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1
Attwood, Paul Anthony. "Tolerance and growth of willow (Salix viminalis) and willow mycorrhiza in oxygen deficient environments." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.335616.
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Bennett, Jeff. "A descriptive history of Willow Creek." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 2006. http://www.tren.com/search.cfm?p010-0072.
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Bidgood, Lee, and Hasee Ciaccio. "Performance at the Willow Tree Coffeehouse." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2016. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/1055.
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Shaw, Rosalind F. "Plant-herbivore interactions in montane willow communities." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2006. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU212664.
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This project investigated the impacts of browsing by large herbivores on all aspects of the life cycle of montane willows, using Salix arbuscula L. (Mountain Willow) as the main model species. S. arbuscula was found to be almost entirely insect pollinated, although the levels of wind pollination varied between populations. The density of nearby male plants had a positive effect on fruit set in both insect and wind pollinated catkins, but the effect was stronger in wind-only pollinated catkins. In insect pollinated catkins, catkin characteristics such as length and total number of flowers were most important in determining fruit set. Browsing was found to have both direct and indirect negative impacts on seed production in S. arbuscula, which was also highly variable between years. Direct effects included reduction of the number of inflorescences produced by browsing removal of the previous year's growth, on which most inflorescences are found. There were fewer inflorescences found per shoot on browsed plants, suggesting that browsing also reduces inflorescence production via resource limitation. Lower numbers of inflorescences per plant led to fewer pollinator visits and resulted in reduced seed production, particularly in years of poor overall production. Seed and early seedling survival were found to be strongly limited by microsite availability, as both S. arbuscula and S. lapponum required bare ground for germination and early survival. Slugs were found to have a negative impact on seedlings during the first season of growth, where as small mammals (bank voles) had a negative effect one the seedlings were larger. Growing in disturbed microsites may also favour seedling establishment through reducing the likelihood of slug and small mammal predation.
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Lower, Steven S. "The effects of soil nutrients and water on the suitability of silky willow for the imported willow leaf beetle /." Thesis, Connect to Dissertations & Theses @ Tufts University, 2002.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Tufts University, 2002.Adviser: Colin M. Orians. Submitted to the Dept. of Biology. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 111-127). Access restricted to members of the Tufts University community. Also available via the World Wide Web;
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Bonneau, Luc Joseph Gabriel. "Drought resistance of willow short rotation coppice genotypes." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1826/905.
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This thesis reports on an investigation of drought resistance of willow SRC genotypes. Experiments were conducted at Silsoe, Bedfordshire, in pots and field trials in 2002 and in lysimeters in 2003 to evaluate the range of water use efficiency (WUE) of 50 willows varieties (Salix sp.) and isolate morpho-physiological traits related to WUE and drought resistance. Within the genotype pool tested there was a wide range of responses. The results depict the morpho-physiology of an ideal candidate that plant breeding could produce for drier area of UK, which are summarised below. Its cuttings do not develop calluses when stored in darkness at +4°C. After planting, the candidate does not grow rapidly but has an early exponential phase of stem elongation, after a year of growth it has few stems per stool (< 5). Its long, narrow (Rl/w > 8) hairless leaves are characterised by small adaxial epidermal cells (AECS < 330µm2). The ideal candidate prioritises less biomass to its root system (root/shoot < 0.8) mainly in the top 0.2 m. When grown under optimum condition, the large leaf area has high stomatal conductance and leaf temperature. As water stress progresses, the leaf area decreases leaving little time for leaves to senesce and few yellow leaves remain on the stems. The stomatal conductance decreases slowly and the leaf temperature is almost unaffected. If water stress occurs before August the candidate is able to recover faster the initial physiological state and grow new leaves when re-watered. The results indicate that the best parents to produce such candidate are S. viminalis and S. schwerinii or their related hybrids. Water use (WU) of high yielding willow short rotation coppice hybrids is similar which indicates that the opportunity to reduce WU is limited and that productivity can be only improved by increasing WUE to produce above ground biomass and drought resistance. The current willow breeding programme has great chance to produce hybrids with high WUE however the production of a progeny population from high yielding hybrids that contrast widely in resistance to water stress is recommended. In theory, from such a population, valuable data on morpho-physiological traits related to drought resistance and high WUE can be collected and help genomics to develop quantitative trait loci to the condition that reference hybrids are grown along to quantify the level of water stress experienced by the planting.
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Lapierre, Patrice. "Willow : extending Herby's semantic tree theorem-proving heuristics." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape7/PQDD_0022/MQ50812.pdf.
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Forrest, Alan. "Hybridization in sub-arctic willow scrub in Scotland." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/12030.
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Molecular and morphological markers were used to clarify the species and hybrid taxonomy of sub-arctic Salix species in Scotland, and to investigate the extent of hybridization and introgression in sub-arctic willow scrub communities. The utility of molecular and morphological markers for the identification of hybrids between pairs of species was compared. A detailed study of hybridization between S. arbuscula and S. lapponum was conducted at two sites. The potential for differences in phenology to act as a reproductive barrier between the species was estimated. The results were used to determine the importance of hybridization and introgression in the systematics of montane Salix, and to provide guidance for conservation programmes aimed at restoring sub-arctic willow scrub communities. The six morphologically circumscribed montane species considered in this study (S. arbuscula, S. herbacea, S. lanata, S. lapponum, S. myrsinites, S. reticulata) can be distinguished clearly with nuclear AFLP markers, but not with chloroplast DNA markers. A relationship between the occurrence and frequency of hybridization and genetic distance between species pairs was detected. At two locations in central Scotland (Meall nan Gabhar, Meall Ghaordie) S. arbuscula and S. lapponum can be distinguished clearly with morphometric analysis of six foliar characters. They maintain their molecular differentiation but to a lesser degree than in allopatric reference populations. A significant but low correlation (Meall nan Gabhar r2 = 0.173; Meall Ghaordie r2 = 0.095) between morphological distance and molecular distance in individuals was detected. Bayesian assignment analysis based on AFLP data was, however, unable to resolve distinct parental species groups at these two sites, suggesting a significant level of genetic exchange between the taxa. Morphological differentiation was site independent, whereas molecular differentiation was site dependent and showed considerable mixing of the species gene pools when considering both sites together. Despite this evidence for genetic exchange, flowering asynchrony was found to constitute a strong barrier to inter-specific gene flow at both sites (RIphen = 0.778 at Meall nan Gabhar, and 0.702 at Meall Ghaordie) with S. lapponum flowering before S. arbuscula. A relationship between flowering onset and altitude contributes to spatio-temporal isolation between species. This barrier is slightly weaker at one site (Meall Ghaordie) and more morphological hybrids were detected at this site. This case study represents a situation where rare hybridization has led to the widespread introgression of neutral markers while diagnostic morphological traits remain differentiated. In the final chapter, the information obtained about the extent of hybridization and introgression is used to provide guidance for conservation management strategies for sub-arctic willow scrub in Scotland.
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Brereton, Nicholas James Beresford. "SRC willow development, biomass composition and biofuel potential." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/6920.
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The aims of this PhD were to examine nitrogen allocation and partitioning in Short Rotation Coppice (SRC) willow in regard to tree development and to investigate biomass composition and cell wall structure for the purpose of assessing and understanding biofuel potential. To address these topics four major experiments were performed and are presented in the thesis. An investigation of SRC willow development and nitrogen dynamics was conducted as a pot trial comprising 14 different genotypes from a willow mapping population. The genotypes were selected on the extremity and consistency of their field biomass yields. Fertiliser enriched with the stable isotope nitrogen 15 was applied as a means of nitrogen surveillance. One of the findings was that higher biomass yielding varieties of SRC willow had increased nitrogen-use-efficiency yet less (or later) nitrogen remobilisation in the autumn. The recalcitrance of the cell wall to enzymatic saccharification was assessed across 138 field-grown genotypes of the same willow mapping population. The aim was to identify any relationships between glucose yield and several biomass yield traits and to identify any quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with enzymatic saccharification. Four QTL associated to enzymatic saccharification were identified and no relationship was found between glucose and biomass yield traits. A third experiment aimed to modify cell wall composition and structure of a single cultivar of willow grown in a pot trial. Tension wood, fibre cells containing an extra cell wall layer unique to angiosperms, and cellulose synthesis inhibited phenotypes were both induced. These modifications were accomplished through chemical and environmental treatments during development and their impact on composition and cell wall recalcitrance was assessed. Tension wood formation was found to increase glucose yields. The final main experiment used 35 of the UK’s leading biomass yielding willow varieties, grown in the field, to assess not only the variation in composition and enzymatic saccharification but also to identify any relationships between these two traits and a variety of morphological traits. The final part of the experiment investigated how variation in these traits interacted with dilute acid pretreatment. Surprisingly lignin content did not significantly correlate with cell wall recalcitrance to enzymatic saccharification. Another important finding was that enzymatic saccharification without the pretreatment correlated with enzymatic saccharification after the pretreatment. General introduction and general materials and methods chapters are included. A final summary discussion chapter is also included in order to address the overall impact of these findings on biofuel potential.
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Hörnell-Willebrand, Maria. "Temporal and spatial dynamics of willow grouse Lagopus lagopus /." Umeå : Dept. of Animal Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2005. http://epsilon.slu.se/200553.pdf.
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Viltrakytė, Eglė. "Salicylates amount variation in different species of Lithuanian Willow." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2008. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2008~D_20080616_100320-12080.
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In natural dendroflora of Lithuania willow genus (Salix L.) is abundant in species amount. Its bark contains active materials which are known as possessing anti-inflammatory properties since former times. Bark extracts are contained in analgesic as well as antirheumatic preparations. Its therapeutic effectiveness is associated with salicine which turns into salicylic acid. Willow bark is a know phytotherapeutic precursor of aspirin.
To use more natural and not synthetic materials in the 21st century the methods for extraction of active materials for medicine are being sought. Thus, the studies on plant groups possessing the most intense anti-inflammatory properties became urgent.
The amount of salicin varies among different species. Acording to the European Pharmacopoea, minimal amount of 1,5% of salicin is required in Willow bark.
The aim of the study was to investigate salicylates amount variation in willow bark of different Salix species growing in Lithuania. The studies were carried out using the routine methods of pharmacopeia. After extraction analysis was performed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method.
The first step of study was made among 3 samples of each plant, colected at different growing period (1-st year autumn, 2-nd year autumn and 2-nd year spring). Comparison of the quantities of the salicylic derivatives depending upon age of the plant and time of collection shows, that plants at two years of growth and collected in autumn accumulate... [to full text]Natūralioje Lietuvos floroje gluosnių (Salix L.) rūšys yra plačiai paplitusios. Gluosnio žievė – nuo seno žinoma kaip priešuždegiminiu poveikiu pasižyminti vaistinė augalinė žaliava. Jos ekstraktai įeina į priešreumatinių ir analgezinių preparatų sudėtį. Terapinis veikimas yra susijęs su salicinu, kuris organizme virsta salicilo rūgštimi. Gluosnio žievė yra fitoterapinis aspirino pirmtakas. XXI amžiuje vis didesnis dėmesys krypsta į natūralius, o ne sintetinius preparatus. Tokiu būdu, augalų, pasižyminčių terapinėmis savybėmis tyrimai įgyja didelę reikšmę. Skirtingų rūšių gluosnių žievėje, kaupiamas salicino kiekis skiriasi. Europos farmakopėjoje reglamentuojamas minimalus salicino kiekis yra 1,5%. Šio tyrimo tikslas buvo Ištirti Lietuvoje augančių gluosnio rūšių salicilatų kiekio įvairavimą vaistinėje augalinėje žaliavoje (žievėje). Darbo uždaviniai- atlikti įvairių Lietuvoje augančių gluosnio rūšių salicilatų kiekio analizę, palyginti salicilatų kiekį gluosnio žievėje, atsižvelgiant į augalo amžių bei rinkimo laiką bei įvertinti gautus rezultatus, numatomą terapinį veikimą. Tyrimai atlikti naudojant farmakopėjinius analizės metodus. Žievės ekstraktai buvo tiriami efektyviosios skysčių chromatografijos metodu.Šio tyrimo pirmo etapo metu išanalizuota 12 gluosnių taksonų. Buvo ištirti vienerių ir dviejų metų, taip pat pavasarį ir rudenį rinkti žievės pavyzdžiai. Didesni kiekiai aktyvių medžiagų rasta rudenį ir 2 metų amžiaus gluosnių žievės pavyzdžiuose. Antrajame tyrimo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
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Score, Jodie. "Sustainable landfill leachate treatment using a willow vegetation filter." Thesis, University of Northampton, 2007. http://nectar.northampton.ac.uk/2671/.
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The utilisation of a willow vegetation filter for the treatment of landfill leachate is an environmentally and economically appealing solution for landfill operators. Investigations into the design and efficacy of the system, the effects of landfill leachate irrigation on soil ecology, soil chemistry and willow growth were undertaken. Two low cost, high density polyethylene-lined experimental willow plots (25x50 m2) were installed at Cranford landfill, Northamptonshire, UK, and irrigated with landfill leachate between June 2001 and October 2005. During the growing season, leachate volume was often reduced to zero. On other occasions, maximum removal efficiencies of between 33 % and 75 % for total Kjeldahl nitrogen, chemical oxygen demand and sodium, potassium and chloride ions were determined in landfill leachate effluent samples. The addition of landfill leachate produced no negative effects on both soil and foliar macronutrients, which were found to be in the range for sufficient or optimum growth and where additional fertilisers would not bring about a further increase in yields. The effects of landfill leachate application on soil microbial communities were explored and were found to be significantly higher for dehydrogenase activity and ammonium oxidising bacteria in the plot receiving a higher rate of leachate application. An economic analysis was carried out to demonstrate the financial viability of a willow vegetation filter as a treatment for landfill leachate. Willow vegetation filters could provide a desirable alternative to conventional treatment systems, such as sequencing batch reactors, as they incur lower capital expenses and potentially similar operational costs. This study also identified additional revenue benefits in the region of £94 per hectare for wood chip heat/energy production. The results from the willow vegetation filter under investigation in this study demonstrated that this type of system can be effective, in terms of volume reduction and removal efficiency in landfill leachate, with no detrimental effect upon the trees or surrounding environment
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Dick, Ferdinand Herman Bernard. "'n Verkennende analise van Willow Creek gemeente, Barrington, Illinois." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52969.
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Thesis (MDiv) -- Stellenbosch University, 2002.AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Willow Creek is 'n kerk wat alreeds die afgelope paar jaar die kerk aan die gons het. Ek wil amper sover gaan om die stigting van die Willow Creek model as 'n tweede reformasie te beskou, veral te midde van die drastiese teruggrype na die Nuwe Testamentiese kerk. Nes Martin Luther het Bill Hybels ook 'n stap van geloof geneem, en 'iets nuuts' begin wat anders was as waaraan almal gewoond was, om 'n gemeenskap van gelowiges op te rig wat leef volgens die beginsels waarvolgens die vroee kerk geleef het. Net soos wat Hybels besefhet dat die ongelowiges op 'n sensitiewe manier geevangeliseer moet word, so het Luther ook die opmerking gemaak dat diegene wie se geloof aan dade gekoppel is, teruggelei moet word na die geloof, soos wat jy 'n siek persoon sou begelei, dus baie versigtig. Hy kon maar net sowel die woord 'sensitief gebruik het. Haendler ( 1981 :28) stel dit soos volg: In his "Treatise on good works" Luther declared, "Therefore, we must not despise those of little faith who cling to their ceremonies and perform them as though they were lost in their faith without them. They would gladly do right and learn better, but they are as yet unable to grasp it all. Instead one should blame their ignorant, blind teachers, who have never taught them what faith is, and have led them so deeply into works. " The responsibility for these abuses is therefore that of the ministers rather than the congregation. Luther drew the following pastoral conclusion: "One should gently lead them back to faith in their good time, as one would treat a sick person. " Dus is ek van mening dat beide Hybels en Luther binne hulle konteks bedienaars is en was van die boodskap wat hulle glo en geglo het, relevant vir hulle samelewing is en was. Carron ( 2000:51) beskryfWillow Creek as een van 'n aantal posttradisionele kerke, wat in duidelike kontras teenoor die konvensionele kerke staan. Kenmerke wat Carron aan hierdie posttradisionele kerke toeskryf, stem baie ooreen met Willow Creek t.o.v. sy Soekersensitiewe kerkmodel, en die inligting wat ek daaroor verskaf oorvleuel wel. Carroll stel die kenmerke van 'n posttradisionele kerk soos volg: Groot getalle in vergelyking met die Protestantse kerke Gewilligheid om eeue-oue tradisies prys te gee, met 'n Bybelse uitgangspunt as rede Teologiese konserwatisme, sonder om fundamentalisties te raak Tekort aan denominale bande Sterk, entrepreneuriese leierskap, ondersteun deur opgeleide personeel, met baie klem op leke-oefening van geestelike gawes Het 'n spesifieke doel, vera! t.o.v. die identifisering van maniere om 'n spesifieke gehoor aan te spreek Getrou daaraan om lede te lei tot toegewyde dissipels van Christus Geboue wat geen ooreenkomste toon met tradisionele kerke nie, en wat gelee is om mense van 'n streek te trek, en nie net 'n spesifieke gemeenskap nie. Vermyding van die meeste tradisionele en klassieke vorme van kerkmusiek, om eerder kontemporere musiek in die kerk in te bring. Kleredrag is informeel Dienste is uiters profesioneel, en daar word geen druk op besoekers geplaas nie. Groot klem op kleingroepe. Geleenthede vir lede om betrokk:e te raak by 'n verskeidenheid bedieninge, veral op plaaslike vlak. Verwag 'n hoe vlak van toewyding van diegene wat aansluit, wat gepaard gaan met toewyding aan uitmuntendheid t.o.v. die bedieninge. Wat ek met hierdie studie poog, is om 'n verkennende analise te maak, in sover moontlik volgens die formaat soos deur Hendriks (1992: 134) voorgehou. Die motivering agter hierdie studie is die vraag na werkbare bedieningsvorme binne die N. G Kerk tradisie, omrede daar 'n afname in lidmaat getalle is, en diegene wat nie meer kerk toe gaan nie, terug 'gelok' moet word, sonder om hulle weg te jaag. Juis omrede Willow Creek so suksesvol is om ongelowiges te evangeliseer, en dit 'n taak is waarna die N.G Kerk ernstig sal moet terugkeer, kan daar by Willow Creek geleer word ten opsigte van hulle funksionering. Wat ek dus in hierdie studie doen, is om eerstens te gaan kyk na die geskiedenis van Willow Creek, waar die kerk vandaan kom, en die groeipyne wat die kerk ervaar het. Hierdie afdeling is vir my van uiterste belang, omrede die feit dat jy nie iemand regtig ken indien jy nie weet waarvandaan hy kom nie. Dus, om vir Willow Creek te analiseer, moet jy weet waarvandaan die kerk kom, en wie die kerk is. Die daaropvolgende hoofstuk handel oor die Soekersensitiewe model waarvolgens Willow Creek funksioneer, ingesluit al die areas binne die kerk wat daardeur geaffekteer word, asook die gevare en voordele van hierdie model. In die laaste hoofstuk gee ek die feitelike data en gegewens weer t.o.v. wat Willow Creek hied, en wie die kerk is. Dit sluit in wat die kerk t.o.v. homself se, wie die kerk is en waarvoor die kerk staan, asook alle geleenthede waar lidmate betrokke kan raak. Laastens toon ek die opset en ligging d.m.v. kaarte aan.
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Hanley, Steven J. "Genetic mapping of important agronomic traits in biomass willow." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/ed4da27e-641a-4d0e-bbbf-8d21493a6a29.
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Brodhead, Katherine May. "The influence of riparian-canopy structure and coverage on the breeding distribution of the southwestern willow flycatcher." Thesis, Connect to this title online Connect to this title online (alternative address), 2005. http://www.montana.edu/etd/available/brodhead%5F0805.html.
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Thesis (M.S.)--Montana State University--Bozeman, 2005.Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on June 10, 2006). Chairperson, Graduate Committee: Richard J. Aspinall. Includes bibliographical references (p. 93-105).
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Thornton, Rory Owen. "Evaluation of willow oak acorn production and the effects of midstory control and flooding on underplanted willow oak seedlings in two Arkansas greentree reservoirs." Master's thesis, Mississippi State : Mississippi State University, 2009. http://library.msstate.edu/etd/show.asp?etd=etd-03312009-135925.
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Höglund, Solveig. "Induced plant responses in willow to a gall-forming insect /." Uppsala : Dept of Entomology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2006. http://epsilon.slu.se/10152005.pdf.
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Peterson, Damon. "Reproductive behavior of southwestern willow flycatchers| Factors influencing parental provisioning." Thesis, Northern Arizona University, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1537802.
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We tested the hypothesis that aerial invertebrate biomass would vary with proximity to water and thereby impact food availability and habitat quality for insectivorous birds. We used malaise trapping of aerial invertebrates and video-camera observation of nests to test whether food availability (biomass of aerial invertebrates) and nestling provisioning rates varied with distance from standing water for Southwestern Willow Flycatchers (Empidonax traillii extimus) We then used a longer-term data set to test whether two indices of habitat quality (clutch size and nest productivity) were higher in nests placed near standing water. We found that 1) aerial invertebrate biomass declined by half at 30m from standing water, 2) parents provisioned nestlings at a lower rate (one fewer delivery per hour for every 100m) as distance to water increased, and 3) nests more likely to lay fewer eggs and times more likely to fledge fewer young as distance to water increased. These results indicate that for some Willow Flycatcher populations, patterns of inundation throughout the breeding season may drive invertebrate prey availability and potentially habitat quality.
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Daigneault, Luce. "A study of crude and fractionated willow extracts for rooting /." Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=63114.
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Hodson, Rachel Wendy. "The establishment of short rotation willow coppice in mid Wales." Thesis, Cardiff University, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.389443.
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Liu, Lumin. "Stomatal and leaf growth responses to water deficit in willow." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.297564.
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Abscisic acid (ABA) was synthesised in dehydrating leaves and roots of willow (Salix dasyclados) and exogenous ABA in the xylem stream was shown to cause decreases in stomatal conductance. A transient decrease in leaf water potential occurred if water was entirely withheld from roots on one side of a willow plant. This was avoided if roots from all sides of the plant were watered and only root tips were allowed to dehydrate. Partial stomatal closure and decreased leaf extension rate then occurred without any initial perturbation in leaf water potential or leaf ABA. The drying event was associated with an increased content of ABA in root tips and xylem sap. The effects were reversible on either rewatering or excision of the affected root tips. It was concluded that partial dehydration of root tips caused partial stomatal closure and decreased leaf extension, and that changes in the ABA content of root tips and the xylem sap were consistent with a possible causal role for root-sourced ABA in the regulation of leaf physiology in response to root water deficit. Stem-girdling experiments indicated that a major pathway of ABA transport, between leaves on different stems in the shoot system, was in the phloem, without an apparent involvement of transport in the xylem. Damage to the shoot apex caused an increase in stomatal conductance. This was associated with a decreased content of ABA in the xylem sap and in fully extended leaves. It is suggested that these changes may have been associated with a possible import of ABA from mature leaves into the growth sites of axillary shoots. Results are discussed within the context of water deficit and the growth and survival of individual stems in a willow plantation.
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Sumpter, Lawrence Thomas 1957. "Stratigraphy and sedimentology of the Willow Canyon Formation, southeastern Arizona." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/558050.
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Bonde, Joshua William. "Paleoecology and taphonomy of the Willow Tank Formation (Albian), Southern Nevada." Thesis, Montana State University, 2008. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2008/bonde/BondeJ1208.pdf.
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This study documents fossil remains from the Willow Tank Formation and places those remains into a taphonomic and sedimentological context in order to determine the paleoecology of southern Nevada during the Early Cretaceous (Albian). Recovered taxa include Lepisosteidae, Ceratodus, Holostean A, Naomichelys, Baenidae, c.f. Adocus, possible Trionychidae, Crocodyliformes, Thyreophora, Iguanodontia, Titanosauriformes, Tyrannosauroidea, Dromaeosauridae, indet. Theropoda, and two fern morphotypes. Sedimentology of the fossiliferous unit of the Willow Tank Formation suggests these taxa were deposited in an anastomosed fluvial system. Interpretation of an anastomosed fluvial system is based in part upon an overwhelming abundance of overbank fines, single storied channel fills, lack of lateral accretion structures, and common crevasse splay sandstones. Observed paleosols commonly contain carbonate nodules associated with mottled red-green mudrocks. The carbonate nodules are consistent with as seasonally arid environment and reddening of beds may suggest a well drained floodplain. Taphonomic modes include microsite, subaqueous bonebed, subaerial bonebed, and channel fill assemblages. Vertebrate fossils are found predominantly in overbank settings. The fauna of the Willow Tank Formation most resembles that of the Cedar Mountain Formation. Unlike the discrete, temporal, fauna assemblages of the various members of the Cedar Mountain Formation, the Willow Tank Formation fauna contains a mix of these different stratigraphic faunas. One example is the co-occurrence of Early Cretaceous iguanodon-grade and Late Cretaceous hadrosaur-grade teeth. Another example being the presence of a tyrannosauroid tooth in Albian beds of the Willow Tank Formation, where tyrannosauroids are not found in the Cedar Mountain Formation until the Cenomanian. Therefore, Willow Tank Formation strata may shed light on biogeographic and evolutionary relationships at the Early-Late Cretaceous boundary.
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Johansson, Leif. "Resistance in Salix against willow leaf rust caused by Melampsora epitea /." Uppsala : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 2000. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/2000/91-576-5741-6.pdf.
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Collins, Catherine Matilda. "Aspects of the ecology of two stem feeding willow aphid species." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.249673.
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Allen, Chanel Yvonne. "Characterisation of Melampsora rust disease of willow clones grown for biomass." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.264088.
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Klongsiriwet, Chaweewan. "Phytochemical analysis of a willow germplasm collection and its pharmacological activities." Thesis, University of Reading, 2016. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.750386.
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Willow (Salix spp.) is a rich source of naturally occurring bioactive compounds. This study focussed specifically on exploring the condensed tannins (CT) in the National Willow Collection, which is a unique germplasm collection held at Rothamsted Research. Willow leaves were analysed by two different tannin methods, thiolysis and acid-butanol-acetone, in order to evaluate their suitability for assessing inter-accession variation and to identify accessions with a potential medicinal use. This is the first report of the tannin contents and compositions of a willow germplasm collection. Large variations were found for tannin contents, i.e. 2.8 to 19.5 g CT/100 g dry weight, and also for composition; mean degrees of polymerisation (mDP) ranged from 4.9 to 12.0, the procyanidin (PC)/prodelphinidin (PD) ratios from 19.1/80.9 to 52.0/48.0 and the cis/trans flavan-3-ol ratios from 13.0/87.0 to 52.1/47.9. Catechin was the major terminal unit and gallocatechin the major extension unit, which clearly distinguishes willow tannins from most other plant tannins. Interestingly, some accessions also had leaves with relatively unusual CT types, i.e. high mDP-values and high molar pcercentages of trans-flavan-3-ols. Cluster analysis succeeded in allocating several accessions into distinct groups that coincided with Salix breeding populations. This study has now laid the foundation for identifying the Salix tannin genome in the future. Given the time-comsuming nature of two tannin analysis methods. This study also evaluated the potential of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS), which a much faster method, for predicting CT contents and compositions in these willow leaves. The results confirmed that NIRS is an excellent tool for estimating CT contents, PC/PD and c/s/frans-flavan-3-ol ratios in willow leaves. This finding could be of interest to plant breeders in developing new willow accessions. The final part of the thesis evaluated the antiparasitic potential of willow leaves against an intestinal parasite. CT with contrasting compositions were purified to test their efficacy against Haemonchus contortus, which is a major gastrointestinal parasite of livestock. As expected PD- were more active than PC-tannins. In addition, this study demonstrated for the first time that the PC activity could be synergistically enhanced by some Salix flavonoids.
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Inui, Yoko. "Effects of volatile compounds of willow leaf on herbivorous insect community." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/148594.
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Wilson, Michael. "Organic matter dynamics in willow and eucalypt lined central Victorian streams." Thesis, The Author [Mt. Helen, Vic.] :, 2001. http://researchonline.federation.edu.au/vital/access/HandleResolver/1959.17/69168.
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The spread of exotic willows (Salix spp.) in SE Australia, New Zealand and South Africa has provoked widespread debate in scientific, management and broader communities. In Australia, the extent of spread is unknown, but at least 30000 km of river frontage in Victoria are lined by willows. Management and research literature has identified the poor knowledge of willow impacts on Southern Hemisphere aquatic ecosystems. It has been speculated that the major distinction between deciduous willows and evergreen native vegetation will be the timing and quality of litterfall. This would have flow-on consequences for metabolic processes, stream biota and water quality at reach, stream and catchment scales. These two vegetation types were studied through the preparation of partial organic matter budgets for native and willow lined reaches in a central Victorian catchment. Organic matter inputs from litter, groundwater and gross primary production (GPP), organic matter standing crop . and respiratory output were quantified. Total inputs to willow and native reaches were similar (735 and 764 g ash free dry weight m•' yl, respectively). Inputs were dominated by litterfall (-60%) and there were no significant differences in annual litterfall between sites. GPP contributed -20% of total inputs and estimates suggested there were few significant differences in annual GPP, 24 h community respiration, ratio of GPP to community respiration (PIR) or net daily metabolism (NDM) between sites. Groundwater contributed -20% of total inputs with one third of the dissolved organic matter sourced during short flow paths through riparian sediments. Aggradation at willow sites appeared to increase the riparian flow path. Willow and native sites were heterotrophic and similarly dependent on allochthonous organic matter (P/R=O.2, NDM= -.6, and ratio of net primary production to total inputs -0.1). Willow research and management should also focus on retention capacity, including the recruitment and role of LWD and the structure and function of root systems. Removal of willows potentially facilitates native vegetation establishment but simultaneously decreases retention capacity and metabolic control by the canopy. Establishing native vegetation to fulfil broader biodiversity objectives whilst retaining willows for their potentially positive roles is a management challenge. In principle, establishing native species on the upland-sides of fringing willows and under willow canopies will direct succession toward a preferred outcome without destructive disturbance. Understanding of when benefits of willows outweigh their costs is a notable gap.School of Science & Engineering
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Tipton, J. L. "Relative Drought Resistance of Desert Willow, Fruitless Mulberry, and Yellow Bells." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/216061.
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Desert willow and yellow bells had a higher capacity to avoid drought than fruitless mulberry under moist conditions, but the reverse was true under dry conditions. Desert willow and yellow bells had a higher tolerance to dehydration than fruitless mulberry, resulting in a higher relative resistance to drought under either moist or dry conditions. Detached leaves from desert willow and yellow bells plants grown under stress restricted water loss better than those grown under no stress. Fruitless mulberry leaves lost water at essentially the same rate regardless of irrigation.
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Gil, Diego. "Song characteristics and sexual selection in the willow warbler (Phylloscopus trochilus)." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/15072.
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In many species of birds, males have complex song repertoires, which are used in the context of breeding. The succinct rationale of the research done in this thesis is the following paradox; assuming that song repertoires are costly to produce and store, why do males have repertoires of songs rather than a single song? A possible reason is that, if only males of good quality or in good condition are able to produce these repertoires, good quality males would outweigh the costs of the repertoire by increased benefits in mating success. I studied this issue in a population of willow warblers (Pbylloscopus trocbilus). I found some evidence that repertoire size was correlated with male quality. Male age was found to correlate with repertoire size, and there was a positive correlation between repertoire size and survival. The probability of a male having an offspring recruiting into the population was also correlated with repertoire size. Number of fledglings was positively correlated with repertoire size, even when the effect of arrival date was taken into account. However, female choice bore no relation to repertoire size. Females patted first with early arriving males. Females did not use repertoire size either when choosing extra-pair partners. Another characteristic, song length, seemed to be behind this choice, and males with short songs were more likely to be cuckolded. The effects of song repertoires in male-male competition were examined by means of a playback experiment. The results did not provide conclusive evidence of an effect of repertoire in male-male competition. Taken together, the evidence gathered in this thesis suggests that, although repertoire size correlates with several measures of male quality in this species, the maintenance of this trait does not seem to be based on a disproportionally higher mating benefit.
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Carpenter, Aubrey W. "Songs from the Willow Tree: Staging Collective Inspiration for Creative Songwriting." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2016. https://dc.etsu.edu/honors/365.
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The songwriting process, inspiration to song, can take many forms. This project explores a highly structured approach, using themes derived from reported individual experience to direct the creation of musical ends addressing common experience.
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Cary, Karri Lee. "Willow resilience on Yellowstone's Northern Elk Winter Range a function of environmental gradients /." Thesis, Montana State University, 2005. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2005/cary/CaryK0505.pdf.
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Willow, a deciduous, woody shrub, is a characteristic and often dominant riparian species (Amlin and Rood 2002) that has been unable to successfully regenerate throughout much of its western range, and Yellowstone National Park (YNP) is no exception (Singer et al. 1994, NRC 2002a). The primary objective of this study was to understand growth and maintenance of established willow stands as a community and as individual species following winter browse. These were based on the premises that (1) different levels of herbivory produce varying levels of compensatory growth (Brookshire et al. 2002), (2) different channel types provide diverse hydrologic conditions for vegetation establishment and maintenance (Patten 1998, Castelli et al. 2000), (3) riparian biodiversity is a function of fluvial dynamics and is increased by the degree of hydrologic connectivity of the system (Amoros and Bornette 2002), and (4) the possibility of willow species being either generalist (showing water source shifts) or specialist (availability doesn't influence water source) (Dawson and Ehleringer 1991, Busch et al. 1992, Schwinning and Ehleringer 2001). Site selection and design, and sampling scheme were designed to evaluate biophysical gradients both within and between sites over time. Gradients of biophysical parameters were quantified throughout the growing season. Regressions were used to identify relationships among physical and biological parameters or characteristics. Vegetative communities were compared using Sorenson's similarity index. Ecosystem functions that influence willow presence on the Northern Range include establishment, browse pressure, and maintenance and resilience or their ability to recover. Establishment of willow was a result of availability of their preferred water source while winter decline was a function of location and herbivore preferential selection. Maintenance and resilience were dominated by soil water use in the early season and groundwater use later in the season but with distinct variations between hydrologic systems. Nutrient availability and hyporheic connectivity, essential to dispersing those nutrients among the plant communities, also may influence growth and resilience of willow plants. However, excess or even "acceptable" levels of only one of the physical factors was not enough alone to control dominant plant growth and response to herbivory.
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Baril, Lisa Marie. "Change in deciduous woody vegetation, implications of increased willow (Salix spp.) growth for bird species diversity, and willow species composition in and around Yellowstone National Park's Northern range." Thesis, Montana State University, 2009. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2009/baril/BarilL1209.pdf.
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Deciduous woody vegetation (DWV) in Yellowstone's northern range is a rare, but important habitat type. Including willow, alder, aspen, and cottonwood, DWV was limited in height and areal extent since the early 1900s. Since the mid-1990s; however, DWV has increased in height and areal extent in some locations. Previous studies regarding DWV change have focused on quantifying change in vegetation growth in areas of limited extent and none have quantified increased DWV growth at the scale of the landscape. Furthermore, no studies have evaluated the implications for increased growth of DWV for wildlife in the region or how DWV species themselves may influence rates of growth. In this thesis I evaluate change in DWV within wetland and riparian areas using aerial photographs from 1991 and 2006. I also investigate how an increase in willow, the dominant component of DWV in the region, has likely influenced bird diversity. Finally, since willow species vary with respect to genetic limitations on growth and reproduction that in turn may influence observed patterns of growth; I examine willow species composition across the northern range. Results of the air photo interpretation revealed a 170% increase in DWV. Most plots that increased did so by recruitment rather than densification; however, DWV was difficult to detect below 100 cm indicating that the number of plots increasing by recruitment may have been overestimated. Bird community variables were examined in three willow growth conditions: height suppressed, recently released, and previously tall (tall prior to observed increase in growth). I found that willow structure generally increased in complexity from structurally simple height suppressed willows to structurally complex previously tall willows and that this allowed for greater bird richness, abundance, diversity, and the abundance of several willow dependent bird species. I also found that willow species composition was similar and diverse between the released and previously tall condition, but that the suppressed condition was dominated by a singe species. I conclude that increased DWV has allowed for greater bird diversity in the northern range and that increased willow growth in the suppressed condition may be influenced by species composition there.
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Sokolovskis, Kristaps. "Genetics of bird migration : Study on East Siberian willow warblers (Phylloscopus trochilus)." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för biologisk grundutbildning, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-331862.
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Seasonal long-distance bird migration between wintering and breeding grounds is oneof the most remarkable phenomena in the history of life on earth. Migration strategies androutes vary greatly. Some birds migrate in social groups whilst others migrate alone at night,some cross few hundreds of km whilst others cover thousands of km. Avian migration has beenstudied extensively nevertheless numerous important questions remain unanswered. This studyaims to contribute to the understanding of the genetic basis of the innate migratory program ofa common songbird.From results of classical crossbreeding and orientation experiments with captiveblackcaps (Sylvia atricapilla) we can be sure that songbird migration directions as well asdurations are traits that are being inherited genetically and most likely have a multi-locusgenetic architecture. The chosen model species for my project is the willow warbler(Phylloscopus trochilus), one of the most common leaf warblers in the Palearctic. The willowwarbler has a continuous breeding distribution from the coast of the Atlantic to the coast ofPacific. They overwinter in sub-Saharan Africa. Three subspecies have been recognized: P. t.trochilus (breeding in central/western Europe and migrating SSW to western Africa), P. t.acredula (breeding in northern and eastern Europe, migrating SSE to east and south Africa)and P. t. yakutensis (breeding east of Ural Mountains, presumably migrating to SouthernAfrica). Morphological differences across the willow warbler subspecies are subtle and it has been previously shown that genome wide FST is close to zero. The low level of neutral back-ground divergence offers a good system for studying the genetics of passerine migration. This report contributes with novel data on phenotypes and genotypes of the subspecies yakutensisstudied at Chaun river delta, at the very eastern range limit of the species. As a proxy for thewintering location of yakutensis I used C and N stable isotope signatures from winter grownfeathers and inferred wintering range to be in Southern Africa. I genotyped 36 yakutensis fromChaun on four nuclear markers, of which three are located on the only divergent regions thatdiffers between the migratory phenotypes in Europe + CLOCK gene (a candidate for timing ofmigration). Analyzes revealed that yakutensis, despite strong differences in migration direction,distance, timing and wintering ground location cannot be separated from acredula genetically.
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Samils, Berit. "Population genetic structure of Melampsora larici-epitea, a willow leaf rust fungus /." Uppsala : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 2001. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/2001/91-576-5844-7.pdf.
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Griffiths, Jeremy. "The dynamics and impact of chrysomelid infestation of willow short rotation coppice." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.272198.
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Falk, Helena, and Sofia Tyvik. "Sustainability in willow cultivation : A case study with scenario simulation in CoupModel." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekologi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-147910.
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One of Sweden’s visions set to be real before 2050 is to replace fossil fuels with renewable energy sources; this could be done partly by using biomass as a substitute. One kind of common energy crop is short-rotation willow coppice (SRWC) which is a fast growing energy crop cultivated by farmers in the agricultural landscape. In this report a SRWC cultivation in Västergörland, Sweden was studied and modelled with CoupModel to evaluate the sustainability in the cultivation, especially focusing on the green house gas balance in the system and eutrophication enhancing substances. One reference case and two different scenarios where modelled and evaluated (with enhanced fertilizing and a different climate) and a brief economic calculation was made for the farmer and the thermal station that buys the SWRC to judge the economic sustainability in the system. The study showed that there are several advantages with SRWC cultivation. In the studied case it was an economically sustainable substitute to fossil fuels, and an economically profitable crop for the farmer. It contributes to a renewable fuel mix and therefore to a reduced climate impact, and it appears to contribute less to eutrophication than traditional agricultural crops. In an area where the SRWC does not restrain food production it might be a sustainable energy source.
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Shackel, Stella Catherine. "Biomass willow cultivars : susceptibility to attack by insects under different cultivation conditions." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.431258.
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Davis, Jacqueline M. L. "Occurrence of Erwinia Salicis in cricket-bat willow (Salix alba var caerulea)." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.296345.
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Collins, A. J. "'The role of willow root architecture and character in root reinforcement potential'." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.246876.
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Lynn, Suellen 1968. "Bird Use of Cottonwood-Willow patches in the Lower Colorado River valley." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/192095.
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Neotropical migratory birds and riparian forests have decreased in abundance over the past century. Decreases in bird populations have been linked to forest fragmentation. I performed bird surveys and monitored nesting success of Bell's Vireos (Vireo bellii) and Yellow-breasted Chats (Icteria virens) in a range of cottonwood/willow patch sizes and densities in the lower Colorado River valley to determine whether bird abundances, species richness, and reproductive success were related to cottonwood/willow patch size and/or tree density. Results suggest that neotropical migrants responded to patch size and tree density more than did resident birds. Results of breeding analyses suggest that small patches may be ecological sinks. Analyses excluding large patches indicated a threshold between 13 and 160 ha at which bird abundances stopped increasing with increasing patch size. This study demonstrated that neotropical migratory birds use small patches; however, large, dense patches are required for persistence of breeding populations.
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Krishnan, Subramaniam. "Dilemmas of managing change : the case for change managers at Willow NHS Trust." Thesis, Anglia Ruskin University, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.489544.
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The focus of my research was to investigate the dilemmas of change experienced by middle managers so that I can respond to the research problem (knowledge gap) concerning the ineffectiveness of change management strategies in the NHS.
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Thessing, Anna. "Genetic and environmental factors influencing growth and survival in willow tits, Parus montanus /." Stockholm : Dept. of Zoology [Zoologiska institutionen], Univ, 1999. http://www.sb.su.se/disputation/disp99/dispokt99.html.
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Smith, Alexander Adam. "Movement, dispersal and survival patterns of Swedish willow grouse (Lagopus lagopus lagopus L.)." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.389025.
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Fry, Danielle Ann. "Biodiversity of short rotation willow coppice in Wales : with particular reference to birds." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2008. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/54859/.
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Changes in agricultural management have caused massive declines across many taxa associated with the farmed landscape including many of conservation value. Population declines of farmland birds have been particularly rapid, massive and widespread. Although currently under utilised, particularly in Wales, short rotation willow coppice (SRC) could provide a sustainable fuel that offers a significant reduction in net carbon emissions compared with fossil fuels. This anticipated change to the Welsh agricultural landscape warrants investigation in terms of the impact it is likely to have on biodiversity. This study aimed to investigate the biodiversity of SRC in the Welsh agricultural landscape, concentrating on likely effects to bird populations. Weed floral diversity and species richness was found to increase significantly when SRC was planted compared to the previous landuse. This in turn provided substantial amounts of weed seeds in young SRC easily utilised by many bird species during the winter. As the crop matured the bird community changed but mainly, provided valuable habitat for diverse bird communities during the breeding season. SRC was found to be a highly beneficial breeding bird habitat chiefly for migrant warblers. The increased production of SRC in Wales could significantly increase the productivity of the Willow Warbler in particularly. Planting SRC in Wales could be of significant benefit to biodiversity including those bird species contributing to the UK government's Wild Bird Index. By making it financially beneficial for farmers to be less aggressive in their control of weeds, for instance through Tir Gofal or equivalent agri-environment scheme, SRC could realize its biodiversity potential. This could enable the government to reach both its carbon emissions and biodiversity targets.
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Aradottir, Gudbjorg Inga. "Populatin biology and host selection of the giant willow aphid (Tuberolachnus salignus Gmelin)." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.526376.
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Rossoukh, Ramyar Dagoberto. "An Anthropology of the Iranian Film Industry: The making of The Willow Tree." Thesis, Harvard University, 2014. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:13064971.
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This dissertation offers a detailed empirical study of a film industry by closely following the industrial process involved in the making of an Iranian feature length film, The Willow Tree (dir. Majid Majidi, 2005). What I mean by film industry is the standardized process of making a film through various semi-independent modules that must be performed in a sequence and that are widely shared around the world. Within the dissertation, I move from the initial stages of pre-production (script writing, casting, location scouting), through production (shooting) and post-production (editing, mixing), to the final stages of distribution and exhibition in national and international markets. My concern is with process as product. This stance foregrounds the background of film production, and allows us to see the dialectical relationship between film industry as a universal process and the more particular cultural contexts within which a variety of films situate themselves. It seeks to move the analytical focus to the cultural and social contexts of filmic production and consumption and explore the links between material and ideological, industrial and aesthetic, and national and transnational dimensions of cinema's circulation. In the case of The Willow Tree, I argue that the film was not only meant to portray Islamic virtue on the screen but to subject its own industrial production to Islamic practices.Anthropology
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Southall, Emily Jane. "The ecology of poor fen & willow carr on Goss Moor NNR, Cornwall." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/2017.
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Goss Moor NNR is a unique, rare and nationally-important wetland habitat in Mid- Cornwall. The majority of the habitats were created as a result of a long history of tin-stream mining, which ceased in the early 1900s. Phytosociological surveys of poor-fen and willow carr communities provide the first formal descriptions of the vegetation at this site. The poor-fen survey revealed twelve poor-fen vegetation types, which were distributed along a primary environmental gradient of organic matter depth, surface water height and bare substrate. Separation of the poor-fen communities by a moisture gradient was considered as spatial evidence for hydroseral succession, which begins with the colonisation of open-water pools created by tin excavations. The Salix cinerea ssp. oleifolia willow carr was divided by eight understorey communities, according to age, defined by reference to five sets of aerial photographs of Goss Moor taken over the last six decades. The average number of poor-fen species per unit area in the understorey generally decreased with age. This relationship was related to the increase in canopy cover and, therefore, shade. Willow was found to invade areas with the greatest amounts of accumulated organic material and a low water table. In the oldest and driest willow, oak saplings were found, indicating the beginning of secondary woodland. An architectural analysis of willow showed that useful age descriptors were the height of the first fork, the number of live secondary shoots, tree height and dbh, all of which generally increased with age. Spatial successional patterns were characterised using the lattice-wombling technique in three large rectangles or 'tranomes'. Plant communities were associated with either abrupt or diffuse boundary types. Abrupt boundaries or ecotones were found between heath communities and densely vegetated tall-herb fen and species-poor willow carr wetland vegetation. Diffuse or ecocline transitions occurred between communities with subtle differences in their composition. Spatial relationships between swamp and poor-fen communities were taken as evidence for space-for- time successions, these patterns varied according to location and microtopography. Investigations into the water regime showed water depth was governed by substrate heterogeneity. Homogeneous microtopography was associated with deep inundations and greatest amplitude in water depth, and most closely resembled rainfall fluctuations. The most complex microtopography resulted from the most intense tin-streaming activity. Therefore the anthropogenic history of Goss Moor plays an important role in governing the contemporary water regime and vegetation distribution. Of the wetland communities, rush pasture was the driest and poor-fen the wettest. The communities of open habitats were wetter than the willow communities. The youngest willow community was drier in the summer than the other five vegetation types studied, which was indicative of the conditions necessary for willow scrub colonisation to take place. The N:P ratio revealed that nitrogen was the limiting nutrient in all of the wetland vegetation types suggesting an early stage of successional development. High water levels were thought to be responsible for the prevalence of N-limitation on Goss Moor, creating deoxygenated substrates and leading to the demise of nitrifying bacteria and thus a reduction in the rate of soil N mineralisation. Plant strategies were used to classify the species from a number of wetland communities ranging from open-water pools to willow carr, in order to apply them to Grime's triangular model. The ten communities were ordered into a logical successional sequence. However, the model needs to be modified to account for succession in the aquatic environment. Based on the findings of this thesis, a number of suggestions were made for the effective management of the wetland habitats on Goss Moor. These include: evaluation of willow scrub before removal so those areas of vegetation subsequently opened-up can be monitored; and the creation of new ponds to encourage the growth of certain poor-fen communities, which are species-rich, but only account for a small area of the whole resource.
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Batley, Jacqueline. "A study of the population ecology of willow beetles (Phyllodecta spp.) using microsatellites." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.343295.
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