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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Wilderness area monitoring

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Academic literature on the topic 'Wilderness area monitoring'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 29 July 2024

Last updated: 30 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Wilderness area monitoring"

1

Kohl, Ingrid. "Management in the Dürrenstein Wilderness Area – How much human intervention can the wilderness tolerate?" eco.mont (Journal on Protected Mountain Areas Research) 3, no. 1 (2011): 51–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1553/eco.mont-3-1s51.

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Garcia, Francisco Javier Gómez-Limón, and Jose Vicente de Lucio Fernandez. "Recreational Use Model in a Wilderness Area." Journal of Environmental Management 40, no. 2 (February 1994): 161–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jema.1994.1012.

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Tverijonaite, Edita, Anna Dóra Sæþórsdóttir, Rannveig Ólafsdóttir, and C. Michael Hall. "Renewable Energy in Wilderness Landscapes: Visitors’ Perspectives." Sustainability 11, no. 20 (October 19, 2019): 5812. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11205812.

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Increasing the share of renewable energy in the energy mix is of crucial importance for climate change mitigation. However, as renewable energy development often changes the visual appearance of landscapes and might affect other industries relying on them, such as nature-based tourism, it therefore requires careful planning. This is especially true in Iceland, a country rich in renewable energy resources and a popular nature-based tourism destination. The present study investigated the potential impacts on tourism of the proposed Hverfisfljót hydropower plant by identifying the main attractions of the area as well as by analyzing visitors’ perceptions, preferences and attitudes, and the place meanings they assign to the landscape of the area. The data for the study were collected using onsite questionnaire surveys, interviews with visitors to the area, open-ended diaries, and participant observation. The results reveal that the area of the proposed power plant is perceived as wilderness by its visitors, who seek environmental settings related to the components of a wilderness experience. Visitors were highly satisfied with the present settings and preferred to protect the area from development to ensure the provision of currently available recreational opportunities. The results further show that the proposed Hverfisfljót hydropower plant would reduce the attractiveness of the area to its visitors, degrade their wilderness experience, and therefore strongly reduce their interest in visiting the area. Moreover, the participants perceived the already developed lowlands of the country as more suitable for renewable energy development than the undeveloped highland areas, which is in line with the principles of smart practices for renewable energy development.

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Dixon, Grant, Martin Hawes, and Glen McPherson. "Monitoring and modelling walking track impacts in the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area, Australia." Journal of Environmental Management 71, no. 4 (July 2004): 305–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2004.02.006.

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Ahn, Junho, Akshay Mysore, Kati Zybko, Caroline Krumm, Sravan Thokala, Xinyu Xing, Ming Lian, Richard Han, Shivakant Mishra, and Thompson Hobbs. "WildSense: Monitoring Interactions among Wild Deer in Harsh Outdoor Environments Using a Delay-Tolerant WSN." Journal of Sensors 2016 (2016): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1693460.

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Biologists and ecologists often monitor the spread of disease among deer in the wild by using tracking systems that record their movement patterns, locations, and interaction behavior. The existing commercial systems for monitoring wild deer utilize collars with GPS sensors, deployed on captured and rereleased deer. The GPS sensors record location data every few hours, enabling researchers to approximate the interaction behavior of tracked deer with their GPS locations. However, the coarse granularity of periodically recorded GPS location data provides only limited precision for determining deer interaction behavior. We have designed a novel system to monitor wild deer interaction behavior more precisely in harsh wilderness environments. Our system combines the functionalities of both GPS and RF-radio sensors with low-cost and minimal-resource motes. We designed and built our system to be able to operate robustly for a period of up to several months for continual tracking and monitoring of the locations and interaction behaviors of wild deer in harsh environments. We successfully deployed six deer collars on six wild deer that were captured and rereleased in the Soapstone Prairie Natural Area of northern Colorado over a one-month period. In this paper, we describe how we designed and built this system and evaluate its successful operation in a wilderness area.

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Johnston, Jennifer R., Mark D. Needham, Lori A. Cramer, Christine S. Olsen, and Thomas C. Swearingen. "Public perceptions of marine wilderness as a marine protected area designation." Ocean & Coastal Management 178 (August 2019): 104873. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2019.104873.

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McDonald, A. T., P. J. Chapman, and K. Fukasawa. "The microbial status of natural waters in a protected wilderness area." Journal of Environmental Management 87, no. 4 (June 2008): 600–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2007.10.007.

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Garland, Gerald G., Christine Hudson, and Jane Blackshaw. "An Approach to the Study of Path Erosion in the Natal Drakensberg, a Mountain Wilderness Area." Environmental Conservation 12, no. 4 (1985): 337–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900034457.

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Footpath erosion in mountain wilderness areas is generally undesirable, and maintenance and rehabilitation of eroded paths are costly. Although path erosion results from a complex interactioin between recreational and geomorphological forces and each path's resistance, the processes involved are not well understood.

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Marks, Beth C., and James N. Barnes. "The Future of Antarctica under the Environmental Protocol." Journal of Environment & Development 2, no. 2 (June 1993): 169–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107049659300200211.

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The continent of Antarctica holds immense value as a wilderness area and a repository of scientific knowledge. This report maintains that the Protocol to the Antarctic Treaty on Environmental Protection, signed in 1991, is a positive first step in ensuring that Antarctica preserves its status as a global scientific laboratory, wildlife refuge, and arena for international cooperation.

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Khitun, Olga V., Tatiana M. Koroleva, Svetlana V. Chinenko, Vladislav V. Petrovsky, Elena B. Pospelova, Igor N. Pospelov, and Andrei Zverev. "Applications of local floras for floristic subdivision and monitoring vascular plant diversity in the Russian Arctic." Arctic Science 2, no. 3 (September 2016): 103–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/as-2015-0010.

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The local flora method has been used by Russian botanists for studying vast wilderness areas. The method strives to determine the total flora within a certain limited area and provides comparable data for spatial comparisons between different locations and temporal comparisons at the same location. Complete vascular plant diversity was sampled in 240 localities with an area between 100 and 300 km2 each throughout the Russian Arctic. These data were incorporated in a specially developed Integrated Botanical Information System (IBIS). This database provides a unique opportunity to study spatial gradients of different floristic variables. Pairwise similarity of species composition and proportions of various phytogeographical groups in local floras were used in a floristic subdivision of the Russian Arctic. The floristic units derived by this method often resembled subprovinces of B.A. Yurtsev (1994. J. Veg. Sci. 5(6): 765–776), but there were also several areas of nonalignment. Application of local floras for monitoring of temporal changes has several constraints. However, nine local floras were revisited 20–70 years after the initial survey. Increases in the number of Boreal and Hypoarctic species were recorded in the southern local floras. Standardized methods and the use of modern technical tools for accurate documentation could enable use of this approach at observatories across the Arctic.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Wilderness area monitoring"

1

Tucker, Wayne R. "Monitoring wilderness quality, Kingsmere wilderness area, Prince Albert National Park." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0007/MQ42316.pdf.

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Kiser, Brett Christopher. "Assessing the Reliability of Computer Simulation Modeling for Monitoring and Managing Indicators of Wilderness Solitude in Great Smoky Mountains National Park." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32862.

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Several studies in the field of outdoor recreation management and planning have used computer simulation modeling to demonstrate its utility as a tool to help managers monitor encounters and similar visitor use-related indicators of quality. However, previous applications of computer simulation modeling to outdoor recreation planning and management have generally done little to assess the reliability, or precision, of model estimates. The purpose of this research is to explore several questions concerning the reliability of computer simulation model estimates for monitoring wilderness solitude-related indicators of quality. In particular, can reliable estimates of solitude-related indicators be generated for low use recreation environments, such as backcountry and wilderness areas? Is there a spatial component to questions about the reliability of computer simulation estimates for low use visitor landscapes? The research presented in this thesis examines the reliability of computer simulation estimates of wilderness solitude indicators that account for the timing and location of hiking and camping encounters in the backcountry of Great Smoky Mountains National Park. This study was designed to model visitor use and inter-group encounters in the Cosby and Big Creek areas of Great Smoky Mountains National Park, which are located within the parkâ s proposed wilderness area. Two primary types of information about visitor use in the study area were collected to construct the computer simulation model in this study. First, information was gathered about the amount of visitation to the study area; second, information was collected about visitorsâ travel routes within the study area. Three alternative methods were used to estimate the number of replications needed to obtain desired levels of precision for the visitor-based and spatially based computer simulation model outputs. The results suggest that computer simulation models of visitor use can generate precise estimates for a small to moderate number of visitor-based and spatially-based outputs. However, there are constraints to generating precise estimates of use-related outputs as the number of outputs estimated simultaneously becomes large. This challenge is particularly pronounced in cases where at least some of the outputs are derived for low use attractions, trails, or camping locations.
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Dawson, James Patrick Physical Environmental &amp Mathematical Sciences Australian Defence Force Academy UNSW. "Impact of wildfire on the spotted-tailed quoll Dasyurus maculatus in Kosciuszko National Park." Awarded by:University of New South Wales - Australian Defence Force Academy. School of Physical, Environmental and Mathematical Sciences, 2005. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/38669.

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A population of spotted-tailed quolls Dasyurus maculatus was studied for three years (2002-2004) in the lower catchment of the Jacobs River, in the Byadbo Wilderness Area of southern Kosciuszko National Park, south-eastern New South Wales, Australia. Survey and monitoring of quoll latrine sites and prey populations, dietary analysis and live-trapping was carried out for one year before and two years after the widespread wildfires of January 2003, which had a very high impact on the study area. Survey for spotted-tailed quoll latrine sites was successful in locating a total of 90 latrine sites in the Jacobs River study area over the three years of the study. These were found throughout all parts of the topography among large, complex granite outcrops and along rocky sections of riparian habitat. After the fire in 2003, lower numbers of latrines were in use than observed pre-fire, and there was a lower level of usage (number of scats) of individual latrines. Continued monitoring in 2004 revealed that many latrines that had become inactive in 2003 following the fire were re-activated in the second breeding season following fire. 1466 spotted-tailed quoll scats were collected from latrines and live-trapped quolls over the three years of the study. Hair analysis from scats identified twenty-two different species of mammal in the diet of the spotted-tailed quoll from the Jacobs River study area, representing the majority of all prey identified (98.5% occurrence) and contributing almost all of the biomass consumed (99.6%). Medium-sized mammals were the most important prey category, followed by small mammals, large mammals (most likely taken as carrion) and non-mammalian prey (birds, reptiles, insects and plants). Brushtail possums were the most important single prey item by both frequency of occurrence and percentage biomass in all years, followed by lagomorphs (rabbits and hares), Rattus spp., and swamp wallabies. There was a significant difference in the composition of the diet by major prey category across the years of the study as a result of the fire, indicated by a shift in utilisation of food resources by quolls in response to significant changes in prey availability. Monitoring of prey populations revealed that brushtail possums, lagomorphs and bandicoots were all significantly less abundant in the study area in the winter directly following the fire, followed by a significant increase in abundance of lagomorphs, but not of possums, in the second winter after the fire. Quolls adapted well to this altered prey availability. While there was a significant decrease in occurrence of brushtail possum in scats after the fire, significantly more scats contained hair of lagomorphs, to the point where almost equal proportions of lagomorphs and possum hair occurred in scats by the winter of 2004. Other fire-induced changes to the diet were evident, such as a significant drop in the occurrence of small mammals in scats for both winters after the fire, and a peak in occurrence of large mammals in the winter directly following the fire that strongly suggests there was a short-term increase in the availability of carrion. A large, high-density population of spotted-tailed quolls was live-trapped and marked during the winter breeding season of 2002. Twenty-two quolls (13 male and 9 female) were present in the study area in 2002, and subsequent trapping over the 2003 and 2004 winter breeding seasons following the fire revealed that the high-intensity wildfire did not result in the extinction of the local population. There was evidence of a small, short-term decline in the number of quolls present in the study area in the 2003 breeding season, with 16 individual quolls captured. Males were outnumbered two-to-one by females, due either to mortality or emigration. Trapping in 2004 showed a recovery of the population to numbers exceeding that observed prior to the fire, with 26 individuals captured (16 male, 10 female), most likely as a result of immigration. There was some evidence that recruitment of young from the post-fire breeding season in 2003 was reduced because of the fire. This study took advantage of an unplanned wildfire event to monitor the response of a population of spotted-tailed quolls and their prey. In this regard it was fortuitous since it has been recognised that the use of replicates and controls in the study of the impacts of wildfire on such species is likely to be logistically impossible. Consequently, the effects of fire on forest and woodland fauna such as the spotted-tailed quoll are poorly understood, with many authors expressing concern that, potentially, wildfires are likely to be highly detrimental to resident quoll populations. The results of this study, however, concur with the few other studies in which forest mammal populations have been monitored before and after wildfire in suggesting that wildfires may not be as destructive to fauna as that imagined. The results of this work will provide information to assist in the preparation of management strategies for the species, such as recovery plans, as well as information for land managers preparing management plans, including fire management plans, for habitats in which spotted-tailed quolls are found throughout their range.

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4

Allgeier, Andrew R. "Air quality monitoring in the Teton and Gros Ventre Wilderness areas a mixed methods approach /." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1939120961&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Coombes, Peter John. "Development of a grassland monitoring system for the management of the wolkberg wilderness area." Thesis, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/22949.

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A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Wiwatersrand, Johannesburg, for the degree of Master of Science.
This study aimed to investigate, within the contemporary philosophy of science, key aspects of the paradigm formulated by the national Vegetation Monitoring Work team (VMW), and thereby develop a grassland monitoring system to place. the management of the Wolkberg Wilderness Area (WWA) on a testable basis. ( Abbreviation abstract )
AC2017

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Cryer, Paul Bernard. "The implementation of an environmental monitoring and management system in the wilderness area of the Hluhluwe-Imfolozi Park." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/692.

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KwaZulu-Natal’s Hluhluwe-Imfolozi Park has historically been prioritized for biodiversity conservation but it also has the oldest protected wilderness area in the country. For 50 years, conservation management, tourism and education within the Imfolozi Wilderness Area have generally been carried out using non-mechanized wilderness principles. The validity of the Imfolozi Wilderness is constantly questioned in terms of efficiency, equity and aesthetics and is consequently subject to a variety of pressures that those different ideologies can exert. The historical development and applicability of the wilderness concept is examined here against evolving South African social and environmental circumstances. Whilst this investigation confirms the findings that colonialism and apartheid resulted in the exclusion of local peoples from protected areas, it also takes note that Imfolozi’s history is characterized by organizations and individuals who ignored the racist laws of the time. Nevertheless, management structures pertaining to both politics and conservation tended to be top-down, such that the Imfolozi Wilderness retained an air of elitism, regardless of attempts to be racially inclusive. Modern trends in protected area management expose the necessity of refining the justification of wilderness areas, to simultaneously recognize localized priorities and the importance of such areas to the planet’s ecological wellbeing. Without attempting to resolve philosophical debates but, at the same time, recognizing their validity, protected area management requirements for the Imfolozi Wilderness are examined in terms of the legal mandate handed to the management agency. This leads to the selection of the Limits of Acceptable Change planning and management system which is implemented as an action research project in conjunction with the Imfolozi Management Team, over a three year period. This involved: defining legal mandates and area issues; defining the zonation categories for the wilderness area; selecting the indicators to measure human impact; compiling an inventory of conditions in the wilderness area; specifying standards; examining alternative zonation category allocations from stakeholders and selecting a preferred alternative. The desired outcome was the establishment of a system in which managers could receive ongoing collaboration from stakeholders and consultatively develop a defendable wilderness management strategy that would meet the legal requirements of the area’s proclamation. Through a descriptive narrative, this dissertation provides an account of the implementation process and discusses to what extent this has been achieved.
Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2009.

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Books on the topic "Wilderness area monitoring"

1

Rich, Cronn, Christensen Neal A, and Rocky Mountain Research Station (Fort Collins, Colo.), eds. Monitoring inter-group encounters in wilderness. [Fort Collins, CO]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 1998.

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Rich, Cronn, Christensen Neal A, and Rocky Mountain Research Station (Fort Collins, Colo.), eds. Monitoring inter-group encounters in wilderness. [Fort Collins, CO]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 1998.

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Watson, Alan E. Monitoring inter-group encounters in wilderness. [Fort Collins, CO]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 1998.

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Rich, Cronn, Christensen Neal A, and Rocky Mountain Research Station (Fort Collins, Colo.), eds. Monitoring inter-group encounters in wilderness. [Fort Collins, CO]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 1998.

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Watson, Alan E. Monitoring inter-group encounters in wilderness. [Fort Collins, CO]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 1998.

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Glaspell, Brian. Defining, managing, and monitoring wilderness visitor experiences: An annotated reading list. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 2001.

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Glaspell, Brian. Defining, managing, and monitoring wilderness visitor experiences: An annotated reading list. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 2001.

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Annette, Puttkammer, and Rocky Mountain Research Station (Fort Collins, Colo.), eds. Defining, managing, and monitoring wilderness visitor experiences: An annotated reading list. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 2001.

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Glaspell, Brian. Defining, managing, and monitoring wilderness visitor experiences: An annotated reading list. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 2001.

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A, Whisman Steven, Ewert Alan W. 1949-, and Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station (Berkeley, Calif.), eds. Monitoring visitor use in backcountry and wilderness: A review of methods. Berkeley, Calif. (P.O. Box 245, Berkeley 94701-0245): Pacific Southwest Research Station, 1992.

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Conference papers on the topic "Wilderness area monitoring"

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Moran, Seth, and Benjamin Pauk. "PERMITTING VOLCANO MONITORING STATIONS IN WILDERNESS/RESTRICTED AREAS: A CASE STUDY FROM MOUNT HOOD, OREGON." In GSA Connects 2021 in Portland, Oregon. Geological Society of America, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2021am-366421.

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Reports on the topic "Wilderness area monitoring"

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Dibble, Alison C., James W. Hinds, Ralph Perron, Natalie Cleavitt, Richard L. Poirot, and Linda H. Pardo. Monitoring air quality in class I wilderness areas of the northeastern United States using lichens and bryophytes. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/nrs-gtr-165.

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Dibble, Alison C., James W. Hinds, Ralph Perron, Natalie Cleavitt, Richard L. Poirot, and Linda H. Pardo. Monitoring air quality in class I wilderness areas of the northeastern United States using lichens and bryophytes. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/nrs-gtr-165.

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Muldavin, Esteban, Yvonne Chauvin, Teri Neville, Hannah Varani, Jacqueline Smith, Paul Neville, and Tani Hubbard. A vegetation classi?cation and map: Guadalupe Mountains National Park. National Park Service, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2302855.

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A vegetation classi?cation and map for Guadalupe Mountains National Park (NP) is presented as part of the National Park Service Inventory & Monitoring - Vegetation Inventory Program to classify, describe, and map vegetation communities in more than 280 national park units across the United States. Guadalupe Mountains NP lies in far west Texas and contains the highest point in the state, Guadalupe Peak (8,751 ft; 2,667 m). The mountain escarpments descend some 5,000 ft (1,500 m) to the desert basins below forming a complex geologic landscape that supports vegetation communities ranging from montane coniferous forests down to desert grasslands and scrub. Following the US National Vegetation Classi?cation (USNVC) standard, we identi?ed 129 plant associations hierarchically tiered under 29 groups and 17 macrogroups, making it one of the most ecologically diverse National Park Service units in the southwestern United States. An aspect that adds to this diversity is that the park supports communities that extend southward from the Rocky Mountains (?ve macrogroups) and Great Plains (one macrogroup) and northward from the Chihuahuan Desert (two macrogroups) and Sierra Madre Orientale of Mexico (three macrogroups). The remaining six macrogroups are found in the Great Basin (one macrogroup), and throughout the southwestern United States (remaining ?ve macrogroups). Embedded in this matrix are gypsum dunelands and riparian zones and wetlands that add further complexity. We describe in detail this vegetation classi?cation, which is based on 540 vegetation plots collected between 2006 and 2010. Full descriptions and diagnostic keys to the plant associations along with an overall plant species list are provided as appendices. Based on the vegetation classi?cation and associated plot data, the vegetation map was developed using a combined strategy of automated digital object-oriented image classi?cation and direct-analog image interpretation of four-band National Agricultural Imagery Program (NAIP) aerial photography from 2004 and 2008 and Landsat Thematic Mapper satellite imagery. The map is designed to facilitate ecologically-based natural resource management at a 1:24,000 scale with 0.5-ha minimum map unit size. The map legend is hierarchically structured: the upper Level 1 consists of 16 map units corresponding in most cases to the USNVC group level, and an additional map unit describing built-up land and agriculture; Level 2 is composed of 48 nested map units re?ecting various combinations of plant associations. A ?eld-based accuracy assessment using 341 vegetation plots revealed a Level 1 overall accuracy of 79% with 90% CI of 74?84% and 68% with 90% CI of 59?76% at Level 2. An annotated legend with summary descriptions of the units, distribution maps, aerial photo examples of map unit polygons, and representative photos are provided in Appendix D. Large wall-size poster maps at 1:35,000 scale were also produced following NPS cartographic standards. The report, plot data, and spatial layers are available at National Park Service Vegetation Mapping Program https://www.nps.gov/im/vegetation-inventory.htm). Outcomes from this project provide the most detailed vegetation classi?cation and highest resolution mapping for Guadalupe Mountains NP to date to support many uses including ?re, recreation, vegetation, and wildlife management, among others. The upper Level 1 map is particularly suited to landscape-scale, park-wide planning and linkages to its sister park, Carlsbad Caverns NP. The Level 2 mapping provides added detail for use at a more localized project scale. The overall accuracy of the maps was good, but because Guadalupe Mountains NP is primarily wilderness park, there were logistical challenges to map development and testing in remote areas that should be considered in planning management actions. In this context, some map units would bene?t from further development and accuracy assessment. In particular, a higher resolution mapping of McKittrick Creek riparian habitat at 1:6,000 scale or ?ner is recommended for this important habitat in the park. In addition, developing a structural canopy height model from LiDAR imagery would be useful to more accurately quantify woody canopy density and height to support ?re management and other habitat management issues. With respect to understanding vegetation dynamics in this time of rapid environmental change, the 540 vegetation plots themselves are su?ciently georeferenced and have the data resolution to be useful in detecting change at the decadal scales across much of the park. To this end, an additional recommendation would be to install more plots to ?ll the gaps among the main vegetation units of the park, both spatially and thematically. Overall, the Vegetation and Classi?cation Map for Guadalupe Mountains NP will support the park?s management e?orts and enhance regional understanding of vegetation and ecology of ecosystems of the southwestern United States.

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