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1
Wallis, D. R., and P. W. Shaw. "Monitoring giant willow aphid (Tuberolachnus salignus) on apple trees in close proximity to infested willows." New Zealand Plant Protection 70 (July 31, 2017): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2017.70.81.
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The giant willow aphid, was first found in New Zealand in 2013 and is now established throughout the country. An orchardist in the Tasman district reported infestation of his commercial block of young ‘Envy’ apple trees after harvest in May 2016, adjacent to two large willow trees heavily infested with giant willow aphid. Regular observations commenced soon after to determine seasonal activity, apple tree infestation, timing and impact and any alternative host plants or possible natural enemies. Key observations since are that the giant willow aphids appear in late September on willow shoots near the base of the tree reaching low numbers before disappearing again in late November. At this time, a ladybird species (Adalia bipunctata), where observed in the willows and on other plants nearby. In late December the aphids reappeared on the willows and numbers built to a peak in late February and remained on the willows until leaf fall. The aphids were not seen on the apple trees in any signi cant numbers until February when infestation and feeding continued until late autumn. After two seasons of infestation, the apple trees closest to the infested willows are now visibly ‘sick’ with yellowing leaves, stunted growth, reduced fruit production and branches blackened with sooty mould.
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Gregersen, P., and H. Brix. "Zero-discharge of nutrients and water in a willow dominated constructed wetland." Water Science and Technology 44, no. 11-12 (December 1, 2001): 407–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0859.
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A novel constructed wetland system has been developed to treat sewage, evaporate water and recycle nutrients from single households at sites where effluent standards are stringent and soil infiltration is not possible. Main attributes of the willow wastewater cleaning facilities are that the systems have zero discharge, the willows evapotranspire the water, and nutrients can be recycled via the willow biomass produced in the system. The willow wastewater cleaning facilities generally consist of c. 1.5 m deep high-density polyethylene-lined basins filled with soil and planted with clones of willow (Salix viminalis L.). The surface area of the systems depends on the amount and quality of the sewage to be treated and the local annual rainfall. For a single household the area needed typically is between 200-300 m2. Settled sewage is dispersed underground into the bed under pressure. When correctly dimensioned, the willow will - on an annual basis - evapotranspire all water from the sewage and rain falling onto the system, and take up all nutrients and heavy metals from the sewage. The stems of the willows are harvested on a regular basis to remove nutrients and heavy metals and to stimulate the growth of the willows. Initial experiences from full-scale systems in Denmark show promising results.
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Zhu, Huayue. "Analysis on the Effect of Willow Weaving Service Industry Development in County Industry ——Based on Funan Willow." Financial Forum 10, no. 2 (August 27, 2021): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.18282/ff.v10i2.1942.
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<p>Due to the lack of service innovation awareness, the wicker service industry has gradually been ignored by the market in recent years. In order to solve the problem, this article analyzes the entire industry of Funan willows through survey data, and measures the density of Funan willows by using the location quotient, and analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of Funan willows by SWTO analysis and financial statements. In this paper, financial statements are used to analyze the cash flow of the willow company within a certain period of time. The results show that the financial situation of the willow service industry is promising. Therefore, we recommend that the willow service industry achieves its own development by building a reputation brand and relying on the effect of industrial agglomeration to promote the development of the county industry.</p>
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Kaczynski, Kristen M., David J. Cooper, and William R. Jacobi. "Interactions of sapsuckers and Cytospora canker can facilitate decline of riparian willows." Botany 92, no. 7 (July 2014): 485–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2014-0019.
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Drought has caused large-scale plant mortality in ecosystems around the globe. Most diebacks have affected upland forest species. In the past two decades, a large-scale decline of riparian willows (Salix L.) has occurred in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado. We examined whether climatic or biotic factors drive and maintain the willow community decline. We compared annual growth and dieback of willows inside and outside of 14-year-old ungulate exclosures and measured groundwater depth and predawn xylem pressures of stems as indicators of drought stress. We also performed an aerial photo analysis to determine the temporal dynamics of the decline. Aerial photo analysis indicated willow decline occurred between 2001 and 2005 and was best explained by an increase in moose population and a decrease in peak stream flows. A new mechanism for willow stem dieback was identified, initiated by red-naped sapsucker wounding willow bark. Wounds became infected with fungus that girdled the stem. DNA analyses confirmed Valsa sordida (Cytospora chrysosperma) as the lethal fungus. Captured sapsuckers had V. sordida spores on feet and beaks identifying them as one possible vector of spread. Predawn xylem pressure potentials remained high through the growing season on all study willows regardless of depth to ground water. Our results indicate that additional mechanisms may be involved in tall willow decline.
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Liberacki, Daniel, Joanna Kocięcka, Piotr Stachowski, Roman Rolbiecki, Stanisław Rolbiecki, Hicran A. Sadan, Anna Figas, et al. "Water Needs of Willow (Salix L.) in Western Poland." Energies 15, no. 2 (January 11, 2022): 484. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15020484.
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Willows are one of the plants which can be used to produce biomass for energy purposes. Biomass production is classified as a renewable energy source. Increasing the share of renewable sources is one of the priority actions for European Union countries due to the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. To achieve the best possible growth of the willow and increase its biomass for fuel, it is crucial to provide optimal water conditions for its growth. The aim of the study was to determine the water requirements of willows under the conditions of the western Polish climate and to verify whether this area is potentially favourable for willow cultivation. The novelty of this paper lies in its multi-year climatic analysis in the context of willow water needs for the area of three voivodships: Lubusz, Lower Silesian, and West Pomeranian. This is one of the few willow water-needs analyses for this region which considers the potential for widespread willow cultivation and biomass production in western Poland. Reference evapotranspiration (ETo) was determined by the Blaney-Criddle equation and then, using plant coefficients, water needs for willow were determined. Calculations were carried out for the growing season lasting from 21 May to 31 October. The estimated water needs during the vegetation season amounted on average to 408 mm for the West Pomeranian Voivodeship, 405 mm for the Lubusz Voivodeship, and 402 mm for the Lower Silesian Voivodeship. The conducted analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that these needs do not differ significantly between the voivodeships. Therefore, it can be concluded that the water requirements of willows in western Poland do not differ significantly, and the whole region shows similar water conditions for willow cultivation. Furthermore, it was found that water needs are increasing from decade to decade, making rational water management necessary. This is particularly important in countries with limited water resources, such as Poland. Correctly determining the water requirements of willow and applying them to the cultivation of this plant should increase the biomass obtained. With appropriate management, willow cultivation in Poland can provide an alternative energy source to coal.
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McCabe, Sharon M., and T. N. Barry. "Nutritive value of willow (Salix sp.) for sheep, goats and deer." Journal of Agricultural Science 111, no. 1 (August 1988): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600082745.
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SummaryVoluntary intake and apparent digestibility of tree willow (Salix matsudana Χ alba) and of osier willow (Salix viminalis) were measured with male sheep and goats and voluntary intake only with male deer. Both willow species had been selected for extremely rapid growth, and were grown in coppices on high fertility soil. In a first experiment spring primary growth of both willows was fed to sheep, goats and deer in early summer, whilst in a second experiment summer regrowth (i.e. secondary growth) of osier willow was fed to sheep and goats in autumn.Although the ratio of readily fermentable to structural carbohydrate (0·51–0·70) and total N concentration (18–24 g/kg D.M.) in primary growth of the willows was less than normally found in high quality fresh temperate forages, the values were similar to those of many dried forages normally used as supplements. Averaged over sheep and goats, voluntary intake of digestible D.M. was 22% less for osier than for tree willow, this being associated with higher concentrations of lignin (197 ν 182 g/kg D.M.) and of condensed tannin (66 ν 29 g/kg D.M.) in the osier willow. The lower digestible dry-matter intake was attributable to both lower voluntary intakes and lower digestibility of the D.M. (0·57 ν 0·64). Both voluntary intake and apparent digestibility of secondary growth willow were lower than that of primary growth.When expressed as functions of the amount required for maintenance, voluntary metabolizable energy intake of goats was approximately double that of sheep, both for primary growth (2·2 ν 1·1) and for secondary growth (1·8 ν. 0·7) willow. This was attributable to consistently higher voluntary D.M. intakes/kg W0'6 by goats, and to a trend for higher digestibility than sheep, which attained significance in Expt 2but not in Expt 1. The ratios of dry-matter intake/kg W075 per day for sheep: deer: goats fed primary growth willow were 1·0:1·5:1·9, with deer thus being intermediate between the other two species. There were no differences in voluntary intake (g/kg W0·75 per day) of sheep, goats and deer fed a high quality lucerne hay.It was concluded that willows grown during spring and summer could adequately be used as supplementary feed during summer droughts and that willow could be used most effectively if fed to goats, followed by deer, with sheep being the least efficient. Tree willow is a preferred choice to the osier willow used here, and it was further concluded that like Lotus pedunculatus, high concentrations of lignin and condensed tannin, both of which are produced by the same biochemical pathway, are likely to be limiting nutritive value of the more leafy osier willow.
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Jackson, Sandra L., David S. Hik, and R. F. Rockwell. "The influence of nesting habitat on reproductive success of the lesser snow goose." Canadian Journal of Zoology 66, no. 7 (July 1, 1988): 1699–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z88-245.
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The quality of nesting habitat and the influence of vegetation height on reproductive success of the lesser snow goose (Chen caerulescens caerulescens) were examined. In 1984, geese nesting in tall willow bushes (Salix ssp.) were more successful than individuals nesting in shorter willows, or in areas with no willows at all. In particular, individuals nesting in tall willows lost fewer eggs to depredation or abandonment, resulting in a greater number of goslings leaving the nest after hatch. The effect of willow height on reproductive success was independent of female age and relative nest initiation date, both of which are known to affect reproductive success. The degree of the habitat effect was not as great in 1986, but the geese nesting in willow bushes did tend to have greater reproductive success. Since spring environmental conditions influence both the availability and quality of nest sites, the potential importance of the effect of nesting habitat on reproductive success probably varies among years.
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Broberg, Cynthia L., John H. Borden, and Regine Gries. "Olfactory and feeding preferences of Cryptorhynchus lapathi among hosts and nonhosts." Canadian Entomologist 138, no. 3 (June 2006): 357–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/n05-050.
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AbstractIn British Columbia, native willows (Salix spp.) (Salicaceae) and, to a lesser extent, black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa Torr. & Gray) (Salicaceae) are frequently attacked by the poplar and willow borer, Cryptorhynchus lapathi (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.) (Betulaceae), trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.), and bigleaf maple (Acer macrophyllum Pursh) (Aceraceae) are not attacked. We studied olfaction and feeding preferences in the laboratory and feeding, oviposition, and emergence in the field. Female C. lapathi preferred Scouler's willow (Salix scouleriana Barratt ex Hook.) over all other species by olfaction, but males did not discriminate between Scouler's willow and black cottonwood or trembling aspen. All species elicited at least some attraction in no-choice situations. Willow was generally preferred for feeding, but black cottonwood and red alder were also acceptable, unlike trembling aspen or bigleaf maple. In field caging experiments, adult weevils emerged from willow, black cottonwood, and red alder. We conclude that olfaction and feeding preferences are sufficiently powerful to mediate the frequent attack observed on native willows, the intermediate levels of attack on cottonwood, and the absence of attack on red alder. Successful development on red alder suggests that C. lapathi could expand its host range to include this species.
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Wang, Qian, and Qiong Yang. "Ritual, Legend, and Metaphor: Narratives of the Willow in Yuan Zaju." Religions 13, no. 1 (January 7, 2022): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel13010055.
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Narratives of willow trees in Yuan zaju 雜劇, or variety play, largely come in three types, namely, the ritual performance of shooting willows; the deliverance of willow spirits by Lü Dongbin, one of the Eight Immortals of Daoism; and the use of the word willow to refer to women. The willow shooting ritual depicted in Yuan zaju was highly reminiscent of the willow shooting ritual popular throughout the Song (960–1279), Liao (916–1125), Jin (1115–1234), and Yuan (1271–1368) dynasties, with its conceptual origins traceable to the ancient shamanic belief in the willow as a sacred tree prevalent among the Khitans and Jurchens who lived in what is now northeastern China. The legend of Lü Dongbin delivering a willow spirit to immortality is a recurring motif in Han Chinese folklore and Daoist hagiography, which also finds expression in the iconic image of Guanyin Pusa or Bodhisattva Avalokitesvara holding a willow branch with which they cure diseases for people and bring fulfillment to their wishes. The frequent use of “willow leaf-shaped eyebrows” (liumei 柳眉) and “willow-like waist” (liuyao 柳腰) in Yuan zaju as metaphorical references to women can be seen as a continuation of the great literary tradition of Shijing 詩經 (The Book of Songs) and also as a dramatic enactment of the fertility cult of the willow and women in Chinese folk religion. Evidence abounds that the narratives about the willow in Yuan zaju were not a new creation but an artistic manifestation of centuries-old folk belief and literary tradition.
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Bhat, G. M., M. A. Islam, A. R. Malik, T. A. Rather, F. A. Shah Khan, and A. H. Mir. "Productivity and economic evaluation of Willow (Salix alba L.) based silvopastoral agroforestry system in Kashmir valley." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 11, no. 3 (September 10, 2019): 743–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v11i3.2104.
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Performance of two fodder crops namely, sorghum (Sorghum vulgare L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) was investigated with Willow (Salix alba L.) to evaluate productivity and economics of the silvopastoral agroforestry system in Kashmir valley. The experiment was laid out by planting two year old willows at 2.0m × 2.0m spacing and dividing the main plot into sub-plots of size 8m × 2m each with 5 replications in randomized block design (RDB). The intercrops of sorghum and maize were maintained at 20cm × 10 cm spacing and supplied with recommended doses of fertilizers. The economics of the willow plantation intercropped with fodder crops was compared with sole willow farming by the benefit-cost ratio and net present worth. The study revealed the differential behaviour of Salix alba regarding growth parameters (height, diameter and girth) by different intercrops and various fodder intercrops with respect to yield, above ground biomass, dry matter production and soil nutrient status (pH, organic carbon, available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium). The willow based silvopastoral system was estimated to have benefit-cost ratio of 2.71 with maize and 2.68 with sorghum, while as sole crop the willows accrued a benefit-cost ratio of 2.66. The study is useful in discovering growth of willows, productivity of fodder crops and soil nutrient status under various silvopastoral agroforestry systems for maximizing economic gains. The findings envisaged evidences in favour of adopting willow based silvopastoral agroforestry instead of sole tree farming and the knowledge of interactions will be helpful in proper management of the system for sustained multiple productions.
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Stott, K. G. "Willows in the service of man." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section B. Biological Sciences 98 (1992): 169–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269727000007533.
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SynopsisSome main uses of the versatile genus Salix are described. The basket willow industry, once nationwide but now concentrated in Somerset, is covered in some detail, noting the site requirements and attributes of the three main basket willow species, Salix triandra L., S. viminalis L. and S. purpurea L. The management of the crops and methods of processing to give the ‘white’ or ‘buff’ coloured rods preferred by basket makers are described, as are the ability and versatility of basketry to produce containers uniquely suited to meet specific needs.Other uses of the shrub willows (sub-genus Vetrix) are outlined, including the stabilisation of slopes and other aspects of bioengineering, amelioration of difficult environments and large-scale amenity urban and motorway plantings.Attention is drawn to opportunities to develop the tree willows (sub-genus Salix) to meet projected timber shortages, to the use of willows for windbreaks and shelter, and to the culture and use of that very British tree – the Cricket Bat Willow (S. alba var. caerulea (Sm.) Sm.).
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Kenstavičienė, Palmyra, Palma Nenortienė, Guoda Kiliuvienė, Andrejus Ževžikovas, Audronis Lukošius, and Daiva Kazlauskienė. "Application of high-performance liquid chromatography for research of salicin in bark of different varieties of Salix." Medicina 45, no. 8 (August 9, 2009): 644. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina45080084.
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Willow (Salix L.) species are widely spread in Lithuanian natural dendroflora. Willow bark contains active substances known for anti-inflammatory properties and is known as a phytotherapeutic precursor of aspirin. Bark extracts are components of analgesic and antirheumatic preparations. Therapeutic effectiveness is associated with salicin (2-(hydroxymethyl) phenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside), which turns into salicylic acid. Increasing attention to natural preparations gives primary importance to research of plants. This study focused on 12 willow taxa and employed routine pharmacopoeia methods. High-performance liquid chromatography method was applied for the analysis of bark extractions. The investigation revealed that not all willow species accumulated a therapeutically sufficient amount of salicin. Bark samples were investigated after 1- and 2-year growth in autumn and spring. Salicin content ranged from 0.08 to 12.6%. Higher contents of active materials were determined in autumn and in 2-year-old willows. Certain willow taxa (Salix alba L., Salix mollissima L., Salix triandra L., Salix viminalis “Americana”, Salix dasyclados L.) possessed extremely low salicin amounts. In the second year, analysis covered 32 willow species. Results indicated striking differences in salicin amounts (from 0.04% in Salix viminalis “Americana” to 12.06% in Salix acutifolia). Willow species, plant age, and season should be considered when collecting medicinal plant material. The amount of salicylates in 2-year-old willow bark collected in autumn exceeded by 25% that in 1-year-old willow bark collected in spring. Bark of some analyzed willow species contained the amount of salicylates too low for using as anti-inflammatory or antipyretic remedy.
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Cao, Yini, Jiang Xiao, Jie Chen, Xiaogang Li, Jiuxi Shi, and Guangcai Chen. "Plant Growth and Nutrient Composition of Shrub and Arbor Willows Grown in Cu-Contaminated Flooded Soil." Forests 13, no. 7 (June 23, 2022): 989. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13070989.
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Flooding can adversely worsen metal-contaminated soil and influence phytoremediation efficiency; thus, it is crucial to explore the eco-physiological responses of plants to the combined stress of metals and flooding. Here, the plant growth, photosynthesis, and nutrient composition in the arbor willow (Salix jiangsuensis ‘J172’) and shrub willow (Salix integra ‘Yizhibi’) were studied using a pot experiment with Cu-contaminated soil (239.5 mg∙kg−1) under flooded versus non-flooded conditions. S. integra showed a larger bioconcentration factor (BCF) than S. jiangsuensis in both treatments. Flooding markedly decreased the BCFs while obviously increasing the translocation factor in the two willows (p < 0.05). Flooding enhanced the leaf C:P and N:P ratios while significantly decreased root C:P and N:P ratios, compared to the non-flooded condition. The shrub willow exhibited better tolerance to flooding, with little alteration in biomass and photosynthetic rate, and showed greater potential Cu accumulation capacity, even though its total biomass was significantly lower than that of the arbor willow. Our study also helps further understanding of nutrient balance and stoichiometry of willows in response to flooding and Cu contamination, promoting the management of Cu-contaminated flooded soils.
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Haake, Katharine. "Willow, Split Willow." Iowa Review 21, no. 2 (April 1991): 98–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.17077/0021-065x.4025.
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Barricelli, Jean‐Pierre. "Sing willow, willow, willow: Shakespeare'sOthelloin rossinian garb." European Romantic Review 7, no. 2 (January 1997): 115–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10509589708570018.
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Kepley, J. B., and W. R. Jacobi. "Pathogenicity of Cytospora Fungi on Six Hardwood Species." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 26, no. 6 (November 1, 2000): 326–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2000.040.
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Cytospora canker is a serious fungal disease of many shade, fruit, and ornamental tree species in the urban forest, orchards, and nurseries. Because Cytospora species are difficult to identify and their host ranges are poorly understood, it is not known if disease occurrence on one host poses a threat to other host species. Cytospora isolates were collected from aspen (Populus tremuloides) (Cytospora chrysosperma), green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) (Cytospora pruinosa), Siberian elm (Ulmus pumila) (Cytospora sacculus), alder (Alnus spp.) (Cytospora umbrina), cottonwood (Populus spp.) (Cytospora chrysosperma), and multi- and singlestemmed willow (Salix spp.) (Cytospora fugax). These isolates were inoculated into drought-stressed aspen, green ash, Siberian elm, thinleaf alder (A. tenuifolia), eastern cottonwood (P. deltoides), and single-stemmed willow. Ash, alder, and elm isolates were host specific. Aspen and cottonwood isolates were pathogenic only on aspen and cottonwood trees. Isolates from multi-stemmed willows caused cankers on aspen only and not single-stemmed willows. However, Cytospora spp. isolates collected from a single-stemmed willow were pathogenic on trees cloned from that willow. Water potential, as a covariate, did not explain variation in canker size among trees. Thus, Cytospora fungi that are host specific may not be a threat to other nearby tree species.
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Dzene, Ilze, Frank Hensgen, Rüdiger Graß, and Michael Wachendorf. "Net Energy Balance and Fuel Quality of an Alley Cropping System Combining Grassland and Willow: Results of the 2nd Rotation." Agronomy 11, no. 7 (June 22, 2021): 1272. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11071272.
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With the central aim to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, agroforestry systems have become popular because they can provide biomass for bioenergy conversion and thus help replace fossil energy. This article compares the net energy balances of three biomass conversion techniques for an agroforestry system consisting of willows and two types of grassland biomass as well as separate stands of grassland and willow. The period of investigation was the second willow rotation (4–6 years after establishment). The biomass conversion techniques included combustion of hay (CH), integrated generation of solid fuel and biogas from biomass (IFBB), and anaerobic whole crop digestion (WCD). Compared to the first rotation (years 1–3), the net energy yield of the willow stands significantly increased. Nevertheless, the separate stand of willow had higher net energy yield than the agroforestry system. The IFBB technique led to an improvement in solid fuel quality through demineralization. CH and IFBB provided higher net energy yields than WCD.
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Disbury, M., R. P. Cane, J. M. Haw, S. E. Gilmer, and S. J. Garner. "Field evaluation of spinosad for control of the willow sawfly (Nematus oligospilus) in Hawkes Bay." New Zealand Plant Protection 57 (August 1, 2004): 244–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2004.57.6900.
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Willow sawfly (Nematus oligospilus (Hymenoptera Tenthredinidae)) a species recently discovered in New Zealand has spread throughout the country In Hawkes Bay it is a threat to willow trees many of which are an important part of river flood control systems A trial was conducted in Napier to test the efficacy of the insecticide Spinosad against sawflies infesting golden willows (Salix alba var vitellina) Insecticide was applied once at each of two sites while a third site was used as an untreated control Larval densities were measured on two trees from each site immediately before the experiment began and for 28 days afterwards At both treated sites 100 mortality occurred within seven days of insecticide application The results showed that Spinosad can provide effective control of willow sawfly
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Rodzkin, Aleh, Sasa Orlovic, Borivoj Krstic, and Andrej Pilipovic. "The assessment of physiology parameters of willow plants as a criterion for selection of prospective clones." Zbornik Matice srpske za prirodne nauke, no. 129 (2015): 7–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmspn1529007r.
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Bioenergy production based on short rotation coppice willow plantations (SRC) is an effective direction both for economic and environment profit. The yield of willow wood can amount to 10-15 tons per hectare of dry biomass per year and the cost of thus obtained energy is lower in comparison with other energy crops. In order to achieve high yield and profitability, the use of special willow clones is necessary. Species most often used in selection for biomass production are shrub type willows: Salix viminalis, Salix dasyclados and Salix schwerini, while the clones tested in this paper were also of tree species Salix alba. The productivity and some physiology characteristics of Serbian selection clones of Salix alba (Backa, Volmianka and Drina) and Swedish selection clone Jorr (Salix viminalis) were investigated in greenhouses and in field conditions. As the result of testing three clones of Salix alba - Backa, Volmianka and Drina, having special preferences and adaptability to different environmental conditions, these were included in State register of Republic of Belarus in 2013. In our experiment it was also satisfactory that specific properties of willows (intensity of transpiration and photosynthesis, water use efficiency and others), were conserved both in greenhouses and in field conditions. This factor gives opportunity to select prospective clones of willows at an early stage of ontogenesis for further testing.
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Ericson, L., T. Elmqvist, K. Jakobsson, K. Danell, and A. Salomonson. "Age structure of boreal willows and fluctuations in herbivore populations." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section B. Biological Sciences 98 (1992): 75–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269727000007466.
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SynopsisThe age structure, both on the ramet and the genet level of boreal willow populations (Salix myrsinifolia-phylicifolia) was studied in relation to fluctuations in populations of voles (Clethrionomys glareolus and Microtus agrestis). Willow ramets were collected from four different areas in the coastal part of Sweden and Finland at the Bothnian Bay. In each area we selected one mainland and one island locality. The ramets, as well as the scars left by bark-eating voles on the ramets, were aged. We found in general a high correlation between ramet ages and peaks in vole cycles (based on frequencies of scars).From a sample of 79 willow clones where all ramets were aged, more than half of the ramets were produced the summer following a vole peak. Field surveys of seedling survival showed that successful establishment is mainly confined to disturbed ground (vole run-ways, etc.) in connection with vole peak years. It is concluded that the age structure both at the genet and the ramet level in boreal willow populations are strongly influenced by the fluctuations in vole populations. The consequences of vole herbivory are manifold, e.g. periodic damage of willows may delay senescence of individual genets and delay the rate of succession due to increased opportunities for willow recruitment.
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Verwijst, Theo. "Willows: An underestimated resource for environment and society." Forestry Chronicle 77, no. 2 (April 1, 2001): 281–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc77281-2.
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In a global perspective and compared to poplar cultivation, willow cultivation has been the stepchild of the employment of the Salicaceae. While willows are grown and used for a large number of different purposes in both the northern and southern hemispheres, willow growing traditionally has been carried out on a small scale. However, the number of species in the genus Salix exceeds the number of Populus species by one order of magnitude, and the geographical distribution and physiognomic range of willow species is larger than of poplars. Only recently has a start been made to exploit the large biological variation within the genus Salix by means of breeding and selection and by means of new planting and management schemes. During only one century, the major obstacles to the availability of forest products have been shifting from technical and economic limitations to ecological and environmental constraints. Due to its high potential of environmental assets, a rapid development of all aspects of willow cultivation is envisaged during the next decades. Willow growing offers a range of products, services and new environmental applications well beyond the range of those encountered in poplar growing. As willow and poplar are closely related genera, several of the lessons learned during the large-scale breeding and cultivation of poplars are relevant to the field of willow growing. These include logistics, mitigation of risk for pest and disease transfer, and especially the need to ensure a wide genetic variability, containing material suitable for different site conditions. Large-scale implementation of sustainable short rotation forestry can be achieved by means of further exploitation of willow in its potential position in between forestry and agriculture, as a recipient of surplus organic nutrients from unbanised and intensively used agricultural areas and as a buffer between productive land and water courses. Key words: breeding strategy, clones, coppice, implementation, International Poplar Commission, pathogens, phytoremediation, Salix, willow
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Khoma, Y., and N. Kutsokon. "Bud burst phenology in different poplar and willow clones." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Series: Biology 79, no. 3 (2019): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728_2748.2019.79.79-84.
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In the face of global climate changes, studies of bud burst and bud set phenology in trees are necessary to determine the duration of the growing season of plants, the optimal planting period, and seasonal works to achieve high productivity. The purpose of our study was to investigate bud burst phenology in different poplar and willow clones, what is important for predicting possible responses of woody plants to climate changes. Materials and methods: Bud burst phenology in poplar and willow was monitored both on the plants growing at experimental plot and on potted plants. Open-field plant research was conducted on a test site of fast-growing bioenergy trees in the M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of NAS of Ukraine (Kyiv). Nine most productive poplar and willow clones were selected for the potted experiment. Throughout the growing season, the plants were kept outdoors, and after the seasonal fall of the leaves, the plants were transferred to an unheated storage room with a limited light regime. During spring, bud burst phenology was screened weekly through 45 days according to the 6-scores scale. The studies showed that the poplar plants grown under laboratory conditions demonstrated faster rates of bud burst compared to the willows, while the plants at the experimental plot, on the contrary, shown faster bud burst in the willows comparing to poplar clones. Such effects may be caused by the restricted light regime at the laboratory space what probably had stronger impact on the bud burst in willows, and in the case of open-field plants also by other random environmental factors. In potted conditions, willows demonstrated a tendency for faster flushing of lateral buds, while most poplar clones showed faster apical bud growth under the same conditions.
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Saska, Margaret M., Yulia A. Kuzovkina, and Robert M. Ricard. "North American Willow Cut-stem Growers: A Survey of the Business Identities, Production Practices, and Prospective for the Crop." HortTechnology 20, no. 2 (April 2010): 351–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.20.2.351.
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To assess the current state of willow (Salix) cultivation for specialty cut flower production, a mail survey following the tailored design method polled willow growers in North America (n = 52). The instrument posed questions on business identity and cultural practices, including plant spacing, fertilization, irrigation, and pruning methods. A 69% response rate was achieved. The general grower profile was of a specialty cut flower producer with multiple years of experience growing willows. For the majority of respondents, willow was a supplemental source of income, complementing a larger product selection of woody and herbaceous species for cut flower production with annual sales for the crop of less than $25,000. The majority of producers had a generally positive outlook on this crop as growers expressed strong support for the importance of willow in their product selection, for customer satisfaction, as well as for future intentions to increase production acreage, and even to extend seasonal markets. However, the non-scientific nature of willow production was revealed by wide variations in basic cultural practices and by very limited use of scientific plant names by the growers and frequent inability to accurately identify their selections, as well as the identification of growers' own personal experience as a main source of knowledge. The results of this survey helped researchers to identify a set of questions to improve the understanding of the fundamentals of willow production through the development of precise commercial production practices, standardization of variety names, and stimulation of further development of this crop through market expansion.
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Vysloužilová, M., P. Tlustoš, and J. Száková. "Cadmium and zinc phytoextraction potential of seven clones of Salix spp. planted on heavy metal contaminated soils." Plant, Soil and Environment 49, No. 12 (December 11, 2011): 542–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4191-pse.
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The Cd and Zn accumulation and phytoextraction potential of seven willow clones was investigated in a pot experiment for two vegetation periods. Heavily polluted Fluvisol-Litavka, moderately contaminated Cambisol-Pribram, and unpolluted control Chernozem-Suchdol were used. Significant differences were found in Cd and Zn accumulation between the willow clones. Cd and Zn were transferred from roots to aboveground tissues and all tested clones confirmed higher Cd and Zn accumulation in leaves than in twigs. Cd and Zn amounts removed by willow leaves were the highest from the most polluted soil (up to 83% Cd and 71% Zn of total removal). Therefore the harvest of leaves is necessary if willows are planted for heavy metal phytoextraction. Although the extremely high Zn contamination of Fluvisol-Litavka significantly reduced biomass production, willows planted in this soil showed the highest Zn removal because of extremely high Zn accumulation (max. 5061 ppm in leaves). Clones planted in moderately contaminated soil achieved the highest Cd removal. Clones showed different abilities to remove Cd and Zn, which was dependent on soil type and contamination level. Remediation factors were determined less than 1% for Zn in the heavily polluted soil and also unsatisfactory for Cd. However, it was shown that willows were suitable phytoextractors of moderately contaminated soil. About 20% of Cd and 4% of Zn were removed by harvested biomass from the total content of soil after two vegetation periods.
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Benoist, Patrick, Adam Parrott, Xavier Lachapelle-T., Louis-Clément Barbeau, Yves Comeau, Frédéric E. Pitre, and Michel Labrecque. "Treatment of Landfill Leachate by Short-Rotation Willow Coppice Plantations in a Large-Scale Experiment in Eastern Canada." Plants 12, no. 2 (January 13, 2023): 372. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12020372.
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The treatment of leachate by vegetative filters composed of short-rotation willow coppice (SRWC) has been shown to be a cost-effective alternative to conventional and costly methods. However, few studies have considered the treatment capability of willow filters at a scale large enough to meet the industrial requirements of private landfill owners in North America. We report here on a field trial (0.5 ha) in which a willow plantation was irrigated with groundwater (D0) or aged leachate at two different loadings (D1 and D2, which was twice that of D1). Additionally, half of the D2-irrigated plots were amended with phosphorus (D2P). The system, which operated for 131 days, was highly efficient, causing the chemical oxygen demand concentration to drop significantly with the total removal of ammonia (seasonal average removal by a concentration of 99–100%). D2P efficacy was higher than that of D2, indicating that P increased the performance of the system. It also increased the willow biomass 2.5-fold compared to water irrigation. Leaf tissue analysis revealed significant differences in the concentrations of total nitrogen, boron, and zinc, according to the treatment applied, suggesting that the absorption capacity of willows was modified with leachate irrigation. These results indicate that the willow plantation can be effective for the treatment of landfill leachate in respect of environmental requirements.
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Minsavage-Davis, Charles D., Iris J. Garthwaite, Marisa D. Fisher, Addison Leigh, Joy M. Ramstack Hobbs, Shannon M. Claeson, Gina M. Wimp, and Carri J. LeRoy. "Spatial Habitat Structure Assembles Willow-Dependent Communities across the Primary Successional Watersheds of Mount St. Helens, USA." Forests 14, no. 2 (February 6, 2023): 322. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14020322.
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The eruption of Mount St. Helens in 1980 resulted in a cataclysmic restructuring of its surrounding landscapes. The Pumice Plain is one of these landscapes, where tree species such as Sitka willow (Salix sitchensis) and their dependent communities have been established along newly-formed streams. Thus, the study of these dependent communities provides a unique and rare opportunity to investigate factors influencing metacommunity assembly during true primary succession. We analyzed the influence of landscape connectivity on metacommunity assembly through a novel application of circuit theory, alongside the effects of other factors such as stream locations, willow leaf chemistry, and leaf area. We found that landscape connectivity structures community composition on willows across the Pumice Plain, where the least connected willows favored active flyers such as the western tent caterpillar (Malacosoma fragilis) or the Pacific willow leaf beetle (Pyrrhalta decora carbo). We also found that multiple levels of spatial habitat structure linked via landscape connectivity can predict the presence of organisms lacking high rates of dispersal, such as the invasive stem-boring poplar weevil (Cryptorhynchus lapathi). This is critical for management as we show that the maintenance of a heterogeneous mixture of landscape connectivity and resource locations can facilitate metacommunity dynamics to promote ecosystem function and mitigate the influences of invasive species.
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Vlasenko, Anastasia Vladimirovna. "Epiphytic myxomycetes on the bark of Salix and Populus in the southeast of Western Siberia." Samara Journal of Science 9, no. 4 (November 30, 2020): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv202094104.
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The diversity of epiphytic myxomycetes developing on the bark of aspen and willow in the southeast of Western Siberia was studied. In the study area, aspens and willows most often dominate in intrazonal communities: in floodplains, ravines and gullies. Myxomycetes of the epiphytic complex were identified using two complementary methods: collecting fruiting bodies in the field and isolation in laboratory conditions on natural substrates (bark of living trees) using the moist chambers method. A total of 505 samples of myxomycetes were analyzed, where a sample is a specific group of myxomycetes formed from a single plasmodium. 64 species of myxomycetes were identified in the moist chambers and 8 species in the field. Despite the fact that the bark of the aspen and willow has very similar values of acidity (pH), the taxonomic composition of myxomycetes living on these trees varies greatly. As a result 72 species of myxomycetes were recorded on the bark of the aspen and willow in the southeast of Western Siberia on the willow bark only there were 51 species, on the aspen bark only there were 10 species, on the bark of both trees there were 10 species.
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Dona, Amy J., and Candace Galen. "Sources of spatial and temporal heterogeneity in the colonization of an alpine krummholz environment by the weedy subalpine plant Chamerion angustifolium (fireweed)." Canadian Journal of Botany 84, no. 6 (June 2006): 933–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b06-048.
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Plant–plant interactions may increase or reduce the impact of abiotic stress on species' distributions, depending on the balance between competition and facilitation. We report on the role of a willow ( Salix ) shrub canopy in mediating the importance of drought stress for performance at seedling and adult life stages of the herbaceous wildflower, Chamerion angustifolium L. (fireweed). Willows form the vegetative boundary (krummholz) between subalpine and alpine life zones in the Rocky Mountains. Chamerion angustifolium is a weedy pioneer species common in subalpine vegetation and advancing upward into the krummholz in the central Rocky Mountains. A mosaic of soil moisture variation dictated spatial patterns of seed germination and seedling survival in C. angustifolium in the absence of willows. However, willows restricted the capacity of C. angustifolium to exploit natural patches of soil moisture during establishment. Seed germination, seedling survival, and net establishment success increased markedly with soil water supply in the open, but not under the willow canopy. For mature plants, willows restricted photosynthesis at the peak of the growing season when rainfall was frequent, but ameliorated the daily decline in leaf water status under drought late in the season. Results suggest that the impact of willows on desiccation stress in alpine populations of fireweed varies with life history stage and phenology.
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Yang, Guo, Xiaoping Li, Qiang Xu, Jiahao Ling, and Tongming Yin. "Effects of cutting size on the growth and wood property traits of short-rotation coppice willows." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 50, no. 12 (December 2020): 1365–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2020-0113.
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Short-rotation coppice willows, which are commonly propagated with cuttings, are promising bioenergy resource crops. In this study, a field trial with a completely randomized block design was carried out with 787 clones from three full-sib pedigrees involving two shrub willow species. A total of 7083 cuttings were planted in the field, and the mass of each cutting was recorded correspondingly. The mortality rate, growth traits, and wood property traits of each cutting-propagated plant were measured throughout a complete growing season. The obtained data showed that heavier cuttings produced shoots with lower mortality rate, higher height, thicker ground diameter, and larger biomass production than lighter cuttings. The cutting mass significantly improved plant performance, especially at the early developmental stages. However, the cutting mass had no effect on the basic density and the main chemical composition (i.e., cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) of willow wood. This study provided essential information for improving the establishment of short-rotation coppice willow plantations.
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Saska, Margaret M., and Yulia A. Kuzovkina. "Ornamental Willow Growth Response Across Five Concentrations of Controlled-Release Fertilizer." HortTechnology 24, no. 1 (February 2014): 53–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.24.1.53.
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Growth response of five ornamental willows (Salix), with sales potential for the cut-stem industry, was assessed in a 1-year container trial studying various concentrations of fertilizer. Plants were grown in 3-gal nursery containers fertilized with five concentrations of 18N–2.6P–6.6K controlled-release fertilizer (100-day release period) with micronutrients, applied as top dressings at 0, 10, 20, 40, and 60 g/container. Yield data were collected on the commercially important parameters including total stem length, stem quantity, and fresh weight of stems. Additional effects of fertilization on the timing of tip abscission and floral bud burst were also evaluated. Total stem length and fresh weight increased for all willows in the fertilized treatments compared with control; however, treatments above 40 g/container did not result in an increase of these parameters. Kori-yanagi willow (S. koriyanagi) had the highest yields across all treatments of fertilization. Fertilizer applications extended the period of stem elongation by delaying tip abscission for all willows, and for ‘The Hague’ willow (S. gracilistyla × S. caprea) tip abscission was delayed by 44.0 days at 40 g/container treatment compared with control. Floral bud burst dates, which differed greatly among willows, were unaffected by applications of controlled-release fertilizer.
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Heffernan, Michael. "Willow." Iowa Review 17, no. 3 (October 1987): 73–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17077/0021-065x.3557.
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Haas, L. F. "Willow." Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 60, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.60.1.5.
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Miller, Mary Ellen. "Willow." Appalachian Heritage 46, no. 2 (2018): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/aph.2018.0014.
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Kemp, P. D., T. N. Barry, and G. B. Douglas. "Edible forage yield and nutritive value of poplar and willow." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 10 (January 1, 2003): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.10.2003.2983.
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Poplar and willow on farms are a potential source of supplementary forage during summer. To incorporate poplar and willow into farm feed budgets, a method is needed to non-destructively estimate the edible forage yield of the trees. Also needed is an estimate of the nutritive value of the forage. Previously uncut trees on hill farms in the lower North Island were measured and a relationship between tree forage yield and diameter of the trunk at breast height (DBH, 1.4 m) was developed. The DBH was from 5 to 32 cm and the forage yield from 1 to 66 kg dry matter (DM)/tree. Nutritive value of poplar and willow (metabolisable energy 8-9 MJ/kg DM) was similar to that of normal summer pasture, but was lower in fibre and higher in soluble carbohydrate, and of higher nutritive value than drought pasture. The concentrations of the secondary chemicals condensed tannins and phenolic glycosides were high in poplars and willows, and they have some positive effects on livestock performance, but their role requires further research. It was concluded that poplar and willow provide forage of sufficient quantity and quality to warrant using them as supplements to pasture for feeding to livestock during summer droughts.
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Rogers, Elizabeth, Ronald Zalesny, Richard Hallett, William Headlee, and Adam Wiese. "Relationships among Root–Shoot Ratio, Early Growth, and Health of Hybrid Poplar and Willow Clones Grown in Different Landfill Soils." Forests 10, no. 1 (January 10, 2019): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10010049.
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Root–shoot allocation of biomass is an underrepresented criterion that could be used for tree selection in phytoremediation. We evaluated how root–shoot allocations relate to biomass production and overall health of poplar and willow clones grown in landfill soil treatments. Fifteen poplar clones and nine willows were grown in a greenhouse for 65 days in soils from five Wisconsin landfills and one greenhouse control. We tested for treatment, clone, and interaction differences in root–shoot ratio (RSR), health, and growth index, along with relationships between RSR with diameter, health, height, total biomass, and growth index. Treatments, clones, and their interactions were not significantly different for poplar RSR, but willow clones differed (p = 0.0049). Health significantly varied among willow clones (p < 0.0001) and among the clone × treatment interaction for poplars (p = 0.0196). Analysis of means showed that willow clones ‘Allegany’ and ‘S365’ exhibited 28% and 21% significantly greater health scores than the overall mean, respectively. Root–shoot ratio was not significantly correlated with health in either genus but was positively correlated with growth index for poplars, which was corroborated via regression analyses. Selecting clones based on a combination of biomass allocation, health, and growth indices may be useful for using phyto-recurrent selection to satisfy site-specific ecosystem services objectives.
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Baz, Martin, and R. Thomas Fernandez. "Evaluating Woody Ornamentals for Use in Herbicide Phytoremediation." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 127, no. 6 (November 2002): 991–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.127.6.991.
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Itea virginica L. `Sprich' (virginia sweetspire), Salix alba L. (white willow), and S. gracilistyla var. melanostachys (Mak.) Miq. (black pussywillow) were treated with a 4 mg·L-1 suspension of two herbicides, isoxaben and oryzalin, a water control (water) or a nonsaturated control (control) for 9 days. Growth and photosynthetic responses were monitored before, during and after the 9-day treatment for a total of 51 days. Growth index of white willow and virginia sweetspire was only reduced by isoxaben treatment while both herbicides reduced the growth index for black pussywillow compared to control. Plant dry weights of the willows were not affected by day 9. Final dry weight was lower for both herbicide treatments for all taxa. The water treatment resulted in lower total dry weight than control only for virginia sweetspire. Isoxaben reduced photosystem II efficiency (Fv/Fm) and CO2 assimilation (A) following release from treatments of virginia sweetspire and black pussywillow. There were few differences in Fv/Fm and A for white willow. The response to oryzalin was similar to water for most parameters measured for virginia sweetspire and white willow. Growth was more strongly affected by oryzalin for black pussywillow than for other taxa but there were few differences in Fv/Fm or A between oryzalin and control for any of the taxa. Virginia sweetspire and white willow showed promise for use in phytoremediation of oryzalin but none of the taxa performed well under the levels of isoxaben used. Chemical names used: isoxaben (N-[3-(1-ethyl-1-methylpropyl)-5-isoxazolyly]-2,6-dimethoxybenzamide); oryzalin (4-(dipropylamino)-3,5-dinitrobenzenesulforamide).
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Watling, Roy. "Macrofungi associated with British willows." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section B. Biological Sciences 98 (1992): 135–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269727000007508.
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SynopsisThe larger fungi associated with British willows are separated into several groups depending on their resource relationship, trophic state and whether associated with dwarf or arborescent species. Over 150 potentially mycorrhizal taxa have been recorded with willows in Britain, with nearly one-third restricted to arborescent communities. The fungi associated with creeping willow form a distinct category probably reflecting former ecological conditions. While some of the necrotrophic and mycorrhizal fungi are restricted to willows, the saprotrophs are often more widespread and exhibit less specificity.
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Orsborn, S., P. W. Gawith, and D. J. Cameron. "Cost-benefits of supplementing ewes with willow and poplar foliage on a model hill country farm in Wairarapa." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 10 (January 1, 2003): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.10.2003.2990.
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An estimate of the financial benefits from feeding willow/poplar, was attempted by applying results from a three-year trial at Massey University's Riverside Farm, near Masterton, to a typical Wairarapa hill country farming situation using computer modelling. The model assumed poplar and willow planting started ten years ago, and results for Year 10 and Year 20 were compared with a control where sheep were grazed only on pasture typical of Wairarapa farms in late summer/early autumn. After repairs, maintenance and wages were accounted for, the difference in gross margins was $4,755 between the ten-year model and the control model, and $10,236 between the twenty-year model and the control model. While a drought will always affect costs on a hill country farm, protecting the following year's income is crucial. Feeding willow and poplar foliage to ewes during mating can help to sustain lambing percentages and is a drought management option available to farmers having this supplementary feed resource on their properties. Keywords: economic analysis; financial benefits; poplars; willows; feed supplementation
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Cai, Shou Hua, and Xing Wei Zhou. "Eco-Engineering Measures for the Sandy Side-Slope Protection of Newly Regulated Rivers in Humid Region." Advanced Materials Research 831 (December 2013): 293–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.831.293.
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In humid region, the natural vegetation coverage has not restored well on the side-slope of the newly-regulated rivers before the first rainy season comes. The plants which are planted on the side-slope have also not grown enough roots to stabilize the side-slope. As a result, on the sandy side-slopes serious erosion and collapse often occurs. Thus, in order to safely ride out the first rainy season after regulation, this paper presents some ecological slope-protection measures to utilize annual ryegrass and willow branches. The experiments show that planting annual ryegrass on the sandy side-slope can effectively prevent the side-slope from eroding and safely ride out the first rainy season after regulation. Meanwhile, the restoration of native vegetation wont be hindered. If the sandy side-slope is steeper, i.e., its stability is poorer, besides planting annual ryegrass, planting willow branches-root hedges in the side-slope is also necessary. Planting willow branch-root hedges can improve the survival rate of willows and the closure of plant hedges, and thus significantly enhance the stability of sandy side-slope.
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Hyden, Brennan, Guoliang Yuan, Yang Liu, Lawrence B. Smart, Gerald A. Tuskan, and Xiaohan Yang. "Protoplast-Based Transient Expression and Gene Editing in Shrub Willow (Salix purpurea L.)." Plants 11, no. 24 (December 13, 2022): 3490. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11243490.
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Shrub willows (Salix section Vetrix) are grown as a bioenergy crop in multiple countries and as ornamentals across the northern hemisphere. To facilitate the breeding and genetic advancement of shrub willow, there is a strong interest in the characterization and functional validation of genes involved in plant growth and biomass production. While protocols for shoot regeneration in tissue culture and production of stably transformed lines have greatly advanced this research in the closely related genus Populus, a lack of efficient methods for regeneration and transformation has stymied similar advancements in willow functional genomics. Moreover, transient expression assays in willow have been limited to callus tissue and hairy root systems. Here we report an efficient method for protoplast isolation from S. purpurea leaf tissue, along with transient overexpression and CRISPR-Cas9 mediated mutations. This is the first such report of transient gene expression in Salix protoplasts as well as the first application of CRISPR technology in this genus. These new capabilities pave the way for future functional genomics studies in this important bioenergy and ornamental crop.
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Han, Qingmin, Hisanori Harayama, Akira Uemura, Eriko Ito, Hajime Utsugi, Mitsutoshi Kitao, and Yutaka Maruyama. "High Biomass Productivity of Short-Rotation Willow Plantation in Boreal Hokkaido Achieved by Mulching and Cutback." Forests 11, no. 5 (May 1, 2020): 505. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11050505.
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Weed control, which is commonly achieved by herbicides, is important in successfully establishing short-rotation coppice (SRC) of willow. In this study, we examined agricultural mulch film as a means of effective weed control and the influence of cutback practice (coppicing the first year’s shoot growth in the winter following planting) on biomass production in boreal Hokkaido, Japan. One-year-old cuttings from two clones each of Salix pet-susu and S. sachalinensis were planted in double-rows at a density of 20,000 plants ha−1. All plants were harvested three growing seasons after cutback. Average oven-dried biomass yield was 5.67 t ha−1 yr−1 with mulching, whereas it was 0.46 t ha−1 yr−1 in the unmulched control with a weed biomass of 4.13 t ha−1 yr−1, indicating that mulching was an effective weed control. However, weeds grew vigorously on the ground between mulch sheets and their dry biomass amounted to 0.87 t ha−1 yr−1. Further weeding between the mulch sheets enhanced the willow biomass yield to 10.70 t ha−1 yr−1 in the treatment with cutback. In contrast, cutback even reduced the willow yield when there were weeds between the mulch sheets. This negative effect of cutback on the willow yield resulted from nutrient competition with weeds; there was similar leaf nitrogen content and dry biomass per unit land area for the weeds and willows combined in the control and mulching treatments. These results suggest that growing SRC willow is feasible in boreal Hokkaido if combined with complete weed control and cutback, and is facilitated by using mulch film.
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Sommerville, Alastair H. C. "Willows in the environment." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section B. Biological Sciences 98 (1992): 215–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269727000007570.
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SynopsisThe ecological role of native willows is described in terms of the diverse structure of the species involved, the wide range of plant communities they form and the large numbers of invertebrates associated with them. The conservation importance of the genusSalixis discussed along with comments on the necessary management to retain willow habitats.
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Tlustoš, Pavel, Jir̆ina Száková, Markéta Vysloužilová, Daniela Pavlíková, Jan Weger, and Hana Javorská. "Variation in the uptake of Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, and Zinc by different species of willows Salix spp. grown in contaminated soils." Open Life Sciences 2, no. 2 (June 1, 2007): 254–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11535-007-0012-3.
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AbstractThe experiment assessed the variability of in seven clones of willow plants of high biomass production (Salix smithiana S-218, Salix smithiana S-150, Salix viminalis S-519, Salix alba S-464, Salix ’Pyramidalis’ S-141, Salix dasyclados S-406, Salix rubens S-391). They were planted in a pots for three vegetation periods in three soils differing in the total content of risk elements. Comparing the calculated relative decrease of total metal contents in soils, the phytoextraction potential of willows was obtained for cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn), moderately contaminated Cambisol and uncontaminated Chernozem, where aboveground biomass removed about 30% Cd and 5% Zn of the total element content, respectively. The clones showed variability in removing Cd and Zn, depending on soil type and contamination level: S. smithiana (S-150) and S. rubens (S-391) demonstrated the highest phytoextraction effect for Cd and Zn. For lead (Pb) and arsenic (As), the ability to accumulate the aboveground biomass of willows was found to be negligible in both soils. The results confirmed that willow plants show promising results for several elements, mainly for mobile ones like cadmium and zinc in moderate levels of contamination. The differences in accumulation among the clones seemed to be affected more by the properties of clones, not by the soil element concentrations or soil properties. However, confirmation and verification of the results in field conditions as well as more detailed investigation of the mechanisms of cadmium uptake in rhizosphere of willow plants will be determined by further research.
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Khoma, Yu, L. Khudolieieva, and N. Kutsokon. "Influence of salt stress on plants of poplar clone "INRA 353-38" and willow clone "Zhytomyrska-1" in in vitro culture." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Series: Biology 83, no. 4 (2020): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728_2748.2020.83.43-49.
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Soil salinization is an important abiotic factor negatively affecting plant growth, development and productivity. Fast-growing poplar and willow trees are important plants for bioenergy production demonstrating varying degrees of adaptation to different habitats. The study of salt resistance in different clones of poplars and willows will reveal genotypes that can be planted in saline soils for producing biomass for the bioenergy industry. Therefore, the aim of the study was to investigate the effects of salt stress on poplar plants of clone 'INRA 353-38' (Populus tremula × P. tremuloides) and willow clone 'Zhytomyrska – 1' (Salix sp.) under in vitro culture. For this purpose the plants were cultivated on MS nutrient medium with the addition of sodium chloride in concentrations 25 mM, 50 mM and 100 mM. The control plants were grown on the sodium chloridefree medium. The plant status (with a 4-score scale), the intensity of their growth (by shoot length) and rooting capacity (by the number of roots) were assessed on the 10th and the 30th day of cultivation. The results obtained indicate a high level of sensitivity to sodium chloride of both studied clones under in vitro cultivation. But the willow 'Zhytomyrska – 1' had a higher sensitivity to salt stress comparing to hybrid polar 'ІNRA 353-38' since growth parameters of willow were significantly decreased even under the concentration of sodium chloride 50 mM, and in the case of short term influence (10 days) of the highest concentration of sodium chloride (100 mM) all willow plants terminated their growth and quickly died. The growth parameters of hybrid poplar were declined within a month, mainly under the highest concentration of sodium chloride, but even under such conditions some part of the shoots were able to survive.
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Greyson-Gaito, Christopher J., Matthew A. Barbour, Mariano A. Rodriguez-Cabal, Gregory M. Crutsinger, and Gregory H. R. Henry. "Freedom to move: Arctic caterpillar (Lepidoptera) growth rate increases with access to new willows (Salicaceae)." Canadian Entomologist 148, no. 6 (April 29, 2016): 673–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2016.22.
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AbstractMovement between host plants during the growing season is a common behaviour among insect herbivores, although the mechanisms promoting these movements are poorly understood for many systems. Two possible reasons why insect herbivores relocate include compensating for host plant quantity and/or quality changes and the avoidance of natural enemies. The Arctic caterpillar (Gynaephora groenlandica (Wocke); Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) moves several metres each day, feeds on its patchily distributed host plant, Arctic willow (Salix arctica Pallas; Salicaceae), and has two main natural enemies, the parasitoids Exorista thula Wood (Diptera: Tachinidae) and Hyposoter diechmanni (Nielsen) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). We physically moved caterpillars between Arctic willows and restricted other caterpillar individuals each to a single willow throughout the active period of Arctic caterpillars. We found that growth rate, herbivory rate, and the proportion of available leaf fascicles eaten were higher for experimentally moved caterpillars. Parasitoid abundances were low and did not differ between experimentally moved and stationary caterpillars. Taken together, our study addresses the bottom–up and top–down controls on insect herbivore movement during the short duration of the growing season in the Arctic. Our results suggest that caterpillars are likely moving to new willow shrubs to access high quality resources.
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Maes, M., S. Baeyen, H. De Croo, K. De Smet, and M. Steenackers. "Monitoring of endophytic Brenneria salicis in willow and its relation to watermark disease." Plant Protection Science 38, SI 2 - 6th Conf EFPP 2002 (December 31, 2017): 528–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/10545-pps.
Full textAbstract:
B. salicis was monitored in willow stands, sampling trees with and without watermark disease. The study focused on Salix alba and S. fragilis. B. salicis – presence was shown not to be restricted to diseased trees. With a B. salicis-specific PCR, B. salicis was frequently detected in the wood of healthy willows. This phenomenon was further studied with PCR-DGGE of endophytic bacterial populations in healthy and diseased willow. B. salicis concentrations were fluctuating during the year, synchronized with tree activity. Water stagnation in the wood as in winter was associated with a high B. salicis concentration, while the sap stream in active trees drained B. salicis from the wood vessels towards the leaves. We concluded that disease risk can not be assessed by testing the presence of B. salicis.
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de Vries, Sven M. G. "Conservation of natural ecosystems of poplar and willow." Forestry Chronicle 77, no. 2 (April 1, 2001): 255–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc77255-2.
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This paper discusses the need and possibilities for conservation of riparian ecosystems with emphasis on two important groups of tree species in these flood plain river ecosystems, poplars and willows. It puts conservation and restoration activities into perspective with the needs and benefits for society and the environment. Natural ecosystems of poplar and willow that still exist are relatively scarce and although much is known about the different components that together make up such an ecosystem, relatively little is known about the system itself. The managers of ecosystems have to deal with many influences that come from outside the ecosystem: not only upstream and downstream, but also perpendicular to the river. The influence of mankind, by means of its actions that reflect the opinion that nature is secondary to economics, is identified as one of the major problems. Key words: riparian ecosystem, flood plain river ecosystem, conservation, restoration, rehabilitation, poplar, willow
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Sampson, Denis, and Chris Arthur. "Irish Willow." Canadian Journal of Irish Studies 30, no. 1 (2004): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25515518.
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Kelsay, Karen. "Mother Willow." Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought 44, no. 2 (July 1, 2011): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/dialjmormthou.44.2.0154.
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Staff, Susan. "Pussy Willow." Appalachian Heritage 18, no. 2 (1990): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/aph.1990.0139.
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