Journal articles on the topic 'Wildlife habitat improvement Victoria'
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1
Marks, C. A., F. Gigliotti, and F. Busana. "Estimated 1080 dose rate for the M-44 ejector for the control of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes)." Wildlife Research 29, no. 3 (2002): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr00115.
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Recent studies have suggested that bait movement and caching by foxes (Vulpes vulpes) may increase the potential risk of off-target effects from 1080 meat baits close to urban habitats. The M-44 ejector is an alternative way to deliver 1080 to foxes that will eliminate bait movement and caching. Whilst the M-44 ejector has been used for the control of foxes using cyanide in the United States, we investigated its use with 1080 as a toxicant. Exotic eutherian carnivores are generally more sensitive to 1080 than are most Australian endemic wildlife species, yet no useful difference in sensitivity to cyanide exists for these groups. The lower risk associated with occupational exposure to 1080 compared with cyanide suggests that it is a more desirable toxicant for fox control. Pen trials were undertaken in order to establish an appropriate capsule dose of 1080 to be used in the ejector. A minimum capsule dose of 2.7 mg of 1080 is estimated to be consistently lethal to foxes weighing up to 8.3 kg. The recommended dose is below the current meat bait dose of 3.0 mg 1080 used in Victoria. This may represent an improvement in occupational safety and a reduction in non-target risk.
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Miller, Kelly K. "Public and stakeholder values of wildlife in Victoria, Australia." Wildlife Research 30, no. 5 (2003): 465. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr02007.
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This paper explores the management implications of a recent study that was designed to explore public and stakeholder values of wildlife in Victoria, Australia. Questionnaires (n = 1431) were used to examine values and knowledge of wildlife held by residents from seven Victorian municipalities and members of six wildlife management stakeholder groups. The results suggest that most Victorians have a relatively strong emotional attachment to individual animals (the humanistic value) and are interested in learning about wildlife and the natural environment (the curiosity/learning/interacting value). In comparison, the negativistic, aesthetic, utilitarian-habitat and dominionistic/wildlife-consumption values were not expressed as strongly. These findings suggest that wildlife managers should expect support for wildlife management objectives that reflect the relatively strong humanistic orientation of Victorians and tailor management and education programs to appeal to this value and Victorians' interest in learning about wildlife.
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Jiang, Alex, Andrew Tribe, Clive J. C. Phillips, and Peter J. Murray. "Do Livestock Injure and Kill Koalas? Insights from Wildlife Hospital and Rescue Group Admissions and an Online Survey of Livestock–Koala Conflicts." Animals 11, no. 9 (September 13, 2021): 2684. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11092684.
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Koala populations in Australia are declining due to threats such as chlamydiosis, wild dog predation and vehicle collision. In the last decade, grazing livestock emerged anecdotally as a threat to koala survival in areas where koala habitat and livestock grazing land overlap. This is the first study investigating the significance of livestock-inflicted injuries and deaths in koala populations over a large spatial and temporal scale. We investigated the outcome, scale, and frequency of livestock–koala incidents via an online survey and analysed koala admission records in Queensland wildlife hospitals and a wildlife rescue group (Wildlife Victoria) in Victoria. The results provide evidence of both livestock-inflicted injuries and deaths to koalas, especially as these have been confirmed by witness statements. The outcomes for the koala victims of the incidents were severe with a 75% mortality rate. The reported frequency of livestock–koala incidents was low but increasing, with 72 cases (0.14% out of 50,873 admissions) in Queensland wildlife hospitals during 1997–2019, and 59 cases (0.8% of 7017 rescue records) in Wildlife Victoria during 2007–2019. These incidents were likely to be under-reported due to the remoteness of the incident location, possible mis-diagnoses by veterinarians and the possible reluctance of farmers to report them. Future research is encouraged to explore the mechanics and causes of livestock–koala incidents and to develop management strategies to minimise the livestock threat to koalas.
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Zobel, John M., Alan R. Ek, and Christopher B. Edgar. "Assessing the Impact of 41 Years of Forest Management on Native Wildlife Habitat in Minnesota, USA." Journal of Forestry 119, no. 2 (January 21, 2021): 164–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jofore/fvaa050.
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Abstract Over the last four decades, forest management goals have transitioned to multiuse objectives, begging the question of their impact on wildlife habitat. Using USDA Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis data and the WHINGS (Wildlife Habitat Indicator for Native Genera and Species) model, the trends in wildlife habitat were quantified from 1977 to 2018 across Minnesota. Statewide, 35.5% of species experienced significant improvement in habitat, 29% significant reductions, and 35.5% nonsignificant change. The extent of habitat (acreage) increased for 100% of species, but the quality declined for 63% of species. Results were explained by the reduction in acreage of larger size classes of the aspen, balsam, and birch forest type and increases in smaller, younger forest area. Specifically, forest management that converted aspen stands to other forest types benefited certain wildlife species over others. Future forest management should consider the balance between the habitat requirements of the diverse native species in Minnesota. Study Implications Trends in forest wildlife habitat over the last four decades across Minnesota highlight that forest management often favors one species at the expense of another. Statewide, wildlife species with preferences for larger, older aspen experienced diminished habitat, whereas habitat for species preferring younger forest types or older nonaspen types increased. Regionally, the forested ecoregions in Minnesota (northeast) generally saw reduced habitat, whereas the prairie/agricultural regions (south and northwest) saw the largest increases. Through this and further applications, forest and wildlife managers can rapidly assess the habitat implications of proposed management, whether for environmental review, forest planning, or harvest scheduling.
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Robinson, Ann Y. "Sustainable agriculture: The wildlife connection." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 6, no. 4 (December 1991): 161–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300004203.
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AbstractWildlife and fish have much to gain from the movement toward alternative, sustainable agricultural practices. Interrelated reasons for the habitat improvements to be expected from a change to sustainable systems include reduced use of agricultural chemicals, better care of the soil, and reintroduction of greater landscape diversity. The most well-documented benefits would result from reduced use of agrichemicals, which often are toxic and frequently change the structure and composition of available food and cover. The wildlife benefits of erosion prevention and landscape diversification are less well-documented but may be as significant for habitat improvement. The opportunities to enhance habitat using sustainable farming methods are beginning to receive increased attention from wildlife professionals. As a result, efforts are under way to expand use of sustainable methods on farmlands managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
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Knight, R. L., R. A. Clarke, and R. K. Bastian. "Surface flow (SF) treatment wetlands as a habitat for wildlife and humans." Water Science and Technology 44, no. 11-12 (December 1, 2001): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0806.
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Water quality improvement is generally the primary objective of treatment wetlands. Creation of wildlife habitat is an inevitable outcome of these projects. However, an increasing number of treatment wetland projects have been purposely designed and operated to enhance their beneficial utility to wildlife and humans. This trend to multi-purpose treatment wetlands has broadened the basis for assessing the advantages of this natural treatment alternative. There are at least 21 treatment wetlands in the U.S. that were implemented with wildlife habitat creation and/or human use as principal goals. A number of treatment wetlands outside the U.S. also share these priorities. Hundreds of other wetlands have collected and reported quantitative data on wildlife and/or human uses. The North American Treatment Wetland Database (NADB) has been expanded to include critical wildlife habitat and human use data. This paper provides a preliminary inventory of these habitat and human use treatment wetlands, summarizes lessons learned, and identifies additional data needs.
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Brooks, Robert T., and Thomas W. Birch. "Opportunities and Constraints for Wildlife Habitat Management on Private Forests of the Northeast." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 3, no. 3 (September 1, 1986): 109–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/3.3.109.
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Abstract The Northeastern Forest Inventory and Analysis unit has completed one full cycle of forestland ownership surveys. The results of 14 state surveys show the majority of forestland of the region to be controlled by a large, diverse population of nonindustrial private landowners. These people are from varied background and exhibit a wide range of interests and attitudes toward wildlife, wildlife habitat, and forest management. The demographic and additional characteristics of forest landowners, together with the structural characteristics of their forestland, creates opportunities for, and constraints upon, forest management favorable for wildlife habitat improvement. North. J. Appl. For. 3:109-113, Sept. 1986.
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Rees, Michael, and David Paull. "Distribution of the southern brown bandicoot (Isoodon obesulus) in the Portland region of south-western Victoria." Wildlife Research 27, no. 5 (2000): 539. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr99045.
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The southern brown bandicoot (Isoodon obesulus) occurs across the periphery of southern and eastern Australia as a series of isolated regional populations. Historical records and recent surveys conducted for I. obesulus indicate that it has disappeared or decreased significantly from many parts of its former range. Vegetation clearance, habitat fragmentation, feral predators and fire have all been implicated in the decline of the species. This paper examines the distribution of I. obesulus in the Portland region of south-western Victoria. Historical records of I. obesulus were compiled from the specimen collection of Museum Victoria, the Atlas of Victorian Wildlife, Portland Field Naturalists’ Club records and anecdotal sources. Field surveys were conducted to determine the current distribution of I. obesulus in the study area based on evidence of its foraging activity. The historical records reveal limited information: most are clustered around centres of human activity, indicating observational bias. The field surveys demonstrate that I. obesulus occurs in the Portland region as a series of local populations. Each local population is associated with a patch of remnant native vegetation separated from neighbouring patches by dispersal barriers. Within these habitat remnants the occurrence of the species is sporadic. Approximately 69% of the potential habitat is managed by the Forests Service, 31% is managed by Parks Victoria, and less than 0.5% is held under other tenures. Spatial isolation of habitat remnants, fires and feral predators are the main threats to I. obesulus in the Portland region.
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Harris, JM, and RL Goldingay. "Distribution, habitat and conservation status of the eastern pygmy-possum Cercartetus nanus in Victoria." Australian Mammalogy 27, no. 2 (2005): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am05185.
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We review the distribution, habitat and conservation status of the eastern pygmy-possum (Cercartetus nanus) in Victoria. Data on the habitat occurrences and rates of detection were gleaned from 133 published and unpublished fauna surveys conducted from 1968 to 2003 in Gippsland; northern Victoria; the Melbourne area and south-western region. C. nanus was reported from a broad range of vegetation communities, which predominantly included a dense mid-storey of shrubs rich in nectar-producing species such as those from the families Proteaceae and Myrtaceae. Survey effort using a range of methods was immense across surveys: 305,676 Elliott/cage trap-nights, 49,582 pitfall trap-nights, 18,331 predator remains analysed, 4424 spotlight hours, and 7346 hair-sampling devices deployed, 1005 trees stagwatched, and 5878 checks of installed nest-boxes. The surveys produced 434 records of C. nanus, with Elliott/cage trapping, pitfall trapping and analysis of predator remains responsible for the vast majority of records (93%). These data and those from the Atlas of Victorian Wildlife indicate that although C. nanus has a widespread distribution in Victoria, it is rarely observed or trapped in fauna surveys. Only 11 (8%) of the surveys we reviewed detected >10 individuals. C. nanus is likely to be sensitive to several recognised threatening processes in Victoria (e.g., feral predators, high frequency fire, feral honeybees). There is also evidence of range declines in several regions, which suggests that the species is vulnerable to extinction. Therefore, we recommend that it be nominated as a threatened species in Victoria.
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Knight, Robert L., Robert Adams, Colleen O’Brien, and Eduardo R. Davis. "Beltway 8 Wetland Water Quality Project: Constructed Wetlands for Storm Water Polishing and Wetland Mitigation Banking." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1626, no. 1 (January 1998): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1626-02.
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The Harris County Flood Control District is implementing a wetland mitigation bank project that includes highway runoff as a significant water source. Part of this project is being implemented in cooperation with the Texas Department of Transportation through funding from the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act for water quality improvement. This collaborative effort includes treatment and final polishing of storm water runoff from a portion of Beltway 8, northeast of Houston, Texas. The project includes approximately 89 ha (220 acres) of storm water-polishing wetlands and associated wildlife habitat. The overall train of natural treatment processes includes a tie-in to the existing beltway storm sewer, a surge basin for initial collection and storage of storm water, a pump station and force mail allowing flexible water delivery to the rest of the system, a series of polishing ponds and polishing wetland marshes, and an interconnected array of habitat wetlands and swales including ponds, littoral marshes, and transitional wetland forest areas. Design of the polishing and treatment wetlands balances the multiple goals of water quality improvement, flood-flow retention, and creation of valuable wildlife habitat.
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Apriyani, Lusi, Fahmi Yoesmar AR, and Marta Erwandi. "Comparison of Wildlife Protection Law between Indonesia and the United States." Hasanuddin Law Review 4, no. 2 (August 30, 2018): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.20956/halrev.v4i2.1315.
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Indonesia is known as one of the richest countries for its biodiversity. Plants, animals, and forest are very diverse in every region in Indonesia. Unfortunately, from time to time the numbers of biodiversity have been decreased along with the development of Indonesia. Nowadays, numbers of Sumatera Tigers and Orang Utan are not more than 400 since they were traded, captured, and killed in the name of economic development. Even wildlife habitat, forest, were converted to non-forestry use. Theoretically, Indonesia has Conser-vation Act which is the Law Number 5 of 1990 on Conservation of Biodiversity and Ecosystem in which providing protection to the biodiversity. However, this law mostly talks about conservation system rather than providing legal protection to the wildlife and its habitat. In addition, the law seems to stand on its own, meaning only Biodiversity Law regulates protection to wildlife. Other acts like Forestry law, Environmental law, Plantation law, and Mining law do not provide wildlife protection. While both flora and fauna are the most vulnerable elements affected by activities which are regulated by those laws. The existence of the conditions above indicates that the legal protection of wildlife needs to be improved. One of the improvement efforts is to reform the Indonesian wildlife protection law. The law reform of Indonesia wildlife protection can be done through comparative approach toward legal framework of wildlife protection of Indonesian and United States.
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Madden, M., M. Karidozo, W. Langbauer, F. Osborn, A. Presotto, and R. Parry. "GEOSPATIAL ASSESSMENT OF HUMAN-WILDLIFE-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS FOR SPATIAL DECISION SUPPORT." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B4-2021 (June 30, 2021): 281–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b4-2021-281-2021.
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Abstract. Human-Elephant Conflict (HEC) is a global concern that requires geospatial data collection, analysis and geovisualization for decision support and mitigation. Bull African elephants, (Loxodonata africana), are often responsible for breaking fences, raiding crops and causing economic hardship in local communities in Botswana, Zimbabwe and Zambia. Methods for monitoring and understanding elephant movements are needed to mitigate conflict, find ways for coexistence and secure the future of Africa’s elephant populations. Researchers from academia and conservation organizations are partnering with decision makers and scientists of the Zimbabwe Department of National Park and Wild Life Management (PWMA) to track the movement of 15 bull elephants in the general area of Victoria Falls to analyse spatio-temporal patterns of elephant behaviour related to climatic factors, habitat conditions and changing land uses. Spatial decision support for local famers, resource managers and planners will assist in avoiding agricultural expansion and urban development that coincides with elephant corridors and access to water resources.
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Robin, Klaus. "Wald und Wildtiere: Wo stehen wir? (Essay)." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 168, no. 4 (April 1, 2017): 190–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2017.0190.
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Forest and wildlife: the state of play (essay) Management of forest and wildlife in Switzerland is now generally evidence-based and on firm foundations, focused on species biology and no longer on hunting plans alone. In fact, improvement of wildlife habitat, protection, revitalisation and structuring of wildlife corridors, and protection of wildlife from disturbance are integral elements. As regards this last point, on the Swiss plateau, and here especially around towns and agglomerations, we must recognise considerable shortcomings, and be more proactive. Now that it has been possible to demonstrate the effect of the lynx on populations of roe deer and chamois, and indirectly on forest regeneration, we should examine or at least estimate the corresponding effect of the wolf or the bear. In the case of a resident wolf pack, this effect would not be negligible.
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Radomska, М. М., and K. V. Zhurbas. "The applied issues of habitats fragmentation mitigation for the projects of infrastructure development." Scientific Bulletin of UNFU 28, no. 6 (June 27, 2018): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/40280605.
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A transport network is an artificial component of the human environment, which causes a range of negative impacts on other living organisms, including violation of animal habitats integrity. Ability to move in search of food, shelter or mating, is negatively limited by obstacles that isolate the habitat. The term "habitat fragmentation" includes breaking habitat into several smaller patches, reduction in the total area of the habitat, decrease of the interior/edge ratio, and isolation of one habitat fragment from others. Consequently, roads divide habitats and create barriers that impede wildlife mobility, increasing instances of wildlife-vehicle collisions, which put both people and non-human animals at risk; landscape fragmentation can also result in genetic isolation, putting some species of wildlife at long term risk of extinction. Secondary effects from infrastructure development are further emergence of human settlements or industrial development, which put people and their activity closer to wildlife. In order to reduce the negative impacts of roads, the measures that directly reduce fragmentation by providing links between habitats, namely wildlife crossing structures or fauna passages should be implemented. The pilot area at the highway M-03 from Poltava to Kharkiv between 341 and 472 km planned for reconstruction under the World Bank project was analyzed based on spatial ecosystem approach to define the points of increased concern for the protection of habitats. Mitigation measures, in particular fauna passages, are necessary as the given road bisects important elements of eco-network: Galytsko-Slobozhansky natural latitudinal corridor and Vorskla regional eco-corridor. Five sites were chosen on the territory to provide wildlife mobility improvement with the help of such crossing structures, as landscape bridge, river crossing, joint-use underpass, underpass for small- and medium-sized animals, and multi-use overpass. The selection of the most appropriate type of fauna passage was based on the analysis of landscape structure, type of habitats affected and target species (their living needs, behaviour and preferred moving media). The suggested scheme of wildlife crossings is provided with recommendations on the design of the offered structures, their dimensions, construction materials and elements, as well as details about model target species and their nature conservation status. The cost of the project is supposed to be acceptable as it basically involves transformation of the existing infrastructure elements.
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Berry, Lainie. "Edge effects on the distribution and abundance of birds in a southern Victorian forest." Wildlife Research 28, no. 3 (2001): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr00057.
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An important consequence of habitat fragmentation for wildlife communities is the effect of an increase in the ratio of habitat edge to interior. This study compares the bird communities at forest/farmland edges and in forest interior at Bunyip State Park, Victoria. Overall, there was a significantly higher number of bird species and individuals in forest edge than in forest interior sites. The greater diversity of species at edge sites appeared to be due to an increase in forest-edge specialists, as opposed to an influx of open-country species. Four bird species: the white-throated treecreeper (Cormobates leucophaeus), the superb fairy-wren (Malurus cyaneus), the grey shrike-thrush (Colluricincla harmonica) and the grey fantail (Rhipidura fuliginosa) were significantly more abundant in edge sites. There were no species that were significantly more abundant in interior sites. Differences between the bird communities in edge and interior sites were attributed to increased foraging opportunities in the open country adjacent to forest edges.
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Underhill, J. E., and P. G. Angold. "Effects of roads on wildlife in an intensively modified landscape." Environmental Reviews 8, no. 1 (January 20, 2000): 21–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/a00-003.
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This paper examines the ecological impacts arising from road networks and the potential ameliorating effects of roadside habitat in a highly modified landscape. A U.K. focus has been adopted to illustrate the effects of roads in a landscape with a long history of land use and intensive land management where the impacts and the potential for improvement are considerable. The impacts of roads in the ecological landscape include habitat loss, fragmentation, and degradation. These interrupt and modify natural processes altering community structures and in the longer term, population dynamics. The large number of fauna fatalities each year from road traffic accidents is also of concern. Road verges can however also provide habitat opportunities and restore connectivity in an otherwise fragmented landscape offering potential to offset some of the adverse impacts of the existing road network. This review demonstrates that roads can present both ecological costs and ecological benefits although currently there is insufficient evidence to confirm some of the key theories which relate to the impact of the barrier effects (at population level) or the value of road verges as ecological corridors. In the absence of complete information the full extent of the problems and opportunities cannot be gauged and every effort should be made therefore to enhance the habitat adjacent to existing roads and to constrain further fragmentation caused by the development of the existing road network. Where further construction is unavoidable conditions should be enforced to prevent roads from reducing further the remaining habitats of conservation value and the connectivity between such habitats.Key words: roads, wildlife, fragmentation, corridor, barrier, environmental impact.
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Circella, Elena, Antonio Camarda, Luca Bano, Giacomo Marzano, Roberto Lombardi, Francesco D’Onghia, and Grazia Greco. "Botulism in Wild Birds and Changes in Environmental Habitat: A Relationship to be Considered." Animals 9, no. 12 (November 26, 2019): 1034. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9121034.
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Any human activity, even if aimed at the improvement of a natural area, can potentially affect wildlife, leading to possible short-term or long-term changes due to the human–wildlife interaction. In this study, a botulism outbreak which occurred in waterfowl in a nature reserve after a conservative environmental action is reported. More than 180 different species of wild birds, including seventy waterfowl species, live in the area. The wildlife reserve rangers built an artificial pond equipped with draining canals in the wetland in order to improve the environment of waterfowl species and to facilitate their supply of food. Then, presumably due to tidal rides, gray mullets (Mugil cephalus) arrived from the sea and settled in the pond. The number of fishes gradually increased, and several fishes died with a peak of mortality in the summer of 2017, creating a great amount of decaying organic material and the optimal conditions for Clostridium botulinum growth and toxin production. A botulism outbreak then occurred rapidly and was characterised by flaccid paralysis and sudden mortality of the birds. Seven mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos), 4 common teals (Anas crecca), 1 garganey (Anas querquedula), 2 wood sandpipers (Tringa glareola), 1 little egret (Egretta garzetta), 1 little grebe (Tachybaptus ruficollis), and 4 Eurasian coots (Fulica atra) were found dead. Interestingly, the toxin identified as responsible for the disease outbreak was the mosaic of type C and D toxins (C/D type). The prompt removal of the fish carcasses led to a rapid resolution of the outbreak of the disease, highlighting the relevance of a correct management for any action in environmental contexts. The conclusion is that any human activity in wildlife habitats should be carefully considered in order to assess the possible impacts and to quickly identify the possible risks of changes in wildlife population.
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Stettler, Maria, and Roland Christen. "Vielfältiger Lebensraum, Ruhe, Sensibilisierung – Auerhuhnförderung auf drei Ebenen | A diverse habitat, tranquillity, awareness raising – capercaillie conservation on three levels." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 161, no. 7 (July 1, 2010): 258–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2010.0258.
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The diversely structured moor landscape on the left-hand flank of the Sarnen Aa Valley is considered an optimal habitat for the capercaillie. According to the Swiss Capercaillie Action Programme, approximately half the ca-percaillie population of the central Northern Alps is to be found in Canton Obwalden. Obwalden therefore has a particular responsibility towards this species, which the Canton meets by measures on three levels: forest management (1), protected wildlife areas (2) and information and awareness raising (3). In forest reserves the forest can develop in an almost unhindered manner. The capercaillie with its dependence on varied, structured forests profits from the creation of such reserves. A differentiated procedure taking into account the habitat needs of the capercaillie permitted us to identify the forest areas in which the capercaillie would most profit from forest improvement measures. In these areas trees were felled in order to enhance the habitat value for the capercaillie and indicator plots were established to monitor the effectiveness of these measures. The funding was made available within the new Programme Agreement “Biodiversity in Forests” of Confederation and Cantons (1). The provision of wildlife protection areas is our response to increasing disturbances. The highly sensitive capercaillie is a main target species for the creation of such wildlife areas (2). These measures need to be understood and supported by the public, which is why the third focus of Canton Obwalden is placed on public relation activities (3).
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MacDonald, Heather, Daniel McKenney, Kerry McLaven, and Suzanne Perry. "Realizing Expectations from Planting Trees on Private Land in Ontario, Canada." Landscape Online 78 (March 13, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3097/lo.202078.
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This study explores the motivations behind participation in tree planting programs by private landowners in Ontario, Canada, as well as perceptions as to whether benefits were realized up to ten years after trees were planted. Forests Ontario, which has offered tree planting support programs in this province since 2007, provides up to 90% of the cost of seedlings for tree planting projects at least one hectare (ha) in size. This online survey of 570 former participants in tree planting programs indicated that a desire to create a habitat for wildlife (77.6%) was the most common motivation for taking part in a tree planting program. Concern with restoring native forest cover was also a reason for most participants (71.4%), as well as with improving soil, air and water quality (54.8%), and addressing climate change (54.3%). The most common benefit of planting trees was an increase in well-being and enjoyment of their property (67% of respondents). Overall, 27% of respondents with a desire to increase wildlife habitat, and 20% of those wishing to improve their local environment reported an improvement after tree planting. Reported improvements in the local environment and wildlife increased with time since tree planting, whereas enhanced well-being and enjoyment of the property were evident among participants even with newly planted trees.
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Carter, Andrew, and Gary W. Luck. "Fox baiting in agricultural landscapes: preliminary findings on the importance of bait-site selection." Wildlife Research 40, no. 3 (2013): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr12169.
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Context Little is known about the importance of bait-site selection during lethal fox-baiting programmes. Improved bait placement may increase the efficacy of baiting and help reduce fox impacts on wildlife and livestock. Aims To determine whether bait uptake by the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) differed among five landscape elements (roadsides, fence lines, open paddocks, creek lines and remnant vegetation) and at sites with high or low habitat (ground cover) complexity. Methods We measured bait uptake at 300 bait stations distributed evenly among the landscape elements in agricultural landscapes in northern Victoria, Australia. Bait uptake was also compared between sites with low and high habitat complexity in districts subject to no fox control and annual fox control. Key results Among landscape elements, bait uptake was significantly higher in roadside vegetation and along vegetated creek lines than it was along fence lines and in open paddocks (P < 0.05 in each case). Within roadside vegetation, bait uptake was significantly (P = 0.001) lower at sites with a high habitat complexity than at sites with low complexity, particularly in areas subject to annual fox control. Conclusions Bait placement influences bait-uptake rates considerably and greater consideration should be placed on bait-site selection during fox-baiting programmes. Habitat complexity limited bait uptake, which may indicate a reduced capacity of foxes to find baits in complex habitats. Implications Our results should help improve bait-site selection in agricultural landscapes and may increase the efficacy of fox baiting to the benefit of native fauna and livestock.
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Mills, Jacqueline. "Market Forces and Kangaroos: The New South Wales Kangaroo Management Plan." Society & Animals 14, no. 3 (2006): 295–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853006778149208.
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AbstractIn contemporary times, wildlife managers attempt to provide solutions to problems arising from conflicting uses of the environment by humans and nonhuman animals. Within the Kangaroo Management Zones of New South Wales (NSW), the commercial culling "solution" is one such attempt to perpetuate kangaroo populations on pastoral land while supporting farmers in continuing inefficient sheep farming. Because wildlife management rests on a distinction between the "nature" of humans and animals, then humanist attention to standards of individual welfare need not interrupt the process whereby individual animals are killed within an economic framework designed to improve habitat management for the conservation of their populations. Building on Thorne's (1998) discussion of the meanings scripted onto individual kangaroo bodies, this paper explores the utilitarian underpinnings of the commercialization approach and considers the ethical implications of constructing the population as resource, even if this results in an improvement in the welfare of individual kangaroos.
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Lethbridge, Mark, Michael Stead, and Cameron Wells. "Estimating kangaroo density by aerial survey: a comparison of thermal cameras with human observers." Wildlife Research 46, no. 8 (2019): 639. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr18122.
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Abstract ContextAerial surveys provide valuable information about the population status and distribution of many native and pest vertebrate species. They are vital for evidence-based monitoring, budget planning and setting management targets. Despite aircraft running costs, they remain one of the most cost-effective ways to capture distribution and abundance data over a broad area. In Australia, annual surveys of large macropods are undertaken in several states to inform management, and in some jurisdictions, to help set commercial kangaroo harvest quotas. Improvements in the cost efficiencies of these surveys are continually sought. Aerial thermal imaging techniques are increasingly being tested for wildlife surveys, but to date no studies have directly compared population data derived from thermal imaging with data collected by human observers during the same flight. AimsDuring an aerial survey of western grey kangaroos (Macropus fuliginosus), eastern grey kangaroos (M. giganteus) and red kangaroos (Osphranter rufus) across the state of Victoria, Australia, the objective was to conduct a direct comparison of the effectiveness of thermal camera technology and human observers for estimating kangaroo populations from aerial surveys. MethodsA thermal camera was mounted alongside an aerial observer on one side of the aircraft for a total of 1360km of transect lines. All thermal footage was reviewed manually. Population density estimates and distance sampling models were compared with human observer counts. Key resultsOverall, the kangaroo density estimates obtained from the thermal camera data were around 30% higher than estimates derived from aerial observer counts. This difference was greater in wooded habitats. Conversely, human-derived counts were greater in open habitats, possibly due to interference from sunlight and flushing. It was not possible to distinguish between species of macropod in the thermal imagery. ConclusionsThermal survey techniques require refining, but the results of the present study suggest that with careful selection of time of day for surveys, more accurate population estimates may be possible than with conventional aerial surveys. ImplicationsConventional aerial surveys may be underestimating animal populations in some habitats. Further studies that directly compare the performance of aerial observers and thermal imaging are required across a range of species and habitats.
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Genghini, M., Fiorenza Spalatro, and S. Gellini. "Farmers' attitudes toward the carrying out of wildlife habitat improvement actions (WHIA) in intensive agricultural areas of Northern Italy." Zeitschrift für Jagdwissenschaft 48, S1 (December 2002): 309–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02192423.
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Wali, Zikri, Yadi Jufri, and Abubakar Karim. "Kajian Kondisi Eksisting Kawasan Suaka Margasatwa Gambut Rawa Singkil." Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Pertanian 5, no. 2 (May 1, 2020): 277–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.17969/jimfp.v5i2.14844.
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Abstract. Lahan gambut telah menjadi target perluasan lahan pertanian/perkebunan, karena lahan pertanian/perkebunan yang sudah semakin menipis. Seperti yang terjadi di Kawasan Suaka Margasatwa Rawa Singkil, sudah banyak terjadinya deforestasi lahan gambut dan adanya kegiatan konversi lahan sehingga terganggunya fungsi gambut sebagai habitat untuk perlindungan keanekaragaman hayati sekaligus pengatur tata air. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kondisi eksisting kawasan Suaka Margastwa Gambut Rawa Singkil . Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif melalui survei lapangan dan pengamatan lapangan. Tahapan awal yang dilakukan adalah analisis tutupan lahan dari hasil klasifikasi citra google earth 2019, selanjutnya Ground Check dan Meng-update/ memperbaiki/ memverifikasi peta yang telah dibuat. Berdasarkan hasil perbaikan peta gambut Suaka Margasatwa Rawa Singkil yang telah dibuat maka didapat Hutan rawa sekunder seluas 15.313,53 ha (87,75%), semak belukar rawa seluas 2.066,25 ha(11,84%), telah terjadi deforestasi lahan seluas 62,50 ha (0,36%) dan terjadinya konversi hutan menjadi perkebunan kelapa sawit seluas 8,51 ha (0,05%), dari luas kawasan Suaka Margasatwa gambut Rawa Singkil yaitu 17.450,79 ha.Study of Existing Condition of Rawa Singkil Peat Wildlife Reserve AreaAbstract. Peatlands have become a target for agricultural land, because agricultural land which dwindling. It was happened in the Rawa Singkil Wildlife Reserve Area, present day there is so many displacing peatland deforestation and land conversion so that the function of peat as a habitat for biological conversion as well as regulating the air system. The purpose of this study was to study the existing conditions of the Singkil Peat Swamp Margastwa Sanctuary. This research is using descriptive methods through field surveys and field observations. The initial stage is to analyze of land cover from the results of the 2019 google earth image classification, then ground check and updating / repairing / updating the maps that have been made. Based on the improvement of the Singkil Wildlife Reserve peat map that has been developed, a secondary swamp forest of 15,313.53 ha (87.75%), 2,066.25 ha (11.84%) of swamp shrubs has been successfully allocated 62,50 ha (0.36%) and conversion of forest to oil palm plantations of 8.51 ha (0.05%), from the area of the Rawa Singkil Peat Wildlife Reserve which is 17,450.79 ha.
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Kim, Jung-Il, Jong-Won Baek, and Chang-Bae Kim. "Image Classification of Amazon Parrots by Deep Learning: A Potentially Useful Tool for Wildlife Conservation." Biology 11, no. 9 (September 1, 2022): 1303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11091303.
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Parrots play a crucial role in the ecosystem by performing various roles, such as consuming the reproductive structures of plants and dispersing plant seeds. However, most are threatened because of habitat loss and commercial trade. Amazon parrots are one of the most traded and illegally traded parrots. Therefore, monitoring their wild populations and global trade is crucial for their conservation. However, monitoring wild populations is becoming more challenging because the manual analysis of large-scale datasets of images obtained from camera trap methods is labor-intensive and time consuming. Monitoring the wildlife trade is difficult because of the large quantities of wildlife trade. Amazon parrots can be difficult to identify because of their morphological similarity. Object detection models have been widely used for automatic and accurate species classification. In this study, to classify 26 Amazon parrot species, 8 Single Shot MultiBox Detector models were assessed. Among the eight models, the DenseNet121 model showed the highest mean average precision at 88.9%. This model classified the 26 Amazon parrot species at 90.7% on average. Continuous improvement of deep learning models classifying Amazon parrots may support monitoring wild populations and the global trade of these species.
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Hanson, Melissa, Nicholas Hollingshead, Krysten Schuler, William F. Siemer, Patrick Martin, and Elizabeth M. Bunting. "Species, causes, and outcomes of wildlife rehabilitation in New York State." PLOS ONE 16, no. 9 (September 21, 2021): e0257675. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257675.
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Wildlife rehabilitation is a publicly popular practice, though not without controversy. State wildlife agencies frequently debate the ecological impact of rehabilitation. By analyzing case records, we can clarify and quantify the causes for rehabilitation, species involved, and treatment outcomes. This data would aid regulatory agencies and rehabilitators in making informed decisions, as well as gaining insight into causes of species mortality. In New York State, the Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC) has licensed rehabilitators since 1980 and annual reporting is required. In this study, we analyzed 58,185 individual wildlife cases that were attended by New York rehabilitators between 2012 and 2014. These encompassed 30,182 (51.9%) birds, 25,447 (43.7%) mammals, 2,421 (4.2%) reptiles, and 75 (0.1%) amphibians. We identified patterns among taxonomic representation, reasons for presentation to a rehabilitation center, and animal disposition. Major causes of presentation were trauma (n = 22,156; 38.1%) and orphaning (n = 21,679; 37.3%), with habitat loss (n = 3,937; 6.8%), infectious disease (n = 1,824; 3.1%), and poisoning or toxin exposure (n = 806; 1.4%) playing lesser roles. The overall release rate for animals receiving care was 50.2% while 45.3% died or were euthanized during the rehabilitation process. A relatively small number (0.3%) were permanently non-releasable and placed in captivity; 4.1% had unknown outcomes. A comparable evaluation in 1989 revealed that wildlife submissions have increased (annual mean 12,583 vs 19,395), and are accompanied by a significant improvement in release (50.2% in the study period vs 44.4% in 1989) (χ2(1) = 90.43, p < 0.0001). In this manuscript, we aim to describe the rehabilitator community in New York State, and present the causes and outcomes for rehabilitation over a three-year period.
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Myaskov, A. V., A. S. Tulupov, O. V. Zhironkina, and V. S. Zaitsev. "The mechanism of variants of ecosystem conservation options taking into accounting regional and technological features of mining enterprises." Russian Journal of Industrial Economics 11, no. 3 (November 5, 2018): 273–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/2072-1633-2018-3-273-279.
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At the moment, inRussia, entering the next stage of economic development, which is based primarily on the use of natural resources, a new environmental policy must be developed, an integral part of which is the protection of nature, natural ecosystems and their basis – biodiversity. Based on the Convention on Biological Diversity, a number of measures have been proposed within the framework of the National Biodiversity Strategy inRussia, with the help of which the whole process of conservation of natural ecosystems in the country should be carried out. Unfortunately, up to now the proposed measures are practically not applied in practice, and first of all it concerns the economic levers of biodiversity conservation. So the economic regulation of the protection and use of wildlife, among other things, includes: accounting and economic valuation of objects of the animal kingdom; an economically justified system of payments for the use of wildlife; budget financing of measures to protect and reproduce natural ecosystems; economically justified system of fines and claims for violation of the legislation of the Russian Federation. At the same time, economic incentives for the protection, reproduction and sustainable use of wildlife include: the establishment of tax and other benefits granted to legal entities and citizens that ensure the protection, reproduction and sustainable use of wildlife, as well as the protection and improvement of their habitat. Based on this, it can be said that the purpose of these activities is to improve the environmental management process in industrial regions based on the development of an economic regulatory mechanism and an environmental and economic assessment of conservation of biological diversity as the basis for the existence of natural ecosystems.
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TAKEYAMA, Emi, and Yasuaki KUKI. "Designing Guidcline of Separation Zone between Habitat of Wildlife and Agricultural Field Examination for Improvement of Countermeasures to Decrease Agricultural Damage by Wildlife in Uruno, Kozagawa-town, Wakayama Prefecture." JOURNAL OF RURAL PLANNING ASSOCIATION 29 (2010): 233–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2750/arp.29.233.
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Nguyen, Thuy Thi, Colin Meurk, Rubianca Benavidez, Bethanna Jackson, and Markus Pahlow. "The Effect of Blue-Green Infrastructure on Habitat Connectivity and Biodiversity: A Case Study in the Ōtākaro/Avon River Catchment in Christchurch, New Zealand." Sustainability 13, no. 12 (June 14, 2021): 6732. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13126732.
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The natural capital components in cities (“blue-green infrastructure” BGI) are designed to address long-term sustainability and create multi-benefits for society, culture, business, and ecology. We investigated the added value of BGI through the research question “Can the implementation of blue-green infrastructure lead to an improvement of habitat connectivity and biodiversity in urban environments?” To answer this, the Biological and Environmental Evaluation Tools for Landscape Ecology (BEETLE) within the Land Utilisation and Capability Indicator (LUCI) framework was adopted and applied in Christchurch, New Zealand, for the first time. Three ecologically representative species were selected. The parameterisation was based on ecological theory and expert judgment. By implementation of BGI, the percentages of habitats of interest for kereru and paradise shelduck increased by 3.3% and 2.5%, respectively. This leads to improved habitat connectivity. We suggest several opportunities for regenerating more native patches around the catchment to achieve the recommended minimum 10% target of indigenous cover. However, BGI alone cannot return a full suite of threatened wildlife to the city without predator-fenced breeding sanctuaries and wider pest control across the matrix. The socio-eco-spatial connectivity analysed in this study was formalised in terms of four interacting dimensions.
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Mansoor, Muhammad, Muhammad Jamil, Fawad Anwar, Aftab Ahmed Awan, and Sher Muhammad. "Review A Review on Rangeland Management in Pakistan, Bottlenecks and Recommendations." Biological Sciences - PJSIR 61, no. 2 (August 28, 2018): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.52763/pjsir.biol.sci.61.2.2018.115.120.
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Role of rangelands in the livelihoods improvement of rural communes. is pivotal, through animal rearing, obtaining versatile products and services. Rangelands play key role in maintenance of agro- ecosystem and preservation of biodiversity in the country by improving infiltration rate, leading thereby a sustainable water flow in the down streams and reducing soil erosion. However, due to increased population pressure there is analogous increase in the demand for food, forage and other resources. In addition rangelands provide wildlife and fish habitat and recreation spots. Keeping in view the current global climate change scenario the government has given high priority to rangelands management, hence the concentration of the politicians and policy makers is to focus on the sustainable rangeland development and management. The article deals first with the importance of range management, then discusses rangelands problems of Pakistan, causes of degradation of rangelands, human factors contributing to range degradation and finally recommendations are discussed.
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Shankar, T. R., and Divya Mudappa. "Bridging the gap: Sharing responsibility for ecological restoration and wildlife conservation on private lands in the Western Ghats." Social Change 33, no. 2-3 (June 2003): 129–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004908570303300309.
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A major conservation issue, particularly in the tropics, is habitat loss and fragmentation due to developmental activities and increasing human populations. Ecologiste today recognise that much of the once-pristine forests that are now secondary forests, as well as large areas outside existing conservation reserves, harbouring significant levels of biological diversity need to be targeted for long-term conservation. Governmental agencies such as the Forest Department and the conservation community have come to accept that the conventional patrol-and-protect method has its limitations in addressing the increasing threats to such conservation areas. A complementary strategy is to develop conservation plans for protection and improvement by ecological restoration of forests, particularly isolated fragments and degraded areas on private lands. This requires bridging gaps between private landowners, governmental agencies, and nongovernmental conservation organisations and fostering efforts based on mutual cooperation and collaboration as well as developing positive incentives for private landholders involved in conservation of forests and biological diversity. In this paper, we discuss one of the first examples of such an effort of sharing responsibility for long-term conservation in a highly disturbed tropical rainforest region of the Western Ghats.
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Hufschmid, J., I. Beveridge, and K. A. Handasyde. "Haematology and serum biochemistry of adult free-ranging mountain brushtail possums (Trichosurus cunninghami), including correlations with season, sex, age, habitat type and disease status." Australian Journal of Zoology 61, no. 6 (2013): 430. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo12097.
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For many wildlife species only limited data are available on haematology and blood biochemistry for free-ranging populations because these are often difficult to obtain. We collected blood samples from wild adult mountain brushtail possums (Trichosurus cunninghami) in the Strathbogie Ranges, Victoria (Australia), over two years, to provide reference values for haematological and some serum biochemical parameters (serum protein, sodium, chloride, potassium, urea, creatinine, creatine kinase and cortisol) for free-ranging animals. We also investigated patterns associated with sex, season, age, habitat type and disease status, including a form of skin disease (rumpwear – one of the major diseases of brushtail possums) and parasite loads. Values for several blood parameters correlated with sex, and most also changed significantly with season. Eosinophil counts increased significantly with the number of strongyle eggs in faeces, and packed cell volume decreased significantly with increasing numbers of ticks. Surprisingly, there was a significant negative relationship between mean population serum cortisol concentrations and the prevalence of rumpwear. Serum sodium and chloride concentrations were significantly lower in possums with moderate to severe rumpwear; however, the biological significance of this is unclear. While there is a growing body of data on the blood parameters of marsupials, these are mainly derived from captive animals, or single sample sets from wild populations, thus are unlikely to accurately reflect the changing status of wild animals/populations across seasons and under varying environmental conditions and parasite loads. More comprehensive, longer-term data from free-ranging marsupial populations, such as those presented here, provide extremely important reference data to aid in determining the health status of wild populations and interpreting data collected from individuals.
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Chankhao, Andaman, Ekaphan Kraichak, Sangsan Phumsathan, and Nantachai Pongpattananurak. "Dynamics of Forage and Management Implications for Large Herbivore Habitat in Seasonally Dry Forest of Southeast Asia." Forests 13, no. 9 (September 11, 2022): 1463. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13091463.
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Forage plants, as primary producers, play an essential role in maintaining populations of large herbivores. The availability and quality of these forage plants can affect the health and viability of these animals. Seasonally dry forests of Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary and Huai Thab Salao-Huai Rabum Non-Hunting Area are recognized as one of the largest contiguous pieces of forests in mainland Southeast Asia and serve as a home to many large herbivore species, particularly banteng (Bos javanicus birmanicus). However, our understanding of forage plants and their dynamics is still limited. Therefore, the current study was undertaken to understand the dynamics of forage plants, prescribed burning effects, and the associated environmental factors. During 2018–2019, the results showed that the highest forage availability was in June after the prescribed burns at 156.2–252.6 kg ha−1 and the lowest in February before the burning at 16.8–39.8 kg ha−1. Environmental factors that impacted the forage availability include canopy cover, tree density, tree basal area, soil bulk density, soil pH, and topography. However, the impacts of these factors varied among the studied plant life forms, suggesting the importance of active habitat management through prescribed burns and stand improvement to maintain sufficient forage for large herbivores in the future.
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Blight, Louise K., Douglas F. Bertram, and Edward Kroc. "Evaluating UAV-based techniques to census an urban-nesting gull population on Canada’s Pacific coast." Journal of Unmanned Vehicle Systems 7, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 312–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/juvs-2019-0005.
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The use of unmanned aerial vehicles, or drones, in wildlife monitoring has increased in recent years, particularly in hard-to-access habitats. We used fixed-wing and quadcopter drones to census an urban-nesting population of Glaucous-winged Gulls in Victoria, Canada. We conducted our study over 2 years and asked whether (i) drones represent a suitable survey method for rooftop-nesting gulls in our study region; and (ii) Victoria’s urban gull population had increased since the last survey >30 years earlier. Using orthomosaic imagery derived from drone overflights, we estimated at least a threefold increase over the 1986 count reported for the entire city (from 114 to 346 pairs), and an approximate tenfold increase in the number of gulls nesting in the downtown core. Drones proved to be an excellent platform from which to census rooftop-nesting birds: occupied nests were readily discernible in our digital imagery, and incubating birds were undisturbed by drones. This lack of disturbance may be due to Victoria’s location in an aerodrome; gulls experience dozens of floatplane and helicopter flights per day and are likely habituated to air traffic. Glaucous-winged Gulls have declined considerably at their natural island colonies in the region since the 1980s. Our results indicate that although urban roofs provide replacement nesting habitat for this species, local gull populations have not simply relocated en masse from islands to rooftops in the region.
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MAHONY, MICHAEL, BEDE MOSES, STEPHEN V. MAHONY, FRANK L. LEMCKERT, and STEPHEN DONNELLAN. "A new species of frog in the Litoria ewingii species group (Anura: Pelodryadidae) from south-eastern Australia." Zootaxa 4858, no. 2 (September 30, 2020): 201–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4858.2.3.
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Population declines and range contractions among Australian frogs that commenced in the early 1980s continue in some species that were once widespread. The generality of this pattern has been difficult to discern, especially for those species that are encountered rarely because they have restricted periods of calling activity with poorly defined habitat preferences, and are not common. Several lines of evidence indicate that Litoria littlejohni is such a species. This frog was once known from mid-eastern New South Wales to eastern Victoria, and evidence from wildlife atlas databases and targeted searches indicate that it has declined in large portions of its former range, leaving several populations that are isolated, in some cases restricted in distribution, and of small size. We investigated the relationships among populations using mitochondrial ND4 nucleotide sequences and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from the nuclear genome. We found that northern and southern populations form two highly divergent genetic groups whose distributions abut at the southern margin of the Sydney Basin Bioregion and these genetic groups also show divergence in morphology and male advertisement calls. Here we describe the populations to the south of the Sydney Basin Bioregion as a new species and provide information on its distribution and ecology. In light of the apparent isolation and small size of known populations of the new species and the consequent restriction of the range of L. littlejohni, we assessed the conservation status of both species.
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Sharma, Yashita, Yashika Mago, and Vagisha Rawal. "The dynamics of the first wave of COVID-19 on environment and wildlife– a boon or a bane?" Environment Conservation Journal 23, no. 1&2 (February 22, 2022): 183–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.36953/ecj.021905-2162.
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Even though COVID-19 has drastically weighed upon the humankind, still there is a “silver lining” to see in this dark time. Amidst of this pandemic, most of the human activities were restricted to break the chain of infection which resulted the remarkable change in nature. It has been reported that due to halt in air travel, reduction in the use of fossil fuels, way less functioning of vehicles, shutdown of industries has complied the change in air pollution levels and also change in river water quality. Reports also showed the reduction in particulate matter (PM 2.5 and PM 10), greenhouse gases emissions, massive improvement in the Air quality index (AQI), reduction in the NOX and SOX’s level has clearly stipulated that nature has got it’s time to “revive”. Even the global carbon emission has reported to reduced reluctantly which is expected to be the biggest such drop since World War II. Despite conducting water-cleansing projects and spending a lot of money, the situation of the water bodies were far better now during first lockdown. Moreover, migration and breeding of the birds and animals have been reported to be restored to normal pattern due to depletion in man-animal conflict. Apart from the positive, negative impacts on the nature are also being experienced. Our review work is highlighting such impacts witnessed during the first wave of COVID-19, like, the significant improvement in air and water quality, reduction in environmental noise, therefore an in turn cleaner and quieter habitat for the wildlife to mate and also to quench their curiosities by their surprising excursions; but there are also some negative aspects as well, like reduction in recycling and the increase in waste, increased poaching and even lone shuttering of zoo animals.
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Alcalá Galván, Carlos Hugo, Ramón Héctor Barraza Guardado, Félix Ayala Álvarez, and Edgar Omar Rueda Puente. "Uso sustentable de agostaderos y el sistema vaca-cría en el Noroeste de México." Agronomía Mesoamericana 29, no. 2 (May 1, 2018): 433. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/ma.v29i2.29185.
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Livestock is an economic activity, dedicated to the breeding of animal species to take advantage of them and of its derivative products, as well as of livestock exploitation itself. However, when relating it to the sustainable use of natural resources in Northwest Mexico, there can be seen some situations that need to be addressed. The present study aims to analyze the production and conservation status of natural resources of beef cattle activity in the cow-calf system in Sonora, Mexico. The diagnosis was based on aspects of regionalization of livestock, the specific characteristics and issues of the systems, and the productive status of rangelands. The results showed that, despite the existence of signs of wildlife utilization and the importance of protecting the habitat status for livestock development in the state of Sonora, Mexico, it is important to implement a series of actions in order to increase the sustainable productivity of soil, soil water resources, the recovery of vegetation cover, improvement of livestock management practices, needs of research and technology transfer, as well as institutional linkage and training of professional human resources.
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Wu, C. Y., C. M. Kao, C. E. Lin, C. W. Chen, and Y. C. Lai. "Using a constructed wetland for non-point source pollution control and river water quality purification: a case study in Taiwan." Water Science and Technology 61, no. 10 (May 1, 2010): 2549–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.175.
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The Kaoping River Rail Bridge Constructed Wetland, which was commissioned in 2004, is one of the largest constructed wetlands in Taiwan. This multi-function wetland has been designed for the purposes of non-point source (NPS) pollutant removal, wastewater treatment, wildlife habitat, recreation, and education. The major influents of this wetland came from the local drainage trench containing domestic, agricultural, and industrial wastewaters, and effluents from the wastewater treatment plant of a paper mill. Based on the quarterly investigation results from 2007 to 2009, more than 96% of total coliforms (TC), 48% of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and 40% of nutrients (e.g. total nitrogen, total phosphorus) were removed via the constructed wetland system. Thus, the wetland system has a significant effect on water quality improvement and is capable of removing most of the pollutants from the local drainage system before they are discharged into the downgradient water body. Other accomplishments of this constructed wetland system include the following: providing more green areas along the riversides, offering more water assessable eco-ponds and eco-gardens for the public, and rehabilitating the natural ecosystem. The Kaoping River Rail Bridge Constructed Wetland has become one of the most successful multi-function constructed wetlands in Taiwan. The experience obtained from this study will be helpful in designing similar natural treatment systems for river water quality improvement and wastewater treatment.
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Potter-Witter, Karen. "A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Michigan Nonindustrial Private Forest Landowners." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 22, no. 2 (June 1, 2005): 132–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/22.2.132.
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Abstract Incentive and assistance programs for nonindustrial private landowners in Michigan were evaluated for their effectiveness in encouraging forest management activities. This article reports on selected results of a comparative analysis of program enrollment, landowner characteristics, and management accomplishments. The analysis was based on data from a survey of 2,230 nonindustrial private forestland (NIPF) owners who were members of the Michigan Forest Association (MFA) or were enrolled in the Commercial Forest Program (CF), the Forest Stewardship Program (FSP), or the Two-Hearted River Watershed (TRW) landowner program in 2000. With a 55% overall response rate, landowners reported on present and past management activities and program enrollment. To address the question of the effectiveness of incentive programs, this comparative analysis tested the hypotheses that forest management activity reported by Michigan NIPF landowners who were enrolled in several types of incentive programs did not differ significantly by program and that management activity was not significantly explained by landowner demographics and parcel characteristics. Landowner program enrollment was compared with respect to tree-planting, timber harvesting, timber stand improvement, wildlife habitat improvement, and soil and water protection. To examine the differences, if any, between landowners who practice forest management and those who do not, explanatory demographic and parcel characteristic variables also were tested for their effect on management activity levels.North. J. Appl. For. 22(2):132–138.
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Weston, Michael A., Glenn C. Ehmke, and Grainne S. Maguire. "Manage one beach or two? Movements and space-use of the threatened hooded plover (Thinornis rubricollis) in south-eastern Australia." Wildlife Research 36, no. 4 (2009): 289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr08084.
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An understanding of space use and dispersal of a wildlife species is essential for effective management. We examined the movements of a beach-dwelling, threatened population of hooded plover (Thinornis rubricollis) in southern central Victoria, Australia, by analysing sightings of colour-banded birds (4897 sightings; 194 birds tracked for up to 9 years). Most movements were relatively short (5050 ± 305 m), with 61.4% <1 km and 95.3% <20 km; they lacked directional or sexual bias. The extent of coastline used by individual birds was 47.8 ± 58.0 km. Regional differences in average distances moved by adults were apparent. For adults, movement rates (mean distance per day) were higher during the non-breeding season than during the breeding season. Non-breeding adults generally remained close to their partners (non-breeding, 456.3 ± 163.9 m; breeding, 148.2 ± 45.3 m). Largest flock sizes were recorded during the non-breeding period, and flocking was not uniformly distributed along the coast but appeared to be concentrated in particular locations. The frequency of pair cohesion (i.e. when the distance between partners was zero on a given day) was similar during the breeding (69.6%) and non-breeding seasons (67.7%). Breeding territories (kernel analysis) were 36.7 ± 5.7 ha and overlapped from year to year in all cases (23 pairwise comparisons; 47.9 ± 7.1% overlap). The high fidelity and constancy of territories confirms they warrant ongoing management investment, although the species relies on a matrix of breeding and non-breeding sites. The latter appear to occur in specific parts of the coast and warrant enhanced protection and more research attention. Fragmentation of the breeding population might occur where habitat is rendered unsuitable for > ~50 km.
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Zhao, Xiaojiong, Jian Wang, Junde Su, Wei Sun, and Haoxian Meng. "Research on a Biodiversity Conservation Value Assessment Method Based on Habitat Suitability of Species: A Case Study in Gansu Province, China." Sustainability 13, no. 6 (March 10, 2021): 3007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13063007.
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Quantitative assessment and evaluation of ecological parameters and biodiversity conservation are prime concerns for long-term conservation of rare and endangered species and their associated habitats in any ecological region. In this study, Gansu Province, a biodiversity hotspot, was chosen as the research area. We predicted the distribution patterns of suitable habitats for rare and endangered species. The replacement cost method was adopted to calculate the conservation value of rare and endangered species. The suitable habitat distribution area of rare and endangered wild animals reached 351,607.76 km2 (without overlapping area), while that of plants reached 72,988.12 km2 (without overlapping area). The conservation value of rare and endangered wildlife is US $1670.00 million. The high-value areas are mostly concentrated in the south and north of Gansu Province. The conservation value of rare and endangered wild plants is US $56,920.00 million. The high-value areas are mostly concentrated south of Gansu Province. The conservation value is US $58,590.00 million a year, and its distribution trend is gradually decreasing from northeast to southwest, with the highest in the forest area south of Gansu Province, followed by the Qilian Mountain area in the north. These results are of great significance for future improvement of the evaluation index system of ecosystem services and the development of ecosystem services and management strategies.
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Paysen, Timothy E., and Marcia G. Narog. "Tree mortality 6 years after burning a thinned Quercuschrysolepis stand." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 23, no. 10 (October 1, 1993): 2236–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x93-277.
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Managers do not currently use prescribed fire in stands of canyon live oak (Quercuschrysolepis Liebm.) because it is highly susceptible to fire injury. A preliminary study investigating the effects of prescribed burning on this species was initiated on the San Bernardino National Forest in southern California. The purpose was to assess the feasibility of using thinning and prescribed burning to develop shaded fuel breaks in these stands. This paper addresses aboveground tree mortality inventoried 2 and 6 years after a prescribed burn. Aboveground tree stems were judged as live or dead (irrespective of root-zone sprouting). Fire caused approximately 50% mortality in DBH classes ≤15 cm and <10% in larger classes. Between the 2nd and 6th years after burning, tree mortality increased by only 3%. Our results suggest that prescribed fire can be used as a management tool in Q. chrysolepis stands and that tree mortality might be evaluated sooner than previously believed. More investigations are required to identify favorable conditions for prescribed burning in this species, as well as applicability for (i) degree of hazard reduction near the urban wildland interface, (ii) stand improvement by thinning small or crowded trees, and (iii) revitalizing wildlife habitat.
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Capotorti, Giulia, Vera De Lazzari, and Marta Alós Ortí. "Local Scale Prioritisation of Green Infrastructure for Enhancing Biodiversity in Peri-Urban Agroecosystems: A Multi-Step Process Applied in the Metropolitan City of Rome (Italy)." Sustainability 11, no. 12 (June 16, 2019): 3322. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11123322.
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Urban–rural interfaces represent complex systems that require complex solutions for sustainable development and resilience against pollution, habitat fragmentation, biodiversity loss and impaired flux of ecosystem services (ES). Green infrastructure (GI) is increasingly recognised as an effective tool for addressing such a complexity, but needs priority setting to maximise benefits and minimise drawbacks of implementation. Therefore, a prioritisation approach focused on biodiversity and ES in peri-urban areas is required. In the present work, a systematic and hierarchical framework is proposed for setting priority GI objectives, location and actions aimed at enhancing local biodiversity, ES flux and farming sustainability in urban peripheries. By means of a case study in the Metropolitan City of Rome, the framework allowed identification of the main demand for ES and biodiversity; the most suitable location for GI implementation; and the best cost-effective actions. The GI implementation showed an improvement in terms of wooded hedgerow density, an increase regarding the ecological connectivity of riparian ecosystems, and an increment of agroecosystems designated to enhance the ecological network and wildlife support. Finally, the prioritisation framework contributes to fostering environmental benefits while complying with regulations and management practices from the regional to the farm/field decision level.
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Herbert, C. A., M. Dassis, M. Pye, P. W. Jones, P. H. W. Leong, G. Thomas, H. Cope, et al. "Development of light-weight video-tracking technology for use in wildlife research: A case study on kangaroos." Australian Zoologist 40, no. 3 (January 2020): 364–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.7882/az.2020.001.
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There have been significant advances in the development of animal-borne sensor technologies, or biologgers, in recent years. This has resulted in tremendous capacity for wildlife researchers to remotely collect physiological, behavioural and social data from wildlife in circumstances that were unthinkable just decades ago. While this technology can provide us with a unique insight into the “secret lives” of wild animals, there is a need to evaluate the utility of these new sensors versus traditional wildlife research methodologies, and to critically evaluate the integrity of the data collected by ensuring that these devices themselves do not alter the physiology or behaviour of the recipient animal. This paper reports on the development of a light weight “animal borne video and environmental data collection system” (AVED), which can be deployed on animals as small as 11 kg, whilst still meeting the desired 3% body weight threshold. This AVED (referred to as the “Kangaroo-cam”) simultaneously collects video footage and GPS location data for an average of 19 h. Kangaroo-cams were deployed on seven kangaroos as a proof of concept of their potential utility for the study of location specific behaviour and diet in a medium-sized terrestrial herbivore. Following device recovery and data processing, we were able to successfully score 83 foraging events which allowed us to determine diet based on visual identification (to the family level) of plants consumed. This approach could be further broadened to include a comparison of plant species consumed versus plant species encountered to provide a novel approach to diet selection analysis. When combined with GPS mapping of foraging locations, this approach would allow researchers to address questions on diet selection at both fine (within patch) and broad (habitat) spatial scales, overcoming some of the limitations of traditional diet selection methodologies. However, animal capture and collar deployment caused a significant elevation in stress hormone concentrations within the first 24 h post-capture, which highlighted the need to incorporate a time-delay capacity into these devices. We conclude the paper by reviewing recent advances in the development of AVED technology and providing suggestions for the improvement of this Kangaroo-cam device.
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Paudyal, Kiran, Yusuf B. Samsudin, Himlal Baral, Beni Okarda, Vu Tan Phuong, Shyam Paudel, and Rodney J. Keenan. "Spatial Assessment of Ecosystem Services from Planted Forests in Central Vietnam." Forests 11, no. 8 (July 29, 2020): 822. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11080822.
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Globally, planted forests are increasing, providing increased resources to forest industries and ecosystem services (ES) to local and wider communities. However, assessment of the impacts of plantations on ES has been limited. Planted forests have expanded rapidly in Vietnam over the last 20 years, with much of the planting undertaken by smallholder growers using exotic Acacia and Eucalyptus species. This study aimed to test a framework to assess changes in four ES due to an increase in Acacia plantations from 2005–2015 in central Vietnam: carbon sequestration, sediment retention, water yield and habitat. Quantitative and qualitative indicators for each service were derived from the literature. Results showed that the area of planted forests in Quảng Trị and Thừa Thiên-Huế Provinces increased from 130,930 hectares (ha) to 182,508 ha, mostly replacing non-forest areas (degraded lands, grasslands and agricultural lands) and poor forests. The framework demonstrated capacity to assess the effect of planted forests on wood flow, carbon stocks, sediment retention, streamflow and the extent of wildlife habitat. Apart from the wood supply and carbon sequestration, more research is required to translate biophysical indicators to benefit relevant indicators related to human welfare. The study also revealed that the area of rich forests decreased by 20% over the ten years, mostly through degradation to poorer quality natural forests. Therefore, at the landscape scale, improvement in ES due to conversion of non-forests to planted forests was offset by a reduction in some services as a result of degradation of native forest from rich to poorer condition. Assessment of changes in ES due to planted forests also needs to consider other landscape changes. These analyses can inform policymakers, forest owners and managers, environmental organizations and local communities of the benefits and impacts of planted forests and provide an improved basis for payments for ES and potential additional income for smallholder tree growers.
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Rajendran, Ganesh B., Uma M. Kumarasamy, Chiara Zarro, Parameshachari B. Divakarachari, and Silvia L. Ullo. "Land-Use and Land-Cover Classification Using a Human Group-Based Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm with an LSTM Classifier on Hybrid Pre-Processing Remote-Sensing Images." Remote Sensing 12, no. 24 (December 17, 2020): 4135. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12244135.
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Land-use and land-cover (LULC) classification using remote sensing imagery plays a vital role in many environment modeling and land-use inventories. In this study, a hybrid feature optimization algorithm along with a deep learning classifier is proposed to improve the performance of LULC classification, helping to predict wildlife habitat, deteriorating environmental quality, haphazard elements, etc. LULC classification is assessed using Sat 4, Sat 6 and Eurosat datasets. After the selection of remote-sensing images, normalization and histogram equalization methods are used to improve the quality of the images. Then, a hybrid optimization is accomplished by using the local Gabor binary pattern histogram sequence (LGBPHS), the histogram of oriented gradient (HOG) and Haralick texture features, for the feature extraction from the selected images. The benefits of this hybrid optimization are a high discriminative power and invariance to color and grayscale images. Next, a human group-based particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is applied to select the optimal features, whose benefits are a fast convergence rate and ease of implementation. After selecting the optimal feature values, a long short-term memory (LSTM) network is utilized to classify the LULC classes. Experimental results showed that the human group-based PSO algorithm with a LSTM classifier effectively well differentiates the LULC classes in terms of classification accuracy, recall and precision. A maximum improvement of 6.03% on Sat 4 and 7.17% on Sat 6 in LULC classification is reached when the proposed human group-based PSO with LSTM is compared to individual LSTM, PSO with LSTM, and Human Group Optimization (HGO) with LSTM. Moreover, an improvement of 2.56% in accuracy is achieved, compared to the existing models, GoogleNet, Visual Geometric Group (VGG), AlexNet, ConvNet, when the proposed method is applied.
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Ramirez-Reyes, Carlos, Mona Nazeri, Garrett Street, D. Todd Jones-Farrand, Francisco J. Vilella, and Kristine O. Evans. "Embracing Ensemble Species Distribution Models to Inform At-Risk Species Status Assessments." Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 12, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 98–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/jfwm-20-072.
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Abstract Conservation planning depends on reliable information regarding the geographic distribution of species. However, our knowledge of species' distributions is often incomplete, especially when species are cryptic, difficult to survey, or rare. The use of species distribution models has increased in recent years and proven a valuable tool to evaluate habitat suitability for species. However, practitioners have yet to fully adopt the potential of species distribution models to inform conservation efforts for information-limited species. Here, we describe a species distribution modeling approach for at-risk species that could better inform U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's species status assessments and help facilitate conservation decisions. We applied four modeling techniques (generalized additive, maximum entropy, generalized boosted, and weighted ensemble) to occurrence data for four at-risk species proposed for listing under the U.S. Endangered Species Act (Papaipema eryngii, Macbridea caroliniana, Scutellaria ocmulgee, and Balduina atropurpurea) in the Southeastern United States. The use of ensemble models reduced uncertainty caused by differences among modeling techniques, with a consequent improvement of predictive accuracy of fitted models. Incorporating an ensemble modeling approach into species status assessments and similar frameworks is likely to benefit survey efforts, inform recovery activities, and provide more robust status assessments for at-risk species. We emphasize that co-producing species distribution models in close collaboration with species experts has the potential to provide better calibration data and model refinements, which could ultimately improve reliance and use of model outputs.
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Tutton, Rosamond J., and Robert G. Way. "A low-cost method for monitoring snow characteristics at remote field sites." Cryosphere 15, no. 1 (January 4, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1-2021.
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Abstract. The lack of spatially distributed snow depth measurements in natural environments is a challenge worldwide. These data gaps are of particular relevance in northern regions such as coastal Labrador where changes to snow conditions directly impact Indigenous livelihoods, local vegetation, permafrost distribution and wildlife habitat. This problem is exacerbated by the lack of cost-efficient and reliable snow observation methods available to researchers studying cryosphere–vegetation interactions in remote regions. We propose a new method termed snow characterization with light and temperature (SCLT) for estimating snow depth using vertically arranged multivariate (light and temperature) data loggers. To test this new approach, six snow stakes outfitted with SCLT loggers were installed in forested and tundra ecotypes in Arctic and subarctic Labrador. The results from 1 year of field measurement indicate that daily maximum light intensity (lux) at snow-covered sensors is diminished by more than an order of magnitude compared to uncovered sensors. This contrast enables differentiation between snow coverage at different sensor heights and allows for robust determination of daily snow heights throughout the year. Further validation of SCLT and the inclusion of temperature determinants is needed to resolve ambiguities with thresholds for snow detection and to elucidate the impacts of snow density on retrieved light and temperature profiles. However, the results presented in this study suggest that the proposed technique represents a significant improvement over prior methods for snow depth characterization at remote field sites in terms of practicality, simplicity and versatility.
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Zhu, Jie, Ge Sun, Wenhong Li, Yu Zhang, Guofang Miao, Asko Noormets, Steve G. McNulty, John S. King, Mukesh Kumar, and Xuan Wang. "Modeling the potential impacts of climate change on the water table level of selected forested wetlands in the southeastern United States." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 21, no. 12 (December 13, 2017): 6289–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-6289-2017.
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Abstract. The southeastern United States hosts extensive forested wetlands, providing ecosystem services including carbon sequestration, water quality improvement, groundwater recharge, and wildlife habitat. However, these wetland ecosystems are dependent on local climate and hydrology, and are therefore at risk due to climate and land use change. This study develops site-specific empirical hydrologic models for five forested wetlands with different characteristics by analyzing long-term observed meteorological and hydrological data. These wetlands represent typical cypress ponds/swamps, Carolina bays, pine flatwoods, drained pocosins, and natural bottomland hardwood ecosystems. The validated empirical models are then applied at each wetland to predict future water table changes using climate projections from 20 general circulation models (GCMs) participating in Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project 5 (CMIP5) under the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios. We show that combined future changes in precipitation and potential evapotranspiration would significantly alter wetland hydrology including groundwater dynamics by the end of the 21st century. Compared to the historical period, all five wetlands are predicted to become drier over time. The mean water table depth is predicted to drop by 4 to 22 cm in response to the decrease in water availability (i.e., precipitation minus potential evapotranspiration) by the year 2100. Among the five examined wetlands, the depressional wetland in hot and humid Florida appears to be most vulnerable to future climate change. This study provides quantitative information on the potential magnitude of wetland hydrological response to future climate change in typical forested wetlands in the southeastern US.
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Chouksey, Sandeep, and Somesh Singh. "Assessments on the impact of human-tiger conflict and community-based conservation in Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve, Madhya Pradesh, India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 10, no. 7 (June 26, 2018): 11844. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.3015.10.7.11844-11849.
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Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve (BTR) is one of the famous tiger reserves in India, situated in Uamria District of Madhya Pradesh. Data on human-tiger conflict were collected from the forest record during the period from 2001 to 2011 and a questionnaire survey was conducted to know the level of human-tiger conflict. A total of 27 human casualties were recorded, of which 40.75% were lethal (death) and 59.25% were injuries. A total of 1,603 livestock killing were recorded by tiger, of which consisting of 76.54% (1227) cattle (cow/ox), 22.52% (361) buffaloes and 0.93% (15) goats. Illegal entry into the core and buffer area for collection of minor forest produce, daily needs, and livestock grazing were observed to be the major reasons behind the existing conflict. Poor livestock shelter was also found responsible for mauling of cattle by tigers. The forest department had provided adequate compensation for the losses, but most of the respondents were unsatisfied due to assorted reasons. Poaching and retaliation killing of tiger is also a serious issue in and around BTR. A total of four tiger poaching and one revenge killing case was recorded. Conflicts create a negative impact on people, even then majority of the respondents (83.89%) felt the necessity for tiger conservation. Wildlife habitat improvement, restocking of prey base by translocation of herbivores, fencing of protected areas, controlled grazing and rangeland management, adequate compensation, eco-development, promoting the use of toilets in surrounding villages for safety, proper housing of livestock, and community-based conservation are some options for control and management of human-tiger conflict.