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Journal articles on the topic "Wild horses"
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Koncel, Mary A., and Allen T. Rutberg. "Knowledge, Tradition, and Community Predict Success for BLM Wild Horse Adoptions in Colorado and Texas." Society & Animals 26, no. 4 (October 5, 2018): 367–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685306-12341502.
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Abstract With almost 50,000 wild horses in holding facilities and declining adoption rates, the U.S. Bureau of Land Management’s wild horse adoption program is in crisis. To improve our understanding of Bureau of Land Management wild horse adopters, we conducted three in-depth interviews with 52 adopters in Colorado and Texas, spaced over their first year of adoption. Questions sought information on the adopters, their adopted horses, and their adoption experiences. The participants who completed all three interviews were uniformly satisfied with their adoptions. We argue that three factors inherent to wild horse culture in these states supported adopter satisfaction: adopters’ previous knowledge about horses, a western North American tradition that values wild horses, and participation in wild horse organizations. A lack of this culture in other regions may explain why they are less welcoming to wild horses and have lower rates of adoptions.
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Leach, Samantha. "Wild Horses." Passwords 13, no. 1 (2012): 11–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5642/passwrd.20121301.07.
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Morera Chacón, Brayan, Víctor Montalvo Guadamuz, Ronald Sánchez Porras, and Eduardo Carrillo Jiménez. "Potential ecological effects of the free-roaming horses Equus caballus (Perissodactyla: Equidae) on wild mammals: a review of current knowledge." UNED Research Journal 13, no. 2 (August 12, 2021): e3488. http://dx.doi.org/10.22458/urj.v13i2.3488.
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Introduction: The horse (Equus caballus) is an adaptable large herbivore distributed in a wide range of terrestrial biomes that negatively affects ecosystems around the world. Most research on horse–ecosystems interactions have been focused on plants and soils, whereas horse effects on vertebrate species are poorly understanded. Objective: We aimed to synthesize, at a global scale, the effects of free-roaming horses on wild mammals. Methods: We conducted a systematic literature review that included these words; "feral horses + competition ", "feral horses + interactions", "feral horses + impacts", "feral horses + effects", based on the “Web of Science” internet search engine. Results: We located 366 articles in our search, but only 14 peer-reviewed documents described the effects of horses on local wild mammals. Most studies were published in the last decade (64%), and were located in United States (64%). Additional information showed most studies used correlational approaches while experimental approaches were used less. The effect of horses on mammal taxonomic groups varied significantly, suggesting changes on habitat structure mostly affects vertebrate species such as small rodents. Nevertheless, large ungulates exhibited interference competition derived from presence of free-roaming horses. Conclusion: This review identified patterns and gaps in our current knowledge about the effect of horse presence on wild mammals, and can help to readdress further research. Therefore, we recommend careful monitoring of horses and their potential effects on wildlife by using species proxies such as ungulates and rodents to determine if the presence of horses in protected areas affects conservation objectives
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Bender, Kathryn, and C. Jill Stowe. "Home off the Range: The Role of Wild Horse Internet Adoptions in Informing Sustainable Western United State Rangeland Management." Sustainability 12, no. 1 (December 30, 2019): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12010279.
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According to the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), there are about 60,000 more wild horses and burros roaming the rangelands in the western United States than the land can sustain. While the BLM is pursuing a number of strategies to address this imbalance, placing wild horses and burros in private homes is one of the most preferred options. However, little is known about the demand for wild horses. This paper utilizes data from internet adoptions of wild horses to better understand the demand side of the market. More specifically, results from a Heckman selection model provide estimates of the market value of various characteristics of wild horses. By describing adopter preferences, these estimates can aid policy makers in optimizing strategies to manage the wild horse population.
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Dawson, Michelle J., and Cameron Miller. "Aerial mark - recapture estimates of wild horses using natural markings." Wildlife Research 35, no. 4 (2008): 365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr07075.
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Aerial mark–recapture population estimates utilising the natural markings of wild horses to identify individuals was applied in the Bogong High Plains, Alpine National Park, Victoria. A discrete population of wild horses occupying an area of 180 km2 was sampled over two days in 2005. This study explored the feasibility of a technique that aimed to enable managers to estimate the size of the horse population and monitor it over time. Four observers (including the pilot) searched for horses from a helicopter. Once horses were sighted, photographic and written observations were used to ‘mark’ each animal. The survey was repeated the following day with observations ‘recapturing’ individuals. Data were analysed using several mark–recapture estimators, and the derived population estimates ranged from 89 (±5.3, s.e.) horses to 94.7 (±7.9, s.e.) horses. We found that the method gave a level of precision relevant to management, but needs refinement. The technique and its assumptions should be tested further by increasing the number of samples and video should be used to improve identification of individuals. We believe that this is a novel application for aerial surveys, which are typically unsuitable for estimating the size of small populations. This technique was developed for horses but may be used on other conspicuous species with unique natural markings.
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Clay, Sally. "Reins of Wild Horses." Psychiatry 57, no. 4 (November 1994): 376–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00332747.1994.11024702.
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Donlon, Ross. "Poems: Wild Horses, Gold." Journal of Australian Studies 27, no. 79 (January 2003): 165–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14443050309387897.
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Vernes, Karl, Melissa Freeman, and Brad Nesbitt. "Estimating the density of free-ranging wild horses in rugged gorges using a photographic mark - recapture technique." Wildlife Research 36, no. 5 (2009): 361. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr07126.
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Estimating the density of large, feral species such as wild horses at landscape scales can present a logistical hurdle for wildlife managers attempting to set density-based management targets. We undertook aerial surveys of wild horses by using a helicopter in Guy Fawkes River National Park in north-eastern New South Wales across 3 years to determine whether meaningful density estimates could be obtained efficiently by a mark–recapture technique based on recognition of individual horses. Horse groups photographed from the air on the first of two surveys conducted each year were ‘marked’ on the basis of a unique combination of colours and natural markings, and ‘recaptured’ if they were photographed and identified on the second survey. Population size was estimated with the program MARK using a range of population estimators; however, because horses appeared to be evading detection on the second survey of each year, we chose a final estimation model that accounted for detection shyness in the study species. In 2005, the density estimate was 3.8 horses per km2 (upper and lower 95% CL = 3.5–5.7 horses per km2). Following horse control in these catchments, the estimate in 2007 was 2.3 horses per km2 (upper and lower 95% CL = 2.1–3.4 horses per km2), and this change in density can be accounted for by the known number of horses removed from the survey area between survey periods. Overall, the technique proved useful for estimating densities of wild horses in deeply dissected gorge country where other estimation techniques (such as line transects) are not practical; however, low recapture rates in one of the years of the study shows that the technique may not always be applicable. Our technique should also be suitable for surveying other large mammals with broad ranges in open environments, provided recognition of individuals from unique marks is possible.
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HEARTY, PATRICK. "Honest Horses: Wild Horses in the Great Basin." Utah Historical Quarterly 74, no. 3 (July 1, 2006): 283–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/45062978.
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Slivinska, K., J. Gawor, and Z. Jaworski. "Gastro-intestinal parasites in yearlings of wild Polish primitive horses from the Popielno Forest Reserve, Poland." Helminthologia 46, no. 1 (March 1, 2009): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11687-009-0002-2.
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AbstractTo evaluate the gastro-intestinal parasite fauna of the wild Polish primitive horses (Equus caballus gmelini Ant., forma silvatica Vet.), 11 yearlings captured in the Reserve according to the control rules of population dynamics were diagnostically dewormed with abamectin+praziquantel. Expelled parasites were collected from the faeces 24, 36 and 48 hours after treatment. Among a total of 4456 specimens (a mean 405.1 per horse) 27 nematode species, one cestode and one species of botfly larvae were recovered. Strongylids were 100 % prevalent and represented by 24 species (2 large strongylid and 22 cyathostome species). Five cyathostome species (Cylicodontophorus bicoronatus, C. insigne, Poteriostomum imparidentatum, Parapoteriostomum mettami and Gyalocephalus capitatus) were recorded for the first time in Polish primitive horses, whereas two species (Cyathostomum montgomeryi and Cylicostephanus bidentatus) were found for the first time in the horse in Poland. Oxyuris equi was found in 100 % and Parascaris equorum in 63.6 % of yearlings surveyed. Tapeworms (Anoplocephala perfoliata) were revealed in 72.7 %, while Gasterophilus intestinalis instars in 90.9 % of horses. At least three parasite species were highly prevalent (i.e. S. vulgaris, A. perfoliata and G. intestinalis), which might be a reason of serious abdominal disorders in Polish horses living freely in the reserve.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Wild horses"
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Mott, Andrea Lynn. "Running Wild, Running Free?: Changing Perceptions of Wild Horses in the American Landscape." Diss., North Dakota State University, 2014. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/27381.
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Since the 1930s, wild horses have become a subject of public concern. They are often showcased as symbols representing the historic past of the western United States. More recently they have become symbols of a mythic, or imagined, west. Writers, scholars, politicians, advocates, ranchers, and land managers are among the few groups who have taken a role in the livelihood of these animals living freely on public rangelands. The protection movement that began in the 1950s and carried over into the 1970s ultimately resulted in the passage of the 1971 Wild Free-Roaming Horses and Burros Act. This act placed all wild horses living on public rangelands under the protection of the Bureau of Land Management and the Forest Service. Before this legislation individuals in the West could round up wild horses without interference. Afterwards, only the federal government and appointed contractors were allowed to do this. As a result of all the policy changes people in the general public began learning more about the wild horse situation in the United States.
Perceptions regarding wild horses have undergone some change since the passage of the 1934 Taylor Grazing Act. Case studies contained in this dissertation provide examples of perceptions in different parts of the country. The personal narratives gathered from these areas are analyzed as essential pieces to the wild horse dilemma. They help provide an additional lens through which scholars can examine the changing perceptions regarding wild horses. The second section of this dissertation delves into the developmental stages of wild horse protection in the United States. Advocates, activists, and politicians sometimes view the subject in varying ways and those are examined. Legislation, slaughter, holding facilities, and adoption methods are a few of the main areas analyzed within this section. As times have changed it has become necessary to reform and adapt under the Act of 1971. Doing this could ensure the future of wild horses living in the United States. Perceptions about them have changed, and it is still a subject wrought with emotion, but American identity is still connected to their aesthetic appeal.
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Walter, Michelle, and n/a. "The Population ecology of wild horses in the Australian Alps." University of Canberra. Resource, Environmental and Heritage Sciences, 2002. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20050412.151308.
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In this thesis I examine the population ecology of wild horses (Equus caballus) in the
Australian Alps. Wild horses were first introduced into the Alps over 150 years ago.
Paradoxically, they are a feral animal impacting on the environment, but are also a cultural
icon. Managing wild horse populations is contentious and needs to be founded on knowledge
of their population ecology. This is the first study of its kind in the Australian Alps and
therefore has a broad focus. Four general areas were addressed: distribution, estimation of
abundance and density, population dynamics and the influence of brumby-running. The study
was conducted between 1999 and 2002 inclusive in the Australian Alps national parks, which
form a contiguous protected area in south-eastern Australia from the Australian Capital
Territory (ACT) in the north, through New South Wales (NSW) and into Victoria in the
south.
The current distribution of wild horses in the Australian Alps national parks is patchy. There
are five major discrete populations in NSW and Victoria with the northern most population in
Kosciuszko National Park (NSW) bordering on the ACT. A review of published material and
oral history reveals historic influences on distribution. The presence of each population is
associated with introductions by people. The distribution of some populations expanded after
introductions and many have fluctuated over time. Distributions have been contained or
reduced through control by people, natural events such as snow and drought and by
geographical barriers. Park managers eliminated a population of wild horses in the ACT in
the 1980s. Distributions have expanded in areas without active management (notably
northern Kosciuszko National Park) and are likely to continue expanding under a policy of
no management.
In February and March 2001, abundance and density of wild horses were estimated by
helicopter aerial survey in areas where the mapping showed horses to occur. This was the
first time that these parameters have been estimated empirically. I compared three different
aerial survey techniques (strip, mark-recapture and line transect) based on relative accuracy
and precision and found that line transect analysis gave the highest, most precise estimate.
Given that aerial surveys usually underestimate abundance, this method was also likely to be
the most accurate. Mark-recapture over a 50m wide strip gave a similar result but lacked
precision. Strip and mark-recapture techniques performed poorly over 200m strips because
animals were missed. Numbers observed dropped off dramatically beyond the 50m strip.
Line transect analysis (for both observers combined) gave an estimate of 5010 (+/- 1408SE)
horses while mark recapture over 50 metres gave an estimate of 4915 (+/-2733SE). These
estimates correspond to a density of 1.8 horses km-2 over the area surveyed (2789km2). The
results suggest that aerial surveys of large mammals using a wide strip width (200m) and
mark recapture analysis may seriously underestimate population density.
The population dynamics and demography of wild horses were estimated at three sites, Big
Boggy, Cowombat and Currango, every spring and autumn over 3 years. The sites were
spread widely across the Alps with the aim of obtaining a broad understanding of population
dynamics. The survey used Pollock�s robust design and natural markings were used to
identify individuals. There was a seasonal spring peak in population size at Big Boggy with
no clear seasonal trend at the other two sites. Mean wild horse densities determined at Big
Boggy (2.01km-2) and Currango (2.13km-2) were not significantly (p<0.5) different to the
density calculated in the aerial survey, whereas density was significantly higher at Cowombat
(6.4 km-2). Census techniques were of limited use in estimating annual population growth
rate because of low precision.
Demographic analysis showed that none of the populations were increasing at the maximum
intrinsic rate (l = 1.2), and the Big Boggy and Cowombat populations may be stable (l =
1.0/yr). There was an apparent trend of food limitation across the sites. Body condition was
positively related (p<0.01) to pasture biomass. The Currango population was increasing (l =
0.09) associated with higher recruitment, body condition and pasture biomass than in the
other two populations studied. The Cowombat population had the lowest annual finite rate of
increase (l = 1.03), and horses at this site were in the poorest condition and pasture biomass
was lowest. The Big Boggy population was intermediate between the two.
Annual adult survival was constant in all populations at 0.91. Survival in the first three years
of life was more variable with the average at each site ranging from 0.63/yr to 0.76/yr. An
average of 0.26 female foals was born per adult female per year. Sensitivity analysis showed
that population growth rate is most sensitive to changes in adult survival, followed by
fecundity and then survival in the first three years of life. The dynamics observed at each site
was representative of the demography of wild horses in other parts of the world and is typical
for large mammalian herbivores.
Brumby-running is a form of harvesting that is currently being used to control wild horses in
the Alpine National Park (Victoria) and is soon to be trialled in Kosciuszko National Park
(NSW). The effectiveness of brumby-running has not been assessed prior to this study. Data
collected by the Alpine Brumby Management Association and predictive modelling were
used to examine the influence of brumby-running on the wild horse population in Alpine
National Park. Brumby-runners remove about 200 horses per year with a preference for
young animals and adult females. More horses are caught in autumn (61/yr) and least in
summer (30/yr) (p<0.05). Brumby-runners do not appear (p>0.05) to target horses in poor
condition. One skilled brumby-runner caught an average of 1.16 horses/day, while his
companions caught an average of 0.55 horses/day. Brumby-runners show behaviour
analogous to social carnivores. Predictive modelling suggests that brumby-runners could
suppress the population of wild horses in Alpine National Park similar to the effects of
predators, or human harvesting of other large mammals. Selecting young animals in the
harvest reduces the impact of harvesting on the population compared to unselective
harvesting, while selecting adult females increases the predicted impact.
There are several management recommendations based on the findings of this thesis that
address concerns for both environmental impact and the cultural value of wild horses. The
distribution of wild horses should not be allowed to expand further, and the size of the wild
horse population should be prevented from increasing further. Other management
recommendations that are more complex involve reducing some populations so that the level
of environmental impact they are causing is acceptable. This requires a definition of
�acceptable impact.� Finally managers should consider eradicating smaller populations.
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Baptista, Catarina Vinhas Jota. "Gastrointestinal parasites in Przewaslki’s horses (Equus ferus przewalskii), in Pentezug Wild horse reserve, Hortobagy National Park, Hungary." Master's thesis, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/18200.
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Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina VeterináriaEquus ferus przewalskii, currently assumed as subspecies of E. ferus, is considered as endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The ex situ conservation has been crucial for the continued preservation of this subspecies, once considered extinct in the wild. The Pentezug Wildhorse Reserve, located in the Hortobágy National Park, in Hungary, has one of the biggest ex situ populations of Przewalski’s horses and it’s aimed to preserve its typical landscape and to study wild horses in a semi-wild habitat, making part of this subspecies reintroduction plan. Currently, this population comprises almost 280 Przewalski's horses, sharing the area with a population of domestic cattle (Bos primigenius taurus), carefully bred to reconstructed aurochs (Bos primigenius). In this study, 79 faecal samples were collected and the coprological methods (McMaster, Willis floatation, natural sedimentation, Baermann and coproculture) and corresponding microscopic identification were performed in all the samples. Results show an average level of 1286.7 Eggs per Gram (EPG), which is considered a high level of parasitism. All the 79 samples analysed were positive for strongylid-type eggs (100% prevalence) (79/79), with a dominance of the cyasthostominae, when compared to strongylinae and tricostrongylidae. Moreover, a total of 15 different morphological L3 types and/or species identified of the order Strongylida. Additionally, 27.8% (22/79) were positive to Parascaris sp. and 2.5% (2/79) contained Oxyuris equi in their expelled faeces. By the sedimentation method, we could only evidence a Trematoda egg (1/79). In the subfamily Cyathostominae, L3 of cyathostomins type A showed 100% prevalence. In Strongilinae, Strongylus vulgaris is the most prevalent (40.5%), followed by Triodontophorus serratus (12.7%). These results are consistent with the other studies performed in the same subspecies and represent the first survey of gastrointestinal parasites performed with this level of detail in this population of Przewalski’s horses. Statistically, this study revealed that animals infected by Parascaris spp. tend to be positive in association with cyathostomins type C. In the same way, animals infected by T.serratus tend to be positive for Poteriostomum spp., possibly due to the propensity of juveniles for these two parasites revealed in this study. Furthermore, males have more S. vulgaris infections than females and animals infected by S. vulgaris tend to have lower levels of EPG. These results reveal the importance of parasite monitoring in wild ex situ populations, especially those that can be part of a reintroduction program, to better-knowing their pathogenic potential, possible parasite associations, predisposition factors and consequences for the subspecies conservation.
RESUMO - Parasitas gastrointestinais em cavalos de Przewalski (Equus ferus przewalskii), na reserva de cavalo selvagem do Pentezug, Parque Nacional de Hortobágy, Hungria - Equus ferus przewaslkii é classificada como uma subespécie de E. ferus. Presentemente, encontra-se em perigo, segundo a União Internacional para a Conservação da Natureza (IUCN), apesar de já ter assumido o estatuto de Extinta na Natureza. Por este motivo, a conservação ex situ tem tido um papel crucial na conservação desta subespécie. A reserva de cavalo selvagem do Pentezug, inserida no parque nacional de Hortobágy, na Hungria, tem uma das maiores populações ex situ de cavalo de Przewalski, com os principais propósitos de conservar a paisagem característica da região e aprofundar os conhecimentos sobre a subespécie, fazendo parte do seu programa de reintrodução. Atualmente, esta população é composta por cerca de 280 cavalos de Przewalski, que partilham a pastagem com uma população de bovinos domésticos (Bos primigenius taurus), selecionada de forma a apresentar um fenótipo semelhante ao auroque (Bos primigenius). Foram colhidas 79 amostras fecais e os métodos coprológicos (McMaster, flutuação de Willis, sedimentação natural, Baermann e coprocultura) e a respetiva identificação microscópica foram executados para todas as amostras. Os resultados demonstraram um nível de parasitismo médio de 1286,7 ovos por grama (OPG), o que representa um valor elevado. Todas as amostras foram positivas para ovos do tipo estrongilídeo (100% de prevalência) (79/79), com uma dominância dos ciatosmíneos, comparando com estrongílideos e tricostrongilídeos, e revelaram uma diversidade de 15 espécies ou morfotipos de L3 dentro da ordem Strongylida. Adicionalmente, 27,8% (22/79) foram positivas para Parascaris sp., 2,5% (2/79) dos animais continham Oxyuris equi nas fezes expelidas e numa amostra foi detetado um ovo de trematode (1/79). As L3 de ciatostomíneos de tipo A revelaram uma prevalência de 100%. Na subfamília Strongilinae, Strongylus vulgaris foi o mais prevalente (40.5%), seguido de Triodontophorus serratus (12,7%). Estes resultados são consistentes com outros estudos efetuados na espécie e representam o 1º estudo parasitológico na população de Pentezug, realizado com este nível de detalhe. Estatisticamente, este estudo revelou que animais positivos a Parascaris spp. tendem a ser positivos para ciatostomíneos do tipo C. O mesmo acontece entre T. serratus e Poteriostomum spp., possivelmente devido à predisposição dos juvenis para estes dois parasitas revelada neste estudo. Do mesmo modo, os machos têm mais infeções por S. vulgaris do que as fêmeas e os animais positivos para este parasita tendem a ter níveis mais baixos de OPG. Estes resultados demonstram a importância da monitorização parasitológica em populações ex situ, especialmente as que fazem parte de um programa de reintrodução, com o objetivo de aprofundar o conhecimento sobre o poder patogénico dos agentes, possíveis coinfeções, fatores de risco e consequências para a conservação da subespécie.
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Bender, Kathryn Elizabeth. "Marketing for Sustainability: Government Management of Wild Horses and Producer Date Labeling of Foods." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1562859068154192.
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Adekunle, Omotoyosi O. "A CONJOINT ANALYSIS STUDY OF PREFERENCES AND PURCHASING BEHAVIOR OF POTENTIAL ADOPTERS OF THE BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT WILD HORSES." UKnowledge, 2015. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/agecon_etds/33.
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This study uses conjoint analysis to examine the preferences of buyers for Bureau of Land Management (BLM) wild horses based on physical attributes of wild horses and individual characteristics of the buyers. Generalized ordered logit models and multinomial logit models are used to study the impact of the buyers’ demographic characteristics such as age, gender, knowledge about wild horse care, and number of wild horses previously adopted on physical attributes of the horses such as color, age, height, training status, temperament, conformation, and unique markings. Using a choice experiment, taken together, these attributes determine buyer’s preferences for a wild horse. This study reveals that characteristics of buyers have significant effects on their preferences for wild horses. Their gender, age, knowledge about wild horse care, and the number of horses previously adopted influence the importance that buyers place on physical attributes of a wild horse in their decision to purchase a wild horse.
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Deshpande, Ketaki. "Profiling Populations Using Neutral Markers, Major Histocompatibility Complex Genes and Volatile Organic Compounds as Modeled in Equus caballus Linnaeus." FIU Digital Commons, 2016. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3044.
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Assessing the genetics of wild animal populations aims to understand selective pressures, and factors whether it be inbreeding or adaptation, that affect the genome. Although numerous techniques are available for assessing population structure, a major obstacle in studying wild populations is obtaining samples from the animals without having to capture them, which can lead to undue distress and injury. Therefore, biologists often use non-invasive sampling methods (i.e., collection of feces, hair) to extract host DNA. In this study, new DNA extraction protocols were developed that improved the quality and quantity of DNA obtained from fecal matter. Fecal samples aged up to Day 6 as well as field samples with unknown days since defecation were successful in individualization of the contributors using microsatellites and were further used to demonstrate kinship. Neutral markers such as short tandem repeat, and mitochondrial D-loop sequences are used for assessing relatedness and evolutionary relationships and can mutate without detrimental effects on the organism. Loci, such as the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), adapt more rapidly under selective pressure such as parasite load, or resistance to diseases and support natural selection processes. Analysis of the neutral microsatellites in Big Summit feral horse population demonstrated a population lacking diversity and trending towards being an inbred population. However, examination of the MHC genes showed maintenance of greater variation that may be the result of selection pressures. The MHC similarity and lower genetic demarcation between geographically separated horse populations further indicated effect of selection pressures in preserving diversity at the MHC genes. Although such molecular markers are used in profiling populations, the current study was also successful in demonstrating the use of individual odor profiles as an additional profiling tool. Volatile organic compounds (VOC) obtained from hair of domestic horses were able to individualize horses as well as differentiate between horse breeds and display kinship. The relation of genetics to odor phenotype is of interest as the inherent polymorphic nature of MHC genes has the potential to generate unique combinations of genotypes that presumably produce distinct odor phenotypes. Subsequently, this study was able to show a significant correlation between MHC genotypes and VOC odor profiles in horses. Understanding the relationship between MHC and odor using domestic horses with known relatedness provides evidence that these same correlations may be applicable to wild equids and dictates their harem hierarchal social structure.
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Kaagan, Laura Mollie. "The horse in late Pleistocene and Holocene Britain." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2000. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1318059/.
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Until now, the horse was one of the few members of the British Late Pleistocene and Holocene fauna which had yet to be fully investigated. In this thesis, chronological, palaeoecological and morphological data based on direct investigations of British and European fossil and sub-fossil horses are presented. The time-frame encompasses the latest certain wild horses in Britain and continental Europe through to the early diversification of domestic types, and thus spans the interval from c. 15,000-2,000 years before present (BP). The gazetteers presented are the result of a thorough survey and intensive study of all relevant British (as well as selected continental) collections of fossil and sub-fossil horse material. Furthermore, the incorporation into this project of a radiocarbon accelerator dating programme has provided 45 new, direct horse dates from 31 British/Irish sites. A systematic review of all new and previously obtained dates reveals a complex pattern of chronological and geographical distribution for horses during the study interval. These data are interpreted with reference to known climatic and environmental events which are detailed. Further investigations are presented which reveal the ecological reactions of wild horses to underlying environmental factors such as climate change and vegetational succession. Questions of body size variability as well as taxonomic and relationship issues are addressed by means of a detailed morphological investigation. Cranial and postcranial measurements are employed to expose variation and diversification of size and form among wild and domestic animals of three key periods: Mid-Devensian, Late Glacial/early Post Glacial, middle to later Post Glacial. In addition, body size comparisons are made between British and continental horses for each episode. Finally, there is discussion of alternative ways of revealing relationships between ancient and modern horses. In particular, molecular evidence is reviewed with the aim of assessing its value to taxonomic, morphological and chronological studies
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Elizondo, Vanessa Valentina. "An economic analysis of the wild horse and burro program." Thesis, Montana State University, 2011. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2011/elizondo/ElizondoV0511.pdf.
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In 1971 Congress enacted Public Law 92-195, known as the Wild Free-Roaming Horse and Burro Act, as a result of public concerns about wild horse abuse and population declines. As a consequence, the Wild Horse and Burro program was created to manage these animals under the administration of the Bureau of Land Management (BLM). In recent years as more wild horses have gone into long-term holding facilities, the costs of the program have increased to levels that are not likely to be politically sustainable. Two aspects of the Wild Horse and Burro program are analyzed in this thesis. First, the BLM's decisions regarding when to conduct a gather of excess animals and how many animals to remove are studied. A political economy analysis is developed to estimate the effects of interest groups on these decisions. Second, this thesis analyzes the relevance of horse characteristics in determining both the likelihood of a wild horse being disposed of and the price paid by adopters and buyers. To estimate the marginal value for each wild horse characteristic a hedonic price regression is estimated. The hedonic regression results are then used to estimate the benefits and costs of various modifications in the BLM's disposal program. The results obtained from the political economy analysis suggest that the decisions made by the BLM with respect to the removal of excess animals are responsive to the interests of grazing holders. The greater the level of overlap between grazing allotments and a herd management area, the higher the likelihood of the BLM conducting a gather and the more animals will be removed in a given year. The results obtained from the hedonic pricing model show that characteristics such as sex, color, training, and age are statistically significant in explaining the variation observed in fees paid by adopters and buyers. In addition, it is found that reductions in the standard minimum adoption fee would increase the number of wild horses the BLM is able to dispose of to private parties, and would save the taxpayers substantial sums by reducing the costs of keeping wild horses in long-term holding.
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Sullivan, Curtis J. "Too Many American Icons: Conflicting Ideologies of Wild Horse Management in the American West." Diss., North Dakota State University, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/29873.
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Wild free-roaming horses in the American West continue to exist in tension with the land they inhabit, the government that “manages” them, and the people that are impacted by them. The problem, argued here, is the result of the ideological construction of mustangs in American culture, and it calls forth questions about human-nature relationships as well as contemporary understandings of Environmentalism. This research follows in the theoretical foundations of Raymond Geuss and Tommie Shelby to unpack the epistemic properties (empirical evidence of the contexts from which ideologies are formed), functional properties (consequences of suffering and benefits as a result of ideologies), and genetic histories (historical contexts the construct the ideologies in a culture) of ideologies relating to wild horses in the West; by doing so it also provides insight into nature identification, the borders and barriers of human creations, and the limitations of access for performing environmentalism. This text focuses primarily on the life and experiences of Velma Bronn Johnston as an exemplar of environmental change in unexpected ways. Her narrative culminates in the passing of the Wild Free-Roaming Horse and Burro Act of 1971 that created material changes for the lives of mustangs in the West as well as long-term consequences for citizens of the United States of America. Consequentially, mustangs of the West face a population “problem” that costs the United States more than $80 million annually with almost no signs of decreasing.
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Akhkha, Abdellah. "Relative tolerances of wild and cultivated barleys to infection by Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei (syn. Erysiphe graminis f.sp. hordei)." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.340726.
Full textBooks on the topic "Wild horses"
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Riggs, Kate. Wild horses. Mankato, MN: Creative Education, 2015.
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Francis, Michael H. 1953- ill. and Henckel Mark, eds. Wild horses: Wild horse magic for kids. Milwaukee: Gareth Stevens Pub., 1995.
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Wild horses. [New York]: Grolier Educational Corp., 1985.
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Wild horses. Mankato, Minnesota: Smart Apple Media, 2015.
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Wild horses. Edmonton: University of Alberta Press, 2010.
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Stone, Lynn M. Wild horses. Vero Beach, FL: Rourke Pub., 2008.
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Francis, Dick. Wild horses. Bath: Chivers, 1995.
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Wild horses. London: Pan, 1995.
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Copyright Paperback Collection (Library of Congress), ed. Wild horses. New York: Bantam Books, 1996.
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1906-, Rounds Glen, ed. Wild horses. New York: Holiday House, 1993.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Wild horses"
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Cody, Rebecca. "Riding two wild horses." In Flip the System Australia, 198–203. Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY : Routledge, [2019]: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429429620-29.
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Warhol, Andy, and Kurt Benirschke. "Mongolian Wild Horse." In Vanishing Animals, 28–33. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-6333-0_5.
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Gronwald, Klaus-Dieter. "Post-Merger Ausgangslage – Wild Horse Beer." In Integrierte Business-Informationssysteme, 197–206. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-43720-9_18.
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Gronwald, Klaus-Dieter. "Post-Merger Situation: Wild Horse Beer." In Integrated Business Information Systems, 185–91. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-53291-1_18.
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Gronwald, Klaus-Dieter. "Post-Merger Ausgangslage – Wild Horse Beer." In Integrierte Business-Informationssysteme, 187–96. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-55469-2_18.
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Liddiard, Robert. "WILD, WILD HORSES:." In Anglo-Norman Studies XLIV, 35–54. Boydell & Brewer Ltd, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv293p4sc.8.
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"Wild Horses." In The Last Nostalgia, 120. University of Arkansas Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1n6pvf1.65.
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"Being with Horses." In Taming the Wild Horse, 99–132. Columbia University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7312/komj18126-008.
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"Of Horses and Humans." In Wild Horses of the West, 20–33. University of Arizona Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv23khmjs.8.
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"IN THE SOCIETY OF HORSES." In Beyond Wild and Tame, 116–41. Berghahn Books, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1tbhq9b.14.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Wild horses"
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Shiiya, Kazuhisa, Ryuto Yamada, Thi Thi Zin, and Ikuo Kobayashi. "A Study on Automatic Individual Identification of Wild Horses." In 2022 IEEE 4th Global Conference on Life Sciences and Technologies (LifeTech). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lifetech53646.2022.9754886.
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Radoi, Ion Emilian, Janek Mann, and D. K. Arvind. "Tracking and monitoring horses in the wild using wireless sensor networks." In 2015 IEEE 11th International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Computing, Networking and Communications (WiMob). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wimob.2015.7348035.
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Mann, Janek, Ion Emilian Radoi, and DK Arvind. "Prospeckz-5 -- A Wireless Sensor Platform for Tracking and Monitoring of Wild Horses." In 2014 17th Euromicro Conference on Digital System Design (DSD). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dsd.2014.102.
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Yoginath, Srikanth B., Kalyan S. Perumalla, and Brian J. Henz. "Taming Wild Horses: The Need for Virtual Time-Based Scheduling of VMs in Network Simulations." In 2012 IEEE 20th International Symposium on Modelling, Analysis & Simulation of Computer and Telecommunication Systems (MASCOTS). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mascots.2012.18.
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Семёнов, Вл А., and М. Е. Килуновская. "ROCK ART OF TUVA: IMAGES, SUBJECTS, COMPOSITIONS." In Труды Сибирской Ассоциации исследователей первобытного искусства. Crossref, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.25681/iaras.2019.978-5-202-01433-8.131-157.
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В наскальном искусстве Тувы представлен определенный набор образов, сюжетов и композиций, характерный для каждого хронологического периода, который придает определенное своеобразие данному региону Центральной Азии. Безусловно, есть много общего с соседними регионами. Для образов и сюжетов есть определенные иконографические схемы, а в композициях устойчивая встречаемость отдельных элементов. Это позволяет говорить об их определенной семантической значимости, а значит, о возможности интерпретации, используя древние нарративные источники, этнографические параллели и аллюзии из других изобразительных текстов. Образы это козлы, олени, кони/лошади, кабаны, хищники, быки, антропоморфные фигуры, колесницы. Сюжеты сочетания олень и оленуха , олень и охотник , козлы идут по дороге и т.п. Композиции сочетание нескольких сюжетов на одной плоскости: сцены терзания, преследования, охоты, шествия животных и т.д. Rock art of Tuva is featured with a specific set of images, subjects and compositions, typical for each chronological period which gives a certain identity to this part of Central Asian region. Of course there are a lot of similarities with neighboring rock art areas. Images and subjects follow to the certain iconographic schemes. Constant occurrence of details presents in compositions. This allows us to speak about certain semantic meaning of those compositions and due to that about possible interpretations, using ancient narrative sources, ethnographic parallels and allusions from another graphic texts. Most common images include animal figures such as goats, deer, horses, wild boars, predators and bulls, as well as anthropomorphic figures and chariots. Subjects are like stag and fawn, deer and a hunter, goats walking by the path and others. Compositions mean conjunction of several subjects within a single rock panel scenes of torment, chasing, hunting, processions of walking animals, etc.
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Sayed, Gehad Ismail, and Aboul Ella Hassanien. "An Improved Wild Horse Optimizer for Traveling Salesman Problem." In 2022 5th International Conference on Computing and Informatics (ICCI). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icci54321.2022.9756075.
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Selim, Shaimaa O., Ali Selim, and Salah Kamel. "Power Loss Minimization Using Optimal Allocation of DGs Based on Wild Horse Optimizer." In 2022 23rd International Middle East Power Systems Conference (MEPCON). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mepcon55441.2022.10021726.
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Fu, Kequan, Na Qin, Jiaqi Wan, Qi Zhou, and Tianwei Wang. "An Improved Wild Horse Algorithm to Solve Facility Layout in Horizontal Cylinder Space." In 2022 IEEE 17th Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications (ICIEA). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iciea54703.2022.10006223.
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Al-Kharraz, Heba, Rahaf Nader, Maha Al-Asmakh, and Jessica P. Johnson. "In Vitro Comparison of Two Single Layer Hand Sewn End-to-End Anastomosis Techniques in Normal Equine Jejunum: A Pilot study." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2020.0192.
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Background: The equine small intestine can be affected by a variety of disorders, which may require some form of bypass or anastomosis procedure. Several small intestinal anastomosis techniques have been reported in scientific literature with the intention to minimize post-operative complications, however to our knowledge there are no published descriptions of the hand-sewn end-to-end single layer simple continuous Appositional technique for equine jejunojejunostomy. Objective: To compare and evaluate differences in the single layer continuous Appositional and the single layer continuous Lembert with respect to construction time, leakage pressure and bursting pressure; for the purpose of small intestinal anastomosis in the horse. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that the time spent in the execution, leakage pressure and bursting pressure will be similar between the single layer continuous Lembert and the single layer simple continuous Appositional techniques. Since this is a pilot study, it is the first step to prove the efficacy of the Appositional technique by showing its similarity with the Lembert technique, considering the latter to be the ‘gold standard’. Methodology: Thirty-Seven intestinal segments from two horses were used to compare the single layer continuous Appositional and single layer continuous Lembert techniques. The time taken to execute the anastomoses, and the number of bites taken for each pattern, were recorded. Biomechanical testing was performed to determine leakage pressure and bursting pressure. Statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism 8. Result: The comparison in construction time between the Lembert group (mean, 24.23 mins, n=19) and the Appositional group (mean, 21.74 mins, n=18) were found to be statistically insignificant (P=0.3088). There was also no changes in Leakage pressure (P=0.3862) and bursting pressure (P=0.3135) between the two groups. Conclusion: This study has demonstrated that the Appositional technique is a viable alternative to the Lembert technique, with respect to construction time, leakage and bursting pressures, for the purpose of end-to-end jejunojejunal anastomosis in the horse
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Alkharraz, Heba, Rahaf Nader, Maha Al‐ Asmakh, and Jessica Johnson. "In Vitro Comparison of Two Single Layer Hand Sewn end‐to‐end Anastomosis Techniques in Normal Equine Jejunum: A Pilot Study." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2020.0198.
Full textAbstract:
Background: The equine small intestine can be affected by a variety of disorders, which may require some form of bypass or anastomosis procedure. Several small intestinal anastomosis techniques have been reported in scientific literature with the intention to minimize post-operative complications, however to our knowledge there are no published descriptions of the hand-sewn end-to-end single layer simple continuous Appositional technique for equine jejunojejunostomy. Objective: To compare and evaluate differences in the single layer continuous Appositional and the single layer continuous Lembert with respect to construction time, leakage pressure and bursting pressure; for the purpose of small intestinal anastomosis in the horse. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that the time spent in the execution, leakage pressure and bursting pressure will be similar between the single layer continuous Lembert and the single layer simple continuous Appositional techniques. Since this is a pilot study, it is the first step to prove the efficacy of the Appositional technique by showing its similarity with the Lembert technique, considering the latter to be the ‘gold standard’. Methodology: Thirty-Seven intestinal segments from two horses were used to compare the single layer continuous Appositional and single layer continuous Lembert techniques. The time taken to execute the anastomoses, and the number of bites taken for each pattern, were recorded. Biomechanical testing was performed to determine leakage pressure and bursting pressure. Statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism 8. Results: The comparison in construction time between the Lembert group (mean, 24.23 mins, n=19) and the Appositional group (mean, 21.74 mins, n=18) were found to be statistically insignificant (P=0.3088). There was also no changes in Leakage pressure (P=0.3862) and bursting pressure (P=0.3135) between the two groups. Conclusion: This study has demonstrated that the Appositional technique is a viable alternative to the Lembert technique, with respect to construction time, leakage and bursting pressures, for the purpose of end-to-end jejunojejunal anastomosis in the horse.
Reports on the topic "Wild horses"
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Huijser, M. P., Robert J. Ament, M. Bell, A. P. Clevenger, E. R. Fairbank, K. E. Gunson, and T. McGuire. Animal Vehicle Collision Reduction and Habitat Connectivity Pooled Fund Study – Literature Review. Nevada Department of Transportation, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15788/ndot2021.12.
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This report contains a summary of past research and new knowledge about the effectiveness of mitigation measures aimed at reducing animal-vehicle collisions and at providing safe crossing opportunities for wildlife. The measures are aimed at terrestrial large bodied wild mammal species, free roaming large livestock species (e.g. cattle, horses), free roaming large feral species (e.g. “wild” horses and burros), and small animal species (amphibians, reptiles, and small mammals). While mitigation is common, it is best to follow a three-step approach: avoidance, mitigation, and compensation or “off-site” mitigation. If reducing collisions with large wild mammals is the only objective, the most effective measures include roadside animal detection systems, wildlife culling, wildlife relocation, anti-fertility treatments, wildlife barriers (fences),and wildlife fences in combination with wildlife crossing structures. If the objectives also include maintaining or improving connectivity for large wild mammals, then wildlife barriers (fences) in combination with wildlife crossing structures are most effective. Measures for large domestic mammal species are largely similar, though for free roaming livestock there are legal, moral and ethical issues. For small animal species, temporary or permanent road closure and road removal are sometimes implemented, but barriers in combination with crossing structures are the most common.
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Huijser, Marcel, E. R. Fairbank, and K. S. Paul. Best Practices Manual to Reduce Animal-Vehicle Collisions and Provide Habitat Connectivity for Wildlife. Nevada Department of Transportation, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15788/ndot2022.2.
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The goal for this manual is to provide practical information for the implementation of mitigation measures that aim to: 1. Improve human safety through reducing collisions with large animals, including large wild mammal species, select free roaming large feral species, and select free roaming large livestock species, and 2. Improve or maintain habitat connectivity for terrestrial wildlife species and selected feral species through safe crossing opportunities. This manual does not include all possible measures that can or may reduce animal-vehicle collisions and maintain or improve habitat connectivity for wildlife. The measures included in this manual are: Barriers (fences) in combination with crossing structures (for large wild mammals and for small wild animal species), roadside animal detection system, Barriers (fences), Barriers (fences) in combination with crossing structures (for free roaming livestock), and culling, relocation, anti-fertility treatment, roadside animal detection systems, barriers (fences), and barriers (fences) in combination with crossing structures (for large feral mammal species such as feral horses and burros).
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van Oostenbrugge, Hans J. A. E., and Katell G. Hamon. Overview of the Dutch fishing activities in the Hornsea Project Three wind farm area : Trends in effort, landings and landings value for 2011-2015. Wageningen: Wageningen Economic Research, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/421103.
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Huijser, MP, J. W. Duffield, C. Neher, A. P. Clevenger, and T. Mcguire. Final Report 2022: Update and expansion of the WVC mitigation measures and their cost-benefit model. Nevada Department of Transportation, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15788/ndot2022.10.
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This report contains an update and an expansion of a cost-benefit model for wildlife-vehicle collisions and associated mitigation measures along highways, that was originally calculated in 2007 US$ and published in 2009. The direct cost values (vehicle repair, human injuries, human fatalities) were updated for deer, elk, and moose, and expanded by including additional species: gray wolf (Canis lupus), grizzly bear (Ursus arctos), and free ranging or feral domesticated species including cattle, horse, and burro. The costs associated with collisions were also expanded by including passive use, or nonuse values associated with the conservation value of selected wild animal species. The total costs (in 2020 US$) associated with a collision with deer, elk and moose were about 2-3 times (direct costs only) or about 3-4 times higher (direct costs and passive use values combined) compared to the values in 2007 US$. The passive use costs associated with threatened species (wolf, grizzly bear) were higher or much higher than the direct costs. The costs associated with mitigation measures (especially fences and wildlife crossing structures) were also updated and supplemented with new data. New cost-benefit analyses generated updated or entirely new threshold values for deer, elk, moose, and grizzly bear. If collisions with these large wild mammal species reach or surpass the threshold values, it is economically defensible to install the associated type and combination of mitigation measures, both based on direct use and passive use parameters and their associated values. The trend in increasing costs associated with vehicle repair costs, costs associated with human injuries and fatalities, and through including passive use values for wildlife is that we learn that the implementation of effective mitigation measures can be considered earlier and more readily than based on the cost-benefit model published in 2009.
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Aguilar, G., H. Waqa-Sakiti, and L. Winder. Using Predicted Locations and an Ensemble Approach to Address Sparse Data Sets for Species Distribution Modelling: Long-horned Beetles (Cerambycidae) of the Fiji Islands. Unitec ePress, December 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.34074/book.008.
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In response to unique species in Fiji which are threatened or endangered, and in critical need of effective conservation measures to ensure their survival, author Glenn Aguilar has produced an eMedia publication and learning research tool, called GIS For Conservation.The eMedia website hosts tutorial material, videos and modelling results for conservation management and planning purposes. Users will learn spatial analytical skills, species distribution modelling and other relevant GIS tools, as well as enhance ArcMap skills and the species distribution modelling tool Maxent. Accompanying the GIS For Conservation website is a peer-reviewed research report. The report details the case study and research methods that have informed the eMedia publication, focusing on the development of maps predicting the suitability of the Fiji Islands for longhorned beetles (Cerambycidae) that include endemic and endangered species such as the Giant Fijian Beetle Xixuthrus heros.
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Boyle, M., and Elizabeth Rico. Terrestrial vegetation monitoring at Cumberland Island National Seashore: 2020 data summary. National Park Service, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2294287.
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The Southeast Coast Network (SECN) conducts long-term terrestrial vegetation monitoring as part of the nationwide Inventory and Monitoring Program of the National Park Service (NPS). The vegetation community vital sign is one of the primary-tier resources identified by SECN park managers, and it is currently conducted at 15 network parks (DeVivo et al. 2008). Monitoring plants and their associated communities over time allows for targeted understanding of ecosystems within the SECN geography, which provides managers information about the degree of change within their parks’ natural vegetation. 2020 marks the first year of conducting this monitoring effort at Cumberland Island National Seashore (CUIS). Fifty-six vegetation plots were established throughout the park from May through July. Data collected in each plot included species richness across multiple spatial scales, species-specific cover and constancy, species-specific woody stem seedling/sapling counts and adult tree (greater than 10 centimeters [3.9 inches {in}]) diameter at breast height (DBH), overall tree health, landform, soil, observed disturbance, and woody biomass (i.e., fuel load) estimates. This report summarizes the baseline (year 1) terrestrial vegetation data collected at Cumberland Island National Seashore in 2020. Data were stratified across three dominant broadly defined habitats within the park, including Coastal Plain Upland Open Woodlands, Maritime Open Upland Grasslands, and Maritime Upland Forests and Shrublands. Noteworthy findings include: 213 vascular plant taxa (species or lower) were observed across 56 vegetation plots, including 12 species not previously documented within the park. The most frequently encountered species in each broadly defined habitat included: Coastal Plain Upland Open Woodlands: longleaf + pond pine (Pinus palustris; P. serotina), redbay (Persea borbonia), saw palmetto (Serenoa repens), wax-myrtle (Morella cerifera), deerberry (Vaccinium stamineum), variable panicgrass (Dichanthelium commutatum), and hemlock rosette grass (Dichanthelium portoricense). Maritime Open Upland Grasslands: wax-myrtle, saw greenbrier (Smilax auriculata), sea oats (Uniola paniculata), and other forbs and graminoids. Maritime Upland Forests and Shrublands: live oak (Quercus virginiana), redbay, saw palmetto, muscadine (Muscadinia rotundifolia), and Spanish moss (Tillandsia usneoides) Two non-native species, Chinaberry (Melia azedarach) and bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum), categorized as invasive by the Georgia Exotic Pest Plant Council (GA-EPPC 2018) were encountered in four different Maritime Upland Forest and Shrubland plots during this monitoring effort. Six vascular plant species listed as rare and tracked by the Georgia Department of Natural Resources (GADNR 2022) were observed in these monitoring plots, including the state listed “Rare” Florida swampprivet (Forestiera segregata var. segregata) and sandywoods sedge (Carex dasycarpa) and the “Unusual” green fly orchid (Epidendrum conopseum). Longleaf and pond pine were the most dominant species within the tree stratum of Coastal Plain Upland Open Woodland habitat types; live oak was the most dominant species of Maritime Upland Forest and Shrubland types. Saw palmetto and rusty staggerbush (Lyonia ferruginea) dominated the sapling stratum within Maritime Upland Forest and Shrubland habitat types. Of the 20 tree-sized redbay trees measured during this monitoring effort only three were living and these were observed with severely declining vigor, indicating the prevalence and recent historical impact of laurel wilt disease (LWD) across the island’s maritime forest ecosystems. There was an unexpectedly low abundance of sweet grass (Muhlenbergia sericea) and saltmeadow cordgrass (Spartina patens) within interdune swale plots of Maritime Open Upland habitats on the island, which could be a result of grazing activity by feral horses. Live oak is the dominant tree-sized species across...
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Wild Horse 69-kV transmission line environmental assessment. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/441733.
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Geologic map of the Bruneau Formation in the Sinker Butte and Wild Horse Butte quadrangles, southwestern Idaho. US Geological Survey, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/mf2063b.
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