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Koncel, Mary A., and Allen T. Rutberg. "Knowledge, Tradition, and Community Predict Success for BLM Wild Horse Adoptions in Colorado and Texas." Society & Animals 26, no. 4 (October 5, 2018): 367–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685306-12341502.
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Abstract With almost 50,000 wild horses in holding facilities and declining adoption rates, the U.S. Bureau of Land Management’s wild horse adoption program is in crisis. To improve our understanding of Bureau of Land Management wild horse adopters, we conducted three in-depth interviews with 52 adopters in Colorado and Texas, spaced over their first year of adoption. Questions sought information on the adopters, their adopted horses, and their adoption experiences. The participants who completed all three interviews were uniformly satisfied with their adoptions. We argue that three factors inherent to wild horse culture in these states supported adopter satisfaction: adopters’ previous knowledge about horses, a western North American tradition that values wild horses, and participation in wild horse organizations. A lack of this culture in other regions may explain why they are less welcoming to wild horses and have lower rates of adoptions.
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Leach, Samantha. "Wild Horses." Passwords 13, no. 1 (2012): 11–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5642/passwrd.20121301.07.
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Morera Chacón, Brayan, Víctor Montalvo Guadamuz, Ronald Sánchez Porras, and Eduardo Carrillo Jiménez. "Potential ecological effects of the free-roaming horses Equus caballus (Perissodactyla: Equidae) on wild mammals: a review of current knowledge." UNED Research Journal 13, no. 2 (August 12, 2021): e3488. http://dx.doi.org/10.22458/urj.v13i2.3488.
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Introduction: The horse (Equus caballus) is an adaptable large herbivore distributed in a wide range of terrestrial biomes that negatively affects ecosystems around the world. Most research on horse–ecosystems interactions have been focused on plants and soils, whereas horse effects on vertebrate species are poorly understanded. Objective: We aimed to synthesize, at a global scale, the effects of free-roaming horses on wild mammals. Methods: We conducted a systematic literature review that included these words; "feral horses + competition ", "feral horses + interactions", "feral horses + impacts", "feral horses + effects", based on the “Web of Science” internet search engine. Results: We located 366 articles in our search, but only 14 peer-reviewed documents described the effects of horses on local wild mammals. Most studies were published in the last decade (64%), and were located in United States (64%). Additional information showed most studies used correlational approaches while experimental approaches were used less. The effect of horses on mammal taxonomic groups varied significantly, suggesting changes on habitat structure mostly affects vertebrate species such as small rodents. Nevertheless, large ungulates exhibited interference competition derived from presence of free-roaming horses. Conclusion: This review identified patterns and gaps in our current knowledge about the effect of horse presence on wild mammals, and can help to readdress further research. Therefore, we recommend careful monitoring of horses and their potential effects on wildlife by using species proxies such as ungulates and rodents to determine if the presence of horses in protected areas affects conservation objectives
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Bender, Kathryn, and C. Jill Stowe. "Home off the Range: The Role of Wild Horse Internet Adoptions in Informing Sustainable Western United State Rangeland Management." Sustainability 12, no. 1 (December 30, 2019): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12010279.
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According to the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), there are about 60,000 more wild horses and burros roaming the rangelands in the western United States than the land can sustain. While the BLM is pursuing a number of strategies to address this imbalance, placing wild horses and burros in private homes is one of the most preferred options. However, little is known about the demand for wild horses. This paper utilizes data from internet adoptions of wild horses to better understand the demand side of the market. More specifically, results from a Heckman selection model provide estimates of the market value of various characteristics of wild horses. By describing adopter preferences, these estimates can aid policy makers in optimizing strategies to manage the wild horse population.
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Dawson, Michelle J., and Cameron Miller. "Aerial mark - recapture estimates of wild horses using natural markings." Wildlife Research 35, no. 4 (2008): 365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr07075.
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Aerial mark–recapture population estimates utilising the natural markings of wild horses to identify individuals was applied in the Bogong High Plains, Alpine National Park, Victoria. A discrete population of wild horses occupying an area of 180 km2 was sampled over two days in 2005. This study explored the feasibility of a technique that aimed to enable managers to estimate the size of the horse population and monitor it over time. Four observers (including the pilot) searched for horses from a helicopter. Once horses were sighted, photographic and written observations were used to ‘mark’ each animal. The survey was repeated the following day with observations ‘recapturing’ individuals. Data were analysed using several mark–recapture estimators, and the derived population estimates ranged from 89 (±5.3, s.e.) horses to 94.7 (±7.9, s.e.) horses. We found that the method gave a level of precision relevant to management, but needs refinement. The technique and its assumptions should be tested further by increasing the number of samples and video should be used to improve identification of individuals. We believe that this is a novel application for aerial surveys, which are typically unsuitable for estimating the size of small populations. This technique was developed for horses but may be used on other conspicuous species with unique natural markings.
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Clay, Sally. "Reins of Wild Horses." Psychiatry 57, no. 4 (November 1994): 376–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00332747.1994.11024702.
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Donlon, Ross. "Poems: Wild Horses, Gold." Journal of Australian Studies 27, no. 79 (January 2003): 165–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14443050309387897.
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Vernes, Karl, Melissa Freeman, and Brad Nesbitt. "Estimating the density of free-ranging wild horses in rugged gorges using a photographic mark - recapture technique." Wildlife Research 36, no. 5 (2009): 361. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr07126.
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Estimating the density of large, feral species such as wild horses at landscape scales can present a logistical hurdle for wildlife managers attempting to set density-based management targets. We undertook aerial surveys of wild horses by using a helicopter in Guy Fawkes River National Park in north-eastern New South Wales across 3 years to determine whether meaningful density estimates could be obtained efficiently by a mark–recapture technique based on recognition of individual horses. Horse groups photographed from the air on the first of two surveys conducted each year were ‘marked’ on the basis of a unique combination of colours and natural markings, and ‘recaptured’ if they were photographed and identified on the second survey. Population size was estimated with the program MARK using a range of population estimators; however, because horses appeared to be evading detection on the second survey of each year, we chose a final estimation model that accounted for detection shyness in the study species. In 2005, the density estimate was 3.8 horses per km2 (upper and lower 95% CL = 3.5–5.7 horses per km2). Following horse control in these catchments, the estimate in 2007 was 2.3 horses per km2 (upper and lower 95% CL = 2.1–3.4 horses per km2), and this change in density can be accounted for by the known number of horses removed from the survey area between survey periods. Overall, the technique proved useful for estimating densities of wild horses in deeply dissected gorge country where other estimation techniques (such as line transects) are not practical; however, low recapture rates in one of the years of the study shows that the technique may not always be applicable. Our technique should also be suitable for surveying other large mammals with broad ranges in open environments, provided recognition of individuals from unique marks is possible.
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HEARTY, PATRICK. "Honest Horses: Wild Horses in the Great Basin." Utah Historical Quarterly 74, no. 3 (July 1, 2006): 283–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/45062978.
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Slivinska, K., J. Gawor, and Z. Jaworski. "Gastro-intestinal parasites in yearlings of wild Polish primitive horses from the Popielno Forest Reserve, Poland." Helminthologia 46, no. 1 (March 1, 2009): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11687-009-0002-2.
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AbstractTo evaluate the gastro-intestinal parasite fauna of the wild Polish primitive horses (Equus caballus gmelini Ant., forma silvatica Vet.), 11 yearlings captured in the Reserve according to the control rules of population dynamics were diagnostically dewormed with abamectin+praziquantel. Expelled parasites were collected from the faeces 24, 36 and 48 hours after treatment. Among a total of 4456 specimens (a mean 405.1 per horse) 27 nematode species, one cestode and one species of botfly larvae were recovered. Strongylids were 100 % prevalent and represented by 24 species (2 large strongylid and 22 cyathostome species). Five cyathostome species (Cylicodontophorus bicoronatus, C. insigne, Poteriostomum imparidentatum, Parapoteriostomum mettami and Gyalocephalus capitatus) were recorded for the first time in Polish primitive horses, whereas two species (Cyathostomum montgomeryi and Cylicostephanus bidentatus) were found for the first time in the horse in Poland. Oxyuris equi was found in 100 % and Parascaris equorum in 63.6 % of yearlings surveyed. Tapeworms (Anoplocephala perfoliata) were revealed in 72.7 %, while Gasterophilus intestinalis instars in 90.9 % of horses. At least three parasite species were highly prevalent (i.e. S. vulgaris, A. perfoliata and G. intestinalis), which might be a reason of serious abdominal disorders in Polish horses living freely in the reserve.
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Gaunitz, Charleen, Antoine Fages, Kristian Hanghøj, Anders Albrechtsen, Naveed Khan, Mikkel Schubert, Andaine Seguin-Orlando, et al. "Ancient genomes revisit the ancestry of domestic and Przewalski’s horses." Science 360, no. 6384 (February 22, 2018): 111–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aao3297.
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The Eneolithic Botai culture of the Central Asian steppes provides the earliest archaeological evidence for horse husbandry, ~5500 years ago, but the exact nature of early horse domestication remains controversial. We generated 42 ancient-horse genomes, including 20 from Botai. Compared to 46 published ancient- and modern-horse genomes, our data indicate that Przewalski’s horses are the feral descendants of horses herded at Botai and not truly wild horses. All domestic horses dated from ~4000 years ago to present only show ~2.7% of Botai-related ancestry. This indicates that a massive genomic turnover underpins the expansion of the horse stock that gave rise to modern domesticates, which coincides with large-scale human population expansions during the Early Bronze Age.
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Young, James A., and Richard Symanski. "Wild Horses and Sacred Cows." Western Historical Quarterly 19, no. 3 (August 1988): 328. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/968242.
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Jones, William E. "Genetic recreation of wild horses." Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 6, no. 5 (January 1986): 246–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0737-0806(86)80050-8.
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Hanson, Chad. "Wild Horses, America, and Me." Prairie Schooner 91, no. 2 (2017): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/psg.2017.0008.
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Hassrick, Peter H. "William Ranney's Hunting Wild Horses." Southwestern Historical Quarterly 110, no. 3 (2007): 348–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/swh.2007.0013.
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Bendrey, Robin. "From wild horses to domestic horses: a European perspective." World Archaeology 44, no. 1 (March 2012): 135–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00438243.2012.647571.
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Siekerska, O. P. "ARCHAEOZOOLOGICAL COMPLEXES OF SCYTHIAN BARROWS." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 33, no. 4 (December 25, 2019): 373–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2019.04.29.
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Archaeozoological studies of the complexes of the Scythian burial mounds Babina and Vodyana Mohyly, the Berdyansk Kurhan and barrow group 1 near the town of Kamenka-Dneprovska allow to make the following generalizations. As the studied materials show, the horse was widely used in the funeral rites of the Scythians. Parts of the carcasses of horses were placed in the burial as a farewell food, meat horses were used for conducting funeral rites, horses were buried with their owners. Sheep and cattle were also used as food. During the funeral rites parts of the carcasses of wild animals — European deer and wild boar — were used as well.
In some cases sex and age of animals that were selected for ritual and funeral rites can be established. Commonly the horses of two age categories — young (4—5 years) and middle age (9—10 years), were used in funeral rites.
The vast majority of the horses belonged to the groups of stunted (128—136 cm at the withers) and medium growth (136—144 cm) horses according to their sizes. The exception are the horses from the Vodyana Mohyla: the Mare from burial 3 (very small, height 118.96 cm); the horse from the ditch and horse 2, which had above-average growth and belong to the group of tall.
According to the indices of massiveness of metacarpal and metatarsal bones, horses belonged to the groups of thin-legged (2 specimens), half-thin-legged (8 specimens) and medium-legged (4 specimens) horses, that is, most animals were half- thin-legged.
Horse 2 and horse from the ditch of the Babina Mohyla: moved fast gaits (trot and gallop) quite often, whereas horse 1 rarely resorted to it. Horse 1, obviously, a significant part of the first half of life could graze in the herd, where it formed a type of movement slow gait. This horse could inherit the massiveness of the leg from their ancestors, which were brought from another region. Horses from the Vodyana Mohyla: probably has moved mostly at a slow pace — by-step and slow trot.
Horses from the Berdyansk Kurhan were half-thin-legged, small and medium height at withers. They were formed on fairly hard and dry soils, and their type of movement was mainly fast.
Horses from the tumulus 1 of Kamenka-Dneprovska was a thin-legged and half-thin-legged, mostly — average growth and was approaching the horses running type.
A mixture of features, which are characteristics of horses of various types and, respectively, adaptation of animals to different types of movement may be indicative of their content in the herds for a long time. As a rule, such mixture of signs characterizes the wild animals that do not fall under targeted selection. However, in this case we can talk about large portion of the population of the Scythian horses, which is not selected «under the saddle» of persons of high social status.
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Vorobieva, Nadezhda V., Alexey I. Makunin, Anna S. Druzhkova, Mariya A. Kusliy, Vladimir A. Trifonov, Kseniya O. Popova, Natalia V. Polosmak, et al. "High genetic diversity of ancient horses from the Ukok Plateau." PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (November 12, 2020): e0241997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241997.
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A growing number of researchers studying horse domestication come to a conclusion that this process happened in multiple locations and involved multiple wild maternal lines. The most promising approach to address this problem involves mitochondrial haplotype comparison of wild and domestic horses from various locations coupled with studies of possible migration routes of the ancient shepherds. Here, we sequenced complete mitochondrial genomes of six horses from burials of the Ukok plateau (Russia, Altai Mountains) dated from 2.7 to 1.4 thousand years before present and a single late Pleistocene wild horse from the neighboring region (Denisova cave). Sequencing data indicates that the wild horse belongs to an extinct pre-domestication lineage. Integration of the domestic horse data with known Eurasian haplotypes of a similar age revealed two distinct groups: the first one widely distributed in Europe and presumably imported to Altai, and the second one specific for Altai Mountains and surrounding area.
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Tyurin, Alexandr Nikolayevich. "Przewalski’s horse reintroduction in the State Natural Reserve «Orenburgsky»: the first results." Samara Journal of Science 8, no. 1 (February 28, 2019): 115–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv201981120.
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This paper presents a chronology of the main events taking place within the framework of the program to resettle Przhewalskys horses to the territory inhabited by their close relatives, the tarpans, to create a new and sustainable population of these animals. The Przewalskis horse population under natural conditions of the State Natural Reserve Orenburgsky will allow having a reserve of healthy, well-developed animals as a guarantee of keeping the species clean for a very long period of time. By the end of the 19th century, not a single Przewalskis wild horse remained in its natural habitat. The paper discusses a gradual reintroduction of Przewalskis horse and presents the first results, taken from open sources, on the restoration of the wild horse population in the Orenburg Region. The first results allow you to look to the future with confidence. 5 healthy foals have already been born in the reserve; PA scientists are optimistic about the spring of 2019 and hope that the stock of wild horses will continue to grow. The Przewalskis horse reintroduction program enjoys a personal support of the Orenburg Region Governor and is among the key projects for the protection of wild animals, personally supervised by the President of the Russian Federation.
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Popescu, Adam. "Corralling wild horses in the US." New Scientist 248, no. 3313-3314 (December 2020): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(20)32203-x.
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Boyles, John S. "Managing America's wild horses and burros." Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 6, no. 5 (January 1986): 261–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0737-0806(86)80053-3.
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Kavar, Tatjana, and Peter Dovč. "Domestication of the horse: Genetic relationships between domestic and wild horses." Livestock Science 116, no. 1-3 (July 2008): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2008.03.002.
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RATAJCZAK, Angelika, Agata DANIELEWICZ, and Michał PLUTA. "THE USE AND MAINTENANCE OF HORSES IN THE ASPECT OF NATURAL TRAINING METHODS." Folia Pomeranae Universitatis Technologiae Stetinensis Agricultura, Alimentaria, Piscaria et Zootechnica 359, no. 58 (July 9, 2021): 25–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21005/aapz2021.58.2.03.
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As a result of evolution, humanity transitioned from a nomadic to a sedentary way of life, from hunting and gathering to crop production and animal husbandry. Domestication involved capturing wild horses and adapting them to the conditions in which they were raised by humans. This resulted in a change in the treatment of horses and the perception of their emotional needs. The focus shifted to building relationships with the horse, understanding it, and treating it as a rational being. Currently, horses are seen as one of the most intelligent animals ‘cooperating’ with people. In this study, 62 horses at four equestrian centres were examined. The horses included mares, stallions and geldings between the ages of 3 and 26 years, belonging to eight breeds: Arabian, Malopolski, Hucul, Polish Half-Bred, Silesian, Polish Coldblood, Shetland pony, and Haflinger. The analysis of forms of horse training indicated that all centres used classical training methods for 100% of their horses. The trainers declared interest in natural methods, but as support for classical training. Natural methods of working with horses were applied at centres 2 and 3, where horses were ridden both for recreation and for sport. This type of training was not observed at centre 1, where horses were used only for recreational riding, or at centre 4, which dealt mainly in breeding and training of race horses. Horses at centre 3 and most of those at centre 2 took part in in Parelli’s Seven Games, Join-Up, and desensitization to unknown objects, and imprinting of foals was practiced. This indicates that horse trainers are currently applying natural methods, but are not completely giving up classical training. A study was carried out to investigate the approach of contemporary horse breeders to forms of housing and use with respect to their interest in foal imprinting, natural horsemanship, Join-Up, and desensitization to unknown objects.
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Hain-Saunders, N., A. Harvey, and T. Riley. "Wild horses and horse manure as reservoirs for Clostridiodes difficile in Australia." International Journal of Infectious Diseases 101 (December 2020): 400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.09.1048.
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Hain-Saunders, N., A. Harvey, and T. Riley. "Wild horses and horse manure as reservoirs for Clostridiodes difficile in Australia." International Journal of Infectious Diseases 101 (December 2020): 405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.09.1063.
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Bokonyi, SàNdor. "HISTORY OF HORSE DOMESTICATION." Animal Genetic Resources Information 6 (April 1987): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1014233900004089.
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SUMMARYThe wild ancestor of the present day domestic horse was equus ferus Woddaert which included two distinct sub-species - the tarpan and the taki or the Ptzevalsky horse. The tarpan is the main ancestor of the- Present day domestic type. Its domestication irst started in East Europe in the Neolithic period from where it spread in different directions, moving in successive waves to the Carpathian Basin and Moravia in the west, Caucasus in the southeast and Mesopotamia in the Near East, finally reaching western Europe in the Bronze Age.The early domestic horses were small compared to present day animals, measuring only 137 cm at the withers. They were chiefly used to provide mobile power - either draught or riding. Later, during the Iron Age, the Scythians brought these eastern horses to Austria, Italy and Greece, where they were much in demand for their superior power and size, a result of conscious breeding by the Scythians. In contrast, the horses indigenous to the western half of Europe, represented by the Celtic horse, were smaller and slender. These were later improved by crossing with the eastern Scythian horses. From the Greeks, the eastern horses reached the Romans and contributed to the development of the Roman horse.,
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Smith, Andrew T., and Joel Berger. "Wild Horses: Social Competition and Population Size." Evolution 42, no. 3 (May 1988): 640. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2409051.
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Smith, Andrew T. "WILD HORSES: SOCIAL COMPETITION AND POPULATION SIZE." Evolution 42, no. 3 (May 1988): 640–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1988.tb04172.x.
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Monk, AS. "Equine stereotypies and time budgets." BSAP Occasional Publication 35 (2006): 297–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263967x00042944.
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Time budget studies focus on the amount of time individual animals allocate to mutually exclusive activities. In the wild, horses’ behavioural patterns revolve around maintenance behaviour and reproduction (Forgacz 1999). They have evolved as nomadic, trickle feeding, prey animals. Hence, they don't necessarily suit the confines of a domestic environment where their “mutually exclusive activities” may include stereotypical behaviour.Various time budgeting studies have shown that “the behaviour of horses within the domestic management system was significantly different to that of the wild horses” (Forgacz, 1999). In one study domestic horses spent less time in motion, foraging or lying flat than wild horses (Forgacz, 1999). This accords with earlier studies, reported by Kiley-Worthington (1987), which show that wild horses graze for approximately 60% of their time. Even those in various forms of domestic management system, but given access to unrestricted forage, will tend to perform ingestive functions for around 47 - 57% of the time.
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Czarnecki, Zbigniew, Teresa Grażyna Wyłupek, and Wanda Harkot. "Assessment of the floristic composition of sward grazed by various animal species." Acta Agrobotanica 68, no. 1 (2015): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.2015.008.
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The study objective was to assess the floristic composition of pastures for wild animals (fallow deer, Manchurian deer and mouflons) at Przytoczno, pastures for horses at Białka, and cow pastures belonging to the Land Community in Tarnogóra. We analyzed the floristic composition of the pastures under study in the growing seasons of 2011 and 2012, carried out 32 phytosociological relevés in the wild animal pastures, 32 in the horse pastures, and 38 in the cow pastures, using the Braun-Blanquet method. We determined the species diversity of the pastures based on the percentage share of species from the botanical families distinguished, the total number of species, and the Shannon–Wiener and Simpson diversity index. Our floristic surveys indicated that the greatest species diversity occurred in the horse pastures, while it was lower in the wild animal and cow pastures. The Shannon–Wiener diversity index for the sward of the pastures grazed by horses was higher (<em>H'</em> = 5.04) than for those grazed by wild animals (<em>H'</em> = 4.32) and cows (<em>H'</em> = 3.53). The Simpson index of species diversity in a community was higher for the pastures grazed by horses (<em>S</em> = 0.96) than for those grazed by wild animals (<em>S </em>= 0.95) and cows (<em>S</em> = 0.90).
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Guimaraes, Silvia, Benjamin S. Arbuckle, Joris Peters, Sarah E. Adcock, Hijlke Buitenhuis, Hannah Chazin, Ninna Manaseryan, Hans-Peter Uerpmann, Thierry Grange, and Eva-Maria Geigl. "Ancient DNA shows domestic horses were introduced in the southern Caucasus and Anatolia during the Bronze Age." Science Advances 6, no. 38 (September 2020): eabb0030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abb0030.
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Despite the important roles that horses have played in human history, particularly in the spread of languages and cultures, and correspondingly intensive research on this topic, the origin of domestic horses remains elusive. Several domestication centers have been hypothesized, but most of these have been invalidated through recent paleogenetic studies. Anatolia is a region with an extended history of horse exploitation that has been considered a candidate for the origins of domestic horses but has never been subject to detailed investigation. Our paleogenetic study of pre- and protohistoric horses in Anatolia and the Caucasus, based on a diachronic sample from the early Neolithic to the Iron Age (~8000 to ~1000 BCE) that encompasses the presumed transition from wild to domestic horses (4000 to 3000 BCE), shows the rapid and large-scale introduction of domestic horses at the end of the third millennium BCE. Thus, our results argue strongly against autochthonous independent domestication of horses in Anatolia.
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Niczyporuk, Jowita Samanta, Elżbieta Samorek-Salamonowicz, Sylvie Lecollinet, Sławomir Andrzej Pancewicz, Wojciech Kozdruń, and Hanna Czekaj. "Occurrence of West Nile Virus Antibodies in Wild Birds, Horses, and Humans in Poland." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/234181.
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Serum samples of 474 wild birds, 378 horses, and 42 humans with meningitis and lymphocytic meningitis were collected between 2010 and 2014 from different areas of Poland. West Nile virus (WNV) antibodies were detected using competition enzyme linked immunosorbent assays: ELISA-1 ID Screen West Nile Competition, IDvet, ELISA-2 ID Screen West Nile IgM Capture, and ELISA-3 Ingezim West Nile Compac. The antibodies were found in 63 (13.29%) out of 474 wild bird serum samples and in one (0.26%) out of 378 horse serum samples. Fourteen (33.33%) out of 42 sera from patients were positive against WNV antigen and one serum was doubtful. Positive samples obtained in birds were next retested with virus microneutralisation test to confirm positive results and cross-reactions with other antigens of the Japanese encephalitis complex. We suspect that positive serological results in humans, birds, and horses indicate that WNV can be somehow closely related with the ecosystem in Poland.
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Hobbs, Rebecca J., and Lyn A. Hinds. "Could current fertility control methods be effective for landscape-scale management of populations of wild horses (Equus caballus) in Australia?" Wildlife Research 45, no. 3 (2018): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr17136.
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Context Fertility control is seen as an attractive alternative to lethal methods for control of population size and genetic diversity in managed animal populations. Immunocontraceptive vaccines have emerged as the most promising agents for inducing long-term infertility in individual animals. However, after over 20 years of scientific testing of immunocontraceptive vaccines in the horse, the scientific consensus is that their application as a sole management approach for reducing population size is not an effective strategy. Aims The purpose of this review is to evaluate currently available non-lethal fertility-control methods that have been tested for their contraceptive efficacy in Equidae, and to assess their suitability for effective management of wild (feral) horses in an Australian setting. Key results (1) Fertility-control agents, particularly injectable immunocontraceptive vaccines based on porcine zona pellucida (PZP) or gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH), can induce multi-year infertility (up to 3 years) in the horse. Some formulations require annual or biennial booster treatments. Remote dart delivery (on foot) to horses is possible, although the efficacy of this approach when applied to large numbers of animals is yet to be determined. (2) The proportion of females that must be treated with a fertility-control agent, as well as the frequency of treatment required to achieve defined management outcomes (i.e. halting population growth in the short term and reducing population size in the long term) is likely to be >50% per annum. In national parks, treatment of a large number of wild horses over such a broad area would be challenging and impractical. (3) Fertility control for wild horses could be beneficial, but only if employed in conjunction with other broad-scale population-control practices to achieve population reduction and to minimise environmental impacts. Conclusions In Australia, most populations of wild horses are large, dispersed over varied and difficult-to-access terrain, are timid to approach and open to immigration and introductions. These factors make accessing and effectively managing animals logistically difficult. If application of fertility control could be achieved in more than 50% of the females, it could be used to slow the rate of increase in a population to zero (2–5 years), but it will take more than 10–20 years before population size will begin to decline without further intervention. Thus, use of fertility control as the sole technique for halting population growth is not feasible in Australia.
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Belousova, Natalia F., Svetlana P. Bass, Svetlana A. Zinoveva, Sergei A. Kozlov, and Sergei S. Markin. "Features of coat color and markings and impact of dun factor on Vyatka horse breed." BIO Web of Conferences 17 (2020): 00202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20201700202.
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The predominant coat colors in Vyatka horse breed are bay-brown (69.6 %) and mousey (20.8 %). Among the genotyped livestock, three genotypes of the base bay coat color (EE/AA, EE/Aa, Ee/AA) and two genotypes of the base solid blackcock (EE/a/a, Ee/aa) have been detected. The proportion of horses with Cr allele is 2.1 %. In Vyatka horse breed, three isabelline-brown horses (Cr/Cr) have been recorded and the presence of W20n allele was detected. Among the horses genotyped, 35.5 % are DD homozygous, 61.3 % are heterozygous (Dd1, Dd2), 3.2 % have the nd2/nd2 genotype. Allele d2 against the background of D does not always cause the presence of “wild” markings, unlike D/D. The influence of Dun-factor on the depigmentation area has not been detected. 39.9 % of horses have white markings (including 30 % of stallions), which are mainly facial markings (59.8 %), less often they are leg markings (21.6 %) or both facial and leg markings (18, 6 %).
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Rogers, Richard A., and Laurine A. Rogers. "Notching and Anterior Beveling on Fossil Horse Incisors: Indicators of Domestication?" Quaternary Research 29, no. 1 (January 1988): 72–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(88)90073-7.
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One of the lines of evidence cited for possible late Pleistocene human control of horses has been the presence of notching and anterior beveling on horse incisor teeth recovered from upper and middle Paleolithic sites in Europe. Similar forms of wear have been found on the incisor teeth of wild horses from early and middle Pleistocene deposits in North America. Notching appears partly due to malocclusion and chipping. The causes of beveling are less certain but may involve the eating of bark. Therefore, the presence of notching and anterior beveling on horse incisor teeth may not be a reliable indicator of human control.
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Harvey, Andrea M., John M. Morton, David J. Mellor, Vibeke Russell, Rosalie S. Chapple, and Daniel Ramp. "Use of Remote Camera Traps to Evaluate Animal-Based Welfare Indicators in Individual Free-Roaming Wild Horses." Animals 11, no. 7 (July 15, 2021): 2101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11072101.
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We previously developed a Ten-Stage Protocol for scientifically assessing the welfare of individual free-roaming wild animals using the Five Domains Model. The protocol includes developing methods for measuring or observing welfare indices. In this study, we assessed the use of remote camera traps to evaluate an extensive range of welfare indicators in individual free-roaming wild horses. Still images and videos were collected and analysed to assess whether horses could be detected and identified individually, which welfare indicators could be reliably evaluated, and whether behaviour could be quantitatively assessed. Remote camera trapping was successful in detecting and identifying horses (75% on still images and 72% on video observation events), across a range of habitats including woodlands where horses could not be directly observed. Twelve indicators of welfare across the Five Domains were assessed with equal frequency on both still images and video, with those most frequently assessable being body condition score (73% and 79% of observation events, respectively), body posture (76% for both), coat condition (42% and 52%, respectively), and whether or not the horse was sweating excessively (42% and 45%, respectively). An additional five indicators could only be assessed on video; those most frequently observable being presence or absence of weakness (66%), qualitative behavioural assessment (60%), presence or absence of shivering (51%), and gait at walk (50%). Specific behaviours were identified in 93% of still images and 84% of video events, and proportions of time different behaviours were captured could be calculated. Most social behaviours were rarely observed, but close spatial proximity to other horses, as an indicator of social bonds, was recorded in 36% of still images, and 29% of video observation events. This is the first study that describes detailed methodology for these purposes. The results of this study can also form the basis of application to other species, which could contribute significantly to advancing the field of wild animal welfare.
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Sanborn, Wallis R. "Reconsidering Horses and Horsemanship in Blood Meridian and the Border Trilogy." Cormac McCarthy Journal 19, no. 2 (October 1, 2021): 178–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/cormmccaj.19.2.0178.
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Abstract Horsemanship as Cormac McCarthy represents it in his novels of the border Southwest is a variable craft—horsemanship contingent upon the particular needs and practices of the horsemen in each work. In Blood Meridian, the scalphunters use horses as tools to aid in killing. In All the Pretty Horses, John Grady Cole's abilities with horses strain credulity as a nearly chimerical communicative experience exists between the working cowboy and his horses. In The Crossing, Billy and Boyd Parham, who are not professional cowboys, use horses as vehicles, and Billy's horsemanship rests upon an emotional bond to the Parham horses, a bond that is based upon his psychological and emotional ties to the horses. In Cities of the Plain, horsemanship returns to the horse as tool for both constructive utility and extermination, while the working cowboys use horses to eradicate a wild dog population in a bloody excursion that mirrors Blood Meridian and All the Pretty Horses. Thus, in Blood Meridian and the Border Trilogy, horsemanship is a gradation shaped by the means and purposes of the riders as well as the historical locus in which the works are set.
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Ma, Hongying, Yajiang Wu, Hai Xiang, Yunzhou Yang, Min Wang, Chunjiang Zhao, and Changxin Wu. "Some maternal lineages of domestic horses may have origins in East Asia revealed with further evidence of mitochondrial genomes and HVR-1 sequences." PeerJ 6 (June 1, 2018): e4896. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4896.
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Objectives There are large populations of indigenous horse (Equus caballus) in China and some other parts of East Asia. However, their matrilineal genetic diversity and origin remained poorly understood. Using a combination of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and hypervariable region (HVR-1) sequences, we aim to investigate the origin of matrilineal inheritance in these domestic horses. Methods To investigate patterns of matrilineal inheritance in domestic horses, we conducted a phylogenetic study using 31 de novo mtDNA genomes together with 317 others from the GenBank. In terms of the updated phylogeny, a total of 5,180 horse mitochondrial HVR-1 sequences were analyzed. Results Eightteen haplogroups (Aw-Rw) were uncovered from the analysis of the whole mitochondrial genomes. Most of which have a divergence time before the earliest domestication of wild horses (about 5,800 years ago) and during the Upper Paleolithic (35–10 KYA). The distribution of some haplogroups shows geographic patterns. The Lw haplogroup contained a significantly higher proportion of European horses than the horses from other regions, while haplogroups Jw, Rw, and some maternal lineages of Cw, have a higher frequency in the horses from East Asia. The 5,180 sequences of horse mitochondrial HVR-1 form nine major haplogroups (A-I). We revealed a corresponding relationship between the haplotypes of HVR-1 and those of whole mitochondrial DNA sequences. The data of the HVR-1 sequences also suggests that Jw, Rw, and some haplotypes of Cw may have originated in East Asia while Lw probably formed in Europe. Conclusions Our study supports the hypothesis of the multiple origins of the maternal lineage of domestic horses and some maternal lineages of domestic horses may have originated from East Asia.
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Leite, Raíssa O., Júlia F. Ferreira, César E. T. Araújo, Diego J. Z. Delfiol, Regina K. Takahira, Alexandre S. Borges, and Jose P. Oliveira-Filho. "Prevalence of the Mutations Responsible for Glanzmann Thrombasthenia in Horses in Brazil." Animals 9, no. 11 (November 13, 2019): 960. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9110960.
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Glanzmann’s thrombasthenia (GT) is an autosomal recessive inherited disorder characterized by changes in platelet aggregation, leading to hemorrhage and epistaxis. To date, two independent mutations have been described in horses and associated with this disorder, a point mutation (c.122G > C) and a 10-base-pair deletion (g.1456_1466del) in the Integrin subunit alpha2β gene (ITGA2B) of horses of different breeds (Quarter Horse, Thoroughbred, Oldenburg, and Peruvian Paso). ITGA2B codifies the αIIb subunit of the αIIbβ3 integrin, also termed platelet fibrinogen receptor. Horses with GT have been diagnosed in the USA, Canada, Japan, and Australia. However, there are no studies on the prevalence of GT in horses. The aim of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of the mutations responsible for GT in horses in Brazil. A total of 1053 DNA samples of clinically healthy Quarter Horse (n = 679) and Warmblood horses (n = 374) were used. DNA fragments were amplified by PCR and sequenced. The genotype of each animal was analyzed and compared to the nucleotide sequence of the ITGA2B gene found on GenBankTM. There were no carriers in the analyzed samples, that is, all animals tested were wild type. Therefore, under the conditions in which this study was carried out, it can be inferred that GT seems to be extremely rare in the population of Quarter Horses and Warmbloods in Brazil, although it is not possible to affirm that there are no horses carrying mutated alleles in Brazil.
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Volf, Jiří. "An extremely low gene pool for breeding of Equus przewalskii (Perissodactyla: Equidae)." Lynx new series 48, no. 1 (2017): 219–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/lynx-2017-0018.
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Only 62 individuals of the Przewalski’s horse (Equus przewalski) were brought from the wild to captivity during the period of the known existence of their wild population (1881 – ca. 1968), 24 males and 30 females in 1899–1903; 1 male and 4 females in 1942–1945; 1 male and 2 females in 1947. Of these horses, only 12 individuals (6 males, 6 females) from the first imports and a female from 1947 entered the global breeding programme of the Przewalski’s horse.
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Ilnytska, T. Y., O. V. Sydorenko, Yu S. Yagusevich, and N. M. Leshchenko. "POLESYE HORSE: HISTORY OF ORIGIN AND CURRENT SITUATION." Animal Breeding and Genetics 59 (May 4, 2020): 136–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/abg.59.15.
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Introduction. The world is actively in the process of improving the productive qualities of livestock, including horses to meet the needs of society. At the same time, less competitive aboriginal breeds and populations are being displaced, which are characterized by slightly lower productivity, but are well adapted to environmental conditions. In 2002–2019, breeding herds of agricultural animals of many breeds disappeared in Ukraine, including such genetically “valuable” ones as brown Carpathian cattle, Myrhorod pig breed, Ukrainian meat-wool (Kharkiv type)sheep breed and others [1, 2]. In terms of intensive progress in agriculture, given the great anthropogenic and man-made shocks of the twentieth century (wars, Chernobyl accident), the flora and fauna of Ukraine were threatened by significant reductions, especially forest and swamp ecosystems of Ukrainian Polissya, which formed with large wild and domesticated ungulates. Among them is the Polesye horse, which has been in this area for more than 4.000 years, but is now almost extinct [3, 4, 5]. It is necessary to restore and expand the population of Polesye horses as a basis for biodiversity of Ukrainian Polissya and as part of the cultural heritage of the region.
Materials and methods of research. The materials for the research were archival data, literary and scientific sources that contain information about the origin of the Polesye horse, as well as the results of an expeditionary survey of the horse population of private rural estates of the Polesye horse. The main measurements of the horse's body were determined: height at the withers, oblique length of the body, chest girth, cannon girth. A comparative analysis of measurements of modern horses of Ukrainian Polissya with those bred in this area in the 50s of the last century, as well as with the animal population of the Belarusian part of the region (Western and Eastern Polissya) was conducted.
Research results. According to researchers, the Polesye horse originates from wild ancestors – forest tarpans, who lived in Polissya until the 18th century. For a long time, the Polissya horse was bred "in itself" in the conditions of unsatisfactory feeding and excessive use at work. This has led to a reduction in size, the appearance of exterior-constitutional features (stepping of the hind limbs, low heels of the hooves, the proximity of the hocks). But on the other hand, there are high adaptive qualities, unpretentiousness to the conditions of detention and high efficiency. The main place of distribution of horses is determined by Ukrainian and Belarusian Polissya [5, 7, 8, 9].
In the 40's and 50's of the last century, Polesye horses were actively improved. For this purpose, local mares were crossed with stallions of Russian Heavy Draft and Orlov Trotter [6]. During the 50–60s of the last century, scientists of the Belarusian Research Institute of Animal Husbandry studied and examined more than 1.000 horses of the Polesye population [9]. It is worth paying attention to the experience of Belarusian scientists who, within the framework of the state program of revival and development of Polissya, conduct research and work on the restoration of horses of the Polesye breed. A comprehensive analysis was carried out: basic measurements were taken and the exterior of the horses was assessed, materials on breeding use and productivity were collected. This became the basis for the development of the main directions of selection and breeding work with the population [3, 4, 10, 11].
Until 2019, no work was carried out in Ukraine to assess and restore the population of Polesye horses. In 2019, the first survey of horses in Ukrainian Polissya was conducted in independent Ukraine in order to find typical representatives of the Polesye population. Comparing the exterior of the horses described in the source [6] with those encountered during the expedition, we selected typical representatives of Polesye horses and brought them to the stable "ShcherbatyTsugli" in the Prybirsk village, Ivankiv district, Kyiv region, where the climate and fodder the base is favorable and "native" to these animals. Currently, the herd of horses of the Polesye population consists of 9 mares and 1 stallion. To compare the horses of the modern population with those bred in Belarus, as well as the typical representatives that were described in the last century, we determined the body measurements of selected horses. According to the results of the analysis, the mares of the modern "Ukrainian" population were 2.7 cm taller than the representatives of the Polesye population in 1952, but 2.3 cm inferior to the Polesye horses of Belarus. The oblique length of the mares' torso and the girth of the breasts had the same tendency as the height at the withers. That is, the horses of the Polesye population of Ukraine insignificantly outnumbered the typical representatives of the individuals described in the last century and were similar to the Belarusian population. Given this, we can conclude that despite the use of the method of crossbreeding in the past, the horses of Ukrainian Polissya in general have preserved the exterior-constitutional type of their ancestors. The same opinion is shared by other researchers, who believe that only those horses that had the appropriate size and features of the exterior could adapt to the conditions of Polissya [3, 11].
Ethnographers and historians-reconstructors also take part in studying the population of "Polesye" horses. After all, in addition to biological significance, the Polesye horse, which has long been used in agriculture, has acquired a deep ethnographic significance. Ethnographers have recorded the facts of the use of the horse in rituals, in particular actively in wedding rituals. Thus, the historical and cultural component of the study is an essential complement to this program and provides a comprehensive study of the history of the Polesye horse. Polesye horses can be used for the development of green, ecological, rural andequestrian tourism.
Conclusions. The population of Polesye horses is one of the oldest in Europe and has been on the territory of Ukrainian Polissya for more than 4.000 years, but has now almost disappeared. Expeditionary surveys of Ukrainian Polissya allowed to select typical representatives of Polesye horses and to create a basic herd in the conditions of the farm "ShcherbatyZugli" in the Prybirskvillage, Ivankiv district, Kyiv region. Modern horses of the Polesye breed, which are similar in appearance and size to those described in the 1950s, can serve as a basis for the restoration of the Polesye population. It is important to develop a selection program for the restoration (reconstruction) of the Polesye horse population in order to preserve not only biodiversity, but also the cultural heritage and national heritage of Ukrainian Polissya.
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Rutberg, Allen T., John W. Turner, and Karen Herman. "Fertility Control and the Welfare of Free-Roaming Horses and Burros on U.S. Public Lands: The Need for an Ethical Framing." Animals 12, no. 19 (October 3, 2022): 2656. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12192656.
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To be effective and publicly acceptable, management of free-roaming horses and burros in the United States and elsewhere needs a consistent ethical framing of the animals and the land they occupy. In the U.S., the two laws that largely govern wild horse and burro management, the 1971 Wild Free-Roaming Horse and Burro Act and the 1976 Federal Land Policy and Management Act (“FLPMA”), rest on conflicting foundations, the former based on an ethic of care and the latter on largely utilitarian principles. These conflicts specifically fuel debates over the selection of appropriate fertility control agents for horse and burro management. Because land-use and management decisions are largely controlled by the FLPMA, and because the ethical treatment of animals is typically considered under conditions established by their use, both the larger debate about equids and land management and the specific debate about fertility control are dominated by cost/benefit calculations and avoid broader ethical considerations. In our view, the long-term health and ethical treatment of free-roaming horses and burros, the lands they occupy, and the wildlife and people they share it with will require the replacement of the resource-use model with a more holistic, care-based approach.
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Russell, Morgan L. "Wild Horses: Legends or Burdens on Our Rangelands?" Rangelands 26, no. 6 (December 2004): 40–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2111/1551-501x(2004)026.6[0040:whlobo]2.0.co;2.
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Karenina, Karina, Andrey Giljov, and Yegor Malashichev. "Lateralization of mother-infant interactions in wild horses." Behavioural Processes 148 (March 2018): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beproc.2018.01.010.
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Sherwood, D. "Castration of Wild Horses: A Unique Classroom Setting." Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 31, no. 5-6 (May 2011): 352. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2011.03.197.
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Bakalova, Z. N., and A. S. Bakalov. "DEVILISH HORSES AS POETICAL IMAGE IN WORLD’S LITERATURE." Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series History and Philology 30, no. 3 (July 15, 2020): 483–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2412-9534-2020-30-3-483-491.
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The article presents a survey of literature with apocalyptic or mystic horses in the works of different authors of world literature - from biblical John the Theolog to the XXI century. This literature shows a wide spectrum of interpretative approaches to images of strange horses. They can be natural creatures with wild and wayward temper (works by Voltaire, Byron, Hugo, Brecht with Mazeppa plot) or can be figments of somebody’s destroyed conscience (“The Copper Rider” by A. Pushkin) or show themselves as mysterious creatures on the brink of usual and fantastic worlds (“Crimean plot” by Yu. Kerner, novella by Th. Storm “Der Schimmelreiter (“The Rider on the White Horse”), “A Horseman in the Sky” by A. Bierce). Horses can serve as messengers of some supernatural forces of unknown origin (horses by John the Theolog, devilish creatures by H. Bürger, N. Žukovsky, E.A. Poe, E. Mörike, R. Southey, H. Ibsen, A. Droste-Hülshoff, F. Kafka, M. Bulgakov). A specific case of the topic is linked with humorous plots, where the devil serves as a horse for the literary character (R. Southey, N.V. Gogol). The research shows that the appearance of mystic horses in a literary work is for most cases omen of evil and the death for its characters.
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Small, Ernest. "Adaptations to herbivory in alfalfa (Medicago sativa)." Canadian Journal of Botany 74, no. 6 (June 1, 1996): 807–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b96-102.
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Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) possesses numerous adaptations to herbivores. As with other wild plants, general chemical defences (notably medicagenic acid in alfalfa) and general anti-insect structures (notably trichomes) provide some protection against a wide spectrum of polyphagous insects. Several morphological adaptations protect alfalfa against specialized insect feeders, especially those that consume the seeds. Alfalfa has been disruptively selected by man to possess morphological adaptations and tolerance for two contrasting classes of herbivory: continuous grazing by livestock and intermittent harvesting for hay. Domestication of alfalfa has lowered the effectiveness of several natural adaptations against insects. Occasionally, however, artificial selection for resistance against certain insect species has, often unintentionally, resulted in selection for structural features discouraging these insects. Preadaptations of wild alfalfa for the horse facilitated this plant's domestication as a specialized horse feed, despite the fact that horses are poorly adapted in the wild to such a nutritious forage. Under conditions of domestication, however, alfalfa appears to offer horses several invaluable dietary advantages, and is much more suited to the horse than to man's other grazing herbivores. Anti-herbivorous hemolytic saponins are present in high concentrations in certain alfalfa lineages and cultivars. Horses in southern Europe and Asia have been fed low-saponin alfalfa for millenia, whereas high-saponin alfalfa has been utilized in northern Europe and much of the New World only since about the 16th century. While these compounds are poisonous for most herbivores, they could be beneficial for the horse. A very high degree of herbivorous coadaptation exists between alfalfa and its specialized pollinator, the alfalfa leafcutter bee (Megachile rotundata), and there is evidence that this relationship has coevolved. As the world's most efficient protein crop, alfalfa is preeminently adapted to mankind's future need for increased direct consumption of plant proteins. Keywords: adaptation, alfalfa, fodder, forage, herbivory, Medicago sativa.
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Zheng, Rong, Abdelazim G. Hussien, He-Ming Jia, Laith Abualigah, Shuang Wang, and Di Wu. "An Improved Wild Horse Optimizer for Solving Optimization Problems." Mathematics 10, no. 8 (April 14, 2022): 1311. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10081311.
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Wild horse optimizer (WHO) is a recently proposed metaheuristic algorithm that simulates the social behavior of wild horses in nature. Although WHO shows competitive performance compared to some algorithms, it suffers from low exploitation capability and stagnation in local optima. This paper presents an improved wild horse optimizer (IWHO), which incorporates three improvements to enhance optimizing capability. The main innovation of this paper is to put forward the random running strategy (RRS) and the competition for waterhole mechanism (CWHM). The random running strategy is employed to balance exploration and exploitation, and the competition for waterhole mechanism is proposed to boost exploitation behavior. Moreover, the dynamic inertia weight strategy (DIWS) is utilized to optimize the global solution. The proposed IWHO is evaluated using twenty-three classical benchmark functions, ten CEC 2021 test functions, and five real-world optimization problems. High-dimensional cases (D = 200, 500, 1000) are also tested. Comparing nine well-known algorithms, the experimental results of test functions demonstrate that the IWHO is very competitive in terms of convergence speed, precision, accuracy, and stability. Further, the practical capability of the proposed method is verified by the results of engineering design problems.
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Kuzmina, T. A., N. S. Zvegintsova, and T. L. Zharkikh. "Gastrointestinal Parasite Community in a New Population of the Przewalski’s Horse (Equus Ferus Przewalskii) in the Orenburg State Reserve, Russia." Vestnik Zoologii 51, no. 3 (June 27, 2017): 243–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/vzoo-2017-0030.
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Abstract The Przewalski’s horse (Equus ferus przewalskii, Poljakov, 1881) is an endangered subspecies of wild horses (Equus ferus) native to steppes of Central Asia. In 2015, the Program of Establishing of a Semi-Free Population of the Przewalski’s Horse in the Orenburg Reserve was launched by FGFI “Orenburg Reserves”. The first group of 6 Przewalski’s horses (2 males and 4 females) born in the semi-reserve Le Villaret, France, was transported to the Orenburg Reserve. Th e aim of this work was to investigate the species composition of the intestinal parasite community and to monitor the dynamics of the parasite infection of the newly established Przewalski’s horse population. The level of infection by gastrointestinal parasites within the horses was examined by the McMaster method. Gastrointestinal parasites were collected in vivo after deworming of the horses with macrocyclic lactone drug “Univerm” (0.2 % aversectin C, PharmBioMed, Russia). Totally, 20 species of parasites were found: 19 species of nematodes (species of the family Strongylidae and Habronema muscae) and one species of botflies from the genus Gasterophilus. Th e widest species diversity (18 species from 8 genera) was observed in strongylids: 2 species from the subfamily Strongylinae and 16 species from Cyathostominae. Distribution of strongylid species between ten prevalence classes revealed a bimodal structure (“core-satellite” mode) of the strongylid community. Th e results obtained in this study are to be considered as the initial data for the further parasitological monitoring of Przewalski’s horses at the Orenburg State Reserve.
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White, H., and C. J. Stowe. "134 Estimating the capacity of horse owners to absorb the surplus of wild horses." Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 100 (May 2021): 103597. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103597.
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