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Journal articles on the topic 'Wild deer'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 19 February 2023

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1

Venter, Alexandra. "Mad deer in Canadian wild?" Trends in Microbiology 9, no. 7 (July 2001): 312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0966-842x(01)02118-7.

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2

Green, Peter. "Dealing with wild deer casualties." Livestock 23, no. 6 (November 2, 2018): 293–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/live.2018.23.6.293.

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HALL, GRAHAM P., and KATE P. GILL. "MANAGEMENT OF WILD DEER IN AUSTRALIA." Journal of Wildlife Management 69, no. 3 (July 2005): 837–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2193/0022-541x(2005)069[0837:mowdia]2.0.co;2.

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Boyes, Gareth, John Fletcher, Aiden Foster, Peter Green, Sam Ecroyd, and Kit Heawood. "Darting of wild and park deer." Veterinary Record 189, no. 3 (August 2021): 117–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vetr.804.

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5

Moriarty, Andrew. "The liberation, distribution, abundance and management of wild deer in Australia." Wildlife Research 31, no. 3 (2004): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr02100.

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Deer species (fallow, red, sambar, chital, rusa and hog deer) have formed wild populations in Australian habitats ranging from arid woodland to rainforest and are a growing management issue. Data were obtained via an Australia-wide land-manager survey that collected information on the liberation, distribution, abundance and management of wild deer in Australia. It is estimated that there are 218 wild deer herds in Australia with 7% of these herds originating from acclimatisation society releases, 35% from deer farm escapes/releases and 58% from translocations (deliberate releases). On average, herds released by acclimatisation societies are estimated to be 107 years old, herds that have escaped from (or been released from) deer farms are 9 years old, and transplanted herds are 6 years old. It is estimated that Australia currently has 200 000 wild deer, with 85% of these deer originally released by acclimatisation societies, 6% through escapes/releases from deer farms and 9% by translocation. Poor knowledge of the impacts of wild deer by land managers and the absence of consistent legislation governing the management of farmed and wild deer are factors that have exacerbated deliberate releases of deer and the escape of deer from farms. Management strategies for wild deer in Australia need to be developed by land managers to address the escape and release of deer from farms, the illegal translocation of deer into the wild and the management of existing wild deer herds.
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Postevoy and Andreyanov. "TREMATODE FAUNA OF WILD UNGULATES." THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PARASITIC DISEASE CONTROL, no. 22 (May 19, 2021): 414–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/978-5-6046256-1-3.2021.22.414-418.

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In the Russian forest zone, from 15 to 30 species of helminths were recorded in the European elk and roe deer in the areas of the habitat of wild artiodactyls, according to researchers. The purpose of our work was to study the trematode fauna of helminths in elks and roe deer caught in hunting farms of the Central region of Russia. The study objects were wild artiodactyl animals, the European elk (Alces alces), the European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and the wild boar (Sus scrofa). Biological material for research (gastrointestinal tract, liver of animals, etc.) was collected during the licensed hunting period on these artiodactyls in hunting farms in the period of 2020 and the beginning of 2021. 39 animals of artiodactyls were examined (by the method of incomplete helminthological dissection), of which were 9 elks aged from 3 to 7 years, and 26 roe deer aged from 2 to 5 years, and 4 wild boars of 2–3 years old. Among wild animals, according to the results of postmortem examination, the Fasciola invasion was found in two roe deer. The prevalence of the invasion was 7.6%. When examining the liver of elks and wild boars, the causative agent of fascioliasis was not found.
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Ilic, Tamara, Igor Stojanov, and Sanda Dimitrijevic. "Parasitic infections in wild ruminants and wild boar." Veterinarski glasnik 65, no. 5-6 (2011): 419–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vetgl1106419i.

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Wild ruminants and wild boar belong to the order Artiodactyla, the suborders Ruminantia and Nonruminantia and are classified as wild animals for big game hunting, whose breeding presents a very important branch of the hunting economy. Diseases caused by protozoa are rarely found in wild ruminants in nature. Causes of coccidiosis, cryptosporidiosis, toxoplasmosis, sarcocystiosis, giardiasis, babesiosis, and theileriosis have been diagnosed in deer. The most significant helminthoses in wild ruminants are fasciosis, dicrocoeliasis, paramphistomosis, fascioloidosis, cysticercosis, anoplocephalidosis, coenurosis, echinococcosis, pulmonary strongyloidiasis, parasitic gastroenteritis, strongyloidiasis and trichuriasis, with certain differences in the extent of prevalence of infection with certain species. The most frequent ectoparasitoses in wild deer and doe are diseases caused by ticks, mites, scabies mites, and hypoderma. The most represented endoparasitoses in wild boar throughout the world are coccidiosis, balantidiasis, metastrongyloidiasis, verminous gastritis, ascariasis, macracanthorhynchosis, trichinelosis, trichuriasis, cystecercosis, echinococcosis, and less frequently, there are also fasciolosis and dicrocoeliasis. The predominant ectoparasitoses in wild boar are ticks and scabies mites. Knowledge of the etiology and epizootiology of parasitic infections in wild ruminants and wild boar is of extreme importance for the process of promoting the health protection system for animals and humans, in particular when taking into account the biological and ecological hazard posed by zoonotic infections.
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8

Vorob'ev, Denis V. "Contemporary Beliefs of Northern Wild Deer Hunters." Anthropology & Archeology of Eurasia 52, no. 3 (January 2013): 34–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/aae1061-1959520303.

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9

Kushwaha, Pramod Kumar. "Wild Ecology of Spotted Deer (Axis axis)." Academic Voices: A Multidisciplinary Journal 6 (June 4, 2018): 21–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/av.v6i0.20103.

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Chital occur in Nepal throughout the Terai lowland and adjoining Siwalik hills up to an altitude of 1200 meters. It is widely distributed and abundant in Terai protected areas of Nepal. Chital is generally found in densest and dry deciduous forest. The species display a number of preferences which influence its distribution. Four factors are limited for Chital: nee for water, need for shelter, avoidance of high rugged terrain, and the preference for grass as forage. Chital drink water at least once a day and usually twice a day during summer, which under dry conditions would tend to localize the animals around the waterhole.Academic Voices Vol.6 2016: 21-23
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10

Pérez-González, Javier, and Juan Carranza. "Genetic Diversity of Wild Boar and Deer." Animals 13, no. 1 (December 20, 2022): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13010011.

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11

Witkowski, Lucjan, Michał Czopowicz, Dan Alexandru Nagy, Adrian Valentin Potarniche, Monica Adriana Aoanei, Nuriddin Imomov, Marcin Mickiewicz, Mirosław Welz, Olga Szaluś-Jordanow, and Jarosław Kaba. "Seroprevalence ofToxoplasma gondiiin wild boars, red deer and roe deer in Poland." Parasite 22 (2015): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2015017.

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12

Fiorini, Stefano, Steve Yearley, and Norman Dandy. "Wild Deer, Multivalence, and Institutional Adaptation: The "Deer Management Group" in Britain." Human Organization 70, no. 2 (July 2011): 179–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/humo.70.2.0107055588r8861h.

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13

Strazdiņa, Vita, Aleksandrs Jemeļjanovs, and Vita Šterna. "Nutrition Value of Wild Animal Meat." Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. Section B. Natural, Exact, and Applied Sciences 67, no. 4-5 (November 1, 2013): 373–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/prolas-2013-0074.

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Abstract One of the most valuable foods is meat, due its nutritional value, largely determined by the essential amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, minerals, etc. At the same time, concern needs to be given to health of consumers by used products with less calories, which can be ensured by greater variety of game animals, including also deer grown in captivity. The aim of our investigation was to compare the nutrition value of elk, wild deer, farm deer, roe deer, and wild boar that were killed during hunting in Latvia. Meat samples (m. logissimus lumborum) were collected in the autumn- winter season. The results of the conducted research suggest that game meat samples have higher protein and essential fatty acid content in comparison with domestic animals. The amount of fat in all analysed samples did not differ greatly, although the fatty acid content in wild game meat differed significantly. The fatty acid profile was used to calculate the atherogenicity index (AI), which has a positive correlation with the risk of cardiovascular disorders. The formula AI = [C12 : 0 + (C14 : 0 × 4) + C16 : 0 ] / (Total unsaturated fatty acids) was used to calculate the ratio of total saturated fatty acids, ω-6 and ω-3. Regarding the microelement content of meat there were great differences in iron and manganese concentration among animals.
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14

Iglódyová, A., P. Lazar, J. Čurlík, R. Karolová, J. Ciberej, E. Bocková, and G. Štrkolcová. "Observations on autochtonous liver flukes in wild ruminants in Slovakia." Helminthologia 54, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 307–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/helm-2017-0035.

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SummaryThe aim of the study was monitoring of liver flukes in wild ruminants including red deer (Cervus elaphus), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), fallow deer (Dama dama) and mouflon (Ovis musimon) in selected regions of Slovak Republic. Between 2014 – 2016 we examined 782 faecal samples from selected wild ruminants using coprological techniques and serological methods (ELISA detection ofF. hepaticacoproantigens). None of the samples was positive for the presence ofFasciola hepatica, 5.89 % of faecal samples were positive forDicrocoelium dendriticum. Higher prevalence was recorded in mouflon (30.83 %), lower in red deer (1.49 %).D. dendriticuminfection was not determined in fallow deer and roe deer. The seasonal distribution of dicrocoeliosis indicated a highest prevalence in autumn. Significantly higher prevalence was recorded in fenced rearing when compared with open hunting grounds, suggesting that animal agglomeration, constant use of the same areas and possible stress are the main risk factors. Parasitological examination of livers of hunted wild ruminants revealed dicrocoeliosis in mouflon.
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15

MS, Panayotova-Pencheva. "New records of protostrongylid lungworms from wild ruminants inBulgaria." Veterinární Medicína 51, No. 10 (March 27, 2012): 477–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5581-vetmed.

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A necropsy of lungs from mouflons, chamois, red deerand fallow deer from Bulgariawas performed aiming at determining the species composition of protostrongylids. For the first time in the country Muellerius capillaris, Cystocaulus ocreatus, Neostrongylus linearis, Protostrongylus rufescens, P. hobmaieri are reported as part of the helminth fauna in the mouflon, M. capillaris, N. linearis and P. rupicaprae are reported from the chamois, and Varestrongylus sagittatus is reported from the red deer. This is the first record of P. hobmaieri, P. rupicaprae and V. sagittatus for the fauna of Bulgaria. Some morphological data of males and first stage larvae of P. hobmaieri on materials from the present study are presented
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16

Witmer, Gary W., Nathan P. Snow, Rachael S. Moulton, and Jenna L. Swartz. "An assessment of seedling damage by wild house mice (Mus musculus) and wild deer mice (Peromyscus spp.)." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 42, no. 6 (June 2012): 1168–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x2012-065.

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Although it is known that voles will damage seedlings, we do not know the extent to which deer mice (Peromyscus spp.) and house mice (Mus musculus Linnaeus, 1758) damage seedlings. Knowing this information can assist resource managers in better targeting problem species and implementing appropriate management actions. We planted and monitored ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex Lawson & C. Lawson) and narrow-leaf cottonwood (Populus angustifolia E. James) seedlings in metal stock tanks occupied by deer mice or house mice to assess the potential for damage by these rodents. Both species damaged leaves and stems of cottonwood seedlings, but house mice did more damage. House mouse damage resulted in mortality of over half of the cottonwood seedlings, whereas deer mice caused a much lower level of seedling mortality. Only slight damage was done by either species to pine seedlings. Neither species damaged the roots of seedlings, despite the extensive burrowing by house mice. Although voles are often considered to be the primary rodent species causing seedling damage, we have shown that deer mice and especially house mice could also cause substantial damage to deciduous seedlings. However, our work suggests that rodent control to prevent damage to conifer seedlings might not be warranted in general unless there are extenuating circumstances and the species causing the damage are identified to assist with targeting control methods more precisely.
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17

Hampton, Jordan O., Neal A. Finch, Kurt Watter, Matthew Amos, Tony Pople, Andrew Moriarty, Andrew Jacotine, et al. "A review of methods used to capture and restrain introduced wild deer in Australia." Australian Mammalogy 41, no. 1 (2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am17047.

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Six non-native deer species have established wild populations in Australia, and most are expanding in distribution and abundance. There is therefore increasing focus on the need to understand and manage these species. Capturing and immobilising wild deer is essential for many research and management applications, but the best methods for doing this have not been identified for the Australian situation. To address this knowledge gap, we systematically reviewed methods used to physically capture and chemically immobilise the six wild deer species in Australia. A variety of physical and chemical restraint methods have been used to capture wild deer in Australia, but these have seldom been reported in peer-reviewed publications. Physical capture methods have employed a variety of trapping and netting configurations. Some chemical immobilisation approaches have used oral baiting, but most have relied on darting of free-ranging animals or hand-injection of physically restrained deer. There is uncertainty about the efficacy and animal welfare impacts of the techniques currently used to capture wild deer in Australia. Improved reporting of capture outcomes would facilitate the identification of ‘best practice’ techniques for capturing wild deer in Australian environments.
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18

Ahn, Junho, Akshay Mysore, Kati Zybko, Caroline Krumm, Sravan Thokala, Xinyu Xing, Ming Lian, Richard Han, Shivakant Mishra, and Thompson Hobbs. "WildSense: Monitoring Interactions among Wild Deer in Harsh Outdoor Environments Using a Delay-Tolerant WSN." Journal of Sensors 2016 (2016): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1693460.

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Biologists and ecologists often monitor the spread of disease among deer in the wild by using tracking systems that record their movement patterns, locations, and interaction behavior. The existing commercial systems for monitoring wild deer utilize collars with GPS sensors, deployed on captured and rereleased deer. The GPS sensors record location data every few hours, enabling researchers to approximate the interaction behavior of tracked deer with their GPS locations. However, the coarse granularity of periodically recorded GPS location data provides only limited precision for determining deer interaction behavior. We have designed a novel system to monitor wild deer interaction behavior more precisely in harsh wilderness environments. Our system combines the functionalities of both GPS and RF-radio sensors with low-cost and minimal-resource motes. We designed and built our system to be able to operate robustly for a period of up to several months for continual tracking and monitoring of the locations and interaction behaviors of wild deer in harsh environments. We successfully deployed six deer collars on six wild deer that were captured and rereleased in the Soapstone Prairie Natural Area of northern Colorado over a one-month period. In this paper, we describe how we designed and built this system and evaluate its successful operation in a wilderness area.
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Nesvadbová, Michaela, Gabriela Bořilová, and Radka Hulánková. "PCR-RFLP identification of meat from red deer, sika deer, roe deer, fallow deer, mouflon, wild boar, hare and cattle." Acta Veterinaria Brno 88, no. 1 (2019): 103–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb201988010103.

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Meat authentication is currently a key topic in relation to the quality and safety of food of animal origin at all levels of production and the global distribution chain. New polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphisms (PCR-RFLP) based on digestion of PCR products with two restriction enzymes, MboII and AciI, have been developed for the specific identification of raw and heat-processed meat from red deer (Cervus elaphus), sika deer (Cervus nippon), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), fallow deer (Dama dama), mouflon (Ovis musimon), wild boar (Sus scrofa), hare (Lepus europaeus) and cattle (Bos taurus). The PCR primers were targeted in a well-conserved region of the cytochrome b (CYTB) gene to amplify a 378 bp region of all the analysed species. This simple, rapid and cost-effective method is suitable for identification of the meat of game species and their possible substitution by beef.
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Salem, Salem Ibrahim, Kazuhiko Fujisao, Masayasu Maki, Tadanobu Okumura, and Kazuo Oki. "Detecting and Tracking the Positions of Wild Ungulates Using Sound Recordings." Sensors 21, no. 3 (January 28, 2021): 866. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21030866.

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Monitoring wild ungulates such as deer is a highly challenging issue faced by wildlife managers. Wild ungulates are increasing in number worldwide, causing damage to ecosystems. For effective management, the precise estimation of their population size and habitat is essential. Conventional methods used to estimate the population density of wild ungulates, such as the light census survey, are time-consuming with low accuracy and difficult to implement in harsh environments like muddy wetlands. On the other hand, unmanned aerial vehicles are difficult to use in areas with dense tree cover. Although the passive acoustic monitoring of animal sounds is commonly used to evaluate their diversity, the potential for detecting animal positions from their sound has not been sufficiently investigated. This study introduces a new technique for detecting and tracking deer position in the wild using sound recordings. The technique relies on the time lag among three recorders to estimate the position. A sound recording system was also developed to overcome the time drift problem in the internal clock of recorders, by receiving time information from GPS satellites. Determining deer position enables the elimination of repetitive calls from the same deer, thus providing a promising tool to track deer movement. The validation results revealed that the proposed technique can provide reasonable accuracy for the experimental and natural environment. The identification of deer calls in Oze National Park over a period of two hours emphasizes the great potential of the proposed technique to detect repetitive deer calls, and track deer movement. Hence, the technique is the first step toward designing an automated system for estimating the population of deer or other vocal animals using sound recordings.
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Okamoto, Masayo, Sumio Sakata, Mikio Kinoshita, and Masao Ohnishi. "Nutrient Characteristics of Wild Yezo Sika Deer Meat." Nippon Eiyo Shokuryo Gakkaishi 57, no. 3 (2004): 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4327/jsnfs.57.147.

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22

Linden, Annick, Fabien Grégoire, Adrien Nahayo, David Hanrez, Bénédicte Mousset, Audrey Laurent Massart, Ilse De Leeuw, Elise Vandemeulebroucke, Frank Vandenbussche, and Kris De Clercq. "Bluetongue Virus in Wild Deer, Belgium, 2005–2008." Emerging Infectious Diseases 16, no. 5 (May 2010): 833–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1605.091217.

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23

Zanella, G., A. Duvauchelle, J. Hars, F. Moutou, M. L. Boschiroli, and D. B. "Patterns of lesions of bovine tuberculosis in wild red deer and wild boar." Veterinary Record 163, no. 2 (July 12, 2008): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.163.2.43.

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24

JOUTSEN, S., E. SARNO, M. FREDRIKSSON-AHOMAA, N. CERNELA, and R. STEPHAN. "PathogenicYersinia enterocoliticaO:3 isolated from a hunted wild alpine ibex." Epidemiology and Infection 141, no. 3 (June 15, 2012): 612–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268812001239.

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SUMMARYOccurrence ofYersiniaspp. in wild ruminants was studied and the strains were characterized to get more information on the epidemiology of enteropathogenicYersiniain the wildlife. In total, faecal samples of 77 red deer, 60 chamois, 55 roe deer and 27 alpine ibex were collected during 3 months of the hunting season in 2011. The most frequently identified species wasY. enterocoliticafound in 13%, 10%, 4% and 2% of roe deer, red deer, alpine ibex and chamois, respectively. Interestingly, oneY. enterocoliticaO:3 strain, isolated from an alpine ibex, carried the important virulence genes located on the virulence plasmid (yadA andvirF) and in the chromosome (ail,hreP,myfA andystA). Most of theY. enterocoliticastrains belonged to biotype 1A of which 14 wereystB positive. Further studies are needed to clarify the importance of alpine ibex as a reservoir of pathogenicY. enterocolitica.
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Amos, Matt, Greg Baxter, Neal Finch, and Peter Murray. "At home in a new range: wild red deer in south-eastern Queensland." Wildlife Research 41, no. 3 (2014): 258. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr14034.

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Context Wild deer are increasing worldwide and, in Australia, prompting land managers to review management strategies. Management activities may be ineffective without a sound understanding of the ecology of the species. No peer-reviewed research has been published for wild red deer in Australia, where they have been introduced. Aims To help land managers gain an understanding of some movement parameters of introduced wild red deer out of their natural range. Methods GPS collars were used to obtain movement rates (m h–1), annual home range using three estimators and seasonal home range using the Local Convex Hull estimator. Key findings Deer at our study site displayed typical crepuscular movements. However, the lack of elevated activity for stags in summer varies greatly to reports from overseas. The annual home range of hinds was much smaller than that of stags. Large differences for seasonal home ranges from the same deer for two winters suggest that seasonal conditions may exert a large influence on the size of home ranges. The home ranges of deer at our study site were comparable with the largest reported in European studies, but the relationship between deer density and home-range area was markedly different. Conclusions It appears that Australian wild red deer behave differently from their European conspecifics for several important movement parameters. Wild stags did not display the high levels of movement activity in summer, like those in Europe, and the home-range areas of our deer were very large for the high densities we encountered compared with overseas reports. Implications Targeted management of hinds may prove beneficial as hinds had a much smaller and continuous home range than stags. If managers want to target stags, there is only a short rut period when they continually associate with hinds and that may be the most efficacious time for control. Additionally, future research may need to explore the link between home range and deer density, and the effect of variation in rainfall on home range and movement of wild red deer which may influence management activities more than do the regular seasonal patterns found in Europe.
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Abdelsalam, Ehdaa Eltayeb Eltigani, Hana Banďouchová, Tomáš Heger, Miroslava Kaňová, Kateřina Kobelková, Monika Němcová, Vladimír Piaček, et al. "Polychlorinated biphenyl toxicity in the thyroid gland of wild ungulates: an in vitro model." Acta Veterinaria Brno 89, no. 2 (2020): 151–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb202089020151.

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Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are carcinogens causing endocrine disruption. While production of PCBs is now banned, wildlife exposure still occurs due to environmental contamination. We investigated thyroid toxicity in wild ungulates using three-dimensional primary thyrocyte cultures exposed to PCB 138 for 24, 48, and 72 h at concentrations ranging within 0–3000 ng/ml. Thyrocyte viability ranged within 78.71–118.34%, 98.14–104.45%, and 84.16–106.70% in fallow deer-, mouflon-, and roe deer-derived cells, respectively. Viability decreased significantly in fallow deer (P = 0.012) and roe deer (P = 0.002) thyrocytes exposed for 48 h at 30 ng/ml. While cytotoxicity ranged within 2.36–16.37%, 3.19–9.85%, and 2.76–11.21% in fallow deer, mouflon, and roe deer, respectively, only roe deer displayed significantly higher cytotoxicity at a 3 ng/ml exposure (P < 0.05) and lower cytotoxicity at 30 ng/ml (P < 0.01). Exposure to 30 ng/ml for 24 and 48 h induced reactive oxygen species in fallow deer. Iodide uptake at 30 ng/ml exposure increased after 24 h in fallow and roe deer, but showed a significant drop after 48 and 72 h in fallow deer, mouflon, and roe deer. Thyroxine T4 release at 30 ng/ml exposure decreased significantly after 48 and 72 h; 24, 48 and 72 h; and 48 h in fallow deer, mouflon, and roe deer, respectively. Our findings indicate time- and species-dependent effects of PCB on performance and thyrocyte function. Use of cell culture models reduces the number of experimental specimens, increases test species welfare and replaces whole organisms with specific target cells.
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Sesztáková, E., A. Königová, L. Molnár, M. Babják, P. Major, Š. Megyesi, Z. Vasilková, and M. Várady. "Changes in haematological parameters in wild ruminants experimentally infected with Haemonchus contortus." Helminthologia 56, no. 4 (November 6, 2019): 303–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/helm-2019-0026.

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SummaryOur study describes changes in haematological parameters in wild ruminants with parasitic infection. Six European mouflons (Ovis musimon), six fallow deer (Dama dama) and six roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) were experimentally infected with the resistant strain of the model parasite 8000 L3 Haemonchus contortus. The blood samples were collected on Day 0, 16, 37, 58, 77, and 99 of the experiment. Mild anaemia was observed in mouflons and roe deer while red blood cells increased in red blood counts (total erythrocytes, haematocrit and haemoglobin). As for the white blood cells count, leucopenia with neutrophilia and lymphopenia was recorded in mouflons, in the fallow deer and roe deer leucocytosis with neutropenia and lymphocytosis were observed. Changes in the dynamics of haematological parameters were statistically insignificant.
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Finch, N. A., and G. S. Baxter. "Oh deer, what can the matter be? Landholder attitudes to deer management in Queensland." Wildlife Research 34, no. 3 (2007): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr06002.

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Deer are not native to Australia but have been present in the country for more than 150 years. For most of that time they have not been regarded as either an agricultural or environmental pest, but in the last few years there have been calls for their numbers to be reduced. Four species of deer can be found in well established populations in Queensland, mostly occurring on private land. Hence the effectiveness of any management of deer as pests will be heavily influenced by the actions of the land owners. This paper reports on a survey of the attitudes of landholders towards deer on their properties. A total of 2621 surveys was mailed to landowners and managers in regions known to support wild deer in Queensland. Of the 28.3% of surveys returned, over 75% of respondents conducted some form of primary production on their land and 65% of these had deer on their properties at least some of the time. Responses to questions were mostly uniform throughout the state, with over 50% of respondents wanting the deer population to stay at current levels or increase. Only 5% of respondents supported poisoning as a management strategy, with 17% supporting trapping. Recreational hunting and game-meat harvesting were favoured management options, with 42% and 51% support respectively. Only 25% of respondents thought wild deer caused environmental damage and 30% thought wild deer caused agricultural damage, with most associating wild deer as a less significant pest than those species already declared under state legislation. Of those surveyed, 56% agreed with the statement ‘It is important to maintain wild deer populations for future generations to enjoy’. The spread of deer in Australia is of increasing concern to ecologists, and there have been calls for action to reduce their numbers on private and public land. The results of this survey imply that a significant proportion of Queensland landholders would resist legislation aimed at managing deer as a pest in areas with long-established wild deer populations.
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Huaman, Jose L., Carlo Pacioni, Subir Sarker, Mark Doyle, David M. Forsyth, Anthony Pople, Teresa G. Carvalho, and Karla J. Helbig. "Novel Picornavirus Detected in Wild Deer: Identification, Genomic Characterisation, and Prevalence in Australia." Viruses 13, no. 12 (December 2, 2021): 2412. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13122412.

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The use of high-throughput sequencing has facilitated virus discovery in wild animals and helped determine their potential threat to humans and other animals. We report the complete genome sequence of a novel picornavirus identified by next-generation sequencing in faeces from Australian fallow deer. Genomic analysis revealed that this virus possesses a typical picornavirus-like genomic organisation of 7554 nt with a single open reading frame (ORF) encoding a polyprotein of 2225 amino acids. Based on the amino acid identity comparison and phylogenetic analysis of the P1, 2C, 3CD, and VP1 regions, this novel picornavirus was closely related to but distinct from known bopiviruses detected to date. This finding suggests that deer/bopivirus could belong to a novel species within the genus Bopivirus, tentatively designated as “Bopivirus C”. Epidemiological investigation of 91 deer (71 fallow, 14 sambar and 6 red deer) and 23 cattle faecal samples showed that six fallow deer and one red deer (overall prevalence 7.7%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.8–15.0%) tested positive, but deer/bopivirus was undetectable in sambar deer and cattle. In addition, phylogenetic and sequence analyses indicate that the same genotype is circulating in south-eastern Australia. To our knowledge, this study reports for the first time a deer-origin bopivirus and the presence of a member of genus Bopivirus in Australia. Further epidemiological and molecular studies are needed to investigate the geographic distribution and pathogenic potential of this novel Bopivirus species in other domestic and wild animal species.
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Southwell, Rebecca Marie, Kenneth Sherlock, and Matthew Baylis. "Cross-sectional study of British wild deer for evidence of Schmallenberg virus infection." Veterinary Record 187, no. 8 (May 23, 2020): e64-e64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.105869.

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BackgroundSchmallenberg virus (SBV) is an orthobunyavirus, carried by Culicoides biting midges, that causes reproductive problems in adult ruminants when infected during their gestation period. SBV was first detected in ruminants in the UK in 2011/2012 and then again in 2016. The reason behind the 2016 re-emergence of SBV is unknown, but one possibility is that it can be maintained in wildlife, such as deer. SBV has been detected at high seroprevalence in deer in a number of European countries, but only once in the UK in a single region.MethodsThe purpose of this study was to survey wild deer across Great Britain for recent evidence of SBV. Deer hunters were recruited for the purpose of providing postmortem blood samples to be tested for SBV antibodies.ResultsThe seroprevalence of SBV in the British wild deer population was 13.8 per cent; found in red, roe, muntjac and fallow deer species, with more in deer further south.ConclusionThese results support the growing concern that SBV is now endemic in Great Britain and highlight the need to know the role of wildlife in SBV transmission.
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Huaman, Jose L., Carlo Pacioni, David M. Forsyth, Anthony Pople, Jordan O. Hampton, Teresa G. Carvalho, and Karla J. Helbig. "Serosurveillance and Molecular Investigation of Wild Deer in Australia Reveals Seroprevalence of Pestivirus Infection." Viruses 12, no. 7 (July 13, 2020): 752. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12070752.

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Since deer were introduced into Australia in the mid-1800s, their wild populations have increased in size and distribution, posing a potential risk to the livestock industry, through their role in pathogen transmission cycles. In comparison to livestock, there are limited data on viral infections in all wildlife, including deer. The aim of this study was to assess blood samples from wild Australian deer for serological evidence of exposure to relevant viral livestock diseases. Blood samples collected across eastern Australia were tested by ELISA to detect antigens and antibodies against Pestivirus and antibodies against bovine herpesvirus 1. A subset of samples was also assessed by RT-PCR for Pestivirus, Simbu serogroup, epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus and bovine ephemeral fever virus. Our findings demonstrated a very low seroprevalence (3%) for ruminant Pestivirus, and none of the other viruses tested were detected. These results suggest that wild deer may currently be an incidental spill-over host (rather than a reservoir host) for Pestivirus. However, deer could be a future source of viral infections for domestic animals in Australia. Further investigations are needed to monitor pathogen activity and quantify possible future infectious disease impacts of wild deer on the Australian livestock industry.
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Myczka, Anna W., Żaneta Steiner-Bogdaszewska, Katarzyna Filip-Hutsch, Grzegorz Oloś, Michał Czopowicz, and Zdzisław Laskowski. "Detection of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in Wild and Farmed Cervids in Poland." Pathogens 10, no. 9 (September 14, 2021): 1190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10091190.

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Background: The role of cervids in the circulation of A. phagocytophilum has not yet been clearly determined; however, several species of wild and farm cervids may be a natural reservoir of this bacteria. Methods: Spleen and liver tissue samples were taken from 207 wild (red deer, roe deer, fallow deer and moose) and farmed cervids (red deer and fallow deer) from five geographical areas. These were tested for the A. phagocytophilum16S rDNA partial gene by nested PCR. Results: Anaplasma spp. were detected in 91 of 207 examined cervids (prevalence 43.9%). Three different variants of 16S rDNA partial gene were reported, one for the first time. Anaplasma phagocytophilum was more often detected in young specimens than in adults and more often in the spleen than in the liver. Conclusions: Cervids from the four sites across Poland were found to be major natural reservoirs of various strains of A. phagocytophilum. This is the first study to use spleen and liver as biological material to detect A. phagocytophilum in moose in Poland.
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González, Jorge, Juan Herrero, Carlos Prada, and Javier Marco. "Changes in wild ungulate populations in Aragon, Spain between 2001 and 2010." Galemys, Spanish Journal of Mammalogy 25 (December 31, 2013): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.7325/galemys.2013.a5.

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To update the information on the distributions of wild ungulates in Aragon, Spain, populations were surveyed based on questionnaires sent to rangers of the Government of Aragon. The data were analyzed in two five-year periods: 2001-2005 and 2006-2010. Our analysis was based on the 242 and 278 questionnaires, corresponding approximately with 80-90% answers that were analyzed in 2006 and 2011, respectively. The survey documented the presence/absence of up to eight wild ungulate species within a UTM 10x10 km grid on maps that were specific to the counties in which the rangers worked. In 2006-2010, wild boar Sus scrofa was the most widely distributed species as it occurred in all of the grid blocks. Roe deer Capreolus capreolus were documented in 89% of the grid blocks, Iberian wild goat Capra pyrenaica in 37%, red deer Cervus elaphus in 31%, Pyrenean chamois Rupicapra p. pyrenaica in 10%, feral goat Capra hircus in 8%, fallow deer Dama dama in 3%, and mouflon Ovis aries in 0.3%. The Pyrenees had the highest and the Middle Ebro Valley had the lowest diversity of ungulates. In the Iberian System, diversity was intermediate. Overall, the distribution of ungulates increased 21% between the two periods. Feral goat populations expanded the most (111%), although Iberian wild goat (61%), roe deer (50%), and red deer (4%) also expanded. The range of wild boar populations remained stable, but the ranges of chamois and fallow deer populations were reduced 6%. By 2010, typically, in most block grids three or more species of wild ungulates coexist. We recommend that ungulate populations in Aragon be surveyed at least every five years.
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Srebočan, E., A. Prevendar Crnić, A. M. Ekert Kabalin, M. Lazarus, JurasovićJ, K. Tomljanović, AndreićD, Strunjak Perović I, and R. Čož-Rakovac. " Cadmium, lead, and mercury concentrations in tissues of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus L.) and wild boar (Sus scrofa L.) from Lowland Croatia." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 29, No. 6 (November 28, 2011): 624–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/249/2010-cjfs.

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Cadmium, lead, and mercury concentrations were determined in roe deer and wild boar tissues (muscle, liver, kidney) of three different age groups from lowland Croatia. Cadmium concentrations in the examined tissues increased with age in both species, being the highest in the kidney, and higher in roe deer as compared to wild boar. Lead concentration was higher in younger animals in comparison with both older groups. Contrary to the expectations, roe deer tissues revealed mostly higher lead concentrations than those of wild boar. Mercury concentration in the tissues of the animals examined was relatively low and no correlation with age was found. However, mercury concentration was higher in kidney than in liver with both species. Wild boar had higher mercury concentrations in tissues than roe deer in all age groups. Cadmium and mercury concentrations in both species from lowland Croatia are comparable to those given in similar studies in other European countries, while lead concentration was lower in wild boar and higher in roe deer tissues than those in the same species from European countries. From the hygienic point of view, the muscle samples from roe deer and wild boar were edible as the concentrations of cadmium and lead did not exceed the values prescribed by the official regulations. However, cadmium concentration in liver exceeded the prescribed values in one fifth of all samples while lead concentrations were lower than the allowed concentrations. Most kidney samples from both animal species contained cadmium exceeding the recommended concentrations, while lead concentrations in all samples did not exceed the official value regulation. Mercury concentrations are no longer (since 2008) a matter of legislative.
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Dinh, Emily T. N., Jeremy P. Orange, Rebecca M. Peters, Samantha M. Wisely, and Jason K. Blackburn. "Resource Selection by Wild and Ranched White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) during the Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease Virus (EHDV) Transmission Season in Florida." Animals 11, no. 1 (January 16, 2021): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11010211.

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Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) causes serious disease in wild and privately ranched white-tailed deer (Odocoileusvirginianus) in the United States. In Florida, there is high EHDV prevalence, yet no treatments. There are few management strategies for the disease due to limited knowledge of virus–vector–host interactions. We conducted a telemetry study on white-tailed deer to examine resource use by wild and ranched animals in the Florida panhandle during the 2016 transmission risk period. We built generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) to estimate resource selection and map habitat preferences for wild and ranched deer in the study area to reveal how second-order selection may relate to higher disease prevalence in ranched deer. Wild deer preferred areas closer to tertiary roads and supplementary food sources but farther from permanent water. Ranched deer selected bottomland mixed forest and areas closer to tertiary roads, supplementary food sources, and permanent water. Ranched deer behaviors may increase the likelihood of EHDV vector encounters, as these deer selected preferred habitats of several putative vector species, which may increase vector blood meal success and viral transmission risk. Disparate resource selection behaviors may be a factor in observed differential EHDV exposure risk between ranched and wild white-tailed deer in Florida.
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Vrkljan, Joso, Dubravka Hozjan, Danijela Barić, Damir Ugarković, and Krešimir Krapinec. "Temporal Patterns of Vehicle Collisions with Roe Deer and Wild Boar in the Dinaric Area." Croatian journal of forest engineering 41, no. 2 (May 4, 2020): 347–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5552/crojfe.2020.789.

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The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of wildlife-vehicle collisions (WVC) based on the animal species, and to deepen the knowledge of temporal patterns of vehicle collisions with roe deer and wild boar. The study analyses the data from police reports on vehicle collisions with animals on state roads, by date and time, section of road, and animal species over a 5-year period (2012–2016). These data were analysed to determine the temporal dynamics of vehicle collisions with roe deer and wild boar by month, time of day, and moon phase. On the state roads in the Dinaric area, roe deer are most commonly involved in vehicle collisions (70.1% of all collisions), followed by wild boar (11.0%). Other large species involved in collisions were fallow deer (4.8%), brown bear (1.8%), red deer (0.9%), grey wolf (0.7%), and European mouflon (0.5%), respectively. Most collisions with roe deer occurred in the period April–August, with reduced frequency during autumn and winter. For wild boar, there was no association between month and frequency of collisions. At the annual level, collisions with roe deer were significantly higher during night (37%) and twilight (41%) than during the day (22%). For wild boar, most collisions occurred during twilight (26%) and night (72%), although the difference between these two periods was not statistically significant. For roe deer, collisions had no association with lunar phase, though wild boar collisions during twilight (dawn or dusk) were more common during twilight periods on days with less moonlight. Since vehicle collisions with wildlife showed certain temporal patterns, these should be taken into consideration in developing statistical models of spatial WVC patterns, and also in planning strategies and countermeasures to mitigate WVC issues.
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Silaghi, Cornelia, Julia Fröhlich, Hubert Reindl, Dietmar Hamel, and Steffen Rehbein. "Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Babesia Species of Sympatric Roe Deer (Capreolus capreolus), Fallow Deer (Dama dama), Sika Deer (Cervus nippon) and Red Deer (Cervus elaphus) in Germany." Pathogens 9, no. 11 (November 20, 2020): 968. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9110968.

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(1) Background: Wild cervids play an important role in transmission cycles of tick-borne pathogens; however, investigations of tick-borne pathogens in sika deer in Germany are lacking. (2) Methods: Spleen tissue of 74 sympatric wild cervids (30 roe deer, 7 fallow deer, 22 sika deer, 15 red deer) and of 27 red deer from a farm from southeastern Germany were analyzed by molecular methods for the presence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Babesia species. (3) Results: Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Babesia DNA was demonstrated in 90.5% and 47.3% of the 74 combined wild cervids and 14.8% and 18.5% of the farmed deer, respectively. Twelve 16S rRNA variants of A. phagocytophilum were delineated. While the infection rate for A. phagocytophilum among the four cervid species was similar (71.4% to 100%), it varied significantly for Babesia between roe deer (73.3%), fallow deer (14.3%), sika deer (27.3%) and red deer (40.0%). Deer ≤2 years of age tested significantly more often positive than the older deer for both A. phagocytophilum and Babesia species. (4) Conclusions: This study confirms the widespread occurrence of A. phagocytophilum and Babesia species in wild cervids and farmed red deer in Germany and documents the co-occurrence of the two tick-borne pathogens in free-ranging sika deer.
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Eriksen, L., J. Monrad, and M. Steen. "Elaphostrongylus cervi in Danish wild red deer (Cervus elaphus)." Veterinary Record 124, no. 5 (February 4, 1989): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.124.5.124.

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Jaroso, R., J. Vicente, M. P. Martín-Hernando, A. Aranaz, K. Lyashchenko, R. Greenwald, J. Esfandiari, and C. Gortázar. "Ante-mortem testing wild fallow deer for bovine tuberculosis." Veterinary Microbiology 146, no. 3-4 (December 2010): 285–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.05.022.

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40

Barlow, Alex, Peter Green, Trevor Banham, and Norman Healy. "Serological confirmation of SBV infection in wild British deer." Veterinary Record 172, no. 16 (April 19, 2013): 429. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.f2438.

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41

Alonso, Silvia, Francisco J. Márquez, and Laia Solano-Gallego. "Borrelia burgdorferiSerosurvey in Wild Deer in England and Wales." Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases 12, no. 6 (June 2012): 448–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2011.0635.

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Chintoan-Uta, C., E. R. Morgan, P. J. Skuce, and G. C. Coles. "Wild deer as potential vectors of anthelmintic-resistant abomasal nematodes between cattle and sheep farms." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1780 (April 7, 2014): 20132985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.2985.

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Gastrointestinal (GI) nematodes are among the most important causes of production loss in farmed ruminants, and anthelmintic resistance is emerging globally. We hypothesized that wild deer could potentially act as reservoirs of anthelmintic-resistant GI nematodes between livestock farms. Adult abomasal nematodes and faecal samples were collected from fallow ( n = 24), red ( n = 14) and roe deer ( n = 10) from venison farms and areas of extensive or intensive livestock farming. Principal components analysis of abomasal nematode species composition revealed differences between wild roe deer grazing in the areas of intensive livestock farming, and fallow and red deer in all environments. Alleles for benzimidazole (BZ) resistance were identified in β-tubulin of Haemonchus contortus of roe deer and phenotypic resistance confirmed in vitro by an egg hatch test (EC 50 = 0.149 µg ml −1 ± 0.13 µg ml −1 ) on H. contortus eggs from experimentally infected sheep. This BZ-resistant H. contortus isolate also infected a calf experimentally. We present the first account of in vitro BZ resistance in wild roe deer, but further experiments should firmly establish the presence of phenotypic BZ resistance in vivo. Comprehensive in-field studies should assess whether nematode cross-transmission between deer and livestock occurs and contributes, in any way, to the development of resistance on livestock farms.
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Sharma, Bhuvan Keshar, Ghana Shyam Solanki, and Mukesh Kumar Chalise. "Wild Ungulate Population in Baghmara Buffer Zone Community Forest, Nepal." Journal of Natural History Museum 27 (December 17, 2015): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnhm.v27i0.14154.

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This study was conducted in Baghmara Buffer Zone Community Forest aiming to find out the ungulate population. Total complete count method was utilized by direct visual counting technique. The enumerator covered the entire forest by walking along the fixed bearing from one end to another end of the forest counting all ungulates. The animals were stalked and approached with minimum disturbance, counting and sex were confirmed with the help of binoculars. The current study recorded five species of ungulates. There were 12 resident Barking Deer, 2 Hog Deer, 23 Sambar, 4 Wild Boar and 182 Spotted Deer. The number of wild ungulates increased significantly (T=2.01, p < 0.05, df=8) in post-community management regimes (n=224) than the pre-community management (n=1). J. Nat. Hist. Mus. Vol. 27, 2013: 66-71
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Mega, João, Sérgio Santos-Silva, Ana Loureiro, Josman D. Palmeira, Rita T. Torres, Antonio Rivero-Juarez, David Carmena, and João Mesquita. "Balantioides coli Fecal Excretion in Hunted Wild Cervids (Cervus elaphus and Dama dama) from Portugal." Pathogens 11, no. 11 (October 27, 2022): 1242. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11111242.

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Balantioides coli is a zoonotic enteric protozoan parasite of public veterinary health relevance and a concern in animal production and food safety. While wild cervids are recognized reservoirs for several zoonotic pathogens, little is known about the occurrence of B. coli in deer species, especially in Europe. To fill this gap, a total of 130 fecal samples from legally hunted red deer (Cervus elaphus, n = 95) and fallow deer (Dama dama, n = 35) were passively collected during two hunting seasons (October to February; 2018–2019 and 2019–2020) in Portugal. After assessment by PCR assay targeting the complete ITS1–5.8s-rRNA–ITS2 region and the 3’ end of the ssu-rRNA gene of the parasite, a prevalence of 4.2% (4/95, 95% CI: 0.2–8.3) in red deer and of 5.7% (2/35, 95% CI: 0.0–13.4) in fallow deer was found. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses allowed the identification of B. coli genetic variants A (in two red deer) and B (in two red deer and two fallow deer). This is the first molecular-based description of B. coli in European deer species, whose population have increased in density and geographical range in recent years. Continued monitoring of wild ungulates as potential vectors of parasitic infection diseases of zoonotic nature is crucial to safeguard public health and food safety.
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Struchkov, N. A., and M. V. Andreeva. "VETERINARY AND SANITARY EXAMINATION OF ROE DEER AND WILD REINDEER MEAT IN THE REPUBLIC OF SAKHA (YAKUTIA)." Scientific Life 15, no. 6 (June 30, 2020): 856–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.35679/1991-9476-2020-15-6-856-863.

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The meat of wild animals is of great importance for the economy of the northern regions of Russia and occupies an important place in the diet of the local inhabitants. The hunting sector of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) provides the population with a significant amount of products from wild meat. In the region, it is allowed to use the meat of wild ungulates for food purposes (elk, reindeer, roe deer, red deer, etc.). This article discusses the issue of veterinary and sanitary examination of roe and wild reindeer meat in a comparative aspect. The study considered real organoleptic (properties of muscles in the section, texture, smell, transparency and aroma of broth), physicochemical (concentration of hydrogen ions (pH), presence of peroxidase, reaction with copper sulfate) and microbiological indicators (presence of Listeria monocytogenes, Coliform bacteria, QMAFAnM pathogenic microorganisms, including salmonella) of roe deer and wild deer meat, which were compared with the target indicators given in GOST. The material for the study was roe deer meat – 3 samples (Amginsky, Tattinsky, Churapchinsky districts), and wild reindeer brought from the Anabar national (Dolgan-Evenk) region of the Sakha Republic – 3 samples. As a result of the study, it was found that the studied samples of roe and wild deer meat meet all the requirements of regulatory documents, and that the samples under study are suitable for human consumption. It was concluded that both types of meat (roe and wild reindeer) are environmentally friendly products and may be used as an important additional source of meat for the population of the Sakha Republic.
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Vandegrift, Kurt J., Michele Yon, Meera Surendran Nair, Abhinay Gontu, Santhamani Ramasamy, Saranya Amirthalingam, Sabarinath Neerukonda, et al. "SARS-CoV-2 Omicron (B.1.1.529) Infection of Wild White-Tailed Deer in New York City." Viruses 14, no. 12 (December 12, 2022): 2770. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14122770.

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There is mounting evidence of SARS-CoV-2 spillover from humans into many domestic, companion, and wild animal species. Research indicates that humans have infected white-tailed deer, and that deer-to-deer transmission has occurred, indicating that deer could be a wildlife reservoir and a source of novel SARS-CoV-2 variants. We examined the hypothesis that the Omicron variant is actively and asymptomatically infecting the free-ranging deer of New York City. Between December 2021 and February 2022, 155 deer on Staten Island, New York, were anesthetized and examined for gross abnormalities and illnesses. Paired nasopharyngeal swabs and blood samples were collected and analyzed for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA and antibodies. Of 135 serum samples, 19 (14.1%) indicated SARS-CoV-2 exposure, and 11 reacted most strongly to the wild-type B.1 lineage. Of the 71 swabs, 8 were positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA (4 Omicron and 4 Delta). Two of the animals had active infections and robust neutralizing antibodies, revealing evidence of reinfection or early seroconversion in deer. Variants of concern continue to circulate among and may reinfect US deer populations, and establish enzootic transmission cycles in the wild: this warrants a coordinated One Health response, to proactively surveil, identify, and curtail variants of concern before they can spill back into humans.
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Jiang, Zhigang, Koichi Kaji, and Xiaoge Ping. "The tale of two deer: management of Père David’s deer and sika deer in anthropogenic landscape of eastern Asia." Animal Production Science 56, no. 6 (2016): 953. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an15292.

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Père David’s deer (Elaphurus davidianus) and sika deer (Cervus nippon) occupy two contrasting types of niches in eastern Asia: Père David’s deer is a swamp deer adapted to wetlands, while the sika deer mainly live in forested areas. Both Père David’s deer and sika deer have been hunted since the early days of the hunting and gathering civilisation; however, these two deer have undergone different population histories. As human society entered the era of agriculture civilisation, Père David’s deer gradually lost its habitats to farmlands, and the population was greatly reduced until, finally, it became extinct in the wild in 1900. Fortunately, after 30 years of restoration and introduction, more than 4000 Père David’s deer thrive in nature reserves, zoos and safari parks in China, and more than 500 Père David’s deer could be found in the wild in 2014. Populations of wild sika deer were reduced as well due to hunting and deforestation, and were restricted in the forest patches in the mountains in eastern Asia. Nevertheless, the sika deer in China and Japan have different fortunes. Sika deer in China did not escape the prevalent tragedy of domestication, in that wild sika deer was endangered or extirpated in its original habitats, while the farmed sika deer thrived since late 1950s. Sika deer populations in Japan also remained at low density in the mid-1950s due to over-hunting, including poaching. After one-quarter of a century of in situ protection, sika populations are still small in China and some populations were found to leave the nature reserve to areas with high human densities, while the wild sika deer in Japan have markedly increased in numbers and extended their geographic distribution during the past few decades. Accordingly, the management strategies in China and Japan were completely different. The Chinese government is seeking all the efforts on the conservation of sika deer, while the Japanese government is revising laws to harvest and to reduce sika deer population.
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Hardstaff, Jo, Hannah Hunt, Laura Tugwell, Carole Thomas, Laila Elattar, Joe Brownlie, and Richard Booth. "Serological survey of wild cervids in England and Wales for bovine viral diarrhoea virus." Veterinary Record 187, no. 7 (February 13, 2020): e47-e47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.105527.

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BackgroundBovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) is a production disease commonly found in British cattle herds. Species other than cattle have been shown to be infected with the virus, thereby providing a potential source of infection for livestock. This study surveyed serum samples taken from 596 culled wild deer from England and Wales, between 2009 and 2010, for the presence of BVD antibodies.Methods596 samples were tested with the SVANOVIR BVDV p80-Ab ELISA and a subset of 64 were tested with the IDEXX BVDV p80-Ab ELISA. ELISA results were confirmed using serum neutralisation tests.Results2/596 samples (0.35 per cent) tested positive for BVD antibodies using the Svanova test and one of these tested positive and the other inconclusive using the IDEXX test; both were confirmed positive with serum neutralisation tests. These were both red deer stags, one from Devon and the other from East Anglia.ConclusionsThe results indicate that it is unlikely that BVD virus is widely circulating within the wild deer population and particularly unlikely that persistently infected deer are present in the populations surveyed. These results suggest that wild deer are unlikely to be a significant reservoir of BVD infection in cattle.
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Trogu, Tiziana, Nicoletta Formenti, Marianna Marangi, Roberto Viganò, Radames Bionda, Annunziata Giangaspero, Paolo Lanfranchi, and Nicola Ferrari. "Detection of Zoonotic Cryptosporidium ubiquitum in Alpine Wild Ruminants." Pathogens 10, no. 6 (May 25, 2021): 655. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10060655.

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Cryptosporidium is a widespread apicomplexan protozoan of major zoonotic importance, characterized by a wide host range, and with relevant economic implications and potential negative effects on livestock and wildlife population dynamics. Considering the recent strong demographic increase of alpine ungulates, in this study, carried out in the Italian Northwestern Alps, we investigated the occurrence of Cryptosporidium spp. in these species and their potential involvement in environmental contamination with Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts. The immune-enzymatic approach revealed a Cryptosporidium prevalence of 1.7% (5/293), 0.5% (1/196) and 3.4% (4/119) in alpine chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra), red deer (Cervus elaphus) and roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), respectively. Positive samples were subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification for the COWP and gp60 genes. The presence of Cryptosporidium was confirmed in one chamois and four roe deer. Sequences obtained clustered within Cryptosporidium ubiquitum, currently recognized as an emerging zoonotic species. This finding represents the first detection of zoonotic C. ubiquitum in chamois and in the Alpine environment. Despite the low observed prevalences, environmental contamination by oocysts could play a role as a potential source of infections for humans and livestock.
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50

Barroso, Patricia, Ignacio García-Bocanegra, Pelayo Acevedo, Pablo Palencia, Francisco Carro, Saúl Jiménez-Ruiz, Sonia Almería, Jitender P. Dubey, David Cano-Terriza, and Joaquín Vicente. "Long-Term Determinants of the Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in a Wild Ungulate Community." Animals 10, no. 12 (December 9, 2020): 2349. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10122349.

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Abstract:
Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan which infects warm-blooded vertebrates, including humans, worldwide. In the present study, the epidemiology of T. gondii was studied in the wild ungulate host community (wild boar, red deer, and fallow deer) of Doñana National Park (DNP, south-western Spain) for 13 years (2005–2018). We assessed several variables which potentially operate in the medium and long-term (environmental features, population, and stochastic factors). Overall, the wild ungulate host community of DNP had high seroprevalence values of T. gondii (STG; % ± confidence interval (CI) 95%; wild boar (Sus scrofa) 39 ± 3.3, n = 698; red deer (Cervus elaphus) 30.7 ± 4.4, n = 423; fallow deer (Dama dama) 29.7 ± 4.2, n = 452). The complex interplay of hosts and ecological/epidemiological niches, together with the optimal climatic conditions for the survival of oocysts that converge in this area may favor the spread of the parasite in its host community. The temporal evolution of STG oscillated considerably, mostly in deer species. The relationships shown by statistical models indicated that several factors determined species patterns. Concomitance of effects among species, indicated that relevant drivers of risk operated at the community level. Our focus, addressing factors operating at broad temporal scale, allows showing their impacts on the epidemiology of T. gondii and its trends. This approach is key to understanding the epidemiology and ecology to T. gondii infection in wild host communities in a context where the decline in seroprevalence leads to loss of immunity in humans.
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