Journal articles: 'Wildlife immobilization'

1

Roug, Annette. "Handbook of Wildlife Chemical Immobilization." Journal of Wildlife Diseases 55, no. 1 (January 2019): 275–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-55.1.001.

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Jones, Ronald. "Zoo and Wildlife Immobilization and Anesthesia." Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 36, no. 2 (March 2009): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2995.2008.00426.x.

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Wolfe, Lisa L. "Handbook of Wildlife Chemical Immobilization International Edition." Journal of Wildlife Diseases 39, no. 4 (October 2003): 922–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-39.4.922.

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Cizauskas, Carrie A. "Zoo Animal & Wildlife Immobilization and Anesthesia." Journal of Wildlife Diseases 44, no. 2 (April 2008): 528–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-44.2.528.

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Amass, Keith D. "Handbook of Wildlife Chemical Immobilization, Third Edition." Journal of Wildlife Diseases 45, no. 4 (October 2009): 1239–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-45.4.1239.

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Wolfe, Lisa L., William R. Lance, David K. Smith, and Michael W. Miller. "Novel Combinations of Nalbuphine and Medetomidine for Wildlife Immobilization." Journal of Wildlife Diseases 50, no. 4 (October 2014): 951–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/2014-04-096.

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Andau, Patrick Mahedi, Lim Khun Hiong, and John B. Sale. "Translocation of pocketed orang-utans in Sabah." Oryx 28, no. 4 (October 1994): 263–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605300028660.

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Sabah is faced with a problem of small groups of orang-utans isolated from their parent populations in fragments of secondary forest, mainly on oil-palm plantations. The Wildlife Department has recently captured 84 such animals in three locations and translocated most of them to Tabin Wildlife Reserve, which already has a low-density population of orang-utans. The majority of animals were captured by drug immobilization, using a 5:1 ketamine/xylazine mixture at a mean dosage of 8.47 mg/kg body weight (range 3.76–22.64 mg/kg). This proved an effective and safe method. Others, mainly immatures, were captured manually. Few injuries or other problems were encountered. The cost of the rescue operations was $US175 per animal. A satisfactory way of monitoring the released orangutans is under development.

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Beltrán-Saavedra, L. Fabián, Rolando Limachi Quiñajo, Grace Ledezma, Daniela Morales-Moreno, and M. Lilian Villalba. "Anaesthetic, clinical, morphometric, haematological, and serum chemistry evaluations of an Andean Cat Leopardus jacobita (Cornalia, 1865) (Mammalia: Carnivora: Felidae) before release in Bolivia." Journal of Threatened Taxa 12, no. 16 (December 14, 2020): 17235–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.5676.12.16.17235-17244.

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The Andean Cat Leopardus jacobita, one of the most rare and endangered feline species in the world, is distributed from central Peru to central Argentina. The aim of this study was to evaluate the health and morphometry of a subadult male Andean Cat that was rescued from wildlife trade in Bolivia and held captive for 165 days before being released back into its natural habitat. Physical immobilizations followed by anaesthesia using ketamine hydrochloride (KH) and xylazine hydrochloride (XH) were performed to obtain clinical, morphometric, haematological and serum chemical parameters. Physical immobilizations were efficient using capture nets. The combination of KH + XH had an average initial sedation effect within 12min with a range of 10–16 min after intramuscular application. Anaesthetic average plane lasted 41.7min with a range of 40–45 min and was extended to 64.5min (63–66 min range) with an addition of KH. The individual was underweight on arrival and gradually reached an ideal condition and was overweight before its release. Morphometry parameters showed that it grew during the captive period. It was released back into the wild when it was considered healthy. This is the first report of a protocol of physical and chemical immobilization, physiological values, and biometric variation of an Andean Cat under captive conditions.

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Jato-Schez O’Shane, Susana, Ignacio Otero, I. Lopez, and J. L. Mendoza. "Patagium Rehabilitation Treatment in Wild Birds Following Long–term Wing Immobilization." Wildlife Rehabilitation Bulletin 29, no. 2 (December 31, 2011): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.53607/wrb.v29.86.

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Patagium retraction is one of the most common problems after long–term periods of immobilization due to bandaging for injury treatment or loss of motion related to chronic pathology. Physiotherapy technics in protocolized treatments involve thermotherapy, laser, ultrasound, Z–massage, manual therapy, stretching, and kinesiotherapy. These treatments, followed by strength and endurance enhancement, allow improvement of full range of motion, propioceptive training, neuromuscular awareness, and avoid the development of fibrotic tissue, calcifications, and tie downs. The success of the evolution process was tested with goniometry, centimetric measurements, percentage score assessment, and imaging tools. This study was developed on a basis of 200 wild birds under treatment at the GREFA Wildlife Hospital of Madrid, Spain.

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Osofsky, Steven A., and Karen J. Hirsch. "Chemical restraint of endangered mammals for conservation purposes: a practical primer." Oryx 34, no. 1 (January 2000): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3008.2000.00090.x.

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AbstractWild mammals sometimes need to be restrained for conservation purposes. Game rangers, wildlife managers, field biologists and wildlife veterinarians need to be fully conversant with a wide array of environmental and biological variables when using chemical restraint on wild mammals. In order to minimize risks to subject animals, they also need to be able to react appropriately using the correct equipment with sufficient skill to deal with anything that can go wrong. The importance of thorough background research and planning before going into the field cannot be overemphasized. The physiological results of immobilization drugs delivered by dart depend on dosages, the success of dart placement and drug delivery in good muscle, as well as the physiological state of the animals prior to and during anaesthetic induction. This paper describes the essential components of a planning and monitoring protocol for chemically restraining terrestrial mammals under field conditions.

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Neumann, Wiebke, Göran Ericsson, Holger Dettki, and Jon M. Arnemo. "Effect of immobilizations on the activity and space use of female moose (Alces alces)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 89, no. 11 (November 2011): 1013–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z11-076.

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Studies of free-ranging wildlife often involve animal capture and fitting of tracking devices. Capturing wildlife may result in behavioral alterations. Thus, there is a need to evaluate the effects of capture on study animals to identify potential biases influencing the research. We assessed the short-term response of 15 GPS/GSM-collared adult female moose ( Alces alces (L., 1758)) and immobilization and handling by comparing moose rates of movement and net square displacement before and after recapture. Moose were more active up to 7 h and increased their spatial displacement for 4.5 days after recapture compared with movement patterns before recapture. Opposite to our predictions, moose did not reduced their movement rates after their initial displacement following capture and recovery, i.e., moose did not show any indication for a residual effect. We recommend using individuals as their own controls in analyses of capture impacts to account adequately for individual behavioral differences. We recommend omitting data of at least the first 5 days following capture for analyses of moose movement and distribution.

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Stoskopf, Michael K. "Handbook of Wildlife Chemical ImmobilizationHandbook of Wildlife Chemical Immobilization. Terry J. Kreeger and Jon M. Arnemo. T. Kreeger . Published by Author. 2012. 448 pp. ISBN 965465209 (Paperback). $50.00 from Amazon.com." Journal of Wildlife Diseases 50, no. 1 (January 2014): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/50-1-br2.

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Grubešić, Marijan, Saša Kunovac, Živko Rapaić, Mustafa Bašić, and Kristijan Tomljanović. "APPLICATION OF NEW TECHNIQUES AND TECHNOLOGIES IN HUNTING." Radovi Šumarskog fakulteta Univerziteta u Sarajevu 48, no. 2 (December 1, 2018): 65–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.54652/rsf.2018.v48.i2.46.

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UDK: 639.1.05/.08 The development and application of new techniques and technologies in hunting management, scientific research and professional work in the hunting domain is a continuous process. Numerous technical achievements are often applied and targeted operationally in hunting and the exploration of game and its habitat. When analysing the past period, and the latest technical and technological achievements in hunting, one can point out several very significant examples of the application of new techniques and technologies in hunting, such as: The development and application of live game capture methods, with particular emphasis on catching chamois in Bosnia and Herzegovina; Chemical immobilization (tranquilizing) in research or transport of live game; The use of sensory cameras (photo traps) for game tracking and surveillance of the hunting grounds (ordinary sensory cameras, IC cameras); Telemetric tracking of game, from large carnivores up to small game species with classic devices and GPS devices; Measuring microclimate elements with precision instruments on selected micro locations in wildlife habitats; Use of sensory sound repellents for game-avoidance (ultra - and infrared devices); Use of lightweight unmanned aerial vehiclesfor wildlife habitat analysis using a classical camera; Use of lightweight Unmanned aerial vehiclesto determine the numerous status and game structure using a thermal imaging camera; All the above-mentioned techniques and technologies have given, and make, a significant contribution to the scientific research work in the field of hunting and to a large extent in the daily operational application of hunting management, monitoring and protection of game and animal species.

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Machałowski, Tomasz, Katarzyna Jankowska, Karolina Bachosz, Wojciech Smułek, Hermann Ehrlich, Ewa Kaczorek, Jakub Zdarta, and Teofil Jesionowski. "Biocatalytic System Made of 3D Chitin, Silica Nanopowder and Horseradish Peroxidase for the Removal of 17α-Ethinylestradiol: Determination of Process Efficiency and Degradation Mechanism." Molecules 27, no. 4 (February 17, 2022): 1354. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27041354.

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The occurrence of 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) in the environment and its removal have drawn special attention from the scientific community in recent years, due to its hazardous effects on human and wildlife around the world. Therefore, the aim of this study was to produce an efficient enzymatic system for the removal of EE2 from aqueous solutions. For the first time, commercial silica nanopowder and 3D fibrous chitinous scaffolds from Aplysina fistularis marine sponge were used as supports for horseradish peroxidase (HRP) immobilization. The effect of several process parameters onto the removal mechanism of EE2 by enzymatic conversion and adsorption of EE2 were investigated here, including system type, pH, temperature and concentrations of H2O2 and EE2. It was possible to fully remove EE2 from aqueous solutions using system SiO2(HRP)–chitin(HRP) over a wide investigated pH range (5–9) and temperature ranges (4–45 °C). Moreover, the most suitable process conditions have been determined at pH 7, temperature 25 °C and H2O2 and EE2 concentrations equaling 2 mM and 1 mg/L, respectively. As determined, it was possible to reuse the nanoSiO2(HRP)–chitin(HRP) system to obtain even 55% EE2 degradation efficiency after five consecutive catalytic cycles.

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Cook, Walter. "Handbook of Wildlife Chemical Immobilization. Fifth edition. Terry J.Kreeger and Jon M.Arnemo. 2018. Published by authors. 472 pp. $50 softcover. ISBN: 978‐0692118412." Journal of Wildlife Management 83, no. 3 (February 18, 2019): 744–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.21636.

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Miazga, Katarzyna, Johan Joubert, Megan Sinclair, and Anna Cywińska. "Releasing Three Orphaned White Rhinoceroses (Ceratotherium simum) to the Game Reserve in South Africa. Rehabilitation, Translocation and Post-Release Observations." Animals 10, no. 12 (November 27, 2020): 2224. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10122224.

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White rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum) is one of the most famous victims of poachers in Africa. One of the methods for dealing with decreasing rhino numbers is rehabilitating wounded and/or orphaned animals to successfully release them back into the wild. The status of rescued animal differs among individuals, but general procedures must be established and constantly improved. This study presents the history of successful release of three orphaned white rhino females; rehabilitated for 15 months in Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre in a private game reserve in South Africa. Female A was three years old, female B was one year old and the youngest female was three months old on arrival. The animals were rehabilitated together despite the differences in their age and size, with particular attention paid to keeping them as wild as possible. After being weaned and becoming old enough to go back to the wild, they were released at a distance from the rehabilitation centre, which required immobilization and translocation. Since the rhinos were released, they have been successfully living in the wild. All procedures used in this study proved to be sufficient for preparing the animals for life in the wild and can be recommended for other centres.

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Didkowska, Anna, Blanka Orłowska, Lucjan Witkowski, Katarzyna Olbrych, Sylwia Brzezińska, Ewa Augustynowicz-Kopeć, Monika Krajewska-Wędzina, et al. "Biopsy and Tracheobronchial Aspirates as Additional Tools for the Diagnosis of Bovine Tuberculosis in Living European Bison (Bison bonasus)." Animals 10, no. 11 (November 2, 2020): 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10112017.

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The diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis (BTB) in living wildlife remains a complex problem, and one of particular importance in endangered species like European bison (Bison bonasus). To identify infection and avoid the unnecessary culling of such valuable individuals, current best practice requires the collection and culture of material from living animals, as mycobacteria isolation remains the gold standard in BTB diagnosis. However, such isolation is challenging due to the need for the immobilization and collection of appropriate clinical material, and because of the sporadic shedding of mycobacteria. In the present study, we evaluated the potential of sampling for the detection of BTB in a group of seven living European bison suspected of being infected with Mycobacterium caprae. The specimens were collected both as swabs from the nasal and pharyngeal cavities, tracheobronchial aspirates (TBA), ultrasound-guided biopsies from lateral retropharyngeal lymph nodes, and post mortem, from mandibular, retropharyngeal and mediastinal lymph nodes. Clinical samples were tested for mycobacterial species via mycobacteriological culture and PCR. M. caprae was isolated from collected material in two out of four living infected individuals (TBA, biopsy) and mycobacterial DNA was detected in three out of four (TBA, pharyngeal swab) bison. This is the first report of isolation of M. caprae in living European bison. Our findings demonstrate the value of diagnostic tests based on both molecular testing and culture in European bison and confirm the respiratory shedding of viable M. caprae in this host species.

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18

Suedmeyer, Wm Kirk. "Zoo Animal & Wildlife Immobilization and Anesthesia G. West , D. Heard , N. Caulkett . Blackwell Publishing. Ames, Iowa. 2007. 718 pages.ISBN: ISBN 978-0-8138-2566-3. Price $154.99 (U.S.)." Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 40, no. 4 (December 2009): 815–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/1042-7260-40.4.815.

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19

Tarugara, Allan, Bruce W. Clegg, Edson Gandiwa, Victor K. Muposhi, and Colin M. Wenham. "Measuring body dimensions of leopards (Panthera pardus) from camera trap photographs." PeerJ 7 (September 18, 2019): e7630. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7630.

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Measurement of body dimensions of carnivores usually requires the chemical immobilization of subjects. This process can be dangerous, costly and potentially harmful to the target individuals. Development of an alternative, inexpensive, and non-invasive method therefore warrants attention. The objective of this study was to test whether it is possible to obtain accurate measurements of body dimensions of leopards from camera trap photographs. A total of 10 leopards (Panthera pardus) were captured and collared at Malilangwe Wildlife Reserve, Zimbabwe from May 7 to June 20, 2017 and four body measurements namely shoulder height, head-to-tail, body, and tail length were recorded. The same measurements were taken from 101 scaled photographs of the leopards recorded during a baited-camera trapping (BCT) survey conducted from July 1 to October 22, 2017 and differences from the actual measurements calculated. Generalized Linear Mixed Effects Models were used to determine the effect of type of body measurement, photographic scale, posture, and sex on the accuracy of the photograph-based measurements. Type of body measurement and posture had a significant influence on accuracy. Least squares means of absolute differences between actual and photographic measurements showed that body length in the level back-straight forelimb-parallel tail posture was measured most accurately from photographs (2.0 cm, 95% CI [1.5–2.7 cm]), while head-to-tail dimensions in the arched back-bent forelimb-parallel tail posture were least accurate (8.3 cm, 95% CI [6.1–11.2 cm]). Using the BCT design, we conclude that it is possible to collect accurate morphometric data of leopards from camera trap photographs. Repeat measurements over time can provide researchers with vital body size and growth rate information which may help improve the monitoring and management of species of conservation concern, such as leopards.

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Bryan, John A. "Book review: Handbook of Wildlife Chemical Immobilization; fourth edition. Terry J. Kreeger MS, DVM, PhD and Jon M. Arnemo, DVM, PhD, DECZM. Copyright® 2012. Terry J. Kreeger. 448 pp. printed in China. $50.00 paperback. Private publication; no ISBN." Journal of Wildlife Management 77, no. 3 (March 25, 2013): 645–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.531.

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21

Curry, E., and T. L. Roth. "118 A RAPID, MINIMALLY INVASIVE METHOD OF COLLECTING SEMEN FROM POLAR BEARS." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 28, no. 2 (2016): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv28n2ab118.

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Due to reproductive challenges faced by both captive and wild polar bears (Ursus maritimus), there is growing interest in developing assisted reproductive technologies (ART) to overcome infertility and preserve valuable genetics in this species. A polar bear sperm bank is essential in supporting ART endeavors; however, the traditional method of semen collection from wildlife, electro-ejaculation, has been relatively unsuccessful in polar bears. The goal of this study was to evaluate an alternative method of semen collection previously developed for use in cats. Medetomidine, an α2-adrenergic agonist commonly used to anesthetize captive polar bears, has side effects that facilitate semen collection: it stimulates epididymal receptors, causing semen to enter the urethra while concurrently stimulating receptors in the neck of the bladder, preventing urine contamination. The objective of this study was to assess the feasibility of collecting semen via urethral catheterization from male polar bears anesthetized with medetomidine. From 2012–2015, semen collection attempts (n = 9) were performed opportunistically on captive male polar bears (n = 8) in the USA. All males were considered sexually mature, with a mean age of 17.2 years (±2.8). Although all were housed with females, only 2 had sired offspring. Procedures were performed during breeding (n = 7) and nonbreeding seasons (n = 2). Individuals were anesthetized with medetomidine (0.025–0.060 mg kg–1) in conjunction with tiletamine/zolazepam or ketamine, and anesthesia was maintained using isoflurane. A sterile, lubricated, polypropylene urinary catheter (8 Fr) was inserted ~40 cm at the first 8 procedures and then 80 cm during the final procedure after a necropsy revealed the polar bear urethra is 100 cm in length. Catheters were left in place for 1 min and then retracted slowly while using a syringe to maintain negative pressure. Bears were catheterized 1–3 times during an immobilization. Any fluid recovered in the catheter was then flushed into a sterile tube and sperm motility was assessed microscopically. All values are presented as mean ± standard error of the mean. Semen containing motile spermatozoa was obtained at 8 of 9 (88.9%) procedures. Total semen volume was 509 ± 292 µL, with the highest volume (2500 µL) obtained using the longer (80 cm) catheter. Total sperm count was 2.6 ± 1.6 × 108. Sperm concentration and motility were 6.3 ± 3.7 × 108 mL–1 and 64.3 ± 9.0%, respectively. Although the percentage of motile sperm and sperm concentration appeared higher during the breeding season, seasonal differences could not be established statistically due to small sample sizes. This study demonstrates that urethral catheterization is an effective method of obtaining semen from polar bears anesthetized with medetomidine, and that longer catheters may be preferable for maximizing sample volume. Although polar bears are seasonal breeders, semen was recovered at both collections during the nonbreeding season, suggesting that spermatogenesis occurs year-round. This minimally invasive procedure is rapid and requires little equipment, rendering it practical for fieldwork.

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22

Memon, Mustaq A., Wendy Fineblum Hall, James C. Wright, Massimo Palmarini, Martin E. Hugh-Jones, Jane Christopher-Hennings, D. Michael Rings, et al. "Tending Animals in the Global VillageA Guide to International Veterinary Medicine . . . . Import Risk Analysis: Animals and Animal Products . . . . Exotic Pests & Disease: Biology and Economics for Biosecurity . . . . Borna Disease Virus and Its Role in Neurobehavioral Disease . . . . Foot and Mouth Disease: Facing the New Dilemmas . . . . Trends in Emerging Viral Infections of Swine . . . . Clinical Examination of Farm Animals . . . . Manual of Sheep Diseases (2nd edition) . . . . Mycotoxins: Risks in Plant, Animal, and Human Systems . . . . A Guide to Plant Poisoning of Animals in North America . . . . Diseases of Poultry (11th edition) . . . . Modern Concepts of Immunology in Veterinary MedicinePoultry Immunology (Advances in Medical and Veterinary Immunology) . . . . Pathology of Pet and Aviary Birds . . . . Birds of Prey: Health and Disease (3rd edition) . . . . Hand-Rearing Wild and Domestic Mammals . . . . Handbook of Wildlife Chemical Immobilization (International Edition) . . . . Veterinary Anesthesia and Pain Management Secrets . . . . The Veterinary ICU Book . . . . Anatomy of the Dog: An Illustrated Text (4th Edition) . . . . The 5-Minute Veterinary Consult Clinical Companion: Small Animal Dermatology . . . . Abdominal Radiology for the Small Animal Practitioner (Made Easy Series) . . . . Two Dimensional and M-Mode Echocardiography for the Small Animal Practitioner (Made Easy Series) . . . . Small Animal Ophthalmology Secrets . . . . Ocular Tumors in Animals and Humans . . . . Feline Oncology: A Comprehensive Guide to Compassionate Care . . . . Veterinary Medicine and Practice 25 Years in the Future and the Economic Steps to Get There." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 223, no. 6 (September 2003): 796–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.2003.223.796.

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Bohner, Julia, Johanna Painer, Denyse Bakker, Anna Jean Haw, Hanna Rauch, Eva Maria Greunz, Beate Egner, and Frank Goeritz. "Immobilization of Captive Kulans (Equus hemionus kulan) Without Using Ultrapotent Opioids." Frontiers in Veterinary Science 9 (August 10, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2022.885317.

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Etorphine is widely used in zoological medicine for the immobilization of large herbivores. All reported immobilization protocols for kulans use etorphine as the primary immobilizing agent. However, etorphine can trigger severe side effects and is highly toxic for humans, hence its availability is therefore occasionally limited for use in wildlife. Therefore, two different alpha-2 agonist-based protocols for the general anesthesia of kulans were investigated and compared with the standard etorphine immobilization. In total, 21 immobilizations were performed within the scope of routine husbandry management at the Serengeti-Park Hodenhagen. Kulans were darted using a ketamine–medetomidine–midazolam–butorphanol (KMMB) protocol (n = 8, treatment group (TG) 1), a tiletamine–zolazepam–butorphanol (TZMB) protocol (n = 7, treatment group (TG) 2), or an etorphine–acepromazine–detomidine–butorphanol (EADB) protocol (n = 6, control group). Vital parameters included heart rate, respiratory rate, arterial blood pressure (invasively), end tidal CO2 (etCO2), electromyography and core body temperatures. These were all assessed every 10 min. For blood gas analysis, arterial samples were collected 15, 30, 45 and 60 min after induction. Subjective measures of quality and efficacy included quality of induction, immobilization and recovery. Time to recumbency was longer for TG 1 (9.00 ± 1.67 min) and TG 2 (10.43 ± 1.79 min) compared to the induction times in the control group (5.33 ± 1.93 min). Treatment group protocols resulted in excellent muscle relaxation, normoxemia and normocapnia. Lower pulse rates combined with systolic arterial hypertension were detected in both treatment groups. However, only in TZMB-immobilized kulans, sustained severe systolic arterial hypertension was observed, with significantly higher values than in the TG 1 and the normotensive control group. At 60 min following induction, medetomidine and detomidine were antagonized with atipamezole IM (5 mg/mg medetomidine or 2 mg/mg detomidine), etorphine and butorphanol with naltrexone IV (2 mg/mg butorphanol or 50 mg/mg etorphine), and midazolam and zolazepam with flumazenil IV (0.3 mg per animal). All three combinations provided smooth and rapid recoveries. To conclude, both the investigated treatment groups (KMMB and TZMB) provided a safe and efficient general anesthesia in kulans with significantly better muscle relaxation, higher respiration rates and improved arterial oxygenation compared with the immobilizations of the control group. However, the control group (EADB) showed faster recoveries. Therefore, EADB is recommended for ultra-short immobilizations (e.g., microchipping and collaring), especially with free-ranging kulans where individual recovery is uncertain, whereas the investigated treatment groups are recommended for prolonged medical procedures on captive kulans.

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Caramalac, Simone Marques, Andreza Futado de Souza, Silvana Marques Caramalac, Verônica Batista de Albuquerque, Lucas Bezerra da Silva Azuaga, and Fabrício de Oliveira Frazílio. "Comparative study between ketamine-S-dexmedetomidine and ketamine-S-midazolam-methadone in the anesthesia of capuchin monkeys (Sapajus apella)." Ciência Rural 52, no. 4 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20200823.

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ABSTRACT: Anesthetic protocols have been developed to obtain the most effective and safe association in wildlife. This study compared the anesthetic effects and cardiorespiratory parameters of ketamine-S (+) (10 mg/kg)/dexmedetomidine (0.020 mg/kg) (KD ) and ketamine-S (+) (10 mg/kg)/midazolam (0.5 mg/kg)/methadone (1.0 mg/kg) (KMM ) in capuchin monkeys (Sapajus apella). Eight capuchin monkeys were randomly assigned to KD (n = 4) or KMM (n = 4) to evaluate induction, immobilization, and recovery scores, heart and respiratory rate parameters, besides systolic, mean, diastolic arterial pressure and arterial blood gas. There was no difference (P = 0.56) in the quality of induction, immobilization, and anesthetic recovery between the protocols. The time for anesthetic induction was 4 ± 1 min in the KD group and 5 ± 1 min in the KMM group, and these values were statistically equal (P = 0.28). The mean immobilization time in the KD and KMM groups were 35 ± 13 and 33 ± 15 min, respectively. Heart rate was lower in animals in the KD group (P < 0.001), while respiratory rate (P = 0.03), and mean blood pressure (P = 0.046) were higher than that of the animals in the KMM group. Respiratory acidosis occurred in the KMM group, with lower pH (7.25±0.047; P = 0.0055) and higher pCO2 (51 ± 6;mmHg; P = 0.008). Both protocols exhibited good induction quality, immobilization, and anesthetic recovery, despite cardiorespiratory and blood gas alterations observed, which warrants monitoring of cardiorespiratory variables during KD or KMM chemical restraint.

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Garofalo, Natache Arouca, André Augusto Justo, Stephanie Cristine Miyamoto Araújo, Mayara Travalini De Lima, Carlos Roberto Teixeira, and Francisco José Teixeira Neto. "Dexmedetomidine-Tiletamine-Zolazepam Followed by Inhalant Anesthesia in Spectacled Bears (Tremarctos ornatus)." Acta Scientiae Veterinariae 49 (January 18, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1679-9216.109254.

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Background: The spectacled bear (Tremarctos ornatus) is the only bear species inhabiting South America and is classified as vulnerable according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List. Among the few publications on the use of general anesthesia and advanced monitoring of ursids in veterinary hospital settings, little is described regarding chemical restraint, general anesthesia and monitoring of spectacled bears. This case series describes the use of a dexmedetomidine-tiletamine-zolazepam chemical restraint combination and its effects on cardiorespiratory variables and arterial blood gases observed in two spectacled bears submitted to isoflurane anesthesia for imaging and/or surgical procedures.Cases: Two female, one adult and one senile, all-term captive spectacled bears were referred to the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital at the Universidade Estadual Paulista - Unesp, Botucatu campus, both with a presumable history of recent trauma. After immobilization with an intramuscular (IM) administration of tiletamine-zolazepam (3.8 - 4.3 mg/kg) and dexmedetomidine (6.4 - 7.6 µg/kg), anesthesia induction was achieved by means of intravenous (IV) propofol (1 - 2 mg/kg). The patients then underwent isoflurane inhalant anesthesia and were submitted to intermittent positive-pressure ventilation through the remainder of the procedures. Initial settings of inspiratory flow rate were adjusted to obtain Ppeak of 10 cmH2O and tidal volumes (Vt) of 10 mL/kg, as well as respiratory rates (ƒR)and inspiration-to-expiration (I:E) ratio of 10 breaths/min and 1:2, respectively, and were then adjusted throughout anesthesia to maintain normocapnia (end-tidal carbon dioxide concentrations between35 and 45 mmHg). One of the individuals was chemically restrained (6.4 mg/kg of tiletamine-zolazepam and 7.7 µg/kg of dexmedetomidine) on a second anesthetic event for imaging procedures. Arterial blood gas analysis were performed with the subjects breathing room air and oxygen-enriched air. Both animals exhibited severe hypoxemia (partial pressure of oxygen [PaO2] < 60 mmHg) while breathing room air (inspired oxygen fraction [FiO2] ≅ 0.21). An impaired blood oxygenation (PaO2/FiO2 < 400) was still observed despite mechanical ventilation and the provision of 1.0 FiO2. Alveolar recruitment maneuvers (3 sequential mechanical sights with peak airway pressure at 20 - 30 cmH2O during 15 - 30 s each) were then performed, which resulted in improved PaO2/FiO2 ratios. All other blood gas, electrolytes and acid-base variables did not appear to be importantly altered by chemical restraint and general anesthesia.Discussion: Dexmedetomidine-tiletamine-zolazepam resulted in reliable chemical restraints and is a feasible option for immobilizing spectacled bears, though severe hypoxemia may proceed. Hypoxemia is the most commonly described complication in bear anesthesia, and was also evidenced in the current report. However, low PaO2/FiO2 ratios tend to be accompanied by hypercapnia and therefore counteracted by oxygen supplementation in bears, which was not observed in the present report. In fact, blood oxygenation only reached regular values after alveolar recruitment maneuvers, which is compatible to an atelectasis-related hypoxemia. Therefore, either inhalant anesthesia or field chemical restraint should be accompanied by advanced monitoring (cardiorespiratory variables and blood gas analysis) in until further studies address the management of hypoxemia in spectacled bear. since Advanced monitoring was of major importance for a safe outcome and an uneventful recovery in this species.Keywords: balanced anesthesia, dexmedetomidine, general anesthesia, spectacled bear, Tremarctos ornatus, wildlife.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Wildlife immobilization'

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