Journal articles: 'Wildlife tolerance'

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Treves, A., and J. Bruskotter. "Tolerance for Predatory Wildlife." Science 344, no. 6183 (May 1, 2014): 476–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1252690.

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Serenari, Christopher. "Beyond Tolerance: Mitigating Human–Wildlife Conflict with Hospitality." Animals 14, no. 8 (April 15, 2024): 1185. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani14081185.

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Tolerance has become a central position in wildlife conservation thought, and a goal in and of itself. Appeals to tolerance are expected to grow as the planet becomes more crowded, species are lost, and habitat is degraded. The concept has been uncritically adopted in wildlife conservation to mitigate human–wildlife conflicts (HWCs). However, scholars have demonstrated that tolerance is burdened with limitations, paradoxes, and shortcomings. Thus, blind adherence to it is not expected to produce a coexistence design necessary to sustain wildlife populations in the long term. This paper is a conceptual scoping project that engages a summary and critique of tolerance as a design principle within wildlife conservation governance. After introducing a resultant theory of dysfunctional human–wildlife coexistence, a pathway toward hospitality as a social institution is outlined via several commitments societies can make to transition to an era of normalizing a process of sincere welcoming, care, and support. The transition from tolerance to hospitality will entail shifting responsibility to humans to modify their behavior to help keep wildlife invisible where it is essential, learning about what wildlife want and need, and ensuring wildlife is not injured for being themselves.

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S, Arshath Iqram, Gayathri A, and Rajeshkumar S. "Study on comparative assessment of human tolerance towards wildlife in coimbatore district (karamadai, thondamuthur & periyanaickenpalayam), tamil nadu." Kongunadu Research Journal 7, no. 2 (October 5, 2020): 39–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.26524/krj.2020.20.

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Human Wildlife conflict is an emerged problem in wildlife today. Our study deals with assessing the tolerance level of human towards wildlife by taking some parts of Coimbatore like Karamdai,Thondamuthur and Periyanaickenpalayam as study area. These are areas where human conflict with wildlife and wildlife conflict with human are often seen. Conflict with animals like wild boar, peacock,elephant and deer are seen here. The aim of our study is to analyze the original tolerance level of people towards human wildlife conflicts, to compare the tolerance level of people towards different animals, to compare the tolerance level of on comparing with different groups on basis of age, gender, occupation,forest area coverage and losses faced. Our study was conducted on December 2018 and about 48 peoples are investigated in our study area. The voices of people were recorded in phone and tolerancepercentages were given. The mean tolerance level of the people was found to be 58.75%. About 23% of people showed 90% level of tolerance. The comparative tolerance levels between different groups of people were discussed. The reasons behind the factors which determine the tolerance level of groups were also discussed.

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Karanth, Krithi K., Shivangi Jain, and Erika Weinthal. "Human–wildlife interactions and attitudes towards wildlife and wildlife reserves in Rajasthan, India." Oryx 53, no. 3 (December 21, 2017): 523–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605317001028.

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AbstractHuman–wildlife interactions affect people's livelihoods, attitudes and tolerance towards wildlife and wildlife reserves. To investigate the effect of such interactions on people's attitudes and livelihoods, we surveyed 2,233 households located around four wildlife reserves in Rajasthan, India. We modelled respondents’ attitudes towards wildlife and wildlife reserves, experience of crop damage and livestock predation, and likelihood of mitigation use. Crop damage was reported by 76% of surveyed households, and livestock predation was reported by 15%. Seventy-one percent of households used at least one of eight mitigation measures against crop damage, and 19% used at least one of seven mitigation measures against livestock predation. We found that male respondents and households with a higher level of education valued wildlife and wildlife reserves more. Households at higher elevations and growing a greater variety of crops were more prone to crop damage. Proximity to reserves, elevation and larger livestock herds were associated with a higher incidence of livestock predation. Households in which a member had > 12 years of schooling and households with a history (6–10 years) of interaction with wildlife (i.e. crop damage) were most likely to use mitigation against crop damage. Households that owned more livestock and had a history of interaction (1–5 years and > 10 years) were most likely to mitigate against predation. Our comparative study provides insights into factors that influence interaction and tolerance, which could be used to improve existing management and prevention efforts in Rajasthan.

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Tassell, Larry W. Van, Bozheng Yang, and Clynn Phillips. "Depredation Claim Behavior and Tolerance of Wildlife in Wyoming." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 32, no. 1 (April 2000): 175–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800027917.

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AbstractWyoming Game and Fish Department depredation payments were established to increase landowner tolerance toward, and thus the supply of, certain types of wildlife. This study examined how socio-economic and demographic characteristics of farmers and ranchers in Wyoming relate to tolerance toward wildlife and depredation claim submission. The severity of depredation and landowner satisfaction with the depredation policy were evaluated. The financial stability and economic intent of farmers and ranchers significantly influenced tolerance toward wildlife. Landowners tended to be less tolerant of depredation ensuing from elk. The complexity of the submission process was a deterrent to damage claim submissions.

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Kansky, Ruth, Martin Kidd, and Andrew T. Knight. "A wildlife tolerance model and case study for understanding human wildlife conflicts." Biological Conservation 201 (September 2016): 137–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2016.07.002.

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Ngene, Shadrack Mumo. "Zero Tolerance: Evolving Wildlife Management in Kenya." International Journal of Environmental Protection and Policy 1, no. 2 (2013): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ijepp.20130102.12.

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Gogoi, Mayuri. "Emotional coping among communities affected by wildlife–caused damage in north-east India: opportunities for building tolerance and improving conservation outcomes." Oryx 52, no. 2 (January 21, 2018): 214–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605317001193.

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AbstractHuman–wildlife conflict has been the focus of much research, and incidents of damage caused by wildlife to communities, as well as damage inflicted on wildlife by people, have been studied extensively to determine causes, conditions, impacts and mitigation strategies. However, few studies have explored the coping strategies employed by communities to deal with these stressful events. Understanding coping is important, as effective coping builds tolerance towards wildlife, whereas poor coping erodes tolerance and thus jeopardizes conservation. Interviews conducted with people who had experienced damage caused by wild elephantsElephas maximusin eight villages of Assam, in north-east India, found that the stress experienced by the communities as a result of the damage was eased by their religious beliefs associated with elephants, and their feelings of empathy towards these animals. Belief in the elephant as God and as avenger of wrong-doing further strengthened people's coping capacity. These findings have positive implications for elephant conservation, showing that people's tolerance towards marauding elephants can be based on religious beliefs rather than compensation for losses.

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Saif, Omar, Ruth Kansky, Anwar Palash, Martin Kidd, and Andrew T. Knight. "Costs of coexistence: understanding the drivers of tolerance towards Asian elephants Elephas maximus in rural Bangladesh." Oryx 54, no. 5 (March 19, 2019): 603–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605318001072.

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AbstractHabitat degradation and fragmentation have heightened the importance of understanding human tolerance towards wildlife, as the fate of wildlife in multi-use landscapes depends on people's capacity for coexistence. We applied the wildlife tolerance model to examine drivers of tolerance towards Asian elephants Elephas maximus in rural Bangladesh, interviewing local people in 17 villages. We used structural equation modelling to identify causal pathways in which elephant-related exposure, positive and negative interactions, costs and benefits (tangible and intangible) contributed to tolerance. Contrary to expectations, monetary costs were non-significant in shaping tolerance despite major impacts on livelihoods. Instead, intangible costs and intangible benefits were significant factors determining tolerance. Furthermore, reducing people's exposure to elephants would not necessarily affect tolerance, nor would increasing positive interactions. We discuss how the socio-economic and bio-cultural dynamics of local communities can explain these results, and demonstrate how our model can be used to incorporate such complexities into conservation decision-making. For instance, compensation schemes aim to recompense monetary losses and direct damages, to improve tolerance, whereas our results suggest a more effective approach would be to enhance resilience to non-monetary costs and improve perceived benefits. We conclude that future studies should pay increased attention to intangible costs and consider the less direct drivers of tolerance. Through repeated testing of universal models such as that presented here, broad trends may emerge that will facilitate the application of policies across contexts and landscapes.

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Wandaka, John K. M., and Kabii M. Francis. "Analysis of Impacts of Land Use Changes in Kitengela Conservation Area on Migratory Wildlife of Nairobi National Park, Kenya." International Journal of Applied Science 2, no. 2 (June 14, 2019): p41. http://dx.doi.org/10.30560/ijas.v2n2p41.

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Nairobi National Park (NNP) in Kenya was established in 1946 to conserve the abundance and diversity of wildlife in the Kitengela-Athi-Kaputei plains, from excessive exploitation. It is currently fenced except on the Kitengela side across the Mbagathi River due to the sub-division of the group ranches, which commenced in the 1980s, limiting access of wildlife to the migratory corridor and dispersal areas. This paper is based on a study conducted to assess the impacts of the resultant land use changes in the Kitengela dispersal area/ migratory corridor on the migratory fauna of NNP, and to identify appropriate mitigation measures. The findings indicated that increased human settlement, led to changes in land uses which resulted into multiple negative impacts on the migratory wildlife of Nairobi National Park, mainly due to loss of dispersal area and blockage of migratory routes, leading to wildlife confinement, decreased wildlife tolerance and increased incidences of human wildlife conflicts. Data analysis indicated decline in migratory wildlife population thus negative effect (F=, 6.066, p<0.05). The findings also indicated that loss of migratory routes/dispersal area and reduced vegetation cover was regarded by 55% of the local community respondents as one of the main consequences of the land use changes resulting from the subdivision of the group ranches leading to decreased wildlife tolerance (β = 0.246) and wildlife confinement (β = 0.371) in NNP (p= 0.021, < 0.05, F= 2.678; R=0.179, R2= 0.032). The paper also discusses the mitigation measures for the longtime sustainability of the park, the dispersal area and migratory corridor, including holistic implementation of the Kitengela-Isinya-Kipeto Local Physical Development Plan, mapping and protection of the vital wildlife areas within the migratory range, including the wildebeest calving area in North Kaputiei.

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Marcot, Bruce G., Janet L. Ohmann, Kim Mellen-McLean, and Karen L. Waddell. "Synthesis of Regional Wildlife and Vegetation Field Studies to Guide Management of Standing and Down Dead Trees." Forest Science 56, no. 4 (August 1, 2010): 391–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/56.4.391.

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Abstract We used novel methods for combining information from wildlife and vegetation field studies to develop guidelines for managing dead wood for wildlife and biodiversity. The DecAID Decayed Wood Advisor presents data on wildlife use of standing and down dead trees (snags and down wood) and summaries of regional vegetation plot data depicting dead wood conditions, for forests across the Pacific Northwest United States. We combined data on wildlife use by snag diameter and density and by down wood diameter and cover, across studies, using parametric techniques of meta-analysis. We calculated tolerance intervals, which represent the percentage of each species' population that uses particular sizes or amounts of snags and down wood, and rank-ordered the species into cumulative species curves. We combined data on snags and down wood from > 16,000 field plots from three regional forest inventories and calculated distribution-free tolerance intervals compatible with those compiled for wildlife to facilitate integrated analysis. We illustrate our methods using an example for one vegetation condition. The statistical summaries in DecAID use a probabilistic approach, which works well in a risk analysis and management framework, rather than a deterministic approach. Our methods may prove useful to others faced with similar problems of combining information across studies in other regions or for other data types.

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Larson, Kelli L., Jose-Benito Rosales Chavez, Jeffrey A. Brown, Jorge Morales-Guerrero, and Dayanara Avilez. "Human–Wildlife Interactions and Coexistence in an Urban Desert Environment." Sustainability 15, no. 4 (February 10, 2023): 3307. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15043307.

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Negative interactions between people and wildlife pose a significant challenge to their coexistence. Past research on human–wildlife interactions has largely focused on conflicts involving carnivores in rural areas. Additional research is needed in urban areas to examine the full array of negative and positive interactions between people and wildlife. In this study, we have conducted interviews in the desert metropolis of Phoenix, Arizona (USA), to explore residents’ everyday interactions with wildlife where they live. Our multifaceted approach examines interactions involving physical contact and observational experiences, as well as associated attitudinal and behavioral responses and actions toward wildlife. Overall, the qualitative analysis of residents’ narratives identified two distinct groups: people who are indifferent toward wildlife where they live, and those who appreciate and steward wildlife. Instead of revealing conflicts and negative interactions toward wildlife, our findings underscore the positive interactions that can foster human wellbeing in urban areas. The holistic approach presented herein can advance knowledge and the management of coexistence, which involves not only managing conflicts but also tolerance, acceptance, and stewardship. Understanding diverse human–wildlife interactions and managing coexistence can advance both wildlife conservation and human wellbeing in cities.

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Dechner, Andrea. "Emotions and the tolerance of large carnivores: pumas in a crop-based landscape in Brazil." Environmental Conservation 48, no. 2 (January 25, 2021): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892920000533.

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SummaryUnderstanding the factors that affect the tolerance of carnivores is critical for proposing strategies for their conservation. A widely known hazard-acceptance model for large carnivores proposes that, unlike cognitive factors, emotional (affective) factors are secondary drivers of tolerance towards these species. The main objective of this article is to compare the effect of affective and cognitive factors on the tolerance of pumas (Puma concolor), using 109 semi-structured interviews conducted in a rural landscape in the state of Bahia (Brazil). Through the use of cumulative link models I found that although the cognitive model explained a considerable amount of variability (gen. R2 = 0.38) in the tolerance of the species, the affective model explained a higher amount of variability (gen. R2 = 0.44). In addition, an integrative model containing cognitive and affective factors explained the highest amount of variability (gen. R2 = 0.51). Contrary to what has been believed for decades, humans may not process information regarding wildlife from a purely analytical viewpoint, and social-based strategies for carnivore conservation should benefit from integrative approaches that consider emotional responses to wildlife.

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GADD, MICHELLE E. "Conservation outside of parks: attitudes of local people in Laikipia, Kenya." Environmental Conservation 32, no. 1 (March 2005): 50–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892905001918.

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Conflict between wildlife and people can erode local support for conservation. Wildlife-based benefits are intended to offset costs and encourage tolerance or stewardship, but where the linkage between benefits and wildlife is not understood, benefits may be ineffective at bolstering conservation. In Laikipia, Kenya, wildlife and areas devoted to wildlife are on the increase, but most residents still suffer losses to wildlife and derive minimal benefits. The elephant situation is particularly problematic because elephants may compete with livestock for resources, raid people's crops, and chase and kill livestock and people. Although most unprotected elephant range in East Africa is in semi-arid rangelands occupied by pastoralists, previous research has emphasized agricultural, not pastoral or agri-pastoral conflicts. Between 1999 and 2002, interviews were conducted in Laikipia District to examine whether pastoralists also experience conflict, and to determine whether wildlife conservation provided appreciable benefits to residents, or fostered pro-conservation attitudes among residents. Three properties, Endana, Koija and Mpala, were selected to include the two primary land uses in Laikipia (livestock and agriculture) and two levels of wildlife-based benefits (indirect benefits and direct benefits from a locally-owned tourism operation). People were negative about many aspects of local wildlife conservation, especially animals that raided crops or were dangerous. Fundamental differences in attitudes were attributable to primary land use; within ethnic groups, people practising agriculture were less tolerant of elephants than people practising pastoralism. Despite evidence that elephants may compete with livestock for forage, ecological competition was not a primary concern among cattle-keeping people. In communities that received indirect benefits from tourism or wildlife, the connection between wildlife and employment or aid in kind was usually overlooked. Unlike elsewhere in Africa, education and wealth did not correlate with positive attitudes towards wildlife because the tourism programme was improving the situation and the outlook of people lacking education and material wealth. Pastoral people with indirect financial benefits expressed positive attitudes towards elephants for aesthetic reasons, while pastoral people with direct benefits cited financial rewards derived from tourism but attributed aesthetic values to living with elephants. The programme in the pastoral community receiving benefits was exemplary in that benefits were tangible, and the participants appreciated the linkage between benefits and active conservation. Land conversion from pastoralism to agriculture threatens elephant survival, not only in terms of habitat loss, but also in terms of lost tolerance among people who have shifted to farming.

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Bruskotter, Jeremy T., Ajay Singh, David C. Fulton, and Kristina Slagle. "Assessing Tolerance for Wildlife: Clarifying Relations Between Concepts and Measures." Human Dimensions of Wildlife 20, no. 3 (May 4, 2015): 255–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10871209.2015.1016387.

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Heeren, Alexander, Helen Bowman, Victoria Monroe, David Dodge, and Kent Smirl. "Coyote Management Plans and Wildlife Watch: implications for community coaching approach to public outreach in southern California." California Fish and Wildlife Journal 107, no. 3 (November 2, 2021): 278–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.51492/cfwj.hwisi.9.

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The majority of residents in southern California live in urban areas. Therefore, working with cities to promote tolerance and coexistence with urban wildlife is crucial to the conservation and management of native species. Human conflicts with coyotes (Canis latrans) illustrate the importance of incorporating the social sciences, particularly knowledge of human behavior, communication, and education, in a coyote management strategy. Here, we review 199 cities across southern California to determine which localities have a coyote management website or a coyote management plan. We also included cities that have collaborated with the California Department of Fish and Wildlife in developing a “Wildlife Watch” program model. Wildlife Watch (based on the Neighborhood Watch national crime prevention program) uses conservation-oriented principles to empower local communities, agencies, and residents to remove wildlife attractants and to exclude or deter coyotes from neighborhoods. We examine how cities with coyote management websites and programs differ from cities without, based on U.S. census demographics. Using data from coyote conflict and sighting tools (Coyote Cacher, iNaturalist, and CDFW’s Wildlife Incident Reporting System) we compare coyote reports across cities with different management plans and websites. Finally, based on demographics from the US Census, we examine ways Wildlife Watch, or related programs, can be expanded and improved. An adaptive community-based program, like Wildlife Watch, offers a valuable toolkit to managers for navigating the diverse array of human perceptions, values, and attitudes regarding urban species and human-wildlife conflicts.

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E. Twigg, Laurie, Laurie E. Twigg, Dennis R. King, and Dennis R. King. "Artificially enhanced tolerance to fluoroacetate and its implications for wildlife conservation." Pacific Conservation Biology 6, no. 1 (2000): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc000009.

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It is with some concern that we have been following a research programme aimed at developing non-specific, genetically modified ruminant bacteria capable of detoxifying fluoroacetate (Compound 1080) to protect domestic livestock from fluoroacetate-poisoning (Gregg et al. 1994; Gregg et al. 1998; Synergy 1998). The main thrust of this research programme is the prevention of cattle losses in the Georgina Basin in the Northern Territory and Queensland where the toxic plant, Gidgee Acacia georginae occurs. Although rarely mentioned in formal reports of this work, 1080 is an important vertebrate pesticide that is widely used throughout Australia and New Zealand. It is the first defence against a number of pest species that impact on agricultural production and conservation efforts in both countries. The main concerns about this work relate to the potential lack of target specificity of these modified microorganisms, and also, if released, their potential impact on conservation biology. We raise these questions now because the Genetic Manipulation Advisory Council has been approached for approval to conduct field trials in Western Australia using the modified bacteria. We believe the perceived advantages and disadvantages of these modified organisms need informed debate before such approval, or any general release of these modified rumen bacteria, could be considered.

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Schusler, Tania M., Lisa C. Chase, and Daniel J. Decker. "Community‐based comanagement: Sharing responsibility when tolerance for wildlife is exceeded." Human Dimensions of Wildlife 5, no. 3 (September 2000): 34–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10871200009359186.

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Brenner, Lara J., and Elizabeth Covelli Metcalf. "Beyond the tolerance/intolerance dichotomy: incorporating attitudes and acceptability into a robust definition of social tolerance of wildlife." Human Dimensions of Wildlife 25, no. 3 (December 11, 2019): 259–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10871209.2019.1702741.

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Uchida, Kenta, and Daniel T. Blumstein. "Habituation or sensitization? Long-term responses of yellow-bellied marmots to human disturbance." Behavioral Ecology 32, no. 4 (April 3, 2021): 668–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arab016.

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Abstract Continuous exposure to humans causes wildlife to either habituate or sensitize. Although increased tolerance may play an important role in coexistence with humans, the mechanisms and fitness outcomes of long-term changes of tolerance are not fully understood because only a few studies have assessed individual- and population-level responses over many years. We developed a novel predictive framework to study habituation and sensitization to humans and applied it to yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventer) in areas of high and low human disturbance. We focused on two antipredator behaviors—time allocation to vigilance during foraging to quantify baseline vigilance levels and flight initiation distance (FID)—to quantify subsequent responsiveness to threat. We used the rate of body mass gain during the active season as a fitness outcome. Assessing 15 years’ population and individual-level responses to human disturbances, marmots in highly disturbed colonies allocated more time to vigilance, but this did not change over time. FID decreased on average when they were approached more and also tended to decrease in highly disturbed colonies and over 15 years. Yet, there was individuality in FIDs; marmots that fled at greater distances became sensitized with repeated approaches. Additionally, the marmots in highly disturbed colonies gained less body mass over time compared to conspecifics in less disturbed colonies. These results suggested that, although marmots habituated to humans, long-term human disturbance has negative fitness consequences. Our framework should help wildlife managers evaluate the comprehensive impact of human activities on wildlife.

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Baker, Lynne R., Ibrahim A. Radda, Vastinah N. Teneke, Edward Kadala, Rodney X. Sturdivant, and Gwaha A. Madwatte. "Factors Influencing Acceptance of Hippopotamus at a Large Reservoir in Nigeria." Conservation 2, no. 4 (October 27, 2022): 662–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/conservation2040043.

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In a world increasingly affected by human presence and activities, achieving human–wildlife coexistence has become the goal of many wildlife conservation programs. Coexistence requires an understanding of factors that contribute to human tolerance and acceptance of problematic wildlife. In four communities in Nigeria, we used structured and semi-structured interviews to explore local people’s acceptance of the river hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius) at a large reservoir with high human impact and where other conspicuous, damage-causing species are absent. We collected data two years apart to evaluate whether acceptance changed over time. Acceptance was low among respondents (21%). Logistic-regression results showed that attitudes, beliefs related to benefits and risks, behaviors toward hippos, study period, and income source significantly influenced acceptance of hippos. Results from Woolf tests showed that hippo-caused human fatalities most notably modified the observed decline in acceptance between study years. The potential significant impact of rare, yet severe events (in this case, human fatalities) on acceptance of wildlife and thus human–wildlife coexistence was supported in this study, one of few focused on hippo-human relations. For conservation and development interventions to be effective at this site, they should, at a minimum, improve human safety around hippos, emphasize current and potential benefits of hippos, create avenues for off-farm income, and reduce crop losses owing to hippos.

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Whitehead, Andrew, Whitney Pilcher, Denise Champlin, and Diane Nacci. "Common mechanism underlies repeated evolution of extreme pollution tolerance." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1728 (July 6, 2011): 427–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.0847.

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Human alterations to the environment can exert strong evolutionary pressures, yet contemporary adaptation to human-mediated stressors is rarely documented in wildlife populations. A common-garden experimental design was coupled with comparative transcriptomics to discover evolved mechanisms enabling three populations of killifish resident in urban estuaries to survive normally lethal pollution exposure during development, and to test whether mechanisms are unique or common across populations. We show that killifish populations from these polluted sites have independently converged on a common adaptive mechanism, despite variation in contaminant profiles among sites. These populations are united by a similarly profound desensitization of aryl-hydrocarbon receptor-mediated transcriptional activation, which is associated with extreme tolerance to the lethal effects of toxic dioxin-like pollutants. The rapid, repeated, heritable and convergent nature of evolved tolerance suggests that ancestral killifish populations harboured genotypes that enabled adaptation to twentieth-century industrial pollutants.

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Tryjanowski, Piotr, Jakub Z. Kosicki, Martin Hromada, and Peter Mikula. "The emergence of tolerance of human disturbance in Neotropical birds." Journal of Tropical Ecology 36, no. 1 (October 8, 2019): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467419000282.

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AbstractAnimals living close to human settlements more often experience disturbance, but also reduced predation risk. Because an escape response is costly, behavioural adjustments of animals in terms of increased tolerance of humans occurs and is often reported in the literature. However, most such studies have been conducted in and around long-existing cities in Europe and North America, on well-established animal populations. Here, we investigate the degree of tolerance of human disturbance across 132 bird species occurring in disturbed (small farms) and undisturbed (intact wetlands and grasslands) areas in Pantanal, Mato Grosso (Brazil), a region with only a very recent history of human-induced disturbance. We found a clear across-species trend toward higher tolerance of human disturbance in birds near farms when compared with birds in wild areas. Such a flexible and perhaps also rapid emergence of tolerance when facing small-scale and very recent human disturbance presumably involves learning and might be attributed to behavioural plasticity. The ability of birds to modify their degree of tolerance of human disturbance may play a key role in the facilitation of wildlife–human coexistence.

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McNutt, J. Weldon, Andrew B. Stein, Lesley Boggs McNutt, and Neil R. Jordan. "Living on the edge: characteristics of human–wildlife conflict in a traditional livestock community in Botswana." Wildlife Research 44, no. 7 (2017): 546. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr16160.

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Context Conflicts between wildlife and humans have occurred for millennia, and are major drivers of wildlife decline. To promote coexistence, Botswana established buffer zones called wildlife-management areas (WMAs) adjacent to National Parks and Reserves where communities assume stewardship of wildlife and derive financial benefits from it. In contrast, communities outside WMAs are generally excluded from these benefits despite incurring ‘coexistence costs’, including crop damage and livestock depredation, although they may receive compensation for these losses. Aims To investigate the perceptions and actions of a livestock farming community outside (but surrounded by) WMAs in northern Botswana, especially in relation to predator management. Methods We conducted standard-format interviews with 62 heads of households (cattleposts), and evaluated responses using descriptive and multivariate statistics. Key results Almost half (46%) of respondents expressed negative perceptions of predators, with 67% reporting losses to predation. After disease, predation was the most commonly reported source of livestock losses. Increased age of the head of household was the strongest predictor of reported predation. Few households employed husbandry beyond kraaling at night, but some (21%) reported conducting lethal control of predators. Reported use of lethal control was independent of the household experience with predation and whether they derived financial benefits from wildlife. Instead, households with larger herds were more likely to report using lethal control, despite the most educated farmers tending to have larger herds. Lethal control was almost twice as likely in households previously denied government compensation for losses (42%) than in those granted compensation (23%). Perhaps as a result of perceived failures of the government compensation scheme, most households (91%) supported the development of an independent insurance program, with 67% expressing willingness to pay a premium. Conclusions Our results challenge the assumption that deriving financial benefit from wildlife increases tolerance. A measurable disconnect also exists between the willingness of a household to employ lethal control and their experience with predation, suggesting that lethal control was used pre-emptively rather than reactively. Implications Efforts must be made to connect the financial costs incurred during farming alongside wildlife with the financial benefits derived from wildlife. Where compensation schemes exist, timely payments may reduce retaliatory killing.

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Frank, Beatrice. "Human–Wildlife Conflicts and the Need to Include Tolerance and Coexistence: An Introductory Comment." Society & Natural Resources 29, no. 6 (November 25, 2015): 738–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08941920.2015.1103388.

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Yin, Zijun, Yusuke Kamimura, and Tomoko Imoto. "Public tolerance of lethal wildlife management in Japan: A best–worst scaling questionnaire analysis." Journal of Environmental Management 345 (November 2023): 118602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118602.

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Skupien, Gregory M., Kimberly M. Andrews, and Lincoln R. Larson. "Teaching Tolerance? Effects of Conservation Education Programs on Wildlife Acceptance Capacity for the American Alligator." Human Dimensions of Wildlife 21, no. 3 (March 2, 2016): 264–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10871209.2016.1147624.

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Knox, Jillian, Kirstie Ruppert, Beatrice Frank, Carly C. Sponarski, and Jenny Anne Glikman. "Usage, definition, and measurement of coexistence, tolerance and acceptance in wildlife conservation research in Africa." Ambio 50, no. 2 (June 15, 2020): 301–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13280-020-01352-6.

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Pauli, B. P., R. J. Spaul, and J. A. Heath. "Forecasting disturbance effects on wildlife: tolerance does not mitigate effects of increased recreation on wildlands." Animal Conservation 20, no. 3 (October 17, 2016): 251–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/acv.12308.

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Allsop, Sinéad E., Shannon J. Dundas, Peter J. Adams, Tracey L. Kreplins, Philip W. Bateman, and Patricia A. Fleming. "Reduced efficacy of baiting programs for invasive species: some mechanisms and management implications." Pacific Conservation Biology 23, no. 3 (2017): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc17006.

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‘Bait-resistance’ is defined as progressive decreases in bait efficacy in controlled pest species populations. Understanding the mechanisms by which bait-resistance can develop is important for the sustainable control of pests worldwide, for both wildlife conservation programs and agricultural production. Bait-resistance is influenced by both behavioural (innate and learned bait-avoidance behaviour) and physiological aspects of the target pest species (its natural diet, its body mass, the mode of action of the toxin, and the animal’s ability to biochemically break down the toxin). In this review, we summarise the scientific literature, discuss factors that can lead to innate and learned aversion to baits, as well as physiological tolerance. We address the question of whether bait avoidance or tolerance to 1080 could develop in the red fox (Vulpes vulpes), an introduced predator of significant economic and environmental importance in Australia. Sublethal poisoning has been identified as the primary cause of both bait avoidance and increased toxin-tolerance, and so, finally, we provide examples of how management actions can minimise the risk of sublethal baits in pest species populations.

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Terada, Saeko, Christian Mikolo Yobo, Guy-Max Moussavou, and Naoki Matsuura. "Human-Elephant Conflict Around Moukalaba-Doudou National Park in Gabon: Socioeconomic Changes and Effects of Conservation Projects on Local Tolerance." Tropical Conservation Science 25 (January 2021): 194008292110267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/19400829211026775.

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Human-elephant conflict (HEC) poses a serious problem in Africa for both local livelihoods and elephant conservation. Elephant damage is the price local people pay for coexisting with this species, and is assumed to reduce tolerance for elephants. However, conservation-related projects, through the benefits they offer may enhance local tolerance toward elephants. This study aimed to examine how crop damage by elephants and the benefits gained from conservation activities affect local people’s tolerance toward elephants around Moukalaba-Doudou National Park in southwest Gabon based on long-term ethnographic research and interview surveys in two periods (2010 and 2019). Based on the results, crop damage by elephants had a significant negative impact on the local social economy, leading to a decrease in human population in the area and making local people highly resentful of elephants. However, in one of the villages where employment from research and conservation activities was concentrated, many acknowledged the benefits associated with wildlife and expressed high tolerance for elephants. These findings suggest that benefits from conservation activities can increase tolerance toward elephants, which is negatively affected by the crop damage they cause. However, it should also be noted that externally generated projects have limitations and drawbacks. It is important to establish a system in which the benefits of conservation are shared widely and distributed appropriately, and wherein income resources are diversified. Multisectoral interventions focusing on local socio-ecological vulnerability are needed to mitigate human-elephant conflict and advance the conservation of African elephants.

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HOGBERG, JAMIE, ADRIAN TREVES, BRET SHAW, and LISA NAUGHTON-TREVES. "Changes in attitudes toward wolves before and after an inaugural public hunting and trapping season: early evidence from Wisconsin's wolf range." Environmental Conservation 43, no. 1 (May 21, 2015): 45–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s037689291500017x.

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SUMMARYIn many areas, wildlife managers are turning to hunting programmes to increase public acceptance of predators. This study examines attitudes measured before and after a hunting and trapping season (wolf hunt) in Wisconsin (WI), USA, and casts some doubt on whether such programmes actually promote public acceptance. In Wisconsin, attitudes toward wolves (Canis lupus) were recorded before and after the inaugural regulated wolf hunt. Measuring longitudinal changes is particularly important in assessing management interventions. The attitudes of 736 previous respondents were resampled in 2013. Changes in individual responses to statements about emotions, behavioural intentions, beliefs, and attitudes toward wolves and wolf management between 2009 and 2013 were assessed using a nine-item scaled variable called ‘tolerance’. Although the majority (66%) of wolf range respondents approved of the decision to hold the hunt, the results indicate a negative trend in attitudes toward wolves among male respondents and hunters living in wolf range, both before and after the state's first legal hunt, suggesting that hunting was not associated with an increase in tolerance for the species after one year. Tolerance levels among female respondents remained stable throughout the study period.

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Djebaili, Yasmine, and Azeddine Bilami. "A Cross-Layer Fault Tolerant Protocol with Recovery Mechanism for Clustered Sensor Networks." International Journal of Distributed Systems and Technologies 9, no. 1 (January 2018): 55–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijdst.2018010104.

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This article describes how fault tolerance is an essential issue for many WSN (Wireless Sensor Network) applications such as wildlife monitoring, battlefield surveillance and health monitoring. It represents a great challenge for researchers regarding to the characteristics of sensor nodes which are prone to failures due essentially to their limited resources. Faults may occur, not only when sensor nodes exhaust their energy, but also when the congestion phenomenon emerges, because of a high traffic in the network and limited storage capacity of the sensor nodes. In order to support fault tolerance in WSNs, the authors propose a new scheme which incorporates a link quality estimation algorithm and a congestion detection mechanism to enable nodes that present high quality links to be chosen for routing in a non-congested area in case of faults. Evaluations through simulations under NS2 show that our proposed protocol tolerates faults with a minimum cost relatively to HEEP protocol and improves network's performances comparatively to other fault tolerant protocols such as EF-LEACH.

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PICHEGRU, LORIEN, TREVOR B. EDWARDS, BEN J. DILLEY, TOM P. FLOWER, and PETER G. RYAN. "African Penguin tolerance to humans depends on historical exposure at colony level." Bird Conservation International 26, no. 3 (May 24, 2016): 307–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270915000313.

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SummarySustainable ecotourism requires careful management of human impacts on wildlife. Contrasting responses to the disturbance caused by ecotourism are observed across taxa and within species, because species and populations can differ in their tolerance to humans. However, the mechanisms by which tolerance develops remain unclear. Penguin colonies are popular tourist attractions. Although ecotourism increases public awareness and generates conservation income, it can also disturb penguins, raising concerns for threatened species such as the African Penguin Spheniscus demersus, whose populations are in rapid decline. We compared the tolerance of African Penguins to human disturbance across four colonies with contrasting histories of human exposure. Human approaches invoked the least response at colonies where human exposure was highest, suggesting increased human tolerance with increased exposure. The response to humans close to the nest also decreased more rapidly in highly exposed individuals within colonies. These results were consistent independent of breeding stage, and were repeated among colonies. Because the impacts of human disturbance, including temporary nest desertion, were greatest at the colony with least human exposure, human disturbance of breeding African Penguins potentially may be mitigated through increased levels of tolerance to humans, or displacement of shyer individuals, although this could not be assessed in the present study.However, human exposure could significantly increase stress, impair reproduction and even reduce genetic diversity. Consequently, ecotourism must be managed carefully to minimize population level impacts, potentially by facilitating habituation in populations subject to non-threatening human disturbance, and maintaining some areas free of disturbance to allow shy individuals to breed.

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Fernández-Juricic, Esteban, María Dolores Jimenez, and Elena Lucas. "Alert distance as an alternative measure of bird tolerance to human disturbance: implications for park design." Environmental Conservation 28, no. 3 (September 2001): 263–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892901000273.

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Animal tolerance to human approaches may be used to establish buffers for wildlife that can minimize the probability that animals will be disturbed by human activity. Alert distance (the distance between an animal and an approaching human at which point the animal begins to exhibit alert behaviours to the human) has been proposed as an indicator of tolerance mainly for waterbirds; however, little is known about its utility for other bird species. The factors that influenced alert distances of four bird species to pedestrian approaches in five large wooded fragments in the city of Madrid (Spain) were analysed. Location of human activity affected only Passer domesticus alert distances, which increased in the proximity of pathways. Habitat structure modified alert distances of all the species (Passer domesticus, Turdus merula, Columba palumbus, and Pica pica), increasing bird tolerance with greater availability of escape cover (shrub and coniferous cover, and shrub height). Alert distances varied among species, with large species being less tolerant of human disturbance than small ones. Alert distance appears to be a more conservative indicator of tolerance than flight distances, because it includes a buffer zone (the difference between alert and flight distance) in which birds may adapt their reaction to the behaviour of visitors. Alert distance may be used in the determination of minimum approaching areas, allowing people to enjoy their visit to parks, and birds to use patches for foraging and breeding without being displaced.

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Devanda, Mahendra, and M. Jayashankar. "OBSERVATIONS ON BENGAL MONITOR LIZARD, VARANUS BENGHALENSIS IN ITANAGAR, ARUNACHAL PRADESH, INDIA: A REPORT." International Journal of Biological Innovations 04, no. 02 (2022): 309–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.46505/ijbi.2022.4207.

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Bengal Monitor Lizard, Varanus benghalensis, occurs on places, which are far from human settlements but in the present study, its presence was reported for the first time at three different public places in Itanagar, Papum Pare district, Arunachal Pradesh, the eastern Himalayan region. The sites of observation are parts of or adjacent to the Itanagar Wildlife Sanctuary, a global biodiversity hotspot of India. The size of the individuals observed was not large enough to attack any livestock. Moreover, conservation imbibed traditions among most local people suggested tolerance and offered a positive scenario for the survival of the species. However, the conservation of this 'Near Threatened' species seems necessary for the larger interest of biodiversity and humanity

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Straka, Tanja M., Maren Mischo, Konstantin J. S. Petrick, and Ingo Kowarik. "Urban Cemeteries as Shared Habitats for People and Nature: Reasons for Visit, Comforting Experiences of Nature, and Preferences for Cultural and Natural Features." Land 11, no. 8 (August 4, 2022): 1237. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11081237.

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Cemeteries are globally culturally protected greenspaces in cities that meet different societal needs and often harbor high biodiversity. To harness the potential of cemeteries as urban green infrastructure, stakeholders need to understand why people visit cemeteries and their preferences. We conducted an online survey in Berlin, Germany (n = 627) to understand (i) the reasons for cemetery visits; (ii) preferences for cemetery features; (iii) the effect of a dead tree as a wilderness component on preferences for differently managed green areas (wild, meadows, lawns); (iv) preferences of nature elements as comforting experiences; and (v) how reasons for the visit and sociodemographic variables relate to respondents’ preferences. The major reasons to visit cemeteries were ‘enjoying nature’, ‘mourning’, and ‘historical interest’ and most preferred cemetery features were ‘wildlife‘, ‘solitude’, and ‘vegetation‘. Presenting a dead tree did not modulate preference ratings for green areas that were depicted on photographs. Comforting experiences with nature elements were high overall. The reasons to visit had besides socio-demographic variables predictive potential on pronounced preferences. The results underscore the importance of cemeteries as multidimensional places and indicate tolerance for the inclusion of dead trees as important wildlife habitat. Strategies to develop cemeteries as shared habitats for people and nature should also consider, besides socio-demographic background, the reasons for cemetery visits.

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Yaduma, Z. B., S. K. Halidu, K. M. Adelakun, S. D. Olakunle, and N. Mohammed. "Assessment of wild-animal crop raiding and it’s influence on wildlife conservation around Kainji Lake National Park, Nigeria." Journal of Biodiversity Conservation and Bioresource Management 10, no. 1 (June 30, 2024): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbcbm.v10i1.74595.

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This study examined the influence of wild animal crop raiding on wildlife conservation around Kainji Lake National Park, Nigeria. 150 questionnaires were administered to the affected farmers in the villages with farmland within 2 km of the park. The results show that the major occupation in the study area is farming, and 92% of the farmers affirmed frequent raiding of farmed crops, such as maize, rice, sorghum, millet, groundnut, beans, and yam by birds, baboons, monkeys, and rodents. The preventive measures adopted by the farmers include scarecrow (41.33%), watch guarding (20.67%), and trapping (16.67%). It was further confirmed by the majority (mean= 4.65±0.50) of respondents that incidents of crop raiding are a threat to the means of livelihood of affected farmers and consequently contribute to the unemployment menace in the study area. Respondents (mean= 3.83±0.43) confirmed the killing of the marauding wild animal whenever it is spotted to avoid future damage to their farm products. However, this study established from the farmers’ opinion that a major benefit attributed to compensation programs may increase the tolerance of wildlife and promote more positive attitudes and support for conservation among the local communities’. Biodivers. Conserv. Bioresour. Manag. 2024, 10(1): 45-58

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Twigg, Laurie. "Fluoroacetate-bearing vegetation: can it reduce the impact of exotic mammals on wildlife conservation?" Pacific Conservation Biology 17, no. 4 (2011): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc110299.

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THERE is no doubt that fluoroacetate-bearing vegetation (also known as poison peas) has had a profound effect on the evolution and persistence of Western Australian biota. Most of these plants belong to the genus Gastrolobium, and most are found in the south-west corner of Western Australia (Gardner and Bennetts 1956; Aplin 1971; Twigg and King 1991). The toxic principle of these plants, fluoroacetate, is also manufactured synthetically as 1080 (sodium fluoroacetate) for Australiawide control of vertebrate pests, such as rabbits Oryctolagus cuniculus, foxes Vulpes vulpes, wild dogs Canis lupus familiaris and feral Pigs Sus scrofa (Twigg and King 1991). Because of their co-evolution with fluoroacetate-bearing vegetation, many native animals in Western Australia have developed varying levels of tolerance to this highly toxic compound. In contrast, introduced mammals are generally highly sensitive to fluoroacetate. Although it is not a prerequisite for safe and effective pest control programmes with 1080, the toxicity differential between native and introduced animals provides an additional “safety net” when using 1080 products in Western Australia.

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Bejder, L., A. Samuels, H. Whitehead, H. Finn, and S. Allen. "Impact assessment research: use and misuse of habituation, sensitisation and tolerance in describing wildlife responses to anthropogenic stimuli." Marine Ecology Progress Series 395 (December 3, 2009): 177–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps07979.

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Kansky, Ruth, and Martin Kidd. "Putting yourself in an animal's shoes - empathy and intangible benefits drive tolerance towards wildlife in Namibian communal conservancies." Biological Conservation 293 (May 2024): 110588. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2024.110588.

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Montgomery, C. C., B. K. Behe, D. J. Eakes, T. S. Krentz, and V. V. Allen. "CULTIVAR AND IBA CONCENTRATION INFLUENCE ROOTING OF BUDDLEIA." HortScience 30, no. 3 (June 1995): 426b—426. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.3.426b.

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Buddleia, or butterfly bush, is a popular landscape plant because it attracts wildlife and has some heat and drought tolerance. Dirr and Heuser reported that softwood cuttings of most cultivars rooted well with a basal treatment of 3000 ppm IBA. A rooting study of 11 Buddleia cultivars was conducted in Sept. 1993 and was repeated in May 1994. Terminal softwood cuttings were treated with a quick dip of 0, 1500, 3000, 6000 ppm K-IBA. Generally, increasing rates of IBA increased root count and decreased root length. Root dry weight was minimally affected. `Royal Red', `Empire Blue', and `Lochinch' had 94% to 95% rooted cuttings. Other cultivars rooted equally better. Most cultivars produced shorter, more numerous roots in spring when a higher IBA concentration was used.

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Mikkelson, Jonathan R., and Rodney G. Lym. "Effect of Aminopyralid on Desirable Forb Species." Invasive Plant Science and Management 6, no. 1 (March 2013): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ipsm-d-12-00034.1.

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AbstractNative forbs are important for plant community function and diversity, and provide food and cover for wildlife. Field studies have been conducted throughout the western United States to determine the impact of herbicides applied to control invasive weeds on native forbs. However, locating adequate populations of native forbs for evaluation of tolerance to herbicides is often difficult. The susceptibility of nine native prairie forbs to aminopyralid applied at 30 to 120 g ha−1 was evaluated in a greenhouse study and results compared to the same or similar species in field trials. Forb susceptibility to aminopyralid varied by species. Of the forbs evaluated, azure aster, purple coneflower, and closed bottle gentian were the most tolerant to aminopyralid while prairie coneflower, great blue lobelia, harebell, and white prairie clover were the most susceptible and likely would be killed in the field. Blanket flower and showy goldenrod were moderately tolerant to aminopyralid even when applied at 120 g ha−1. The susceptibility of greenhouse-grown forbs to aminopyralid was comparable to results for the same or similar species in the field. Results from greenhouse trials could be used to predict native forb tolerance in the field.

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Silk, Matthew J., David J. Hodgson, Carly Rozins, Darren P. Croft, Richard J. Delahay, Mike Boots, and Robbie A. McDonald. "Integrating social behaviour, demography and disease dynamics in network models: applications to disease management in declining wildlife populations." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1781 (July 29, 2019): 20180211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0211.

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The emergence and spread of infections can contribute to the decline and extinction of populations, particularly in conjunction with anthropogenic environmental change. The importance of heterogeneity in processes of transmission, resistance and tolerance is increasingly well understood in theory, but empirical studies that consider both the demographic and behavioural implications of infection are scarce. Non-random mixing of host individuals can impact the demographic thresholds that determine the amplification or attenuation of disease prevalence. Risk assessment and management of disease in threatened wildlife populations must therefore consider not just host density, but also the social structure of host populations. Here we integrate the most recent developments in epidemiological research from a demographic and social network perspective, and synthesize the latest developments in social network modelling for wildlife disease, to explore their applications to disease management in populations in decline and at risk of extinction. We use simulated examples to support our key points and reveal how disease-management strategies can and should exploit both behavioural and demographic information to prevent or control the spread of disease. Our synthesis highlights the importance of considering the combined impacts of demographic and behavioural processes in epidemics to successful disease management in a conservation context. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Linking behaviour to dynamics of populations and communities: application of novel approaches in behavioural ecology to conservation’.

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Smith, Rachel S., Svoboda V. Pennisi, James Affolter, and Heather Alley. "Evaluation of Select Monarda Taxa in Montane and Piedmont Regions of Georgia: I. Horticultural Performance and Disease Tolerance." HortScience 59, no. 6 (June 2024): 759–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci17793-24.

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We evaluated several horticultural cultivars and species of Monarda, a genus native to North America with a center of diversity in the Southeast and advertised as beneficial to wildlife, to assess landscape performance with respect to vegetative habit, flower production, and disease tolerance in Georgia Piedmont and montane habitats. We established two experimental sites: the State Botanical Garden of Georgia in Athens (USDA Zone 8b) and the Georgia Mountain Education and Research Center in Blairsville (USDA Zone 7b). We then tracked plant performance over 2 years after establishment. Our study included 10 samples of Monarda, representing five cultivars and four species. Estimated height and width at flowering showed M. bradburiana, M. Sugar Buzz® Grape Gumball, and the M. punctata ecotypes were smaller than other tested taxa. M. fistulosa had the most flowers at the Blairsville site and equal flowering with M. punctata at the Athens location, but most taxa flowered for 2 to 3 months with ∼100 flowering stems per stand. All samples were susceptible to powdery mildew, but M. bradburiana displayed the highest level of tolerance. Otherwise, cultivars tended to be more tolerant to powdery mildew than species. The observed variations in horticultural characteristics and performance highlight the high value of this genus for Georgia landscapes.

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Rohr, Jason R., Thomas R. Raffel, Neal T. Halstead, Taegan A. McMahon, Steve A. Johnson, Raoul K. Boughton, and Lynn B. Martin. "Early-life exposure to a herbicide has enduring effects on pathogen-induced mortality." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280, no. 1772 (December 7, 2013): 20131502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.1502.

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Exposure to stressors at formative stages in the development of wildlife and humans can have enduring effects on health. Understanding which, when and how stressors cause enduring health effects is crucial because these stressors might then be avoided or mitigated during formative stages to prevent lasting increases in disease susceptibility. Nevertheless, the impact of early-life exposure to stressors on the ability of hosts to resist and tolerate infections has yet to be thoroughly investigated. Here, we show that early-life, 6-day exposure to the herbicide atrazine (mean ± s.e.: 65.9±3.48 µg l −1 ) increased frog mortality 46 days after atrazine exposure (post-metamorphosis), but only when frogs were challenged with a chytrid fungus implicated in global amphibian declines. Previous atrazine exposure did not affect resistance of infection (fungal load). Rather, early-life exposure to atrazine altered growth and development, which resulted in exposure to chytrid at more susceptible developmental stages and sizes, and reduced tolerance of infection, elevating mortality risk at an equivalent fungal burden to frogs unexposed to atrazine. Moreover, there was no evidence of recovery from atrazine exposure. Hence, reducing early-life exposure of amphibians to atrazine could reduce lasting increases in the risk of mortality from a disease associated with worldwide amphibian declines. More generally, these findings highlight that a better understanding of how stressors cause enduring effects on disease susceptibility could facilitate disease prevention in wildlife and humans, an approach that is often more cost-effective and efficient than reactive medicine.

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Zhang, Yan Ming, Chao Tian, Lu Ming Jiang, Yong Peng Li, Zhi Min Xiao, and Ji Lin Li. "Advantages of Perennial Crop on Conservation of Agroecological Environment." Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (May 2012): 5213–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.5213.

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Of human activities, agriculture is perhaps the most disruptive to the functioning of ecosystems around the world. As agriculture's impact on the Earth has been amplified by industrial farming, the agroecological environment is worsening. By developing perennial crops, however, would help deal with the multiple issues involving agroecological environmental conservation and economic benefits in a world of shrinking resources. It can provide multiple ecosystem services essential for sustainable production more effectively than production systems based on annual crops, such as reducing soil erosion, minimizing nutrient leaching, sequestering more C in soils, building better pest tolerance and providing continuous habitat for wildlife. This paper presents advantages of perennial crop system in agroecological benefits, introduces the important role of perennial crop at the development of sustainable agriculture, and prospects the significant utilization of perennial crop on conservation of agroecological environment.

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Puri, Mahi, Kristina L. Johannsen, Kaitlin O. Goode, and Elizabeth F. Pienaar. "Addressing the challenge of wildlife conservation in urban landscapes by increasing human tolerance for wildlife." People and Nature, February 15, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pan3.10604.

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Abstract Urbanization is a key driver of global environmental change and is adversely impacting wildlife populations. Human tolerance for wildlife is critical to wildlife conservation in urban areas. Using metropolitan Atlanta, Georgia, United States, as a case study, we investigated human tolerance for a range of different wildlife species. Almost half of the human–wildlife interactions that are reported to the state wildlife agency originate from metropolitan Atlanta, which is one of the fastest growing metropolises in the United States. We surveyed a representative sample of 1006 residents of metropolitan Atlanta in 2022. We found heterogeneity in respondents' tolerance for various species, although most respondents were intolerant of bobcats, coyotes, opossums and snakes. Respondents' tolerance for different species largely depended on their attitudes and emotions towards species, and their basic beliefs pertaining to wildlife and the relationships between humans and wildlife. We found some evidence that tolerance also depended on people's prior interactions with wildlife, their beliefs that they can mitigate conflicts with wildlife and their demographic characteristics. Our results suggest that communication that improves urban residents' attitudes towards wildlife and/or reinforces positive emotions towards wildlife may increase wildlife tolerance in urban areas. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

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Merz, Leandra, Jessica Kahler, Gilbert Mwale, and Brian Child. "“Although elephants bring problems, they also bring benefits:” The complexities of human-wildlife coexistence." Stacks, July 3, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.60102/stacks-24001.

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As wildlife populations decline globally, there is a growing need to discover ways that humans and wildlife can sustainably coexist in shared landscapes. One way to assess the potential for human-wildlife coexistence is by examining human attitudes, perceptions, and tolerance of wildlife. However, the relationships between these interlinked concepts are not always clear. Furthermore, much of the research on human tolerance of wildlife to date fails to assess differences across species. Here, we use a novel application of ethnoecological methodologies (including free-listing and pile-sorting) to assess local people’s attitudes toward and tolerance of a variety of wildlife species. We conducted our study in Mukungule Game Management Area outside North Luangwa National Park in Zambia. Our results reveal significant nuance in people’s attitudes toward and tolerance of local wildlife. We found that people generally like local wildlife, but the positive attitudes did not always translate into tolerance of those wildlife species. Elephants (Loxodonta africana) were collectively considered the most liked, disliked, beneficial, and harmful (according to Smith’s Salience scores from free-listing), and 32 percent of participants were tolerant of elephants. We highlight the importance of assessing determinants of tolerance within a local and species-specific context.

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Li, Mengjiao, Wei Jiang, Bajin Li, and Nathalie Butt. "Social and cultural aspects of human–wildlife conflicts: Understanding people's attitudes to crop‐raiding animals and other wildlife in agricultural systems of the Tibetan Plateau." Integrative Conservation, December 4, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/inc3.30.

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AbstractThe social dimensions of human–wildlife conflicts are becoming increasingly important. In regions where crop‐raiding is a common issue, local people's attitudes toward wildlife is an important indicator of how successful conservation efforts are likely to be. One such area is the east Tibetan Plateau—a biodiversity hotspot with well‐preserved forest ecosystems and mountain villages where subsistence farming is practiced. In this context, we conducted a survey of people's tolerance toward wildlife in five Tibetan villages that experience conflicts arising from crop‐raiding incidents. We interviewed 83 respondents, 76 of whom were participants in a compensation scheme that provided payments for crop damage. Wildlife tolerance was generally high, mostly due to mutualistic wildlife values, whereby people believed they should coexist with animals equally instead of exploiting them as natural resources. Tolerance was influenced by people's wildlife preference rather than the level of damage to croplands: people were likely to show higher tolerance toward culturally important species even when they were crop‐raiding animals. While economic and mitigation efforts as part of traditional conservation management led to increased tolerance, the compensation scheme and fencing were less important than wildlife preference. We suggest that conservation management for human‐wildlife conflicts should develop region and stakeholder‐specific engagement strategies. Crucially, such strategies should incorporate cultural considerations to fully address the complex human dimensions inherent in these issues.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Wildlife tolerance'

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