Technology." Applied Mechanics and Materials 66-68 (July 2011): 1362–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.66-68.1362.

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There is a constant need for the reduction of operational and maintenance costs of Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS). The most efficient way of reducing these costs would be to continuously monitor the condition of these systems, which allows for early detection of the degeneration of the generator health, facilitating a proactive response, minimizing downtime, and maximizing productivity. Wind generators are also inaccessible since they are situated on extremely high towers, which are usually 70m more in height. There are also plans to increase the number of offshore sites increasing the need for a remote means of WECS monitoring that overcomes some of the difficulties of accessibility problems. Therefore it is important of condition monitoring and fault diagnosis in WECS. A monitoring scheme of transfer its monitor status with AJAX technology was put forwords in this paper. A remote condition monitoring platform (RCMP) was designed and constructed in this project. And its result brings us an effective solution to deal with the WECS condition monitoring.

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Aguemon, Dourodjayé Pierre, Richard Gilles Agbokpanzo, and Frédéric Dubas. "Analysis on the Topology and Control of Power Electronics Converters for Wind Energy Conversion Systems." International Journal of Research and Review 8, no. 8 (August 9, 2021): 127–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijrr.20210819.

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Power Electronics converters become nowadays the most important part in Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECS). They are an intermediate between the generator and grid to achieve low cost, high power density and reliability. This paper deals with the analysis on the topology and control of the most power Electronics Converters for generators using in WECS. Design, (dis)advantages, and market penetration are analyzed and discussed. The control includes maximum power point tracking, dc bus voltage control, balancing of the dc capacitor voltages, and reactive power generation are also analyzed. Simulations have been carried out using MATLAB/SIMULINK on the control strategies for the case of back to back converter with Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) demonstrating its good potential to meet the grid connection requirements. Keywords: Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECS), power electronics converters, back to back converter, maximum power point tracking, Pulse Width Modulation (PWM).

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Ren, Mifeng, Jianhua Zhang, Ye Tian, and Guolian Hou. "A Neural Network Controller for Variable-Speed Variable-Pitch Wind Energy Conversion Systems Using Generalized Minimum Entropy Criterion." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/412027.

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This paper considers the neural network controller design problem for variable pitch wind energy conversion systems (WECS) with non-Gaussian wind speed disturbances in the stochastic distribution control framework. The approach here is used to directly model the unknown control law based on a fixed neural network (the number of layers and nodes in a neural network is fixed) without the need to construct a separate model for the WECS. In order to characterize the randomness of the WECS, a generalized minimum entropy criterion is established to train connection weights of the neural network. For the train purpose, both kernel density estimation method and sliding window technique are adopted to estimate the PDF of tracking error and entropies. Due to the unknown process dynamics, the gradient of the objective function in a gradient-descent-type algorithm is estimated using an incremental perturbation method. The proposed approach is illustrated on a simulated WECS with non-Gaussian wind speed.

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Bellarbi, Samir. "Electromechanical Study the Wind Energy Conversion System Based DFIG and SCIG Generators." International Journal of Mechanics 15 (July 14, 2021): 102–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.46300/9104.2021.15.11.

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Generally speaking, asynchronous generators are used more frequently in medium power in wind energy conversion systems WECS applications. Depending on the power electronics converter used in the specific application, the operation of the asynchronous machine can be controlled in nested speed torque loops, using different torque control algorithms. Because WECS are highly nonlinear systems, but with smooth nonlinearities, a possible optimal control design solution can be the maximum power point tracking MPPT in this paper. This research describes a comparison of the power quality for wind power systems based on two generators: the squirrel-cage induction generator (SCIG), the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG). At first, we simulated SCIG and DFIG in MATLAB/Simulink and investigates the impact of this generators on the power system stability for compare the results and to comment on the best option based on the output characteristics of the generator and wind turbine. The technical objective of this research is to choose the most suitable generator adaptive with changing wind speeds and the most energy production

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Nguyen, Cao-Khang, Thai-Thanh Nguyen, Hyeong-Jun Yoo, and Hak-Man Kim. "Consensus-Based SOC Balancing of Battery Energy Storage Systems in Wind Farm." Energies 11, no. 12 (December 16, 2018): 3507. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11123507.

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Multiple battery energy storage systems (BESSs) are used to compensate for the fluctuation in wind generations effectively. The stage of charge (SOC) of BESSs might be unbalanced due to the difference of wind speed, initial SOCs, line impedances and capabilities of BESSs, which have a negative impact on the operation of the wind farm. This paper proposes a distributed control of the wind energy conversion system (WECS) based on dynamic average consensus algorithm to balance the SOC of the BESSs in a wind farm. There are three controllers in the WECS with integrated BESS, including a machine-side controller (MSC), the grid-side controller (GSC) and battery-side controller (BSC). The MSC regulates the generator speed to capture maximum wind power. Since the BSC maintains the DC link voltage of the back-to-back (BTB) converter that is used in the WECS, an improved virtual synchronous generator (VSG) based on consensus algorithm is used for the GSC to control the output power of the WECS. The functionalities of the improved VSG are designed to compensate for the wind power fluctuation and imbalance of SOC among BESSs. The average value of SOCs obtained by the dynamic consensus algorithm is used to adjust the wind power output for balancing the SOC of batteries. With the proposed controller, the fluctuation in the output power of wind generation is reduced, and the SOCs of BESSs are maintained equally. The effectiveness of the proposed control strategy is validated through the simulation by using a MATLAB/Simulink environment.

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Ramalingegowda, Chethan Hiremarali, and Mageshvaran Rudramoorthy. "Sub-synchronous resonance in wind energy integrated grid – problem and mitigation techniques – a review." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 13, no. 3 (September 1, 2022): 1870. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v13.i3.pp1870-1886.

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When wind energy conversion systems (WECS) are integrated with the Grid system then there are power quality issues arises. The fluctuation in the wind power delivery to the grid demands robust control for a better power quality. Therefore, voltage and frequency stability due to integration of wind to the grid is the primary concern to improve the overall grid integration capability for WECS. This paper reviews the power quality issues in the power grid due to introduction of WECS. The WECS integration with the grid introduces dynamic issues that include sub-synchronous resonance (SSR), low voltage ride through (LVRT), frequency support from wind generation, synchronization, and transients. Also, it focusses on the sub synchronous resonance introduced due to introduction of doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) wind turbines to the transmission lines with capacitive seriescompensation. The review of various power quality issues and methods used by the researcher’s mitigations are discussed and detailed further research perspective.

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Abubakar, Ukashatu, Saad Mekhilef, Hazlie Mokhlis, Mehdi Seyedmahmoudian, Ben Horan, Alex Stojcevski, Hussain Bassi, and Muhyaddin Hosin Rawa. "Transient Faults in Wind Energy Conversion Systems: Analysis, Modelling Methodologies and Remedies." Energies 11, no. 9 (August 27, 2018): 2249. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11092249.

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This paper presents an in-depth review of classical and state-of-the-art models for analysing the transient stability in wind energy conversion systems. Various transient simulation models for a number of wind turbine generator (WTG) configurations are introduced, under different disturbances. The mitigation is achieved, by manipulating the generator speed and power electronics control, whereas the protection is implemented using conventional, intelligent or digital relays for the safety of sensitive components, in case of transient fault occurrence. The various control systems in WECS are basically employed to transform and regulate the varying frequency, owing to the stochastic nature of wind speed, to the standard 50-Hz or 60-Hz frequency for coupling to an existing electrical utility grid. It has been observed that the control and protection schemes in wind energy systems are concurrently applied. Transient faults in WECSs are a dominant power quality problem especially in the doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG), and often classified as overcurrent or overvoltage transients. These transients are measured using the transient stability index and analysed using the EMTDC/PSCAD software. In addition, the inertia of the rotating masses of wind turbine generators is often characterized by a transient torque, which generates oscillations in power systems.

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You, Guodong, Tao Xu, Honglin Su, Xiaoxin Hou, and Jisheng Li. "Fault-Tolerant Control for Actuator Faults of Wind Energy Conversion System." Energies 12, no. 12 (June 19, 2019): 2350. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12122350.

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The problem of robust fault-tolerant control for actuators of nonlinear systems with uncertain parameters is studied in this paper. Takagi–Sugeno (T-S) fuzzy model is used to describe the wind energy conversion system (WECS). Fuzzy dedicated observer (FDO) and fuzzy proportional integral observer (FPIO) are established to reconstruct the system state and actuator fault, respectively. Fuzzy Robust Scheduling Fault-Tolerant Controller (FRSFTC) is designed by parallel distributed compensation (PDC) method, so as to realize the purpose of active fault tolerance for actuator faults and ensure the robust stability of the system. The stability of the closed-loop system is proved by Taylor series, Lyapunov function, and Linear Matrix Inequalities (LMIs). Finally, the simulation results verify that the proposed method is feasible and effective applied to WECS with doubly fed induction generators (DFIG).

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Aissaoui, Abdel Ghani, Ahmed Tahour, Mohamed Abid, Najib Essounbouli, and Frederic Nollet. "A Fuzzy-PI Control Technique Designed for Power Control of Wind Turbine Based on Induction Generator." Advanced Materials Research 875-877 (February 2014): 1676–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.875-877.1676.

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In this paper, we develop the overall model of the wind energy conversion systems (WECS) structure based on induction generator (IG). The goal of this paper is to control the power generated by the WECS and transmitted to the grid. We propose a new control strategy based on fuzzy logic in order to control the power of the WECS. The main drawback is that the WECS is highly nonlinear. An adaptive Fuzzy-PI power controller is proposed to overcome this problem. A Simulation study is done to validate the strategy used in power control.

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Kumar, S. Bala, Samuel Kefale, and Azath M. "Comparison of Z-Source EZ-Source and TZ-Source Inverter Systems for Wind Energy Conversion." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 9, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 1693. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v9.i4.pp1693-1701.

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In this paper, three different impedance source inverters: Z-source inverter, EZ- source inverter, TZ-Source for wind energy conversion system (WECS) were investigated. Total output power and THD of each of these systems are calculated. The proposed system can boost the output voltage effectively when the low output voltage of the generator is available at low wind speed. This system has higher performance, less components, increased efficiency and reduced cost. These features make the proposed TZSI based system suitable for the wind conversion systems. MATLAB simulink model for wind generator system is developed and simulation studies are successfully performed. The simulation is done using MATLAB and the simulation results are presented. This comparison shows that the TZ-source inverter is very promising for wind energy conversion system.

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Mojumdar, Md Rejwanur Rashid, Mohammad Sakhawat Hossain Himel, Md Salman Rahman, and Sheikh Jakir Hossain. "Electric Machines & Their Comparative Study for Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECSs)." Journal of Clean Energy Technologies 4, no. 4 (2015): 290–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/jocet.2016.v4.299.

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Sami, Irfan, Shafaat Ullah, Zahoor Ali, Nasim Ullah, and Jong-Suk Ro. "A Super Twisting Fractional Order Terminal Sliding Mode Control for DFIG-Based Wind Energy Conversion System." Energies 13, no. 9 (May 1, 2020): 2158. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13092158.

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The doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)-based wind energy conversion systems (WECSs) are prone to certain uncertainties, nonlinearities, and external disturbances. The maximum power transfer from WECS to the utility grid system requires a high-performance control system in the presence of such nonlinearities and disturbances. This paper presents a nonlinear robust chattering free super twisting fractional order terminal sliding mode control (ST-FOTSMC) strategy for both the grid side and rotor side converters of 2 MW DFIG-WECS. The Lyapunov stability theory was used to ensure the stability of the proposed closed-loop control system. The performance of the proposed control paradigm is validated using extensive numerical simulations carried out in MATLAB/Simulink environment. A detailed comparative analysis of the proposed strategy is presented with the benchmark sliding mode control (SMC) and fractional order terminal sliding mode control (FOTSMC) strategies. The proposed control scheme was found to exhibit superior performance to both the stated strategies under normal mode of operation as well as under lumped parametric uncertainties.

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Singh, Pradeep, Krishan Arora, and Umesh C. Rathore. "Control Strategies for Improvement of Power Quality in Grid Connected Variable Speed WECS with DFIG – An Overview." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2327, no. 1 (August 1, 2022): 012008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2327/1/012008.

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Abstract The presented paper gives a detailed observation of the PQ related problems for WE based on the EFIG or DFIG (Extra or Doubly Fed Induction Generator. Fundamental Frequency Components are the most typical reasons of disruption of power quality. On the other hand, wind loading conditions also disrupt the power quality. Numerous modes for the removing of these problems were studied to get the rid of these fundamental frequency components of the WES (Wind Energy Systems). In the presented paper, there is substantial analysis of numerous controlling techniques were presented to eliminate these PQ and different loading conditions i.e. grid conditions and wind loading conditions. Furthermore, utilizing the WECS (Wind Energy Conversion System) as an operative filter. This analysis of DFIG based WECS help research scholars to choose the adequate control procedures while utilizing the WECS as an operative filter.

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Sami, Irfan, Shafaat Ullah, Laiq Khan, Ahmed Al-Durra, and Jong-Suk Ro. "Integer and Fractional-Order Sliding Mode Control Schemes in Wind Energy Conversion Systems: Comprehensive Review, Comparison, and Technical Insight." Fractal and Fractional 6, no. 8 (August 17, 2022): 447. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract6080447.

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The technological development in wind energy conversion systems (WECSs) places emphasis on the injection of wind power into the grid in a smoother and robust way. Sliding mode control (SMC) has proven to be a popular solution for the grid-connected WECS due to its robust nature. This paper reviews the enhancement trends in the integer-order SMC (IOSMC) and fractional-order SMC (FOSMC) schemes reported in reputed journals over the last two decades. This work starts with a mathematical description of the wind turbine, generators, grid, and SMC and its variants available in literature. A comprehensive literature review is tabulated that includes the proposed errors, sliding surfaces, typologies, and major outcomes. Moreover, a comparative analysis of the integer-order and fractional-order SMC and its variants is also presented in this paper. This paper will provide insight for the researcher working in the WECS and will serve them in the selection and exploration of the most appropriate control schemes for quality wind power extraction. The concise mathematical proofs of the IOSMC, FOSMC and their variants will also serve the researchers in selecting the relevant sliding surfaces control laws for their research tasks. This paper also provides a comparative analysis of IOSMC, FOSMC, and fuzzy-FOSMC in terms of chattering reduction, robustness, and computational complexities using mathematical theories, simulation carried out in Matlab/Simulink, and a processor in the loop (PIL)-based experimental environment.

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Talebi, Nasser, Mohammad Ali Sadrnia, and Ahmad Darabi. "Robust Fault Detection of Wind Energy Conversion Systems Based on Dynamic Neural Networks." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2014 (2014): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/580972.

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Occurrence of faults in wind energy conversion systems (WECSs) is inevitable. In order to detect the occurred faults at the appropriate time, avoid heavy economic losses, ensure safe system operation, prevent damage to adjacent relevant systems, and facilitate timely repair of failed components; a fault detection system (FDS) is required. Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) have gained a noticeable position in FDSs and they have been widely used for modeling of complex dynamical systems. One method for designing an FDS is to prepare a dynamic neural model emulating the normal system behavior. By comparing the outputs of the real system and neural model, incidence of the faults can be identified. In this paper, by utilizing a comprehensive dynamic model which contains both mechanical and electrical components of the WECS, an FDS is suggested using dynamic RNNs. The presented FDS detects faults of the generator's angular velocity sensor, pitch angle sensors, and pitch actuators. Robustness of the FDS is achieved by employing an adaptive threshold. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme is capable to detect the faults shortly and it has very low false and missed alarms rate.

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Morgan, Ernest F., Tamer F. Megahed, Junya Suehiro, and Sobhy M. Abdelkader. "A Fault Ride-Through Technique for PMSG wind turbines using Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) under Grid voltage sag conditions." Renewable Energy and Power Quality Journal 20 (September 2022): 79–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.24084/repqj20.223.

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Wind power penetration is growing, posing considerable technological challenges for developing electrical grid systems. Gearless permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) wind energy conversion systems (WECS) are becoming more popular. On the flip side, they are susceptible to grid failures. The use of Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) to enhance fault ride-through in PMSG wind turbines is investigated. Per the current Grid code trends, WECS are not to be disconnected from the grid; rather, they should provide reactive power support during such situations. This work incorporates machine and grid side converters to manage reactive, active power and DC-link voltage during grid failures. To improves system performance, lessen voltage dips at the point of common coupling (PCC), provide reactive power support and reduce the transient length, a DC-link capacitor is used with SMES. SMES reserve energy capacity is necessary for FRT operation when the wind turbine's inertial response range is insufficient. Finally, a 1.5 MW PMSG-based WTG with SMES is developed. The Pre-fault, fault-period, and post-fault performance are all assessed. They confirm the system's efficiency, speed, and stability.

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Jamuna, Venkatesan, Manickam Baskar, and Selvam Senthoor. "Modeling and Simulation of PMSG Based WECS." Advanced Materials Research 984-985 (July 2014): 792–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.984-985.792.

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This paper presents the modeling of PMSG based wind energy conversion systems (WECS) using MATLAB Simulink. This model contains the wind turbine, PMSG, diode rectifier, DC–DC converter (Buck – Boost) and SPWM based inverter. Due to the wind fluctuations, output voltage varies continuously. Buck - boost chopper can be controlled to maintain the constant dc voltage. The SPWM based inverter produces the constant output voltage with constant frequency for the stand alone load (Remote locations, Island, Hills Stations etc). The simulation results show that the developed model complies with the theoretical results. The PI controller maintains constant output voltage .

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Abdelkader, Mona I., Ahmed K. Abdelsalam, and Ahmed A. Hossameldin. "Indirect Vector-Controlled Brushless Doubly-Fed Twin-Stator Induction Generator for Wind Energy Conversion Application." Energies 13, no. 16 (August 12, 2020): 4174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13164174.

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Wind energy conversion systems (WECSs) seem certain to play a major part in the world’s energy future due to their known high power capacity. The maximum power tracking is unavoidable due to the wind velocity variation and the non-linear relation with the turbine mechanical power. Commercial wind turbines are commonly coupled to either doubly-fed induction generators (DFIGs), wound rotor synchronous generators (WRSG) or permanent magnet synchronous generators (PMSGs). The DFIG-based WECS has several advantages over others. One of which is the power converter in such systems only deals with rotor power, hence the converter rating can run at reduced power rating. However, DFIG has the famous disadvantage of the presence of slip rings which leads to increased maintenance costs and outage times. Hence, brushless doublyfed induction machines (BDFIMs) can be considered as a viable alternative at the penalty of complicated controller requirement and limited decoupling control capability due to the machine’s non-linearity. In this paper, an enhanced performance indirect vector controller is proposed for WECS based on brushless doubly-fed twin-stator induction generator (BDFTSIG). The presented controller offers (i) simplified implementation, (ii) decoupled active-reactive power control, and (iii) a wide range of operation. The proposed controller performance is investigated under various loading conditions showing enhanced transient and minimal steady-state oscillations in addition to complete active/reactive power decoupling. The rigorous simulation and experimental results verify the claimed controller effectiveness under all possible operating conditions for sub- and super-synchronous speed range.

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Koj, Sebastian, Axel Hoffmann, and Heyno Garbe. "Measurement Uncertainty of Radiated Electromagnetic Emissions in In Situ Tests of Wind Energy Conversion Systems." Advances in Radio Science 16 (September 4, 2018): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ars-16-13-2018.

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Abstract. The electromagnetic (EM) emissions of wind energy conversion systems (WECS) are evaluated in situ. Results of in situ tests, however, are only valid for the examined equipment under test (EUT) and cannot be applied to series production as samples, as the measurement uncertainty for in situ environment is not characterized. Currently measurements must be performed on each WECS separately, this is associated with significant costs and time requirement to complete. Therefore, in this work, based on the standard procedure according to the “Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty” (GUM, 2008) the measurement uncertainty is characterized. From current normative situation obtained influences on the measurement uncertainty: wind velocity and undefined ground are evaluated. The influence of increased wind velocity on the measurement uncertainty is evaluated with an analytical approach making use of the dipole characteristic. A numerically evaluated model provides information about the expected uncertainty due to reflection on different textures and varying values of relative ground moisture. Using a classical reflection law based approach, the simulation results are validated. Thanks to the presented methods, it is possible to successfully characterize the measurement uncertainty of in situ measurements of WECS's EM emissions.

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Chhipą, Abrar Ahmed, Prąsun Chakrabarti, Vadim Bolshev, Tulika Chakrabarti, Gennady Samarin, Alexey N. Vasilyev, Sandeep Ghosh, and Alexander Kudryavtsev. "Modeling and Control Strategy of Wind Energy Conversion System with Grid-Connected Doubly-Fed Induction Generator." Energies 15, no. 18 (September 13, 2022): 6694. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15186694.

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The most prominent and rapidly increasing source of electrical power generation, wind energy conversion systems (WECS), can significantly improve the situation with regard to remote communities’ power supply. The main constituting elements of a WECS are a wind turbine, a mechanical transmission system, a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG), a rotor side converter (RSC), a common DC-link capacitor, and a grid-side converter. Vector control is center for RSC and GSC control techniques. Because of direct and quadrature components, the active and reactive power can also be controller precisely. This study tracks the maximum power point (MPP) using a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller strategy. The MPPT technique provides a voltage reference to control the maximum power conversion at the turbine end. The performance and efficiency of the suggested control strategy are validated by WECS simulation under fluctuating wind speed. The MATLAB/Simulink environment using simpower system toolbox is used to simulate the proposed control strategy. The results reveal the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy under fluctuating wind speed and provides good dynamic performance. The total harmonic distortions are also within the IEEE 519 standard’s permissible limits which is also an advantage of the proposed control approach.

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Fatima Zohra, Arama, Bousserhane Ismail Khalil, Laribi Slimane, Sahli Youcef, and Mazari Benyounes. "Artificial Intelligence Control Applied in Wind Energy Conversion System." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 9, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 571. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v9.i2.pp571-578.

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The objective of this paper is to study the dynamic response of the wind energy conversion system (WECS) based on the Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG). The DFIG rotor is connected to the grid via a converter. The active and reactive power control is realized by the DFIG rotor variables control, using the field oriented control (FOC). The vector control of DFIG is applied by the use of tow regulators PI and the neural network regulator (NN). The generator mathematical model is implemented in Matlab/ Simulink software to simulate a DFIG of 1.5 MW in order to show the efficiency of the performances and robustness of the studied control systems. The simulation obtained results shows that the robustness and response time of the neural network regulator is better than those obtained by the PI classical regulator.

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Bhowon, Aksher, Khaled M. Abo-Al-Ez, and Marco Adonis. "Variable-Speed Wind Turbines for Grid Frequency Support: A Systematic Literature Review." Mathematics 10, no. 19 (October 1, 2022): 3586. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10193586.

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As the finite nature of non-renewable energy resources is realised and climate change concerns become more prevalent, the need to shift to more sustainable forms of energy such as the adoption of renewable energy has seen an increase. More specifically, wind energy conversion systems (WECS) have become increasingly important as a contribution to grid frequency support, to maintain power at the nominal frequency and mitigate power failures or supply shortages against demand. Therefore, limiting deviations in frequency is imperative and, thus, the control methods of WECS are called to be investigated. The systematic literature review methodology was used and aimed at investigating these control methods used by WECS, more specifically variable-speed wind turbines (VSWT), in supporting grid frequency as well as the limitations of such methods. The paper identifies these to be de-loading, energy storage systems and emulated inertial response. Further classification of these is presented regarding these control methods, which are supported by literature within period of 2015–2022. The literature indicated a persistent interest in this field; however, a few limitations of VSWTS were identified. The emulated inertial response, specifically using a droop control-based frequency support scheme, was the primary means of providing frequency support. This systematic literature review may be limited by the number of papers selected for the study. Results and conclusions will not only be useful for WECS development but also in assisting with the security of the transmission grid’s frequency stability. Future work will focus on further studying the limitations of WECS providing frequency support.

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Touati, Zeineb, Manuel Pereira, Rui Esteves Araújo, and Adel Khedher. "Integration of Switched Reluctance Generator in a Wind Energy Conversion System: An Overview of the State of the Art and Challenges." Energies 15, no. 13 (June 28, 2022): 4743. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15134743.

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This paper presents a technical overview for Switched Reluctance Generators (SRG) in Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS) applications. Several topics are discussed, such as the main structures and topologies for SRG converters in WECS, and the optimization control methods to improve the operational efficiency of SRGs in wind power generation systems. A comprehensive overview including the main characteristics of each SRG converter topology and control techniques were discussed. The analysis presented can also serve as a foundation for more advanced versions of SRG control techniques, providing a necessary basis to spur more and, above all, motivate the younger researchers to study magnetless electric machines, and pave the way for higher growth of wind generators based on SRGs.

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Saibal Manna, Deepak Kumar Singh, and Ashok Kumar Akella. "A Review of Control Techniques for Wind Energy Conversion System." International Journal of Engineering and Technology Innovation 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 40–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.46604/ijeti.2023.9051.

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Wind energy is the most efficient and advanced form of renewable energy (RE) in recent decades, and an effective controller is required to regulate the power generated by wind energy. This study provides an overview of state-of-the-art control strategies for wind energy conversion systems (WECS). Studies on the pitch angle controller, the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller, the machine side controller (MSC), and the grid side controller (GSC) are reviewed and discussed. Related works are analyzed, including evolution, software used, input and output parameters, specifications, merits, and limitations of different control techniques. The analysis shows that better performance can be obtained by the adaptive and soft-computing based pitch angle controller and MPPT controller, the field-oriented control for MSC, and the voltage-oriented control for GSC. This study provides an appropriate benchmark for further wind energy research.

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de Oliveira, Igor Rodrigues, Fernando Lessa Tofoli, and Victor Flores Mendes. "Thermal Analysis of Power Converters for DFIG-Based Wind Energy Conversion Systems during Voltage Sags." Energies 15, no. 9 (April 26, 2022): 3152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15093152.

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The doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) and back-to-back converter are very sensitive to power quality disturbances in grid-connected wind energy conversion systems (WECSs). Special attention has been given to protect the system from voltage sags, considering the introduction of several low-voltage ride-through (LVRT) techniques in the literature. However, only few works have really analyzed the behavior of power semiconductors during such phenomena in terms of the thermal stresses, whereas the existing studies are focused on balanced voltage sags only. In this context, this work presents a thermal profile analysis of power semiconductors in the grid-side converter (GSC) and rotor-side converter (RSC) considering a DFIG-based WECS submitted to symmetrical and asymmetrical voltage sags. The system is modeled using PLECS software and results on a 2.0 MW system are presented and thoroughly discussed. The results show that it is possible to meet the ride-through requirements during both balanced and unbalanced sags in terms of acceptable thermal stresses on the semiconductors as long as the back-to-back converter and its respective control system are properly designed.

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de Oliveira, Igor Rodrigues, Fernando Lessa Tofoli, and Victor Flores Mendes. "Thermal Analysis of Power Converters for DFIG-Based Wind Energy Conversion Systems during Voltage Sags." Energies 15, no. 9 (April 26, 2022): 3152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15093152.

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The doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) and back-to-back converter are very sensitive to power quality disturbances in grid-connected wind energy conversion systems (WECSs). Special attention has been given to protect the system from voltage sags, considering the introduction of several low-voltage ride-through (LVRT) techniques in the literature. However, only few works have really analyzed the behavior of power semiconductors during such phenomena in terms of the thermal stresses, whereas the existing studies are focused on balanced voltage sags only. In this context, this work presents a thermal profile analysis of power semiconductors in the grid-side converter (GSC) and rotor-side converter (RSC) considering a DFIG-based WECS submitted to symmetrical and asymmetrical voltage sags. The system is modeled using PLECS software and results on a 2.0 MW system are presented and thoroughly discussed. The results show that it is possible to meet the ride-through requirements during both balanced and unbalanced sags in terms of acceptable thermal stresses on the semiconductors as long as the back-to-back converter and its respective control system are properly designed.

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Alshoshan, Karima, Wedad El-Osta, Yosof Kahlifa, and Ibrahim Saleh. "Feasibility Study of Zero Energy Houses: Case Study of Magrun City - Libya." Solar Energy and Sustainable Development Journal 7, no. 2 (December 31, 2018): 59–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.51646/jsesd.v7i2.41.

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The residential load is one of the largest consumers of the electric energy in Libya that could be supplied by renewable energies. Renewable energy technologies and systems can be a good solution to build “Zero Energy Buildings”. A zero-energy house is proposed for Maqrun city. It is intended to use wind turbine with batteries as a storage system to supply electric energy demand for this house. The intended house average daily electric energy demand is estimated to be 35 kWh/day. Two WECS were selected to supply the energy demand each of size 6 kW. Th energy produced by the selected wind energy conversion system (WECS) is about 23,894 kWh/yr and the expected capacity factor at the site is about 23%. Modeling of energy demand of the house and simulation of its performance was performed using excel sheets and HOMER softare.

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Sharma, Sohan. "Dynamic Performance Analysis of a Grid-Connected Doubly-Fed Induction Generator." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VI (June 14, 2021): 2340–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.34533.

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In the field of wind energy, the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) is commonly used in variable speed wind energy conversion systems (WECS). This paper presents a review of various topologies, configurations, power converters and control schemes used with the operation of the DFIG. The operation of DFIG based on both slip ring and brushless arrangement has been discussed. The grid integration of DFIG and its influence on system stability, system reliability, power quality and power transmission is reviewed.

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Elnaggar, M., H. A. Abdel Fattah, and A. L. Elshafei. "Maximum power tracking in WECS (Wind energy conversion systems) via numerical and stochastic approaches." Energy 74 (September 2014): 651–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.07.031.

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Thabit, S. S., and P. L. Primrose. "Conditions under Which Wind Turbines Can Be Financially Viable for Private Power Generation in Industry." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Power and Process Engineering 200, no. 2 (May 1986): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1986_200_016_02.

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Methods of evaluating the economics of wind energy conversion systems (WECS) reported in the literature are not readily understood by management in industry, and are not presented in a form suitable for appraising industrial investment in capital projects. This has led to companies being unaware of the advantages of investing in WECS as an option in private electricity generation. This paper presents the general principles of a comprehensively structured method of investment in a wind turbine, using a company's own local and financial conditions. The return on such an investment for an example company in south-east England is 15.8 per cent, rising to 22.4 per cent if the same company was located in North Wales where wind availability is slightly higher. These results indicate that the prospects of economically viable WECS installations for industrial applications are evident over large geographical areas of the UK.

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Oyewole, J. A., F. O. Aweda, and D. Oni. "Comparison Of Three Numerical Methods For Estimating Weibull Parameters Using Weibull Distribution Model In Nigeria." Nigerian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 27, no. 2 (May 27, 2020): 8–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njbas.v27i2.2.

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There is a crucial need in Nigeria to enhance the development of wind technology in order to boost our energy supply. Adequate knowledge about the wind speed distribution becomes very essential in the establishment of Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECS). Weibull Probability Density Function (PDF) with two parameters is widely accepted and is commonly used for modelling, characterizing and predicting wind resource and wind power, as well as assessing optimum performance of WECS. Therefore, it is paramount to precisely estimate the scale and shape parameters for all regions or sites of interest. Here, wind data from year 2000 to 2010 for four different locations (Port Harcourt, Ikeja, Kano and Jos) were analysed and the Weibull parameters was determined. The three methods employed are Mean Standard Deviation Method (MSDM), Energy Pattern Factor Method (EPFM) and Method of Moments (MOM) for estimating Weibull parameters. The method that gave the most accurate estimation of the wind speed was MSDM method, while Energy Pattern Factor Method (EPFM) is the most reliable and consistent method for estimating probability density function of wind. Keywords: Weibull Distribution, Method of Moment, Mean Standard Deviation Method, Energy Pattern Method

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Jeevajothi, R., and D. Devaraj. "Voltage stability enhancement using an adaptive hysteresis controlled variable speed wind turbine driven EESG with MPPT." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 25, no. 2 (June 23, 2014): 48–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2014/v25i2a2669.

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This paper investigates the enhancement in voltage stability achieved while connecting a variable speed wind turbine (VSWT) driven electrically excited synchronous generator (EESG) into power systems. The wind energy conversion system (WECS) uses an AC-DC-AC converter system with an uncontrolled rectifier, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controlled dc-dc boost converter and adaptive hysteresis controlled voltage source converter (VSC). The MPPT controller senses the rectified voltage (VDC) and traces the maximum power point to effectively maximize the output power. With MPPT and adaptive hysteresis band current control in VSC, the DC link voltage is maintained constant under variable wind speeds and transient grid currents.The effectiveness of the proposed WECS in enhancing voltage stability is analysed on a standard IEEE 5 bus system, which includes examining the voltage magnitude, voltage collapse and reactive power injected by the systems. Simulation results show that the proposed WECS has the potential to improve the long-term voltage stability of the grid by injecting reactive power. The performance of this scheme is compared with a fixed speed squirrel cage induction generator (SCIG), a variable speed doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) and a variable speed permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG).

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Goyal, Sachin, Vinay Kumar Deolia, and Sanjay Agrawal. "An Advanced Neuro-Fuzzy Tuned PID Controller for Pitch Control of Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines." ECTI Transactions on Electrical Engineering, Electronics, and Communications 20, no. 2 (June 21, 2022): 296–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.37936/ecti-eec.2022202.246911.

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Modern power systems comprise a variety of generating systems, including conventional thermal power stations and advanced renewable generating sources, one contender being a wind energy conversion system (WECS). Blade pitch control is an important part of the highly non-linear WECS. Many control strategies have been proposed by researchers around the globe. Current research work focuses on developing a control structure for a non-linear pitch control system using an advanced neuro-fuzzy tuned PID (NF-PID) controller. This approach utilizes the simplicity of a PID controller and the power of a soft computing technique like neuro-fuzzy to handle non-linearity. The model in this study is developed on the MATLAB Simulink platform and the obtained simulation results satisfy the requirements of constant output power even if the wind speed input changes abruptly.

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Jabal Laafou, Abdeslam, Abdessalam Ait Madi, Adnane Addaim, and Abdessamad Intidam. "Dynamic Modeling and Improved Control of a Grid-Connected DFIG Used in Wind Energy Conversion Systems." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2020 (July 23, 2020): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/1651648.

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The proposed work presented in this paper is mainly focused on the control of the active and reactive stator powers generated by a wind energy conversion system (WECS) based on the dual feed induction generator (DFIG). This control is achieved by acting on the rotor side converter (RSC) to extract the maximum power from the wind turbine (WT) while regulating the rotor currents. Furthermore, another control objective is achieved by acting on the grid side converter (GSC), in which the DC bus voltage is maintained constant and a unity power factor is ensured. To do that, a new robust control known as active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) has been proposed and applied to the WECS. This control is based on the extended state observer (ESO), which is the main core of this algorithm; it makes the estimation and cancellation of the total effect of various uncertainties (internal and external disturbances) possible in real time. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach, the system was modeled and simulated by using the Matlab/Simulink software. Two tests, namely, tracking and robustness tests, were performed to compare the proposed ADRC technique and classical PI controllers. The obtained results are promising and have shown that the proposed control strategy based on ADRC, especially when varying the mode parameters, is performant and very useful.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Wind energy conversion systems (WECS)'

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