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Academic literature on the topic 'Willow'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Willow"

1

Wallis, D. R., and P. W. Shaw. "Monitoring giant willow aphid (Tuberolachnus salignus) on apple trees in close proximity to infested willows." New Zealand Plant Protection 70 (July 31, 2017): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2017.70.81.

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The giant willow aphid, was first found in New Zealand in 2013 and is now established throughout the country. An orchardist in the Tasman district reported infestation of his commercial block of young ‘Envy’ apple trees after harvest in May 2016, adjacent to two large willow trees heavily infested with giant willow aphid. Regular observations commenced soon after to determine seasonal activity, apple tree infestation, timing and impact and any alternative host plants or possible natural enemies. Key observations since are that the giant willow aphids appear in late September on willow shoots near the base of the tree reaching low numbers before disappearing again in late November. At this time, a ladybird species (Adalia bipunctata), where observed in the willows and on other plants nearby. In late December the aphids reappeared on the willows and numbers built to a peak in late February and remained on the willows until leaf fall. The aphids were not seen on the apple trees in any signi cant numbers until February when infestation and feeding continued until late autumn. After two seasons of infestation, the apple trees closest to the infested willows are now visibly ‘sick’ with yellowing leaves, stunted growth, reduced fruit production and branches blackened with sooty mould.

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Gregersen, P., and H. Brix. "Zero-discharge of nutrients and water in a willow dominated constructed wetland." Water Science and Technology 44, no. 11-12 (December 1, 2001): 407–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0859.

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A novel constructed wetland system has been developed to treat sewage, evaporate water and recycle nutrients from single households at sites where effluent standards are stringent and soil infiltration is not possible. Main attributes of the willow wastewater cleaning facilities are that the systems have zero discharge, the willows evapotranspire the water, and nutrients can be recycled via the willow biomass produced in the system. The willow wastewater cleaning facilities generally consist of c. 1.5 m deep high-density polyethylene-lined basins filled with soil and planted with clones of willow (Salix viminalis L.). The surface area of the systems depends on the amount and quality of the sewage to be treated and the local annual rainfall. For a single household the area needed typically is between 200-300 m2. Settled sewage is dispersed underground into the bed under pressure. When correctly dimensioned, the willow will - on an annual basis - evapotranspire all water from the sewage and rain falling onto the system, and take up all nutrients and heavy metals from the sewage. The stems of the willows are harvested on a regular basis to remove nutrients and heavy metals and to stimulate the growth of the willows. Initial experiences from full-scale systems in Denmark show promising results.

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Zhu, Huayue. "Analysis on the Effect of Willow Weaving Service Industry Development in County Industry ——Based on Funan Willow." Financial Forum 10, no. 2 (August 27, 2021): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.18282/ff.v10i2.1942.

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<p>Due to the lack of service innovation awareness, the wicker service industry has gradually been ignored by the market in recent years. In order to solve the problem, this article analyzes the entire industry of Funan willows through survey data, and measures the density of Funan willows by using the location quotient, and analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of Funan willows by SWTO analysis and financial statements. In this paper, financial statements are used to analyze the cash flow of the willow company within a certain period of time. The results show that the financial situation of the willow service industry is promising. Therefore, we recommend that the willow service industry achieves its own development by building a reputation brand and relying on the effect of industrial agglomeration to promote the development of the county industry.</p>

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Kaczynski, Kristen M., David J. Cooper, and William R. Jacobi. "Interactions of sapsuckers and Cytospora canker can facilitate decline of riparian willows." Botany 92, no. 7 (July 2014): 485–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2014-0019.

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Drought has caused large-scale plant mortality in ecosystems around the globe. Most diebacks have affected upland forest species. In the past two decades, a large-scale decline of riparian willows (Salix L.) has occurred in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado. We examined whether climatic or biotic factors drive and maintain the willow community decline. We compared annual growth and dieback of willows inside and outside of 14-year-old ungulate exclosures and measured groundwater depth and predawn xylem pressures of stems as indicators of drought stress. We also performed an aerial photo analysis to determine the temporal dynamics of the decline. Aerial photo analysis indicated willow decline occurred between 2001 and 2005 and was best explained by an increase in moose population and a decrease in peak stream flows. A new mechanism for willow stem dieback was identified, initiated by red-naped sapsucker wounding willow bark. Wounds became infected with fungus that girdled the stem. DNA analyses confirmed Valsa sordida (Cytospora chrysosperma) as the lethal fungus. Captured sapsuckers had V. sordida spores on feet and beaks identifying them as one possible vector of spread. Predawn xylem pressure potentials remained high through the growing season on all study willows regardless of depth to ground water. Our results indicate that additional mechanisms may be involved in tall willow decline.

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Liberacki, Daniel, Joanna Kocięcka, Piotr Stachowski, Roman Rolbiecki, Stanisław Rolbiecki, Hicran A. Sadan, Anna Figas, et al. "Water Needs of Willow (Salix L.) in Western Poland." Energies 15, no. 2 (January 11, 2022): 484. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15020484.

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Willows are one of the plants which can be used to produce biomass for energy purposes. Biomass production is classified as a renewable energy source. Increasing the share of renewable sources is one of the priority actions for European Union countries due to the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. To achieve the best possible growth of the willow and increase its biomass for fuel, it is crucial to provide optimal water conditions for its growth. The aim of the study was to determine the water requirements of willows under the conditions of the western Polish climate and to verify whether this area is potentially favourable for willow cultivation. The novelty of this paper lies in its multi-year climatic analysis in the context of willow water needs for the area of three voivodships: Lubusz, Lower Silesian, and West Pomeranian. This is one of the few willow water-needs analyses for this region which considers the potential for widespread willow cultivation and biomass production in western Poland. Reference evapotranspiration (ETo) was determined by the Blaney-Criddle equation and then, using plant coefficients, water needs for willow were determined. Calculations were carried out for the growing season lasting from 21 May to 31 October. The estimated water needs during the vegetation season amounted on average to 408 mm for the West Pomeranian Voivodeship, 405 mm for the Lubusz Voivodeship, and 402 mm for the Lower Silesian Voivodeship. The conducted analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that these needs do not differ significantly between the voivodeships. Therefore, it can be concluded that the water requirements of willows in western Poland do not differ significantly, and the whole region shows similar water conditions for willow cultivation. Furthermore, it was found that water needs are increasing from decade to decade, making rational water management necessary. This is particularly important in countries with limited water resources, such as Poland. Correctly determining the water requirements of willow and applying them to the cultivation of this plant should increase the biomass obtained. With appropriate management, willow cultivation in Poland can provide an alternative energy source to coal.

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McCabe, Sharon M., and T. N. Barry. "Nutritive value of willow (Salix sp.) for sheep, goats and deer." Journal of Agricultural Science 111, no. 1 (August 1988): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600082745.

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SummaryVoluntary intake and apparent digestibility of tree willow (Salix matsudana Χ alba) and of osier willow (Salix viminalis) were measured with male sheep and goats and voluntary intake only with male deer. Both willow species had been selected for extremely rapid growth, and were grown in coppices on high fertility soil. In a first experiment spring primary growth of both willows was fed to sheep, goats and deer in early summer, whilst in a second experiment summer regrowth (i.e. secondary growth) of osier willow was fed to sheep and goats in autumn.Although the ratio of readily fermentable to structural carbohydrate (0·51–0·70) and total N concentration (18–24 g/kg D.M.) in primary growth of the willows was less than normally found in high quality fresh temperate forages, the values were similar to those of many dried forages normally used as supplements. Averaged over sheep and goats, voluntary intake of digestible D.M. was 22% less for osier than for tree willow, this being associated with higher concentrations of lignin (197 ν 182 g/kg D.M.) and of condensed tannin (66 ν 29 g/kg D.M.) in the osier willow. The lower digestible dry-matter intake was attributable to both lower voluntary intakes and lower digestibility of the D.M. (0·57 ν 0·64). Both voluntary intake and apparent digestibility of secondary growth willow were lower than that of primary growth.When expressed as functions of the amount required for maintenance, voluntary metabolizable energy intake of goats was approximately double that of sheep, both for primary growth (2·2 ν 1·1) and for secondary growth (1·8 ν. 0·7) willow. This was attributable to consistently higher voluntary D.M. intakes/kg W0'6 by goats, and to a trend for higher digestibility than sheep, which attained significance in Expt 2but not in Expt 1. The ratios of dry-matter intake/kg W075 per day for sheep: deer: goats fed primary growth willow were 1·0:1·5:1·9, with deer thus being intermediate between the other two species. There were no differences in voluntary intake (g/kg W0·75 per day) of sheep, goats and deer fed a high quality lucerne hay.It was concluded that willows grown during spring and summer could adequately be used as supplementary feed during summer droughts and that willow could be used most effectively if fed to goats, followed by deer, with sheep being the least efficient. Tree willow is a preferred choice to the osier willow used here, and it was further concluded that like Lotus pedunculatus, high concentrations of lignin and condensed tannin, both of which are produced by the same biochemical pathway, are likely to be limiting nutritive value of the more leafy osier willow.

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Jackson, Sandra L., David S. Hik, and R. F. Rockwell. "The influence of nesting habitat on reproductive success of the lesser snow goose." Canadian Journal of Zoology 66, no. 7 (July 1, 1988): 1699–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z88-245.

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The quality of nesting habitat and the influence of vegetation height on reproductive success of the lesser snow goose (Chen caerulescens caerulescens) were examined. In 1984, geese nesting in tall willow bushes (Salix ssp.) were more successful than individuals nesting in shorter willows, or in areas with no willows at all. In particular, individuals nesting in tall willows lost fewer eggs to depredation or abandonment, resulting in a greater number of goslings leaving the nest after hatch. The effect of willow height on reproductive success was independent of female age and relative nest initiation date, both of which are known to affect reproductive success. The degree of the habitat effect was not as great in 1986, but the geese nesting in willow bushes did tend to have greater reproductive success. Since spring environmental conditions influence both the availability and quality of nest sites, the potential importance of the effect of nesting habitat on reproductive success probably varies among years.

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Broberg, Cynthia L., John H. Borden, and Regine Gries. "Olfactory and feeding preferences of Cryptorhynchus lapathi among hosts and nonhosts." Canadian Entomologist 138, no. 3 (June 2006): 357–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/n05-050.

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AbstractIn British Columbia, native willows (Salix spp.) (Salicaceae) and, to a lesser extent, black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa Torr. & Gray) (Salicaceae) are frequently attacked by the poplar and willow borer, Cryptorhynchus lapathi (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.) (Betulaceae), trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.), and bigleaf maple (Acer macrophyllum Pursh) (Aceraceae) are not attacked. We studied olfaction and feeding preferences in the laboratory and feeding, oviposition, and emergence in the field. Female C. lapathi preferred Scouler's willow (Salix scouleriana Barratt ex Hook.) over all other species by olfaction, but males did not discriminate between Scouler's willow and black cottonwood or trembling aspen. All species elicited at least some attraction in no-choice situations. Willow was generally preferred for feeding, but black cottonwood and red alder were also acceptable, unlike trembling aspen or bigleaf maple. In field caging experiments, adult weevils emerged from willow, black cottonwood, and red alder. We conclude that olfaction and feeding preferences are sufficiently powerful to mediate the frequent attack observed on native willows, the intermediate levels of attack on cottonwood, and the absence of attack on red alder. Successful development on red alder suggests that C. lapathi could expand its host range to include this species.

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Wang, Qian, and Qiong Yang. "Ritual, Legend, and Metaphor: Narratives of the Willow in Yuan Zaju." Religions 13, no. 1 (January 7, 2022): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel13010055.

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Narratives of willow trees in Yuan zaju 雜劇, or variety play, largely come in three types, namely, the ritual performance of shooting willows; the deliverance of willow spirits by Lü Dongbin, one of the Eight Immortals of Daoism; and the use of the word willow to refer to women. The willow shooting ritual depicted in Yuan zaju was highly reminiscent of the willow shooting ritual popular throughout the Song (960–1279), Liao (916–1125), Jin (1115–1234), and Yuan (1271–1368) dynasties, with its conceptual origins traceable to the ancient shamanic belief in the willow as a sacred tree prevalent among the Khitans and Jurchens who lived in what is now northeastern China. The legend of Lü Dongbin delivering a willow spirit to immortality is a recurring motif in Han Chinese folklore and Daoist hagiography, which also finds expression in the iconic image of Guanyin Pusa or Bodhisattva Avalokitesvara holding a willow branch with which they cure diseases for people and bring fulfillment to their wishes. The frequent use of “willow leaf-shaped eyebrows” (liumei 柳眉) and “willow-like waist” (liuyao 柳腰) in Yuan zaju as metaphorical references to women can be seen as a continuation of the great literary tradition of Shijing 詩經 (The Book of Songs) and also as a dramatic enactment of the fertility cult of the willow and women in Chinese folk religion. Evidence abounds that the narratives about the willow in Yuan zaju were not a new creation but an artistic manifestation of centuries-old folk belief and literary tradition.

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Bhat, G. M., M. A. Islam, A. R. Malik, T. A. Rather, F. A. Shah Khan, and A. H. Mir. "Productivity and economic evaluation of Willow (Salix alba L.) based silvopastoral agroforestry system in Kashmir valley." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 11, no. 3 (September 10, 2019): 743–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v11i3.2104.

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Performance of two fodder crops namely, sorghum (Sorghum vulgare L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) was investigated with Willow (Salix alba L.) to evaluate productivity and economics of the silvopastoral agroforestry system in Kashmir valley. The experiment was laid out by planting two year old willows at 2.0m × 2.0m spacing and dividing the main plot into sub-plots of size 8m × 2m each with 5 replications in randomized block design (RDB). The intercrops of sorghum and maize were maintained at 20cm × 10 cm spacing and supplied with recommended doses of fertilizers. The economics of the willow plantation intercropped with fodder crops was compared with sole willow farming by the benefit-cost ratio and net present worth. The study revealed the differential behaviour of Salix alba regarding growth parameters (height, diameter and girth) by different intercrops and various fodder intercrops with respect to yield, above ground biomass, dry matter production and soil nutrient status (pH, organic carbon, available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium). The willow based silvopastoral system was estimated to have benefit-cost ratio of 2.71 with maize and 2.68 with sorghum, while as sole crop the willows accrued a benefit-cost ratio of 2.66. The study is useful in discovering growth of willows, productivity of fodder crops and soil nutrient status under various silvopastoral agroforestry systems for maximizing economic gains. The findings envisaged evidences in favour of adopting willow based silvopastoral agroforestry instead of sole tree farming and the knowledge of interactions will be helpful in proper management of the system for sustained multiple productions.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Willow"

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Attwood, Paul Anthony. "Tolerance and growth of willow (Salix viminalis) and willow mycorrhiza in oxygen deficient environments." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.335616.

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Bennett, Jeff. "A descriptive history of Willow Creek." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 2006. http://www.tren.com/search.cfm?p010-0072.

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Bidgood, Lee, and Hasee Ciaccio. "Performance at the Willow Tree Coffeehouse." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2016. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/1055.

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Shaw, Rosalind F. "Plant-herbivore interactions in montane willow communities." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2006. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU212664.

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This project investigated the impacts of browsing by large herbivores on all aspects of the life cycle of montane willows, using Salix arbuscula L. (Mountain Willow) as the main model species. S. arbuscula was found to be almost entirely insect pollinated, although the levels of wind pollination varied between populations. The density of nearby male plants had a positive effect on fruit set in both insect and wind pollinated catkins, but the effect was stronger in wind-only pollinated catkins. In insect pollinated catkins, catkin characteristics such as length and total number of flowers were most important in determining fruit set. Browsing was found to have both direct and indirect negative impacts on seed production in S. arbuscula, which was also highly variable between years. Direct effects included reduction of the number of inflorescences produced by browsing removal of the previous year's growth, on which most inflorescences are found. There were fewer inflorescences found per shoot on browsed plants, suggesting that browsing also reduces inflorescence production via resource limitation. Lower numbers of inflorescences per plant led to fewer pollinator visits and resulted in reduced seed production, particularly in years of poor overall production. Seed and early seedling survival were found to be strongly limited by microsite availability, as both S. arbuscula and S. lapponum required bare ground for germination and early survival. Slugs were found to have a negative impact on seedlings during the first season of growth, where as small mammals (bank voles) had a negative effect one the seedlings were larger. Growing in disturbed microsites may also favour seedling establishment through reducing the likelihood of slug and small mammal predation.

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Lower, Steven S. "The effects of soil nutrients and water on the suitability of silky willow for the imported willow leaf beetle /." Thesis, Connect to Dissertations & Theses @ Tufts University, 2002.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Tufts University, 2002.
Adviser: Colin M. Orians. Submitted to the Dept. of Biology. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 111-127). Access restricted to members of the Tufts University community. Also available via the World Wide Web;

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Bonneau, Luc Joseph Gabriel. "Drought resistance of willow short rotation coppice genotypes." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1826/905.

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This thesis reports on an investigation of drought resistance of willow SRC genotypes. Experiments were conducted at Silsoe, Bedfordshire, in pots and field trials in 2002 and in lysimeters in 2003 to evaluate the range of water use efficiency (WUE) of 50 willows varieties (Salix sp.) and isolate morpho-physiological traits related to WUE and drought resistance. Within the genotype pool tested there was a wide range of responses. The results depict the morpho-physiology of an ideal candidate that plant breeding could produce for drier area of UK, which are summarised below. Its cuttings do not develop calluses when stored in darkness at +4°C. After planting, the candidate does not grow rapidly but has an early exponential phase of stem elongation, after a year of growth it has few stems per stool (< 5). Its long, narrow (Rl/w > 8) hairless leaves are characterised by small adaxial epidermal cells (AECS < 330µm2). The ideal candidate prioritises less biomass to its root system (root/shoot < 0.8) mainly in the top 0.2 m. When grown under optimum condition, the large leaf area has high stomatal conductance and leaf temperature. As water stress progresses, the leaf area decreases leaving little time for leaves to senesce and few yellow leaves remain on the stems. The stomatal conductance decreases slowly and the leaf temperature is almost unaffected. If water stress occurs before August the candidate is able to recover faster the initial physiological state and grow new leaves when re-watered. The results indicate that the best parents to produce such candidate are S. viminalis and S. schwerinii or their related hybrids. Water use (WU) of high yielding willow short rotation coppice hybrids is similar which indicates that the opportunity to reduce WU is limited and that productivity can be only improved by increasing WUE to produce above ground biomass and drought resistance. The current willow breeding programme has great chance to produce hybrids with high WUE however the production of a progeny population from high yielding hybrids that contrast widely in resistance to water stress is recommended. In theory, from such a population, valuable data on morpho-physiological traits related to drought resistance and high WUE can be collected and help genomics to develop quantitative trait loci to the condition that reference hybrids are grown along to quantify the level of water stress experienced by the planting.

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Lapierre, Patrice. "Willow : extending Herby's semantic tree theorem-proving heuristics." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape7/PQDD_0022/MQ50812.pdf.

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Forrest, Alan. "Hybridization in sub-arctic willow scrub in Scotland." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/12030.

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Molecular and morphological markers were used to clarify the species and hybrid taxonomy of sub-arctic Salix species in Scotland, and to investigate the extent of hybridization and introgression in sub-arctic willow scrub communities. The utility of molecular and morphological markers for the identification of hybrids between pairs of species was compared. A detailed study of hybridization between S. arbuscula and S. lapponum was conducted at two sites. The potential for differences in phenology to act as a reproductive barrier between the species was estimated. The results were used to determine the importance of hybridization and introgression in the systematics of montane Salix, and to provide guidance for conservation programmes aimed at restoring sub-arctic willow scrub communities. The six morphologically circumscribed montane species considered in this study (S. arbuscula, S. herbacea, S. lanata, S. lapponum, S. myrsinites, S. reticulata) can be distinguished clearly with nuclear AFLP markers, but not with chloroplast DNA markers. A relationship between the occurrence and frequency of hybridization and genetic distance between species pairs was detected. At two locations in central Scotland (Meall nan Gabhar, Meall Ghaordie) S. arbuscula and S. lapponum can be distinguished clearly with morphometric analysis of six foliar characters. They maintain their molecular differentiation but to a lesser degree than in allopatric reference populations. A significant but low correlation (Meall nan Gabhar r² = 0.173; Meall Ghaordie r² = 0.095) between morphological distance and molecular distance in individuals was detected. Bayesian assignment analysis based on AFLP data was, however, unable to resolve distinct parental species groups at these two sites, suggesting a significant level of genetic exchange between the taxa. Morphological differentiation was site independent, whereas molecular differentiation was site dependent and showed considerable mixing of the species gene pools when considering both sites together. Despite this evidence for genetic exchange, flowering asynchrony was found to constitute a strong barrier to inter-specific gene flow at both sites (RI_phen = 0.778 at Meall nan Gabhar, and 0.702 at Meall Ghaordie) with S. lapponum flowering before S. arbuscula. A relationship between flowering onset and altitude contributes to spatio-temporal isolation between species. This barrier is slightly weaker at one site (Meall Ghaordie) and more morphological hybrids were detected at this site. This case study represents a situation where rare hybridization has led to the widespread introgression of neutral markers while diagnostic morphological traits remain differentiated. In the final chapter, the information obtained about the extent of hybridization and introgression is used to provide guidance for conservation management strategies for sub-arctic willow scrub in Scotland.

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Brereton, Nicholas James Beresford. "SRC willow development, biomass composition and biofuel potential." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/6920.

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The aims of this PhD were to examine nitrogen allocation and partitioning in Short Rotation Coppice (SRC) willow in regard to tree development and to investigate biomass composition and cell wall structure for the purpose of assessing and understanding biofuel potential. To address these topics four major experiments were performed and are presented in the thesis. An investigation of SRC willow development and nitrogen dynamics was conducted as a pot trial comprising 14 different genotypes from a willow mapping population. The genotypes were selected on the extremity and consistency of their field biomass yields. Fertiliser enriched with the stable isotope nitrogen 15 was applied as a means of nitrogen surveillance. One of the findings was that higher biomass yielding varieties of SRC willow had increased nitrogen-use-efficiency yet less (or later) nitrogen remobilisation in the autumn. The recalcitrance of the cell wall to enzymatic saccharification was assessed across 138 field-grown genotypes of the same willow mapping population. The aim was to identify any relationships between glucose yield and several biomass yield traits and to identify any quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with enzymatic saccharification. Four QTL associated to enzymatic saccharification were identified and no relationship was found between glucose and biomass yield traits. A third experiment aimed to modify cell wall composition and structure of a single cultivar of willow grown in a pot trial. Tension wood, fibre cells containing an extra cell wall layer unique to angiosperms, and cellulose synthesis inhibited phenotypes were both induced. These modifications were accomplished through chemical and environmental treatments during development and their impact on composition and cell wall recalcitrance was assessed. Tension wood formation was found to increase glucose yields. The final main experiment used 35 of the UK’s leading biomass yielding willow varieties, grown in the field, to assess not only the variation in composition and enzymatic saccharification but also to identify any relationships between these two traits and a variety of morphological traits. The final part of the experiment investigated how variation in these traits interacted with dilute acid pretreatment. Surprisingly lignin content did not significantly correlate with cell wall recalcitrance to enzymatic saccharification. Another important finding was that enzymatic saccharification without the pretreatment correlated with enzymatic saccharification after the pretreatment. General introduction and general materials and methods chapters are included. A final summary discussion chapter is also included in order to address the overall impact of these findings on biofuel potential.

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Hörnell-Willebrand, Maria. "Temporal and spatial dynamics of willow grouse Lagopus lagopus /." Umeå : Dept. of Animal Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2005. http://epsilon.slu.se/200553.pdf.

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Books on the topic "Willow"

1

Andrews, V. C. Willow. London: BCA, 2003.

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ill, Myers Stan D., ed. Willow. Grand Rapids, Mich: Baker Books, 1998.

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Hoban, Julia. Willow. New York: Dial Books, 2009.

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Andrews, V. C. Willow. Bath: Windsor, 2003.

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Rosemarie, Brennan, and Moore Cyd ill, eds. Willow. Chelsea, MI: Sleeping Bear Press, 2008.

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Andrews, V. C. Willow. New York: Pocket Books, 2002.

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Hess, Norah. Willow. Waterville, Me: Thorndike Press, 2003.

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Willow King. Atlanta: Peachtree, 2010.

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Blake, Toni. Willow Springs. New York: Avon, 2012.

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Marrow, willow. Toronto: Pedlar Press, 2011.

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Book chapters on the topic "Willow"

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Sastry, K. Subramanya, Bikash Mandal, John Hammond, S. W. Scott, and R. W. Briddon. "Salix spp. (Willow)." In Encyclopedia of Plant Viruses and Viroids, 2162. New Delhi: Springer India, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-3912-3_812.

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Gratwick, Marion. "Willow—carrot aphid." In Crop Pests in the UK, 73–77. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1490-5_14.

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Sastry, K. Subramanya, Bikash Mandal, John Hammond, S. W. Scott, and R. W. Briddon. "Ludwigia spp. (Primrose-willow)." In Encyclopedia of Plant Viruses and Viroids, 1407–8. New Delhi: Springer India, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-3912-3_541.

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Phillips, D. H., and D. A. Burdekin. "Diseases of willow (Salix spp.)." In Diseases of Forest and Ornamental Trees, 358–75. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-10953-1_17.

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Peters, Ray, Gary Cameron, Jassy Narayan, and Jim Vanderwoer. "C. Kindling Community Capacity: Onward Willow." In Community Development Around the World, edited by Hubert Campfens, 77–90. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/9781442673144-008.

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"Willow." In Treepedia, 132–38. Princeton University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9780691218243-019.

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"Willow." In Treepedia, 132–38. Princeton University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1h9djft.20.

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"Willow." In The Long, Long Life of Trees, 207–22. Yale University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/9780300222197-015.

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"willow." In The Fairchild Books Dictionary of Textiles. Fairchild Books, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781501365072.17935.

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Mir, Shabana. "Interview with G. Willow Wilson." In Ms. Marvel's America, 230–46. University Press of Mississippi, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496827029.003.0014.

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Abstract:

This interview with G. Willow Wilson explores Wilson’s perspective on Ms. Marvel as a diverse character—a diverse South Asian Muslim teen female character who happens to be a polymorph—in this historical political moment, as well as in the context of the history of comic books. Wilson and Mir also discuss comic book markets, shifts in readerships, and the future of comic books. The character and story of Ms. Marvel as a Muslim American teen help readers reflect on contemporary public political discourse.

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Conference papers on the topic "Willow"

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Moraes, Pedro, and Leopoldo Teixeira. "Willow." In SBES 2019: XXXIII Brazilian Symposium on Software Engineering. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3350768.3351303.

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Derrick, David L. "Two Cost-Effective Bioengineering Techniques, Willow Curtains and Willow Poles." In Wetlands Engineering and River Restoration Conference 1998. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40382(1998)44.

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Ehrich, Dorothee. "The Importance of Willow Thickets for Willow Ptarmigan in Shrub Tundra: The More the Better?" In Gyrfalcons and Ptarmigan in a Changing World. The Peregrine Fund, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.4080/gpcw.2011.0214.

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Shields, Jr., F. Douglas, S. Reza Pezeshki, and Peter H. Anderson. "Probable Causes for Willow Post Mortality." In Wetlands Engineering and River Restoration Conference 1998. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40382(1998)28.

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Terebova, E. N., E. F. Markovskaya, and V. I. Androsova. "Phytoremediation ability of willow in industrial areas." In IX Congress of society physiologists of plants of Russia "Plant physiology is the basis for creating plants of the future". Kazan University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.26907/978-5-00130-204-9-2019-428.

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Drake, Lon, and Rick Langel. "Deep-Planting Willow Cuttings via Water Jetting." In Wetlands Engineering and River Restoration Conference 1998. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40382(1998)171.

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Hill, Zach, and Marty Humphrey. "Applicability of the willow architecture for cloud management." In the 1st workshop. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1555271.1555279.

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Zvicevicius, Egidijus, Algirdas Raila, Ausra Cipliene, and Kestutis Ziura. "Influence of moisture on osier willow chops characteristics." In 18th International Scientific Conference Engineering for Rural Development. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/erdev2019.18.n495.

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Martin, J., Carlson Pian, T. Volk, L. Abrahamson, E. White, and J. Jarnefeld. "Recent Results of Willow Biomass Gasification Feasibility Study." In 2nd International Energy Conversion Engineering Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2004-5650.

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JI, UN, MYEONGHUI AHN, JUHA JÄRVELÄ, HYUNGSUK KIM, EUN-KYUNG JANG, JUNGEUN GU, and KAISA VÄSTILÄ. "PHYSICAL MODELLING OF SHRUB-WILLOW PATCHES IN PROTOTYPE SCALE." In 38th IAHR World Congress. The International Association for Hydro-Environment Engineering and Research (IAHR), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/38wc092019-0347.

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Reports on the topic "Willow"

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Ellis, Christopher D., and Byoung-Suk Kweon. The Willow School. Landscape Architecture Foundation, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.31353/cs0330.

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Shafer, Deborah, and Amy Lee. Willow Stake Installation: Example Contract Specifications. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada423806.

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Tingle, John, and Chris Hoag. Characterization of Sandbar Willow Stems for Erosion Control Applications. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada394747.

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Finch, Deborah M., and Scott H. Stoleson. Status, ecology, and conservation of the southwestern willow flycatcher. Ft. Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/rmrs-gtr-60.

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Knight, John, Dennis Heimbigner, Alexander L. Wolf, Antonio Carzaniga, Jonathan Hill, Premkumar Devanbu, and Michael Gertz. The Willow Architecture: Comprehensive Survivability for Large-Scale Distributed Applications. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada436790.

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White, E. H., and L. P. Abrahamson. Bioenergy from willow. 1995 Annual report, November 1987--December 1995. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/527917.

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Kerr, D. E., P. D. Morse, and S. A. Wolfe. Reconnaissance surficial geology, Willow Lake, Northwest Territories, NTS 85-L. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/299468.

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Thilenius, John F. Weight distribution in the current annual twigs of barclay willow. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/pnw-rn-472.

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Hamblin, A. P. Scollard/Willow Creek/Coalspur formations: summary of literature and concepts. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/285401.

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Payette, K., and D. Tillman. PROGRESS REPORT: COFIRING PROJECTS FOR WILLOW ISLAND AND ALBRIGHT GENERATING STATIONS. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/785184.

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