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Thoyib, Ellys, and R. Y. Effendi. "ANALISIS KOGNITIF PESERTA PELATIHAN VOKASIONAL RENCANA USAHA DAN MANAJEMEN KEUANGAN KELOMPOK SWADAYA MASYARAKAT (KSM) BINAAN BDC SRIWIJAYA PALEMBANG." Jemasi: Jurnal Ekonomi Manajemen dan Akuntansi 15, no. 1 (July 3, 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.35449/jemasi.v15i1.38.
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The purpose of the analysis is to find out the cognitions that appear in the cognitive system of vocational training participants in business plans and financial management of self-help groups (KSM) assisted by BDC Sriwijaya Palembang through the pre-test and post-test answers.There are 3 groups of knowledge behavior modes in participants' memories, namely positive mode 73%, negative 17% and doubtful 10%.Through the statement "I believe being able to understand the material of business plans and financial management" 83% positive and 17% negative cognitions are generated in the cognitive structure.These cognitions integrate with cognitive functions namely new cognitive notions, emotions, attitudes and motivations.New cognitive understanding results from integration with emotions, namely positive cognition 74% and negative 26%, a change in 9% positive cognition switches to negative.Integration of cognition with attitudes produces positive cognition 44%, negative 7% and neutral 49%, here there is a transition between positive and negative cognition to neutral cognition or no opinion at all. Integration with motivation by asking KSM motives / hopes, generated business capital assistance motives positive cognition 89% negative 11%, marketing assistance motives, 70% positive cognition 30%, and guiding motives to developing KSM efforts, positive cognition 92% negative 8%.Conclusion Changing habits that have been practiced for years will take time, energy and great breakthroughs about training methods that they are easy to understand.
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Tushir, Sangeeta. "Metaphor as Will-generated Cognition: A Philosophical Analysis." Innovative Research Thoughts 9, no. 4 (2023): 53–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.36676/irt.2023-v9i4-007.
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Reviewing the point of view of NavyaNyāya Philosophy, we see that there is also a cognitive aspect to desire something. Such intentional desire is found not only in Navya Nyaya but in addition to this in other traditional treatises like Grammar, Alam᷾ ka̅rsa͆stra, Bhațțikavya͆ etc. In Indian literature metaphors (ru̅paka) are used in poetry, literature and anytime when someone wants to add some colour to their language. In metaphor, a person is compared to an object which is not same with him but having some resemblances.
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Kurup, Unmesh, Christian Lebiere, Anthony Stentz, and Martial Hebert. "Using Expectations to Drive Cognitive Behavior." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 26, no. 1 (September 20, 2021): 221–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v26i1.8159.
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Generating future states of the world is an essential component of high-level cognitive tasks such as planning. We explore the notion that such future-state generation is more widespread and forms an integral part of cognition. We call these generated states expectations, and propose that cognitive systems constantly generate expectations, match them to observed behavior and react when a difference exists between the two. We describe an ACT-R model that performs expectation-driven cognition on two tasks – pedestrian tracking and behavior classification. The model generates expectations of pedestrian movements to track them. The model also uses differences in expectations to identify distinctive features that differentiate these tracks. During learning, the model learns the association between these features and the various behaviors. During testing, it classifies pedestrian tracks by recalling the behavior associated with the features of each track. We tested the model on both single and multiple behavior datasets and compared the results against a k-NN classifier. The k-NN classifier outperformed the model in correct classifications, but the model had fewer incorrect classifications in the multiple behavior case, and both systems had about equal incorrect classifications in the single behavior case.
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Abur, Defne, and Cara E. Stepp. "Acuity to Changes in Self-Generated Vocal Pitch in Parkinson's Disease." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 63, no. 9 (September 15, 2020): 3208–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2020_jslhr-20-00003.
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Purpose Given the role of auditory perception in voice production, studies have investigated whether impairments in auditory perception may underlie the noted disruptions in speech in Parkinson's disease (PD). Studies of loudness perception in PD show impairments in the perception of self-generated speech, but not external tones. Studies of pitch perception in PD have only examined external tones, but these studies differed in terms of the interstimulus intervals (ISIs) that were used, did not examine the impact of cognition, and report conflicting results. To clarify pitch perception in PD, this work investigated perception of self-generated vocal pitch, controlling for cognition and ISI. Method A total of 30 individuals with and without PD completed (a) hearing threshold testing, (b) the Montreal Cognitive Assessment, and (c) an adaptive just-noticeable-difference paradigm under two separate ISIs (100 ms and 1,000 ms) to assess acuity to self-generated vocal pitch. Results There was no significant difference in acuity between individuals with and without PD. Both groups demonstrated significantly worse acuity for longer compared to shorter ISIs. Montreal Cognitive Assessment scores were not a significant predictor of acuity. Conclusions The results suggest that acuity to self-generated vocal pitch does not differ between individuals with and without PD.
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Christoff, Kalina, Justin M. Ream, Leo P. T. Geddes, and John D. E. Gabrieli. "Evaluating Self-Generated Information: Anterior Prefrontal Contributions to Human Cognition." Behavioral Neuroscience 117, no. 6 (2003): 1161–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0735-7044.117.6.1161.
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Rappaport, Jack M., Stephen B. Richter, and Dennis T. Kennedy. "An Innovative Information Technology Educational Framework Based on Embodied Cognition and Sensory Marketing." International Journal of Strategic Decision Sciences 9, no. 2 (April 2018): 85–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsds.2018040106.
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This article describes and implements an innovative framework for information technology (IT) education. The proposed framework creates metaphors for various IT topics using music. The theory of embodied cognition or grounded cognition argues that all aspects of cognition, including decision making, are shaped by aspects of the body. Various theories of neuroscience, the interdisciplinary study of the nervous system, are used to explain how the brain processes the information and multi-modal stimuli generated by the authors' model. The framework proposed in this article can also be considered a form of sensory marketing, which is also based upon embodied cognition, theories of neuroscience and the cognitive significance of metaphors. The model was implemented at the secondary and university levels using both a formative and summative evaluation process. The survey results support the theoretical arguments supplied by many theories of embodied cognition and neuroscience.
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Greenwald, Anthony G., and Calvin K. Lai. "Implicit Social Cognition." Annual Review of Psychology 71, no. 1 (January 4, 2020): 419–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010419-050837.
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In the last 20 years, research on implicit social cognition has established that social judgments and behavior are guided by attitudes and stereotypes of which the actor may lack awareness. Research using the methods of implicit social cognition has produced the concept of implicit bias, which has generated wide attention not only in social, clinical, and developmental psychology, but also in disciplines outside of psychology, including business, law, criminal justice, medicine, education, and political science. Although this rapidly growing body of research offers prospects of useful societal applications, the theory needed to confidently guide those applications remains insufficiently developed. This article describes the methods that have been developed, the findings that have been obtained, and the theoretical questions that remain to be answered.
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Lehnert, Kim L., James C. Overholser, and Dalia M. Adams. "The Cognition Rating Form: A new approach to assessing self-generated cognitions in adolescent sentence completions." Psychological Assessment 8, no. 2 (1996): 172–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.8.2.172.
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Ashton, Benjamin J., Alex Thornton, and Amanda R. Ridley. "An intraspecific appraisal of the social intelligence hypothesis." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 373, no. 1756 (August 13, 2018): 20170288. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0288.
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The prevailing hypotheses for the evolution of cognition focus on either the demands associated with group living (the social intelligence hypothesis (SIH)) or ecological challenges such as finding food. Comparative studies testing these hypotheses have generated highly conflicting results; consequently, our understanding of the drivers of cognitive evolution remains limited. To understand how selection shapes cognition, research must incorporate an intraspecific approach, focusing on the causes and consequences of individual variation in cognition. Here, we review the findings of recent intraspecific cognitive research to investigate the predictions of the SIH. Extensive evidence from our own research on Australian magpies ( Cracticus tibicen dorsalis ), and a number of other taxa, suggests that individuals in larger social groups exhibit elevated cognitive performance and, in some cases, elevated reproductive fitness. Not only do these findings demonstrate how the social environment has the potential to shape cognitive evolution, but crucially, they demonstrate the importance of considering both genetic and developmental factors when attempting to explain the causes of cognitive variation. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Causes and consequences of individual differences in cognitive abilities’.
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Ciompi, Luc. "Affects as Central Organising and Integrating Factors a New Psychosocial/Biological Model of the Psyche." British Journal of Psychiatry 159, no. 1 (July 1991): 97–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.159.1.97.
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A new psychosocial/biological model of the psyche is proposed, in which the affects play a central role in organising and integrating cognition. The psyche is understood here as a complex hierarchical structure of affective/cognitive systems of reference (or ‘programmes for feeling, thinking, and behaviour’), generated by repetitive concrete action. These systems store past experience in their structure, and provide the functional basis for further cognition and communication. Affects endow these programmes with a specific qualitative value (such as motivation), connect cognitive elements synchronically and diachronically, and contribute to their storage and mobilisation according to context. They also participate in differentiating cognitive systems at higher levels of abstraction. These assumptions are supported by recent findings on the role of the limbic and hypothalamic system for the regulation of emotion, on neuronal plasticity, and on the phenomenon of state-dependent learning and memory. Refutable hypotheses are formulated for further research on the interaction of emotion and cognition.
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Ostarek, Markus, and Falk Huettig. "Six Challenges for Embodiment Research." Current Directions in Psychological Science 28, no. 6 (September 13, 2019): 593–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963721419866441.
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Twenty years after Barsalou’s seminal perceptual-symbols article, embodied cognition, the notion that cognition involves simulations of sensory, motor, or affective states, has moved from an outlandish proposal to a mainstream position adopted by many researchers in the psychological and cognitive sciences (and neurosciences). Though it has generated productive work in the cognitive sciences as a whole, it has had a particularly strong impact on research into language comprehension. The view of a mental lexicon based on symbolic word representations, which are arbitrarily linked to sensory aspects of their referents, was generally accepted since the cognitive revolution in the 1950s. This has radically changed. Given the current status of embodiment as a main theory of cognition, it is somewhat surprising that a close look at the literature reveals that the debate about the nature of the processes involved in language comprehension is far from settled, and key questions remain unanswered. We present several suggestions for a productive way forward.
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Bernard, Michael L., Patrick Xavier, Paul Wolfenbarger, Derek Hart, Russel Waymire, Matthew Glickman, and Mark Gardner. "Psychologically Plausible Cognitive Models for Simulating Interactive Human Behaviors." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 49, no. 12 (September 2005): 1205–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120504901223.
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The intent of Sandia National Laboratories' Human Interactions (HI) project is to demonstrate initial virtual human interaction modeling capability. To accomplish this, we have begun the process of simulating human behavior in a manner that produces life-like characteristics and movement, as well as creating the framework for models that are based on the most current experimental research in cognition, perception, physiology, and cognitive modeling. Currently the simulated human models can sense each other, react to each other, and move about in a simulated 3D environment. A preliminary action generation or motor-level cognition model, which transforms abstract actions generated by high-level cognition to actions that can be carried out by a simulated physical human model, has also been developed. Our work has yielded models of perceptual, spatial, and motor functioning and memory that will be embedded in upgrades to the cognitive framework.
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Chen, Si, Jason Situ, Haocong Cheng, Desirée Kirst, and Yun Huang. "MirrorUs: Mirroring Peers' Affective Cues to Promote Learner's Meta-Cognition in Video-based Learning." Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 7, CSCW2 (September 28, 2023): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3610079.
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Learners' awareness of their own affective states (emotions) can improve their meta-cognition, which is a critical skill of being aware of and controlling one's cognitive, motivational, and affect, and adjusting their learning strategies and behaviors accordingly. To investigate the effect of peers' affects on learners' meta-cognition, we proposed two types of cues that aggregated peers' affects that were recognized via facial expression recognition:Locative cues (displaying the spikes of peers' emotions along a video timeline) andTemporal cues (showing the positivities of peers' emotions at different segments of a video). We conducted a between-subject experiment with 42 college students through the use of think-aloud protocols, interviews, and surveys. Our results showed that the two types of cues improved participants' meta-cognition differently. For example, interacting with theTemporal cues triggered the participants to compare their own affective responses with their peers and reflect more on why and how they had different emotions with the same video content. While the participants perceived the benefits of using AI-generated peers' cues to improve their awareness of their own learning affects, they also sought more explanations from their peers to understand the AI-generated results. Our findings not only provide novel design implications for promoting learners' meta-cognition with privacy-preserved social cues of peers' learning affects, but also suggest an expanded design framework for Explainable AI (XAI).
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Nam, Chang S., Hyung N. Kim, Tonya L. Smith-Jackson, and Wayne A. Scales. "Culture and Cognition: Implications for Cognitive Design of Learning Resources." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 49, no. 15 (September 2005): 1444–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120504901505.
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The rapid growth of computer-based learning applications has generated the need for the consideration of learning styles of culturally diverse students. However, few attempts have been made to empirically study the influence of learner's cultural backgrounds on computer-based learning. Many studies have shown that mismatches between students' cultural learning preferences and pedagogy may negatively affect their academic performance and attitudes toward learning. The primary purpose of the study was to evaluate a Web-based tutorial for global positioning systems (GPS) designed by employing culture-centered interface design guidelines that would be compatible with cultural learning preferences of two ethnic groups -African- and European-Americans. Results of the study showed that AA students preferred a Web-based tutorial designed with interface design guidelines that were compatible with their cultural learning preferences. There are several implications for culture-centered cognitive design of learning resource.
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Sun, Haojie, Xun Zhou, Yanyun Meng, and Zezhong Yang. "Research on the Cognition Degree of Logical Reasoning Literacy by Pre-Service High School Mathematics Teachers." International Academic Journal of Education and Literature 3, no. 01 (February 28, 2022): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.47310/iajel.2022.v03i01.003.
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At Present, Logical Reasoning Literacy Has Generated Extensive Attention From All Walks Of Life, Many Questions About It Have Been Studied Except That The Cognition Of Pre-Service High School Mathematics Teachers On Logical Reasoning Literacy. To Address This Gap, This Study Analyzed The Cognition Degree Of Logical Reasoning Literacy Of 51 Pre-Service High School Mathematics Teachers With An Open-Ended Questionnaire Self-Designed. After Analyzing, It Could Be Found That A. The Cognitive Scope of Them about Logical Reasoning Literacy Is Not Extensive, More Than Half of the Content of Logical Reasoning Literacy Is Not Recognized; B. Their Cognition Is Not Deep, Their Cognitive Level Of Them Mainly Stays At Level 1, And Their Cognition Is Not Continuous And Linear; C. Many Pre-Service High School Mathematics Teachers’ Cognition For Most Aspects Of Logical Reasoning Literacy Is Not Very Clear. The Content They Can Fully Understand Is Mainly The Definition And Manifestation Of Logical Reasoning Literacy. Therefore, It Is Suggested That: A. Experts And Teachers In Charge Of Certification Work Should Expand Mathematics Advanced Literacy Courses And Pay More Attention To Them; B. Pre-Service Teachers Should Fully Understand The Related Contents Of Logical Reasoning Literacy, Go Deep Into Each Level, And Clarify The Expression Of Logical Reasoning Literacy.
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Montero-Odasso, Manuel. "31 Evidence, Assumptions, and Emerging Treatments for Falls Prevention." Age and Ageing 48, Supplement_4 (December 2019): iv9—iv12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afz164.31.
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Abstract Falls is a common geriatric syndrome that increases morbidity and mortality. Much of our understanding of falls mechanisms derives from studies that excluded or did not evaluate cognitively impaired older adults. This has limited the evidence for managing falls in this population and generated gaps in our understanding of how cognitive processes affect the pathophysiology of falls. This presentation will provide an overview of the role of cognition in falls with potential implications for managing and preventing falls in older adults. A thorough review of observational and interventional studies addressing the role of cognition on falls will be appraised. The importance of the gait-cognition relationship in aging and neurodegeneration is revised to highlight the role of brain motor control deficits in fall risk. The benefits of dual-task gait assessments as a marker of fall risk is reviewed. Therapeutic approaches for reducing falls by improving certain aspects of cognition will be also appraised.
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Damen, Nicole, and Christine Toh. "Looking for Inspiration: Understanding the Information Evaluation and Seeking Behavior of Novice Designers During Creative Idea Generation." Proceedings of the Design Society: International Conference on Engineering Design 1, no. 1 (July 2019): 1793–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dsi.2019.185.
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AbstractInformation usage is a key aspect of creative cognition and has been shown to influence design outcomes. The goal of this study was to investigate the information seeking behavior of student designers while validating a previously developed “Typology of Design Information” framework. Participants were asked to use and evaluate pieces of information during the idea generation process. Results show a discrepancy between the information that participants naturally sought out and their perceived utility (helpfulness) of the information. However, individually significant relationships between perceived utility and behavior were found with features generated by participants, suggesting that even though participants' perception of the utility of information pieces and their actual behavior are not related, both constructs have an identifiable influence on design outcomes. This study advances the Typology of Design Information framework by empirically exploring the link between the types of information used by novice designers and the ideas generated, and it illustrates that participants employ complex cognitive behavior when engaging with design information to generate novel ideas.
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Alcock, Lara, Daniel Ansari, Sophie Batchelor, Marie-Josée Bisson, Bert De Smedt, Camilla Gilmore, Silke M. Göbel, et al. "Challenges in mathematical cognition: A collaboratively-derived research agenda." Journal of Numerical Cognition 2, no. 1 (April 29, 2016): 20–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/jnc.v2i1.10.
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This paper reports on a collaborative exercise designed to generate a coherent agenda for research on mathematical cognition. Following an established method, the exercise brought together 16 mathematical cognition researchers from across the fields of mathematics education, psychology and neuroscience. These participants engaged in a process in which they generated an initial list of research questions with the potential to significantly advance understanding of mathematical cognition, winnowed this list to a smaller set of priority questions, and refined the eventual questions to meet criteria related to clarity, specificity and practicability. The resulting list comprises 26 questions divided into six broad topic areas: elucidating the nature of mathematical thinking, mapping predictors and processes of competence development, charting developmental trajectories and their interactions, fostering conceptual understanding and procedural skill, designing effective interventions, and developing valid and reliable measures. In presenting these questions in this paper, we intend to support greater coherence in both investigation and reporting, to build a stronger base of information for consideration by policymakers, and to encourage researchers to take a consilient approach to addressing important challenges in mathematical cognition.
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Tushir, Sangeeta. "The Concept of ‘Will–generated Cognition’ and its Role in Philosophical Enterprise." Universal Research Reports 10, no. 3 (2023): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.36676/urr.2023-v10i3-006.
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In epistemology, knowledge is the fundamental factor. In order to acquire knowledge, we have to go through various ways of knowing or the means of knowing like perception, inference, comparison, verbal testimony, presumption, non-cognition etc. In epistemology, knowledge presupposes the knowledge of something. The knowledge without content (aviṣayaka-jňāna), however, is found in case of AdvaitaVedānta. The Advaitins only admit a kind of knowledge which is of without content (aviṣayakajñāna) in case of Brahman. Brahman is the Knowledge itself. To them this knowledge has no content at all because Brahman itself is Knowledge, but not the knowledge of Brahman. In other words, we cannot tell that this is the knowledge of Brahman, but Brahman itself is Knowledge par-excellence. Apart from this system all others believe that knowledge has got some content of its own.1 That is why; knowledge is something through which an object is illumined. There are several ways of knowing as told earlier.
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Ma, Teng, Daniel Organisciak, Wenbao Ma, and Yang Long. "Towards Cognition-Aligned Visual Language Models via Zero-Shot Instance Retrieval." Electronics 13, no. 9 (April 25, 2024): 1660. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics13091660.
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The pursuit of Artificial Intelligence (AI) that emulates human cognitive processes is a cornerstone of ethical AI development, ensuring that emerging technologies can seamlessly integrate into societal frameworks requiring nuanced understanding and decision-making. Zero-Shot Instance Retrieval (ZSIR) stands at the forefront of this endeavour, potentially providing a robust platform for AI systems, particularly large visual language models, to demonstrate and refine cognition-aligned learning without the need for direct experience. In this paper, we critically evaluate current cognition alignment methodologies within traditional zero-shot learning paradigms using visual attributes and word embedding generated by large AI models. We propose a unified similarity function that quantifies the cognitive alignment level, bridging the gap between AI processes and human-like understanding. Through extensive experimentation, our findings illustrate that this similarity function can effectively mirror the visual–semantic gap, steering the model towards enhanced performance in Zero-Shot Instance Retrieval. Our models achieve state-of-the-art performance on both the SUN (92.8% and 82.2%) and CUB datasets (59.92% and 48.82%) for bi-directional image-attribute retrieval accuracy. This work not only benchmarks the cognition alignment of AI but also sets a new precedent for the development of visual language models attuned to the complexities of human cognition.
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Payton, Antony. "The APOE gene and cognitive function in non-demented and Alzheimer's disease patients." Reviews in Clinical Gerontology 19, no. 3 (August 2009): 159–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959259809990268.
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SummaryThis review discusses the role that the APOE gene plays in cognitive dysfunction both in demented and non-demented elderly people. The increasing problem of cognitive impairment in developed countries makes finding new and effective treatments a research priority. Understanding the biological basis of this impairment is therefore paramount. APOE has received much attention in the field of cognitive genetics due to it being a major susceptibility gene for Alzheimer's disease, which itself is characterized by a rapid and irreversible loss in memory function. Over the past 14 years this has generated a considerable number of publications that have produced conflicting findings, making it difficult for the reader to interpret whether the APOE gene regulates cognition or not. This review attempts to summarize the mass of information on this gene in relation to cognition, by weighting the pros and cons of the methodologies used, and offers suggestions for future study designs.
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Hanczyc, Martin M., and Takashi Ikegami. "Chemical Basis for Minimal Cognition." Artificial Life 16, no. 3 (July 2010): 233–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/artl_a_00002.
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We have developed a simple chemical system capable of self-movement in order to study the physicochemical origins of movement. We propose how this system may be useful in the study of minimal perception and cognition. The system consists simply of an oil droplet in an aqueous environment. A chemical reaction within the oil droplet induces an instability, the symmetry of the oil droplet breaks, and the droplet begins to move through the aqueous phase. The complement of physical phenomena that is then generated indicates the presence of feedback cycles that, as will be argued, form the basis for self-regulation, homeostasis, and perhaps an extended form of autopoiesis. We discuss the result that simple chemical systems are capable of sensory-motor coupling and possess a homeodynamic state from which cognitive processes may emerge.
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Sun, Haojie, Xun Zhou, Yanyun Meng, and Zezhong Yang. "Research on the Cognition Degree of Mathematical Operation Literacy by Pre-service High School Mathematics Teachers." International Academic Journal of Education and Literature 3, no. 02 (April 30, 2022): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.47310/iajel.2022.v03i02.003.
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At present, mathematical operation literacy has generated extensive attention from all walks of life, many questions about it have been studied except the cognition of pre-service high school mathematics teachers on mathematical operation literacy. To address this gap, This study analyzed the cognition degree of mathematical operation literacy of 51 pre-service high school mathematics teachers with an open-ended questionnaire self-designed. After analyzing, it could be found that: a. The scope of cognition is not very broad, about 40% of the content is not recognized, and the communication and reflection aspect is unrecognized; b. Their cognition is not deep, their cognitive level mainly stays at level 1. Their cognition is not continuous and linear; c. A few aspects of cognition are relatively clear, but in general, their cognition is not very clear. The content that they can clearly recognize is mainly the definition and expression of mathematical operation literacy and the aspect of knowledge and skill. Therefore, it is suggested that: a. Experts and teachers in charge of certification work should expand mathematical operation literacy courses and pay more attention to them; b. Pre-service teachers should fully understand the related contents of mathematical operation literacy, go deep into each level, and clarify the expression of mathematical operation literacy. Contribution/Originality: This study analyzed the cognition degree of mathematical operation literacy of current pre-service high school mathematics teachers in China with an open-ended questionnaire self-designed. The results are conducive to reforming the present Chinese teaching and curriculum in order to improve the training for pre-service teachers.
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Pechlivanidou, Anastasia Liakata, Stylianos C. Zerefos, and Stylianos N. Zerefos. "Perceptual and Cognitive Factors That Influence Orientation in Computer Generated Real Architectural Space." International Journal of Architectural Computing 3, no. 2 (June 2005): 245–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/1478077054214406.
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This study presents results from an experiment that concerns spatial perception and cognition in virtual environments. It also includes the effects of how the development of a simulated virtual space can change perception and cognition of a real building perceived only through architectural drawings and photographs. In the experiment each student was shown external and internal 360° images, representing nodes in virtual space, of the same virtual building. Two different groups of students were formed. The first group was shown photorealistic rendered images, while the other group the same images with non-photorealistic representation. Differences in orientation tendencies of the participating students, as well as statistical results from these experiments were tested and are presented in this paper. It was found that there was a statistically significant tendency of the students towards larger scatter in more luminous virtual space as well as a tendency to visit lit parts of virtual space.
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Karapanagiotidis, Theodoros, Elizabeth Jefferies, and Jonathan Smallwood. "Interactions between the neural correlates of dispositional internally directed thought and visual imagery." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 376, no. 1817 (December 14, 2020): 20190691. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0691.
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Cognition is not always directed to the events in the here and now and we often self-generate thoughts and images in imagination. Important aspects of these self-generated experiences are associated with various dispositional traits. In this study, we explored whether these psychological associations relate to a common underlying neurocognitive mechanism. We acquired resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging data from a large cohort of participants and asked them to retrospectively report their experience during the scan. Participants also completed questionnaires reflecting a range of dispositional traits. We found thoughts emphasizing visual imagery at rest were associated with dispositional tendency towards internally directed attention (self-consciousness and attentional problems) and linked to a stronger correlation between a posterior parietal network and a lateral fronto-temporal network. Furthermore, decoupling between the brainstem and a lateral visual network was associated with dispositional internally directed attention. Critically, these brain–cognition associations were related: the correlation between parietal–frontal regions and reports of visual imagery was stronger for individuals with increased connectivity between brainstem and visual cortex. Our results highlight neural mechanisms linked to the dispositional basis for patterns of self-generated thought, and suggest that accounting for dispositional traits is important when exploring the neural substrates of self-generated experience (and vice versa ). This article is part of the theme issue ‘Offline perception: voluntary and spontaneous perceptual experiences without matching external stimulation’.
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Lei, Linan, Xiaobo Wu, and Ziyan Tan. "The growth of hidden champions in China: a cognitive explanation from integrated view." Chinese Management Studies 14, no. 3 (March 23, 2020): 613–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cms-06-2019-0206.
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Purpose There is a research gap in strategic management regarding the complement from managerial cognition literature to the behavioral theory of firm, as well as linkage between cognitive structure and cognitive process of strategy formulation in the field of managerial cognition, which also calls for further exploration. The purpose of this paper is to construct a model from an integrated view for explaining the process of cognitive reconstruction under incremental changes. Design/methodology/approach Qualitative research is conducted in the form of 17 semi-structured interviews in four hidden champions operating in China. Based on the model generated from the literature review, this paper adopts the abductive logic for data analysis. Findings This paper draws the following conclusions. The cognitive structure is shaped by the changing environment and the performance feedback, the variance in structural attributes will affect whether the changing environment destructs the effectiveness of original cognitive structure or not, the centrality of cognitive structure will promote the efficiency of tried-and-true organizational adaptations to incremental changes, and cognitive structure reconstruction is the result of the recursive process of trial-and-error learning. Originality/value This paper proposes the model explaining the interaction mechanisms between cognitive structure and strategy formulation process. It also presents the iterative sense-making process for reconstructing cognitive structure in strategy formulation. Both of them extend the understanding on managerial cognition in organizational adaptations to incremental environmental changes.
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Asano, Rie, Pia Bornus, Justin T. Craft, Sarah Dolscheid, Sarah E. M. Faber, Viviana Haase, Marvin Heimerich, et al. "Spring School on Language, Music, and Cognition." Music & Science 1 (January 1, 2018): 205920431879883. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2059204318798831.
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The interdisciplinary spring school “Language, music, and cognition: Organizing events in time” was held from February 26 to March 2, 2018 at the Institute of Musicology of the University of Cologne. Language, speech, and music as events in time were explored from different perspectives including evolutionary biology, social cognition, developmental psychology, cognitive neuroscience of speech, language, and communication, as well as computational and biological approaches to language and music. There were 10 lectures, 4 workshops, and 1 student poster session. Overall, the spring school investigated language and music as neurocognitive systems and focused on a mechanistic approach exploring the neural substrates underlying musical, linguistic, social, and emotional processes and behaviors. In particular, researchers approached questions concerning cognitive processes, computational procedures, and neural mechanisms underlying the temporal organization of language and music, mainly from two perspectives: one was concerned with syntax or structural representations of language and music as neurocognitive systems (i.e., an intrapersonal perspective), while the other emphasized social interaction and emotions in their communicative function (i.e., an interpersonal perspective). The spring school not only acted as a platform for knowledge transfer and exchange but also generated a number of important research questions as challenges for future investigations.
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Sharp, Sally I., Paul T. Francis, and Clive G. Ballard. "Neurochemistry of severe dementia." Reviews in Clinical Gerontology 15, no. 2 (May 2005): 105–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959259805001681.
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Severe dementia is associated with frequent psychiatric and behavioural disturbances in addition to marked cognitive and functional deficits. Research to determine a neurochemical understanding of dementia over the last three decades has generated therapeutic strategies which improve patients' cognition and activities of daily living. Different key dementia syndromes have been shown to have distinct neurotransmitter biochemical patho-logy, with important implications for therapy. The current review focuses predominantly upon excitatory neurotransmitter systems.
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Massey, L. "A Cognitive Framework for Core Language Understanding and its Computational Implementation." International Journal of Cognitive Informatics and Natural Intelligence 6, no. 1 (January 2012): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jcini.2012010101.
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The author argues that the cognitive processes underlying language understanding may not be logico-deductive or inductive, at least not for basic forms of understanding such as the ability to determine the topics of a text document. To demonstrate this point, they present a human cognition inspired framework for core language understanding and its computational implementation. The framework exploits word related knowledge stored in Long Term Memory (LTM) as well as Short Term Memory (STM) limited capacity, neuromorphic spreading activation and neural activation decay to derive the topics of text. The computational model implementing the framework shows the potential of the approach by establishing that the topics generated by the model are as good as those generated by humans.
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Zou, Macy, Ronald Kelly, Betty Chinda, Mckenzie Braley, Tony Zhang, Tara Arvan, Robert Mcdermid, and Xiaowei Song. "THE EFFECTS OF FRAILTY, POLYPHARMACY, AND COGNITION ON HEALTH OUTCOMES: A STUDY ON INTERRAI RESIDENTIAL CARE DATA." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.330.
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Abstract Frailty Index (FI), polypharmacy and cognition status are significant health concerns in older adults. We conducted this study to investigate the interplay of frailty, polypharmacy, and cognition, in determining health outcomes. InterRAI Residential Care (RAI-RC MDS2.0) data were retrieved from residential care homes in Surrey, BC, Canada. Older residents (65+ years) who had RAI-RC records between 2016 and 2018 were used in the analysis (n=976). A deficit accumulation-based FI was generated using 36 variables. Information on polypharmacy and cognition were obtained by accounting the total number of medications and the cognitive performance scale. Information on falls, emergency visits, and mortality were followed. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard models were used to examine the effects of these variables on different outcomes. The FI showed a near Gaussian distribution (median= 0.370 mean= 0.372 SD= 0.143), and increased linearly with age on a logarithm scale (R=0.75, p<0.001). Residents with cognitive impairment showed a higher level of the FI (KW= 863.3, p<0.001). A higher FI was associated with an increased risk of death (HR=15.2 p=0.006) and emergency visits (HR=2.72 p=0.048), adjusting for age, sex, medications, and education levels. Frailty, polypharmacy, and cognition levels are associated and have interactive effects on health outcomes. Ongoing research is to validate the findings with large samples in different health settings, and to understand the underlying processes of the effect. The close relationships between frailty, polypharmacy, and cognition with health outcomes call for effective integrated strategies for healthcare of older adults with multiple complex health problems.
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Rajji, T. K., Z. Ismail, and B. H. Mulsant. "Age at onset and cognition in schizophrenia: meta-analysis." British Journal of Psychiatry 195, no. 4 (October 2009): 286–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.108.060723.
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BackgroundThe relationship between cognition and age at onset of schizophrenia is largely unknown.AimsTo compare cognitive deficits in individuals with youth-onset and late-onset schizophrenia with those in adults with first-episode schizophrenia.MethodTwenty-nine databases (including EMBASE, MEDLINE and PsycINFO) were searched from 1980 to 2008. Selected publications had to include healthy controls and analyse separately individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia or a related disorder and individuals with first-episode, youth-onset or late-onset schizophrenia. Descriptive and cognitive data were extracted and the latter aggregated into 22 cognitive measures. Cohen's effect size raw and weighted means of cognitive deficits were generated and compared in the three groups.ResultsIndividuals with youth-onset and first-episode schizophrenia demonstrate large deficits (mean effect size ⩾0.8) on almost all cognitive measures. Individuals with youth-onset schizophrenia demonstrate larger deficits than those with first-episode schizophrenia on arithmetic, executive function, IQ, psychomotor speed of processing and verbal memory. In contrast, those with late-onset schizophrenia demonstrate minimal deficits on arithmetic, digit symbol coding and vocabulary, but larger ones on attention, fluency, global cognition, IQ and visuospatial construction.ConclusionsIndividuals with youth-onset schizophrenia have severe cognitive deficits, whereas those with late-onset schizophrenia have some relatively preserved cognitive functions. This finding supports the view that severity of the disease process is associated with different ages at onset. In addition, the cognitive pattern of people with late-onset schizophrenia suggests that their deficits are specific rather than solely as a result of ageing and related factors.
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Heyes, Cecilia. "New thinking: the evolution of human cognition." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 367, no. 1599 (August 5, 2012): 2091–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0111.
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Humans are animals that specialize in thinking and knowing, and our extraordinary cognitive abilities have transformed every aspect of our lives. In contrast to our chimpanzee cousins and Stone Age ancestors, we are complex political, economic, scientific and artistic creatures, living in a vast range of habitats, many of which are our own creation. Research on the evolution of human cognition asks what types of thinking make us such peculiar animals, and how they have been generated by evolutionary processes. New research in this field looks deeper into the evolutionary history of human cognition, and adopts a more multi-disciplinary approach than earlier ‘Evolutionary Psychology’. It is informed by comparisons between humans and a range of primate and non-primate species, and integrates findings from anthropology, archaeology, economics, evolutionary biology, neuroscience, philosophy and psychology. Using these methods, recent research reveals profound commonalities, as well striking differences, between human and non-human minds, and suggests that the evolution of human cognition has been much more gradual and incremental than previously assumed. It accords crucial roles to cultural evolution, techno-social co-evolution and gene–culture co-evolution. These have produced domain-general developmental processes with extraordinary power—power that makes human cognition, and human lives, unique.
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Pezzulo, Giovanni, Caleb Kemere, and Matthijs A. A. van der Meer. "Internally generated hippocampal sequences as a vantage point to probe future-oriented cognition." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1396, no. 1 (May 2017): 144–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nyas.13329.
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Konu, Delali, Adam Turnbull, Theodoros Karapanagiotidis, Hao-Ting Wang, Lydia Rebecca Brown, Elizabeth Jefferies, and Jonathan Smallwood. "A role for the ventromedial prefrontal cortex in self-generated episodic social cognition." NeuroImage 218 (September 2020): 116977. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116977.
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Alfini, Alfonso, Marilyn Albert, Andreia Faria, Anja Soldan, Corinne Pettigrew, Sarah Wanigatunga, Vadim Zipunnikov, and Adam Spira. "045 Associations of Actigraphic Sleep and Circadian Rest/Activity Rhythms with Cognition in the Early Phase of Alzheimer’s Disease." Sleep 44, Supplement_2 (May 1, 2021): A19—A20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsab072.044.
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Abstract Introduction Alterations in sleep and circadian rhythms are common in persons with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) dementia, but the nature of such changes in the early phases of AD remains unclear. This study compared sleep and circadian rest/activity rhythms (RARs), measured by standard and novel actigraphic indices, between participants with normal cognition or mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and examined cross-sectional associations between these measures and cognition. Methods Actigraphy data were collected in 179 individuals (mean age=72.6 years, gender=64.8% female) with normal cognition (n=153) or MCI (n=26) from the Biomarkers for Older Controls at Risk of Dementia (BIOCARD) study. Standard sleep parameters (i.e., total sleep time [TST], sleep efficiency [SE], wake after sleep onset [WASO], average wake bout length [WBL]), and standard non-parametric RAR metrics (i.e., relative amplitude [RA], intradaily variability [IV], interdaily stability [IS]) were generated. Functional principal component (fPC) methods were used to generate three novel RAR indices (fPC1, fPC2, fPC3) representing 69% of the total variance. Cognitive test scores were used to generate composite measures reflecting the domains of episodic memory and executive function using factor analysis. Regression models were used to compare sleep and circadian RAR parameters between the diagnostic groups and to evaluate their associations with cognitive performance. Results After adjustment for age, sex, education, and APOE-4 genotype, compared to normal controls, MCI subjects had significantly lower SE, lower RA, and lower scores on the novel RAR measure fPC3, which reflects a later rhythm phase, lower amplitude, and lower activity both at night and early in the day. In analyses combining data from participants with MCI and controls, several standard RAR parameters (e.g., higher RA and IS) and higher fPC3 scores were associated with both better episodic memory and executive function. Additionally, several standard measures (e.g., lower WASO and IV) and lower fPC1 scores (reflecting higher rhythm amplitude and greater activity throughout daytime hours) were linked with better executive function. Conclusion MCI participants have sleep and circadian alterations, which are significantly associated with cognitive performance. A novel RAR measure, fPC3, showed differences in rhythm patterns that extended from the night into the daytime. Support (if any) Funding-support NIA (U19-AG033655, T32-AG027668, R01-AG050507) and AASMF (#223-BS-19).
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Zhang, Catherine D., Sumitabh Singh, Malavika Suresh, Andreas Ladefoged Ebbehøj, Nikki H. Stricker, Michelle M. Mielke, Sundeep Khosla, Walter A. Rocca, and Irina Bancos. "Impaired Cognitive Performance in Patients With Mild Autonomous Cortisol Secretion." Journal of the Endocrine Society 5, Supplement_1 (May 1, 2021): A84—A85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jendso/bvab048.170.
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Abstract Background: Cognitive deficits in memory, language, and executive function have been described in Cushing’s syndrome, but the impact of mild cortisol secretion on cognition is unclear. Rather than overt hypercortisolism, mild autonomous cortisol secretion (MACS) is typically associated with abnormal circadian cortisol production. Aim: To characterize the effect of MACS on cognitive performance. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis as part of an ongoing cohort study in patients with MACS compared to age and sex-matched referent subjects without cortisol excess. MACS was defined as serum cortisol concentration >1.8 mcg/dL after the 1 mg overnight dexamethasone suppression test (DST), in the absence of signs and symptoms of overt Cushing syndrome. We used the National Institute of Health Toolbox Cognition Battery to assess cognitive performance. A series of seven IPad-based tests were administered to evaluate five key domains: 1) executive function, 2) episodic memory, 3) working memory, 4) language, and 5) processing speed. Performance was reported using fully corrected T-scores for age, sex, education, and race with a normative mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10. T-scores were generated for the individual components as well as three summary measures: 1) fluid cognition (includes executive function, episodic memory, working memory, and processing speed), 2) crystallized cognition (includes language), and 3) total cognition (composite of fluid and crystalized cognition). Results: A total of 23 patients with MACS and 23 age and sex-matched referent subjects without cortisol excess were enrolled. The median age of diagnosis was 63 years (range, 51–81), and 26 (56%) were women. In the MACS cohort, median cortisol following 1 mg DST was 2.6 ug/dL (range, 1.9–13.0) with median ACTH of 8.5 pg/mL (range, 5.0–38.0) and median DHEA-S of 37 mcg/dL (range, 5.0- 141.0). On cognitive assessment, patients with MACS had lower total cognition (T-scores 50 vs. 54, p=0.05) and fluid cognition (T-scores 48 vs. 53, p=0.01) composite scores compared to referent subjects without cortisol excess. In particular, patients with MACS performed worse on tests of executive function (Dimensional Change Card Sort: T-scores 55 vs. 63, p= 0.02 and Flanker Inhibitory Control and Attention: T-scores 45 vs. 52, p=0.01). There were no significant differences observed in the remaining individual domains of language, processing speed, working memory, and episodic memory, or crystallized cognition. Conclusions: MACS is associated with impaired total cognition, and in particular, executive function and fluid cognition. These findings suggest that patients with MACS are susceptible to cortisol-mediated changes in the brain. Additional studies should examine the contribution of neuropsychiatric symptoms on cognition in MACS, and possible improvement following treatment for cortisol excess.
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Polyakov, Maxim, Igor Khanin, Gennadiy Shevchenko, and Vladimir Bilozubenko. "Data mining as a cognitive tool: Capabilities and limits." Knowledge and Performance Management 5, no. 1 (July 8, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/kpm.05(1).2021.01.
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Due to the large volumes of empirical digitized data, a critical challenge is to identify their hidden and unobvious patterns, enabling to gain new knowledge. To make efficient use of data mining (DM) methods, it is required to know its capabilities and limits of application as a cognitive tool. The paper aims to specify the capabilities and limits of DM methods within the methodology of scientific cognition. This will enhance the efficiency of these DM methods for experts in this field as well as for professionals in other fields who analyze empirical data. It was proposed to supplement the existing classification of cognitive levels by the level of empirical regularity (ER) or provisional hypothesis. If ER is generated using DM software algorithm, it can be called the man-machine hypothesis. Thereby, the place of DM in the classification of the levels of empirical cognition was determined. The paper drawn up the scheme illustrating the relationship between the cognitive levels, which supplements the well-known schemes of their classification, demonstrates maximum capabilities of DM methods, and also shows the possibility of a transition from practice to the scientific method through the generation of ER, and further from ER to hypotheses, and from hypotheses to the scientific method. In terms of the methodology of scientific cognition, the most critical fact was established – the limitation of any DM methods is the level of ER. As a result of applying any software developed based on DM methods, the level of cognition achieved represents the ER level.
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Sousa, Valmi D., Maria L. Zanetti, Jaclene A. Zauszniewski, Isabel A. C. Mendes, and Michelle O. Daguano. "Psychometric Properties of the Portuguese Version of the Depressive Cognition Scale in Brazilian Adults With Diabetes Mellitus." Journal of Nursing Measurement 16, no. 2 (September 2008): 125–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1061-3749.16.2.125.
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Identifying depressive cognitions in Brazilians with diabetes can be important step to prevent the development of clinical depression, which is negatively associated with diabetes self-management. This study focused on the psychometric testing of the Portuguese version of the Depressive Cognition Scale, the Escala Cognitiva de Depressão (ECD), among 82 Brazilian adults with diabetes mellitus. The questionnaire was assessed for internal consistency, homogeneity, and construct validity using factor analysis and convergent validity assessment with the Portuguese version of the Beck Depression Inventory, the Inventário de Depressão Beck (IDB). Cronbach’s alpha for the ECD was .88. The homogeneity of the instrument was supported by item-to-total correlations between .30 and .70. Factor extraction generated only one factor with eigenvalues greater than 1, which is consistent with the English version. The ECD’s total score had a weak but significant correlation with the IDB’s total score (r = .24, p < .05), indicating convergent validity. Evidence for the reliability and construct validity of the ECD was provided by this study. This scale has the potential to become a useful screening tool for depressive cognitions among Brazilians with diabetes.
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Sundar D., Anupama. "Impact of Social Media on Consumer Buying Pattern." International Journal of Marketing & Human Resource Research 3, no. 3 (December 30, 2022): 124–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.47747/ijmhrr.v3i3.757.
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This study examines consumer-generated advertising (CGA) impacts on consumer attitudes, and behaviors for interacting with social media features and passing along electronic word-of-mouth. Participants viewed a video advertisement on YouTube, framed as either a consumer-generated or firm-generated advertisement, to determine effects of source credibility with different levels of product involvement. Need for cognition (NFC) also was examined. Analysis revealed consumers as source significantly enhanced advertising attitudes and interactivity behaviors
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Huang, Yichen. "Understanding Intuition: Can Rapid Cognition Perform Better than Rational Thinking in Differentiating Artworks between Artist and Artistic Style Transfer." Communications in Humanities Research 3, no. 1 (May 17, 2023): 416–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7064/3/20220368.
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This study attempts to provide evidence that judgements based on rapid cognition can have higher accuracy than judgements based on rational thinking in particular situations. The design of the experiment was based on the previous study by Sun et al. 2022 that compared cognitive differences in artworks between artists and art style transfer. In the experiment of this paper, the stimuli were generated from 24 pairs of digital artworks done by AI and human painters respectively, and participants were asked to differentiate between the stimuli. The results indicated that participants made more correct choices when there was not enough time to process all the details than when there was enough time to consider all the evidence. This study once again demonstrates that rapid cognition holds advantages in analyzing complex information in a short period of time.
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Vogel, Jacob W., Monika Varga Doležalová, Renaud La Joie, Shawn M. Marks, Henry D. Schwimmer, Susan M. Landau, and William J. Jagust. "Subjective cognitive decline and β-amyloid burden predict cognitive change in healthy elderly." Neurology 89, no. 19 (October 6, 2017): 2002–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000004627.
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Objective:To assess in a longitudinal study whether subjective cognitive decline (SCD) and brain β-amyloid (Aβ) contribute unique information to cognitive decline.Methods:One hundred thirty-six healthy elderly from the Berkeley Aging Cohort Study were followed up for a mean of 4 years. SCD and affective measures were generated from the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) with factor analysis on data from a larger set of 347 healthy, nondepressed (GDS <11) elderly individuals. Cognition was summarized with previously validated factor scores. Pittsburgh compound B (PiB)-PET scans were acquired to determine the presence (PiB+) or absence (PiB−) of Aβ pathology. Mixed models were used to assess the independent and interactive effects of SCD, affective features, PiB status, and time on cognition, with adjustment for demographic variables.Results:SCD score demonstrated good construct validity compared to an existing measure of subjective memory and was partially explained by several lower-order measurements. Mixed models revealed that SCD interacted with PiB status to predict change in episodic memory and global cognition over time, with adjustment for affective features. PiB+ individuals with more severe SCD demonstrated the steepest cognitive decline. Worse SCD predicted faster decline in working memory independently of PiB status. No such effects were seen for affective scores when adjusted for SCD.Conclusions:PiB+ individuals with SCD are at greatest risk of cognitive decline. Evidence for amyloid alone is not sufficient to indicate risk of rapid cognitive decline in healthy elderly. Effects of GDS on cognitive decline in nondepressed cohorts may be driven by SCD rather than subsyndromal depression.
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Blose, Sibonelo, Bongani Nhlanhla Mkhize, Sihle Siyabonga Ngidi, and Phumlani Erasmus Myende. "Construction of self as a principal: Meanings gleaned from narratives of novice school principals." South African Journal of Education 42, no. 2 (May 31, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.15700/saje.v42n2a2018.
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It is assumed that individuals’ cognitions of who they are in a particular social structure influence their behaviour in that space. Likewise, school principals’ cognition of who they are in schools as social structures influences how they behave as leaders. In this article, we use the role identity theory as a framework to analyse novice principals’ narratives of lived experiences to understand how they construct themselves as principals in schools and how these constructions influence their execution of leadership. Positioned within the interpretivist paradigm, we adopted the narrative inquiry methodology to engage with the lived experiences of 3 purposively selected novice principals from the Pinetown district in KwaZulu-Natal. The narrative interview was employed to generate field texts, which were subsequently analysed using 2 methods: narrative analysis and analysis of narratives. From our analysis of field texts, 4 themes explaining how the participating novice principals construct themselves as school principals were identified; these themes are: a leader as a learner, re-establishing oneself as a leader, spanning boundaries, and leading to inspire. From these themes, we conclude that a principal’s conception of self is dynamic and is a blend of multiple meanings generated prior to becoming a principal and meanings generated during the principalship tenure.
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Stegmann, Ulrich E. "Physical models and embodied cognition." Synthese 197, no. 10 (September 10, 2018): 4387–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11229-018-01927-7.
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Abstract Philosophers have recently paid more attention to the physical aspects of scientific models. The attention is motivated by the prospect that a model’s physical features strongly affect its use and that this suggests re-thinking modelling in terms of extended or distributed cognition. This paper investigates two ways in which physical features of scientific models affect their use and it asks whether modelling is an instance of extended cognition. I approach these topics with a historical case study, in which scientists kept records not only of their findings, but also of some the mental operations that generated the findings. The case study shows how scientists can employ a physical model (in this case diagrams on paper) as an external information store, which allows alternating between mental manipulations, recording the outcome externally, and then feeding the outcome back into subsequent mental manipulations. The case study also demonstrates that a models’ physical nature allows replacing explicit reasoning with visuospatial manipulations. I argue, furthermore, that physical modelling does not need to exemplify a strong kind of extended cognition, the sort for which external features are mereological parts of cognition. It can exemplify a weaker kind, instead.
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Shams, Leon T., Alisha Föry, Achint Sharma, and Ladan Shams. "Big number, big body: Jersey numbers alter body size perception." PLOS ONE 18, no. 9 (September 7, 2023): e0287474. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0287474.
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Vision has been shown to be an active process that can be shaped by top-down influences. Here, we add to this area of research by showing a surprising example of how visual perception can be affected by cognition (i.e., cognitive penetration). Observers were presented, on each trial, with a picture of a computer-generated football player and asked to rate the slenderness of the player on an analog scale. The results of two experiments showed that observers perceived athletes wearing small jersey numbers as more slender than those with high numbers. This finding suggests that the cognition of numbers quantitatively alters body size perception. We conjecture that this effect is the result of previously learned associations (i.e., prior expectations) affecting perceptual inference. Such associations are likely the result of implicit learning of the statistical regularities of number and size attributes co-occurrences by the nervous system. We discuss how these results are consistent with previous research on statistical learning and how they fit into the Bayesian framework of perception. The current finding supports the notion of top-down influences of cognition on perception.
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Kronsted, Christian, Zachariah A. Neemeh, Sean Kugele, and Stan Franklin. "Modeling Long-Term Intentions and Narratives in Autonomous Agents." Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Consciousness 08, no. 02 (April 17, 2021): 229–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2705078521500107.
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Across various fields it is argued that the self in part consists of an autobiographical self-narrative and that the self-narrative has an impact on agential behavior. Similarly, within action theory, it is claimed that the intentional structure of coherent long-term action is divided into a hierarchy of distal, proximal, and motor intentions. However, the concrete mechanisms for how narratives and distal intentions are generated and impact action is rarely fleshed out concretely. We here demonstrate how narratives and distal intentions can be generated within cognitive agents and how they can impact agential behavior over long time scales. We integrate narratives and distal intentions into the LIDA model, and demonstrate how they can guide agential action in a manner that is consistent with the Global Workspace Theory of consciousness. This paper serves both as an addition to the LIDA cognitive architecture and an elucidation of how narratives and distal intention emerge and play their role in cognition and action
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Singh, Sumitabh, Andreas Ebbehoj, Nikki Stricker, Michelle Mielke, J. Michael Bostwick, Ann L. Rivard, Ravinder J. Singh, et al. "Urinary Steroid Metabolome Signature is Associated With Cognitive Function in Older Adults." Journal of the Endocrine Society 5, Supplement_1 (May 1, 2021): A100—A101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jendso/bvab048.201.
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Abstract Background: Elevated urine cortisol (<1% of urinary steroid metabolome) was reported to predict future development of dementia. Our objective was to determine the association of urine steroid metabolome and its diurnal variation with cognitive function in men and women. Methods: Cross-sectional study of community-dwelling adults ≥ 50 years. Participants with adrenal disorders, end-stage renal or liver disease, on exogenous steroids or drugs affecting steroid metabolism were excluded. All participants completed day and night separate urine collection. A series of seven IPad-based tests using the National Institute of Health Toolbox Cognition Battery were administered to evaluate five key domains; performance was reported using fully corrected T-scores for age, sex, education, and race with a national normative mean of 50. T-scores were generated for the two summary measures: 1) fluid cognition (includes executive function, episodic memory, working memory, and processing speed), and 2) total composite (composite of fluid and language score). Urine samples were analyzed with the liquid-chromatography, high-resolution, accurate-mass mass spectrometry for 25 urine steroid metabolites. Results: Of 109 participants, 56 (51%) were women, and age and educational status were similar in men and women. On cognitive assessment, men and women had similar median composite cognition (T-score of 53 vs 54, p=0.74) and fluid cognition (T-score of 53 vs 51, p-value 0.96). Urine steroid metabolome analysis demonstrated 21/25 steroids were higher in men vs women. In both women and men, the ratio of total cortisol metabolites/total androgen metabolites (TCM/TAM) was associated with lower fluid cognition (women: ρ= -0.34, p=0.01, men: ρ= -0.43, p=0.001) and composite cognition (women: ρ= -0.27, p=0.04, men: ρ= -0.39, p=0.004). Higher ratio of day to night TCM were associated with a better fluid cognition in men (ρ= 0.35, p=0.01), but not in women (ρ= -0.11, p=0.41). Steroid ratios suggesting a relative enzymatic deficiency of 5α-Reductase type 2 was associated with lower fluid cognition in women (ρ= -0.29, p=0.03). In men, the fluid composite score was associated with a relative deficiency in 21-Hydroxylase (ρ= 0.42, p=0.002), 3β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (ρ= 0.43, p=0.001), and P450oxidoreductase (ρ= -0.35, p=0.01). Conclusion: We showed that a higher glucocorticoid to androgen ratio and a flattened circadian steroid variation were associated with lower global and fluid cognition score. Steroid ratios reflecting steroidogenesis enzymatic activity demonstrated sex differences in relation to cognition. Additional studies should examine whether the steroid fingerprint associated with lower cognition is predictive of a future dementia onset.
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Wang, Weimin, and Shitao Huo. "Cognitive Trap: Misperceptions in the US and China Relations." International Journal of Social Science Studies 8, no. 4 (June 3, 2020): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/ijsss.v8i4.4886.
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Existing scholarship focuses on power or dysfunctional institutions to explain instability of international relations and resulting conflict among great powers. We argue that the extant deterioration of the US-China relation is the result of cognition based on self-centric generated misperception. Our study shows that rather than asymmetric power distribution or the dysfunctional institutions, it is biased and distorted cognition that trigger misunderstanding, which ultimately invites the spiral escalation of suspicions and hostile competition between the two sides. Our argument is primarily justified by our critique over normative approaches, and our proposed political-cognitive model; and then we evaluate the political implications of neglected commonalities, ignored distinctions and exaggerated differences in each party’s cognitive processes. Utilizing several analytical variables incorporating observable past experiences and current development in the power transition and in domestic politics of both countries, we found how often the states can be easily galvanized into actions of hostility with misperceptions; and how easy a benign environment for co-evolution can be cooked down to vicious situation for confrontation. We concluded that any action taken by great powers in their relations are the result of cognitive approaches. Clarifying ignorance and misinterpretations in their cognitive activities help mitigate the tensions instigated by biases and distortions. Competition through reciprocity for the great power relations is critical not only due to the deadly constraints in the militarily option, it is pragmatically most cost-beneficial because all it requires is to nurture appropriate cognition that respects the difference over uniformity, and trust regime's rationality for innovation.
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Lawson, Rachael A., Caroline H. Williams-Gray, Marta Camacho, Gordon W. Duncan, Tien K. Khoo, David P. Breen, Roger A. Barker, Lynn Rochester, David J. Burn, and Alison J. Yarnall. "Which Neuropsychological Tests? Predicting Cognitive Decline and Dementia in Parkinson’s Disease in the ICICLE-PD Cohort." Journal of Parkinson's Disease 11, no. 3 (August 2, 2021): 1297–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jpd-212581.
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Background: Cognitive impairment is common in Parkinson’s disease (PD), with 80% cumulatively developing dementia (PDD). Objective: We sought to identify tests that are sensitive to change over time above normal ageing so as to refine the neuropsychological tests predictive of PDD. Methods: Participants with newly diagnosed PD (n = 211) and age-matched controls (n = 99) completed a range of clinical and neuropsychological tests as part of the ICICLE-PD study at 18-month intervals over 72 months. Impairments on tests were determined using control means (<1-2SD) and median scores. Mild cognitive impairment (PD-MCI) was classified using 1-2SD below normative values. Linear mixed effects modelling assessed cognitive decline, while Cox regression identified baseline predictors of PDD. Results: At 72 months, 46 (cumulative probability 33.9%) participants had developed PDD; these participants declined at a faster rate in tests of global cognition, verbal fluency, memory and attention (p < 0.05) compared to those who remained dementia-free. Impaired baseline global cognition, visual memory and attention using median cut-offs were the best predictors of early PDD (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.88, p < 0.001) compared to control-generated cut-offs (AUC = 0.76–0.84, p < 0.001) and PD-MCI (AUC = 0.64–0.81, p < 0.001). Impaired global cognition and semantic fluency were the most useful brief tests employable in a clinical setting (AUC = 0.79, p < 0.001). Conclusion: Verbal fluency, attention and memory were sensitive to change in early PDD and may be suitable tests to measure therapeutic response in future interventions. Impaired global cognition, attention and visual memory were the most accurate predictors for developing a PDD. Future studies could consider adopting these tests for patient clinical trial stratification.
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Blumen, Helena. "NONINVASIVE INTERVENTIONS IN HEALTHY AND AT-RISK OLDER ADULTS: THE CASE FOR SOCIAL DANCING." Innovation in Aging 7, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2023): 381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igad104.1263.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Physical and cognitive activities can induce neuroplasticity and lead to modest improvements on cognition in healthy and at-risk older adults. Yet, many unanswered questions remain – including what type of physical, cognitive, or combination of physical and cognitive activities, are most beneficial, and to whom (e.g., healthy, or at-risk older adults). This single-blind randomized clinical trial (RCT; NCT03475316) contrasted 6 months of social ballroom dancing with 6 months of treadmill-walking. Twenty-five dementia-at-risk older adults (mean age = 76.45 years; 66% women; 48% White/Caucasian; 24% Black/African American; 20% Hispanic/Latino) were randomized between June 2019 and March 2020. Sixteen participants completed this RCT prior to early study termination due to COVID-19 (8 in each study arm). Dementia-at-risk was defined as a memory impairment screen score of ≥3 to ≤6, and/or and AD-dementia screening interview of ≥1. A composite measure of executive function – generated from digit-symbol-substitution, flanker interference, and walking-while-talking tasks – improved following both social dancing and treadmill-walking. Yet, social dancing generated greater improvements than treadmill-walking on the digit symbol substitution task. No intervention-related differences were observed in brain activation. Less hippocampal atrophy, however, was observed in the social dancing arm than in the treadmill-walking arm. These preliminary findings partly support the hypothesis that social dancing may promote neuroplasticity and benefit cognition to a greater extent than traditional physical activities. This is presumably because social dancing is not only a physical demanding activity, but also a socially and cognitively challenging activity. Yet, these findings need to be confirmed in larger-scale RCTs
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Zhu, Xuanqi. "Social cognition and human aesthetic niche—the evolving human cognition as a participant of human niche construction." F1000Research 12 (April 13, 2023): 392. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.129672.1.
Full textAbstract:
Aesthetic phenomena have been intertwined with the life of humans to a significant degree that is not observed in non-human animals. The complexity and subtlety of it have long been regarded as one symbol of human’s exceptional cognitive power. This power can sometimes be misrepresented by a view that regards human aesthetic behaviours as innate/encoded and automated settings that are brought along with the human brain. In scenarios like this, the naturally selected brain takes up a role as some super explanator—by appealing to the configurations of the neural connectivity as reasons/causations for observed phenotypic traits. Therefore, this line of thinking can sometimes obscure the role played by the sociocultural background in affecting those configurations. By drawing upon the notion of niche construction, I will propose a nature-nurture coevolving framework for understanding human cognitive evolution. It will be argued that the evolutionary trajectory of human cognition is heavily defined by and is, therefore, better understood through the lens of a human cultural niche and of contextualised/context-dependent expressions of human behavioural traits. This view will be delivered by highlighting the dynamics between selective pressures and the differential expression of human phenotypic traits and acknowledging the evolutionary causal role of human cultural behaviours and practices. Finally, I argue that a major evolution of social cognition was brought about through an aesthetic tradition of the Acheulean and conclude by briefly proposing a potential subject for future study. The basic research method applied in this article is theoretical deduction. Specifically, a restricted interdisciplinary investigation that concerns academic literature from relevant fields (centring on the topic of niche construction) of archaeology, evolutionary biology and human cognition was used. Furthermore, through a process of assessing and identifying of plausible evidence, the abovementioned arguments of this study are generated.