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Journal articles on the topic 'Wild behavior testing'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

BRONIKOWSKI, A., and D. PROMISLOW. "Testing evolutionary theories of aging in wild populations." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 20, no. 6 (June 2005): 271–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2005.03.011.

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2

COLTMAN, DAVID W. "Testing marker-based estimates of heritability in the wild." Molecular Ecology 14, no. 8 (July 2005): 2593–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294x.2005.02600.x.

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3

CHARMANTIER, A., and B. SHELDON. "Testing genetic models of mate choice evolution in the wild." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 21, no. 8 (August 2006): 417–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2006.06.001.

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4

Ihara, Yasuo, D. Anthony Collins, Ryo Oda, and Akiko Matsumoto-Oda. "Testing socially mediated estrous synchrony or asynchrony in wild baboons." Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 70, no. 11 (August 22, 2016): 1921–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00265-016-2198-8.

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5

Ferrari, Caterina, Cristian Pasquaretta, Claudio Carere, Elena Cavallone, Achaz von Hardenberg, and Denis Réale. "Testing for the presence of coping styles in a wild mammal." Animal Behaviour 85, no. 6 (June 2013): 1385–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2013.03.030.

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6

Gosden, T. P., J. R. Thomson, M. W. Blows, A. Schaul, and S. F. Chenoweth. "Testing for a genetic response to sexual selection in a wild Drosophila population." Journal of Evolutionary Biology 29, no. 6 (March 7, 2016): 1278–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jeb.12851.

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7

Schroder, R., M. D. Graf, J. Jochum, G. Rode, J. Schemmel, and I. Thimm. "Testing the Effects of a Regionalized Seed Production on the Germination Behavior of Wild Plant Species." Ecological Restoration 31, no. 3 (September 1, 2013): 295–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.3368/er.31.3.295.

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8

Rincon, Alan V., Laëtitia Maréchal, Stuart Semple, Bonaventura Majolo, and Ann MacLarnon. "Correlates of androgens in wild male Barbary macaques: Testing the challenge hypothesis." American Journal of Primatology 79, no. 10 (August 17, 2017): e22689. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajp.22689.

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9

Kimberling, Diana N., Eric R. Scott, and Peter W. Price. "Testing a new hypothesis: plant vigor and phylloxera distribution on wild grape in Arizona." Oecologia 84, no. 1 (August 1990): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00665587.

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10

DePasquale, Allegra N., Shasta E. Webb, Rachel E. Williamson, Linda M. Fedigan, and Amanda D. Melin. "Testing the niche differentiation hypothesis in wild capuchin monkeys with polymorphic color vision." Behavioral Ecology 32, no. 4 (March 22, 2021): 599–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arab001.

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Abstract The polymorphic color vision system present in most North, Central, and South American monkeys is a textbook case of balancing selection, yet the mechanism behind it remains poorly understood. Previous work has established task-specific foraging advantages to different color vision phenotypes: dichromats (red-green colorblind) are more efficient foraging for invertebrates, while trichromats (color “normal” relative to humans) are more efficient foraging for “reddish” ripe fruit, suggesting that niche differentiation may underlie the maintenance of color vision variation. We explore a prediction of the niche differentiation hypothesis by asking whether dichromatic and trichromatic capuchin monkeys (Cebus imitator) diverge in their foraging activity budget, specifically testing whether dichromats forage more frequently for invertebrates and trichromats forage more frequently for “reddish” ripe fruit. To assess this, we analyze a large data set of behavioral scan samples (n = 21 984) from 48 wild adult female capuchins of known color vision genotype, dominance rank, and reproductive status, together with models of food conspicuity. We find no significant differences between dichromats and trichromats in the frequency of scans spent foraging for different food types but do find that nursing females forage less overall than cycling females. Our results suggest that the potential for color-vision-based niche differentiation in foraging time may be curtailed by the energetic requirements of reproduction, behavioral synchrony caused by group living, and/or individual preferences. While niche differentiation in activity budgets by color vision type is not apparent, fine-scale niche differentiation may be occurring. This research enhances our understanding of the evolutionary processes maintaining sensory polymorphisms.

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Monclús, Raquel, Francisco Palomares, Zulima Tablado, Ana Martínez-Fontúrbel, and Rupert Palme. "Testing the threat-sensitive predator avoidance hypothesis: physiological responses and predator pressure in wild rabbits." Oecologia 158, no. 4 (November 4, 2008): 615–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-008-1201-0.

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12

Dohm, M. R., C. S. Richardson, and T. Garland. "Exercise physiology of wild and random-bred laboratory house mice and their reciprocal hybrids." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 267, no. 4 (October 1, 1994): R1098—R1108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1994.267.4.r1098.

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We conducted a "common garden" experiment to compare aspects of exercise physiology and voluntary wheel-running behavior in wild and random-bred (i.e., non-inbred) laboratory house mice and their reciprocal crosses. Analysis of covariance indicated that, after effects of body mass and other appropriate covariates (e.g., age at testing) were accounted for, wild (range 2.46-3.30 m/s, n = 12) and hybrid (range 1.69-3.30 m/s, n = 24) mice exhibited forced maximal sprint running speeds that averaged approximately 50% higher than those of random-bred laboratory mice (range 1.11-2.12 m/s, n = 19). Wild and hybrid mice also had significantly higher (+22%) mass-corrected maximal rates of oxygen consumption (VO2max) during forced exercise and greater (+12%) relative ventricle masses than lab mice. Wild and hybrid mice also showed statistically higher swimming endurance times relative to body mass than lab mice, although these differences were insignificant when body mass was not used as a covariate. No significant differences were found for relative gastrocnemius muscle mass, liver mass, hematocrit, or blood hemoglobin content. During a 7-day test on voluntary activity wheels, both wild and hybrid mice ran significantly more total revolutions (+101%), ran at higher average velocities when they were active (+69%), and exhibited higher maximum revolutions in any single 1-min period (+41% on the 7th day of testing), but the total number of active 1-min intervals did not differ significantly among groups. In general, the behavioral and/or whole organisms performance traits showed greater differences than the lower-level traits; thus, during the domestication of house mice, behavior may have evolved more rapidly than physiology.

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13

Viblanc, Vincent A., Quentin Schull, Jeffrey D. Roth, Juliette Rabdeau, Claire Saraux, Pierre Uhlrich, François Criscuolo, and F. Stephen Dobson. "Maternal oxidative stress and reproduction: Testing the constraint, cost and shielding hypotheses in a wild mammal." Functional Ecology 32, no. 3 (January 15, 2018): 722–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.13032.

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14

MARTÍNEZ-PADILLA, J., F. MOUGEOT, L. M. I. WEBSTER, L. PÉREZ-RODRÍGUEZ, and S. B. PIERTNEY. "Testing the interactive effects of testosterone and parasites on carotenoid-based ornamentation in a wild bird." Journal of Evolutionary Biology 23, no. 5 (May 2010): 902–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010.01956.x.

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15

Kluen, Edward, Heli Siitari, and Jon E. Brommer. "Testing for between individual correlations of personality and physiological traits in a wild bird." Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 68, no. 2 (September 26, 2013): 205–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00265-013-1635-1.

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16

Campos, Fernando, Joseph H. Manson, and Susan Perry. "Urine Washing and Sniffing in Wild White-faced Capuchins (Cebus capucinus): Testing Functional Hypotheses." International Journal of Primatology 28, no. 1 (January 12, 2007): 55–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10764-006-9105-5.

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17

Weber, Edward D., and Kurt D. Fausch. "Interactions between hatchery and wild salmonids in streams: differences in biology and evidence for competition." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 60, no. 8 (August 1, 2003): 1018–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f03-087.

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Competition between hatchery-reared and wild salmonids in streams has frequently been described as an important negative ecological interaction, but differences in behavior, physiology, and morphology that potentially affect competitive ability have been studied more than direct tests of competition. We review the differences reported, designs appropriate for testing different hypotheses about competition, and tests of competition reported in the literature. Many studies have provided circumstantial evidence for competition, but the effects of competition were confounded with other variables. Most direct experiments of competition used additive designs that compared treatments in which hatchery fish were introduced into habitats containing wild fish with controls without hatchery fish. These studies are appropriate for quantifying the effects of hatchery fish at specific combinations of fish densities and stream carrying capacity. However, they do not measure the relative competitive ability of hatchery versus wild fish because the competitive ability of hatchery fish is confounded with the increased density that they cause. We are aware of only two published studies that used substitutive experimental designs in which density was held equal among treatments, thereby testing for differences in competitive ability. Additional substitutive experiments will help managers to better understand the ecological risk of stocking hatchery fish.

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18

Blanco Gonzalez, Enrique, Tomoya Murakami, Yuki Teshima, Kouji Yoshioka, Dal-Sang Jeong, and Tetsuya Umino. "Paternity testing of wild black rockfish Sebastes inermis (brownish type) from the Seto Inland Sea of Japan." Ichthyological Research 56, no. 1 (April 26, 2008): 87–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10228-008-0055-0.

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19

Coals, Peter, Andrew Loveridge, Dominic Kurian, Vivienne L. Williams, David W. Macdonald, and Rob Ogden. "DART mass spectrometry as a potential tool for the differentiation of captive-bred and wild lion bones." Biodiversity and Conservation 30, no. 6 (April 13, 2021): 1825–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-021-02170-2.

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AbstractIn recent years lion bones have been legally traded internationally to Asian markets from captive-bred sources in South Africa. There are also indications of increasing instances of illegal international trade in wild lion bones. The existence of parallel captive and wild supplies of lion bone are a cause of law enforcement concern regarding the potential for the laundering of illegally sourced bones through legal trade, and present a problem for the assessment of the conservation impact of wild lion bone trade due to the difficulty of determining what market-share wild and captive-bred lion bones account for. Captive-bred and wild lion bone are visually indistinguishable and no reliable method currently exists for distinguishing them. We present a preliminary study that explores the use of DART mass spectrometry as a method to differentiate between captive-bred and wild lion bones. We find that DART is able to differentiate between a batch of captive-bred South African lion bone and a batch of wild lion bone and suggest that DART mass spectrometry shows strong potential as a tool for the regulation and investigation of lion bone trade. Further testing is needed to prove the suitability of this technique. Therefore, we suggest that further research focuses on testing the capability of DART to differentiate between contemporary wild and captive-bred lion bone originating from South Africa, and attempts to identify chemical markers in bone that can be used as indicators of captive-bred origin.

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20

Marchandeau, Stéphane, Jacky Aubineau, Francis Berger, Jean-Charles Gaudin, Alain Roobrouck, Eve Corda, and François Reitz. "Abundance indices: reliability testing is crucial - a field case of wild rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus." Wildlife Biology 12, no. 1 (March 2006): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2981/0909-6396(2006)12[19:airtic]2.0.co;2.

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21

Sandee, SD, JD Van Hamme, and LA Gosselin. "Testing microbial pathogens as a cause of early juvenile mortality in wild populations of benthic invertebrates." Marine Ecology Progress Series 562 (December 29, 2016): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps11975.

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22

McIntyre, James K., Lisa L. Wolf, Benjamin N. Sacks, Johon Koibur, and I. Lehr Brisbin Jr. "A population of free-living highland wild dogs in Indonesian Papua." Australian Mammalogy 42, no. 2 (2020): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am18039.

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A 10-day rapid assessment has confirmed a small population of indigenous wild-living dogs in the highlands of Papua Province, Indonesia. The goal of the assessment was to observe, census, assess health and reproductive status, and collect biological samples or other data for this understudied canid. Trail cameras and DNA hair traps were deployed and baited with scent attractants, and game calls were used to elicit vocal responses or lure the dogs within observation range. Adults and pups of both sexes as well as a den were documented in 149 photographs. DNA testing of scat samples confirmed a canid origin with a close relationship to other oceanic canids including NGSD (New Guinea Singing Dog) and dingoes.

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23

Kelley, Jennifer L., and Sami Merilaita. "Testing the role of background matching and self-shadow concealment in explaining countershading coloration in wild-caught rainbowfish." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 114, no. 4 (January 29, 2015): 915–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bij.12451.

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24

Shiels, Aaron, Danika Spock, Tyler Cochran, and Laurie Baeten. "Efficacy testing of Goodnature A24 self-resetting rat traps for wild house mice (Mus musculus)." Management of Biological Invasions 13, no. 3 (2022): 557–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3391/mbi.2022.13.3.06.

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25

Lawler, Richard R. "Testing for a historical population bottleneck in wild Verreaux's sifaka (Propithecus verreauxi verreauxi) using microsatellite data." American Journal of Primatology 70, no. 10 (October 2008): 990–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajp.20579.

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26

Vogt, Michael. "TESTING FOR STRUCTURAL CHANGE IN TIME-VARYING NONPARAMETRIC REGRESSION MODELS." Econometric Theory 31, no. 4 (October 27, 2014): 811–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266466614000565.

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In this paper, we consider a nonparametric model with a time-varying regression function and locally stationary regressors. We are interested in the question whether the regression function has the same shape over a given time span. To tackle this testing problem, we propose a kernel-based L2-test statistic. We derive the asymptotic distribution of the statistic both under the null and under fixed and local alternatives. To improve the small sample behavior of the test, we set up a wild bootstrap procedure and derive the asymptotic properties thereof. The theoretical analysis of the paper is complemented by a simulation study and a real data example.

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27

Robley, Alan, Andrew Gormley, David M. Forsyth, Alan N. Wilton, and Danielle Stephens. "Movements and habitat selection by wild dogs in eastern Victoria." Australian Mammalogy 32, no. 1 (2010): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am09030.

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To investigate movements and habitat selection by wild dogs we attached satellite-linked global positioning system (GPS) units to nine wild dogs (Canis lupus dingo and Canis lupus familiaris) captured in eastern Victoria in summer 2007. Units estimated locations at 30-min intervals for the first six months and then at 480-min intervals for six more months. DNA testing revealed all these wild dogs to be related. Home ranges of males were almost three times larger than those of females (males: 124.3 km2 ± 56.3, n = 4; females: 45.2 km2 ± 17.3, n = 5) and both sexes preferred subalpine grassland, shrub or woodland at the landscape and home-range scales. Wild dogs were recorded more often than expected within 25 m of roads and less often than expected within 25 m of watercourses. Wild dogs displayed higher-velocity movements with shallow turning angles (generally forwards) that connected spatial and temporal clusters comprising slower-velocity, shorter, and sharper turning movements. One wild dog travelled 230 km in 9 days before returning to its home range and another travelled 105 km in 87 days. The home-range sizes reported in this study are much larger than previously reported in south-eastern Australia. This finding, together with previous studies, suggests that the spatial scale at which wild dog management occurs needs to be reconsidered.

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Ley, C., and W. B. Watt. "Testing the `Mimicry' Explanation for the Colias `alba' Polymorphism: Palatability of Colias and Other Butterflies to Wild Bird Predators." Functional Ecology 3, no. 2 (1989): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2389299.

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29

Milienne-Petiot, Morgane, Lucianne Groenink, Arpi Minassian, and Jared W. Young. "Blockade of dopamine D1-family receptors attenuates the mania-like hyperactive, risk-preferring, and high motivation behavioral profile of mice with low dopamine transporter levels." Journal of Psychopharmacology 31, no. 10 (September 27, 2017): 1334–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881117731162.

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Background: Patients with bipolar disorder mania exhibit poor cognition, impulsivity, risk-taking, and goal-directed activity that negatively impact their quality of life. To date, existing treatments for bipolar disorder do not adequately remediate cognitive dysfunction. Reducing dopamine transporter expression recreates many bipolar disorder mania-relevant behaviors (i.e. hyperactivity and risk-taking). The current study investigated whether dopamine D1-family receptor blockade would attenuate the risk-taking, hypermotivation, and hyperactivity of dopamine transporter knockdown mice. Methods: Dopamine transporter knockdown and wild-type littermate mice were tested in mouse versions of the Iowa Gambling Task (risk-taking), Progressive Ratio Breakpoint Test (effortful motivation), and Behavioral Pattern Monitor (activity). Prior to testing, the mice were treated with the dopamine D1-family receptor antagonist SCH 23390 hydrochloride (0.03, 0.1, or 0.3 mg/kg), or vehicle. Results: Dopamine transporter knockdown mice exhibited hyperactivity and hyperexploration, hypermotivation, and risk-taking preference compared with wild-type littermates. SCH 23390 hydrochloride treatment decreased premature responding in dopamine transporter knockdown mice and attenuated their hypermotivation. SCH 23390 hydrochloride flattened the safe/risk preference, while reducing activity and exploratory levels of both genotypes similarly. Conclusions: Dopamine transporter knockdown mice exhibited mania-relevant behavior compared to wild-type mice. Systemic dopamine D1-family receptor antagonism attenuated these behaviors in dopamine transporter knockdown, but not all effects were specific to only the knockdown mice. The normalization of behavior via blockade of dopamine D1-family receptors supports the hypothesis that D1 and/or D5 receptors could contribute to the mania-relevant behaviors of dopamine transporter knockdown mice.

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30

Rodríguez‐Muñoz, Rolando, Jelle J. Boonekamp, Xing P. Liu, Ian Skicko, David N. Fisher, Paul Hopwood, and Tom Tregenza. "Testing the effect of early‐life reproductive effort on age‐related decline in a wild insect." Evolution 73, no. 2 (January 10, 2019): 317–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/evo.13679.

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31

Marshall, Leon, Luísa G. Carvalheiro, Jesús Aguirre‐Gutiérrez, Merijn Bos, G. Arjen Groot, David Kleijn, Simon G. Potts, et al. "Testing projected wild bee distributions in agricultural habitats: predictive power depends on species traits and habitat type." Ecology and Evolution 5, no. 19 (September 23, 2015): 4426–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.1579.

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32

Nicholson, Charlie C., Kimiora L. Ward, Neal M. Williams, Rufus Isaacs, Keith S. Mason, Julianna K. Wilson, Julia Brokaw, et al. "Mismatched outcomes for biodiversity and ecosystem services: testing the responses of crop pollinators and wild bee biodiversity to habitat enhancement." Ecology Letters 23, no. 2 (December 4, 2019): 326–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ele.13435.

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33

West, Rebecca, Matthew J. Ward, Wendy K. Foster, and David A. Taggart. "Testing the potential for supplementary water to support the recovery and reintroduction of the black-footed rock-wallaby." Wildlife Research 44, no. 3 (2017): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr16181.

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Context Supplementary resource provision is increasingly used by conservation managers to manipulate habitat conditions that limit population growth of threatened species. These methods are popular in reintroduction programs because they can assist released individuals to adapt to novel environments. In situ management and reintroductions are being used to recover warru (black-footed rock-wallaby, Petrogale lateralis MacDonnell Ranges race) on the arid Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara (APY) Lands of South Australia. Direct predation by introduced predators is thought to be the main cause of population decline, but indirect predation effects reducing access to water resources has also been proposed as a limiting factor. Aims To determine whether warru would use supplementary water and so provide a tool to alleviate resource pressure for in situ (wild) and reintroduced warru populations. Methods We provided supplementary water to a wild and reintroduced warru population across 12 months. Drinking rates were calculated by monitoring water points with camera traps and modelled against plant moisture content and total rainfall. We also examined whether number of visits to water points by warru predators and competitors was significantly different to control points (no water present). Key results Wild and reintroduced warru used water points within 0–10 days of installation. No significant increase in visits by predators or competitors was observed at water points. Drinking rates were significantly higher during dry winter months (March–October) for both wild and re-introduced populations. Conclusions Supplementary water is readily utilised by warru. Water could be provided in this manner to warru populations where predators are present, particularly during drier months (generally March–October on the APY Lands), periods of drought or after fire, when food resources will have a lower water content and/or be less abundant. This may increase breeding rates and recruitment of young, and improve the probability of persistence for populations of this threatened species, and should be further investigated. Implications Supplementary water provision may be a useful tool to increase population growth rates for threatened mammalian herbivores in arid habitats. Experimental trials of the uptake of supplementary water and effects on population dynamics will provide important data for implementing adaptive management frameworks for conservation.

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34

Kaminski, G., S. Brandt, E. Baubet, and C. Baudoin. "Life-history patterns in female wild boars (Sus scrofa): mother–daughter postweaning associations." Canadian Journal of Zoology 83, no. 3 (March 1, 2005): 474–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z05-019.

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Mother–daughter postweaning associations in wild boars (Sus scrofa L., 1758) were investigated using 12 years' data from a wild population in Champagne, France. In the wild boar, a polygynous ungulate species, females (i) can reproduce as soon as they are yearlings and (ii) generally have large litters, in contrast to many other ungulate species. It is generally thought that their social organization is centered around groups of adult females and their offspring, but genealogical relationships in female groups have never been studied. Hence this species is suitable for testing the hypothesis of a matrilineal social organization. We studied the occurrence and strength of mother–daughter associations before and after the first potential breeding of yearling females, using a total of 85 individuals. Seasonal fluctuations in associations were observed, but after weaning, daughters generally remained with the mother. When leaving their natal group, yearling females formed new kin groups with sisters. Two important factors involved in the postweaning associations were adult and yearling reproductive participation and maternal age. The present study constitutes the first clear demonstration that family groups, with overlapping generations of females, represent the typical social organization in a forest wild boar population.

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35

Borgeaud, Christèle, and Redouan Bshary. "Testing for anticipation of partners’ reciprocity and other social parameters: An experimental approach in wild vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus)." Journal of Comparative Psychology 132, no. 4 (November 2018): 464–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/com0000156.

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36

McAlpine, RS. "Testing the Effect of Fuel Consumption on Fire Spread Rate." International Journal of Wildland Fire 5, no. 3 (1995): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf9950143.

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It has been theorized that the amount of fuel involved in a fire front can influence the rate of spread of the fire. Three data sets are examined in an attempt to prove this relationship. The first, a Canadian Forest Service database of over 400 experimental, wild, and prescribed fires showed a weak relationship in some fuel complexes. The second, a series of field experimental fires conducted to isolate the relationship, showed a small effect. The final data set, from a series of 47 small plots (3m x 3m) burned with a variety of fuel loadings, also show a weak relationship. While a relationship was shown to exist, it is debatable whether it should be included in a fire behavior prediction system. Inherent errors associated with predicting fuel consumption can be compounded, causing additional, more critical, errors with the derived fire spread rate.

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37

Sardell, Rebecca J., Bart Kempenaers, and Emily H. DuVal. "Female mating preferences and offspring survival: testing hypotheses on the genetic basis of mate choice in a wild lekking bird." Molecular Ecology 23, no. 4 (January 29, 2014): 933–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mec.12652.

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38

Bączek, Katarzyna Barbara, Olga Kosakowska, Maja Boczkowska, Paulina Bolc, Rafał Chmielecki, Ewelina Pióro-Jabrucka, Kavana Raj, and Zenon Węglarz. "Intraspecific Variability of Wild-Growing Common Valerian (Valeriana officinalis L.)." Plants 11, no. 24 (December 9, 2022): 3455. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11243455.

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Common valerian (Valeriana officinalis L.) is an important medicinal plant revealing sedative, hypotensive, anti-spasmodic and anxiolytic activity. The purpose of the study was to determine the intraspecific variability of the common valerian growing wild in Poland and the ‘Lubelski’ landrace, as to their developmental traits, chemical composition and selected genetic parameters. Both wild-growing populations (19) and the landrace (1) were evaluated under ex situ conditions. Observations of the underground organs parameters, both developmental and chemical (according to the European Pharmacopoeia) were carried out in the first year of the plant’s development, while the characteristics of the aboveground organs, followed by the sowing value of seeds (according to the International Seed Testing Association)—in the second year. The genetic analyses were performed using the NGS-DArT-seq method. Results indicate the presence of five different gene pools covering the regions of population’s origin, with a gene flow within and between them. A high level of developmental and chemical variabilities among the wild-growing populations was noticed, however without a clear relation to the region of the origin. The mass of underground organs ranged from 107.4 to 403.6 g FW × plant−1 with the content of sesquiterpenic acids at the level of 0.004–0.094%. Population no 18 was distinguished by the highest content of sesquiterpenic acids and the relatively high mass of underground organs, followed by the admixture of the gene pool, typical for the ‘Lubelski’ landrace. Unlike the ‘Lubelski’ landrace, the wild-growing populations were characterized by a high amount of an essential oils (3.90 to 10.04 mL/kg), which may be promising from the perspective of their potential use. In turn, the sowing value of the seeds obtained from the populations, expressed as the germinability, was rather low (25.25–62.25%).

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39

Finch, Jonathan TD, Sally A. Power, Justin A. Welbergen, and James M. Cook. "Testing for apomixis in an obligate pollination mutualism." Journal of Pollination Ecology 29 (October 15, 2021): 167–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.26786/1920-7603(2021)644.

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Plants with a small number of specific pollinators may be vulnerable to fluctuations in the availability of those pollinators, which could limit plant reproductive success and even result in extinction. Plants can develop mechanisms to mitigate this risk, such as apomixis. Reproductive assurance mechanisms have been largely ignored in obligate pollination mutualisms (OPMs), that are some of the most specialised of plant-pollinator interactions. Furthermore, although OPMs are often referred to as obligate, this is rarely tested. We performed a flower-bagging experiment to test if the unisexual flowers of Breynia oblongifolia could set fruit in the absence of its highly specialised seed-eating moth pollinators. Surprisingly, many bagged female flowers developed fruits, suggesting apomixis. We therefore conducted a second series of experiments in which we 1) added or excluded pollinators from caged plants; and 2) surveyed a wild population for apomictic reproduction using mother-offspring genotyping. In the absence of pollinators, no fruits developed. In addition, we detected no genetic evidence for apomixis when comparing between mothers and their offspring or between adults in a wild population. We explain the production of fruits in bagged branches by our discovery that B. oblongifolia can retain pollinated female flowers over the winter period. These flowers develop to fruits in the spring in the absence of male flowers or pollinators. Our study thus shows that B. oblongifolia is unable to produce fruit in the absence of its specialist moth pollinators. Thus, the highly specific interaction between plant and pollinators appears to be truly obligate.

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Baum, Christopher F., and Jesús Otero. "Unit-root tests for explosive behavior." Stata Journal: Promoting communications on statistics and Stata 21, no. 4 (December 2021): 999–1020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1536867x211063405.

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We present a new command, radf, that tests for explosive behavior in time series. The command computes the right-tail augmented Dickey and Fuller (1979, Journal of the American Statistical Association 74: 427–431) unitroot test and its further developments based on supremum statistics derived from augmented Dickey–Fuller-type regressions estimated using recursive windows (Phillips, Wu, and Yu, 2011, International Economic Review 52: 201–226) and recursive flexible windows (Phillips, Shi, and Yu, 2015, International Economic Review 56: 1043–1078). It allows for the lag length in the test regression and the width of rolling windows to be either specified by the user or determined using data-dependent procedures, and it performs the date-stamping procedures advocated by Phillips, Wu, and Yu (2011) and Phillips, Shi, and Yu (2015) to identify episodes of explosive behavior. It also implements the wild bootstrap proposed by Phillips and Shi (2020, Handbook of Statistics: Financial, Macro and Micro Econometrics Using R, Vol. 42, 61–80) to lessen the potential effects of unconditional heteroskedasticity and account for the multiplicity issue in recursive testing. The use of radf is illustrated with an empirical example.

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Hughes, Nicholas F., John W. Hayes, Karen A. Shearer, and Roger G. Young. "Testing a model of drift-feeding using three-dimensional videography of wild brown trout, Salmo trutta, in a New Zealand river." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 60, no. 12 (December 1, 2003): 1462–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f03-126.

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We tested the assumptions and predictions of a foraging model for drift-feeding fish. We used three-dimensional videography to describe the foraging behavior of brown trout, Salmo trutta, mapped water depth and velocity in their foraging area, sampled invertebrate drift to determine length class specific drift densities, and captured trout to determine the size composition of their diet. The model overestimated the fish's prey capture rate and gross energy intake rate by a factor of two. Most of this error resulted from the fact that prey detection probabilities within the fish's foraging area averaged only half the expected value. This was the result of a rapid decrease in capture probability with increasing lateral distance from the fish's focal point. Some of the model's assumptions were accurate: equations for predicting reaction distance and minimum prey size supported reliable predictions of the shape and size of the fish's foraging area and the size composition of the diet. Other assumptions were incorrect: fish detected prey within the predicted reaction volume, not on its upstream surface as expected, fish intercepted prey more slowly than the expected maximum sustainable swimming speed, and fish captured about two-thirds of their prey downstream of their focal point, rather than upstream.

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Finch, Jonathan T. D., Alexander Watson-Lazowski, and James M. Cook. "Sex and flowers: testing the resource-dependent selection hypothesis for flower sex allocation." Australian Journal of Botany 70, no. 4 (July 18, 2022): 323–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt22015.

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Context Monoecious plants can adjust their proportional investment in male and female flowers to maximise reproductive fitness. The female reproductive function (seeds) often has greater resource costs than the male (pollen). Larger plants are generally thought to have greater resource availability and should have a female biased sex ratio, referred to as the size-dependent selection hypothesis. However, empirical tests of this hypothesis have found mixed support. This may be because size alone is not always a reliable proximate value for resource availability, which can be influenced by other abiotic factors. Aims Breynia oblongifolia (Phyllanthaceae) is a perennial monoecious plant with unisexual moth-pollinated flowers from eastern Australia. Fruit production in Breynia is heavily influenced by rainfall, which is highly variable. We hypothesised that where soil moisture limits female function, Breynia would produce more male flowers (i.e. resource-dependent selection). Methods We used a multi-year observational dataset to look for evidence of resource-dependent flower sex ratios in a wild population and conducted a manipulative glasshouse experiment to test alternative hypotheses for flower sex selection. Key results In both our manipulative glasshouse experiment and observed wild population, decreasing soil water content resulted in higher proportions of male flowers, supporting the resource-dependent sex selection hypothesis. Conclusions Soil moisture influences flower sex ratios but plant size does not. Implications Future studies should not assume that height equates to resource wealth, as this is often overly simplistic and ignores the potential for key resources, like soil moisture or light, to fluctuate.

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Clapperton, BK, CT Eason, RJ Weston, AD Woolhouse, and DR Morgan. "Development and Testing of Attractants for Feral Cats, Felis Catus L." Wildlife Research 21, no. 4 (1994): 389. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9940389.

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As part of a programme to improve feral-cat control and eradication techniques, various odours were tested as candidate lures. They included food odours (fish oils), social odours (urine and its components, anal-sac secretions and commercial wild-animal lures) and plant materials (catnip, matatabi and their essential oils). Pen bioassay experiments used a preference procedure on captive feral and domestic cats to compare the time spent investigating the odours and the number of cats visiting each odour. Field trials at rubbish dumps used scent stations to assess cat activity. Catnip and matatabi were the most promising candidate lures in both the pen bioassay and the field trials. Future directions for lure developments are suggested.

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Poelman, Mary E., Adrienne M. Pilmanis, and Kristina M. Hufford. "Testing the cultivar vigor hypothesis: comparisons of the competitive ability of wild and cultivated populations ofPascopyrum smithiialong a restoration chronosequence." Restoration Ecology 27, no. 1 (May 22, 2018): 92–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/rec.12822.

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Wertheim, Joel O., Reilly Hostager, Diane Ryu, Kevin Merkel, Samuel Angedakin, Mimi Arandjelovic, Emmanuel Ayuk Ayimisin, et al. "Discovery of Novel Herpes Simplexviruses in Wild Gorillas, Bonobos, and Chimpanzees Supports Zoonotic Origin of HSV-2." Molecular Biology and Evolution 38, no. 7 (March 15, 2021): 2818–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msab072.

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Abstract Viruses closely related to human pathogens can reveal the origins of human infectious diseases. Human herpes simplexvirus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) are hypothesized to have arisen via host-virus codivergence and cross-species transmission. We report the discovery of novel herpes simplexviruses during a large-scale screening of fecal samples from wild gorillas, bonobos, and chimpanzees. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that, contrary to expectation, simplexviruses from these African apes are all more closely related to HSV-2 than to HSV-1. Molecular clock-based hypothesis testing suggests the divergence between HSV-1 and the African great ape simplexviruses likely represents a codivergence event between humans and gorillas. The simplexviruses infecting African great apes subsequently experienced multiple cross-species transmission events over the past 3 My, the most recent of which occurred between humans and bonobos around 1 Ma. These findings revise our understanding of the origins of human herpes simplexviruses and suggest that HSV-2 is one of the earliest zoonotic pathogens.

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Jørgensen, Karin M., Karen M. T. Astvad, Rasmus K. Hare, and Maiken C. Arendrup. "EUCAST Ibrexafungerp MICs and Wild-Type Upper Limits for Contemporary Danish Yeast Isolates." Journal of Fungi 8, no. 10 (October 20, 2022): 1106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof8101106.

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Ibrexafungerp is a novel triterpenoid antifungal that inhibits glucan synthase and thus fungal cell wall synthesis. We examined the in vitro activity against contemporary clinical yeast, investigated inter-laboratory and intra-laboratory variability, suggested wild-type upper-limit values (WT-UL), and compared in vitro activity of ibrexafungerp to five licensed antifungals. Susceptibility to ibrexafungerp and comparators was investigated prospectively for 1965 isolates (11,790 MICs) and repetitively for three QC strains (1764 MICs) following the EUCAST E.Def 7.3.2 method. Elevated ibrexafungerp/echinocandin MICs prompted FKS sequencing. Published ibrexafungerp EUCAST MIC-distributions were retrieved and aggregated for WT-UL determinations following EUCAST principles. Ibrexafungerp MICs were ≤2 mg/L except against C. pararugosa, Cryptococcus and some rare yeasts. Modal MICs (mg/L) were 0.06/0.125/0.25/0.5/0.5/0.5/0.5/1/2 for C. albicans/C. dubliniensis/C. glabrata/C. krusei/C. parapsilosis/C. tropicalis/S. cerevisiae/C. guilliermondii/C. lusitaniae and aligned within ±1 dilution with published values. The MIC ranges for QC strains were: 0.06–0.25/0.5–1/0.125–0.5 for CNM-CL-F8555/ATCC6258/ATCC22019. The WT-UL (mg/L) were: 0.25/0.5/1/1/2 for C. albicans/C. glabrata/C. krusei/C. parapsilosis/C. tropicalis. Adopting these, non-wild-type rates were 0.3%/0.6%/0%/8%/3% for C. albicans/C. glabrata/C. krusei/C. parapsilosis/C. tropicalis and overall lower than for comparators except amphotericin B. Five/six non-wild-type C. albicans/C. glabrata were echinocandin and Fks non-wild-type (F641S, F659del or F659L). Eight C. parapsilosis and three C. tropicalis non-wild-type isolates were echinocandin and Fks wild-type. Partial inhibition near 50% in the supra-MIC range may explain variable MICs. Ibrexafungerp EUCAST MIC testing is robust, although the significance of paradoxical growth for some species requires further investigation. The spectrum is broad and will provide an oral option for the growing population with azole refractory infection.

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Patil, Prabhakargouda B., Kevin J. Gorman, Shaibal K. Dasgupta, K. V. Seshu Reddy, Shirish R. Barwale, and Usha B. Zehr. "Self-Limiting OX513A Aedes aegypti Demonstrate Full Susceptibility to Currently Used Insecticidal Chemistries as Compared to Indian Wild-Type Aedes aegypti." Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 2018 (2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/7814643.

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OX513A Aedes aegypti is a genetically engineered strain carrying a self-limiting gene. Studies in several countries have shown the effectiveness of the strain at reducing pest Aedes aegypti populations. As a component of biosafety assessments relevant to Indian environments, OX513A and two Indian wild-type Ae. aegypti strains (from Aurangabad and Delhi) were tested for susceptibility to a range of commonly used insecticides in India, such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), malathion, deltamethrin, and permethrin using World Health Organization (WHO) testing kits and following WHO standard test procedures. Knockdown times (KDT) for all compounds were determined separately for male and female adults of the three mosquito strains. Results indicated that adults of OX513A, Aurangabad, and Delhi strains were resistant to DDT, yielding mortality rates of 90.9, 87.4, and 44.4% and 70.1, 3.0, and 6.0% for male and female adults, respectively. In contrast, adults of all three strains were found to be susceptible to malathion, deltamethrin, and permethrin, exhibiting mortalities between 98 and 100%. The magnitudes of susceptibility, based on the KDT50 values, were greater in the OX513A strain, as compared to wild-type strains of Ae. aegypti for all insecticides tested. The results confirm that, aside from historical resistance to DDT, OX513A has retained full sensitivity to these commonly used compounds and exhibits responses akin to those of susceptible Indian wild-type strains.

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Mioduszewska, Berenika, Mark O’Hara, and Rafał Stryjek. "Novelty at dawn: Exploration, low neophobia and crepuscular activity in a wild Common Buzzard (Buteo buteo)." Avian Biology Research 14, no. 4 (November 2021): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17581559211052422.

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Raptor cognition has received limited research attention, despite the importance of comparative investigations for reconstructing the evolution of complex cognition. Field studies provide essential ecological context for cognition in the natural habitat, although this approach is often challenging due to extensive procedures involved in cognitive testing. One predisposition suggested to contribute to problem-solving behaviour is the response to novel stimuli. In this pilot study, a novel object test was conducted on an outdoor feeding platform to assess the neotic responses of a single wild free-ranging Common Buzzard ( Buteo buteo), a generalist/opportunist diurnal predator species. Additionally, data on its daily activity were collected. As predicted, the subject expressed low neophobia and some exploratory behaviours. Interestingly, it repeatedly arrived on the platform in low light conditions. This study highlights the influence of foraging ecology on cognitive predispositions and offers a field method for research on raptor cognition.

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Koufopanou, Vassiliki, Susan Lomas, Olga Pronina, Pedro Almeida, Jose Paulo Sampaio, Timothy Mousseau, Gianni Liti, and Austin Burt. "Population Size, Sex and Purifying Selection: Comparative Genomics of Two Sister Taxa of the Wild Yeast Saccharomyces paradoxus." Genome Biology and Evolution 12, no. 9 (July 16, 2020): 1636–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evaa141.

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Abstract This study uses population genomic data to estimate demographic and selection parameters in two sister lineages of the wild yeast Saccharomyces paradoxus and compare their evolution. We first estimate nucleotide and recombinational diversities in each of the two lineages to infer their population size and frequency of sex and then analyze the rate of mutation accumulation since divergence from their inferred common ancestor to estimate the generation time and efficacy of selection. We find that one of the lineages has significantly higher silent nucleotide diversity and lower linkage disequilibrium, indicating a larger population with more frequent sexual generations. The same lineage also shows shorter generation time and higher efficacy of purifying selection, the latter consistent with the finding of larger population size and more frequent sex. Similar analyses are also performed on the ancestries of individual strains within lineages and we find significant differences between strains implying variation in rates of mitotic cell divisions. Our sample includes some strains originating in the Chernobyl nuclear-accident exclusion zone, which has been subjected to high levels of radiation for nearly 30 years now. We find no evidence, however, for increased rates of mutation. Finally, there is a positive correlation between rates of mutation accumulation and length of growing period, as measured by latitude of the place of origin of strains. Our study illustrates the power of genomic analyses in estimating population and life history parameters and testing predictions based on population genetic theory.

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Krull, C. R., L. F. McMillan, R. M. Fewster, R. van der Ree, R. Pech, T. Dennis, and M. C. Stanley. "Testing the feasibility of wireless sensor networks and the use of radio signal strength indicator to track the movements of wild animals." Wildlife Research 45, no. 8 (2018): 659. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr18013.

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Context Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are revolutionising areas of animal behaviour research and are advantageous based on their ability to be deployed remotely and unobtrusively, for long time periods in inaccessible areas. Aims We aimed to determine the feasibility of using a WSN to track detailed movement paths of small animals, e.g. rats (Rattus spp.) 100–400g, too small for current GPS technology, by calibrating active Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags and loggers using Radio Frequency Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) as a proxy for distance. Active RFIDs are also called Wireless Identification (WID) tags. Methods Calibration tests were conducted using a grid of loggers (n=16) spaced at 45-m intervals in clear line-of-sight conditions. WID tags (n=16) were placed between the loggers at 45-m intervals. Eight ‘walks’ were also conducted through the grid using a single WID tag. This involved attaching the tag to a small bottle of water (to simulate the body of an animal), towed around the grid using a 1-m long tow line attached to a volunteer walker. The volunteer also held a GPS device that logged their track. Models were constructed to test the effects of distance, tag movement and individual differences in loggers and tags on the reliability of movement data. Key results Loggers were most successful at detecting tags at distances <50m. However, there was a significant difference in the detection probabilities of individual loggers and also the transmission performance of individual tags. Static tags were less likely to be detected than the mobile tag; and although RSSI was somewhat related to distance, the reliability of this parameter was highly variable. Implications We recommend caution in the future use of current radio frequency ID tags in wireless sensor networks to track the movement of small animals, and in the use of RSSI as an indicator of individual distance values, as extensive in situ calibration is required. ‘Off the shelf’ devices may vary in performance, rendering data unreliable. We emphasise the importance of calibrating all equipment in animal tracking studies to reduce data uncertainty and error.

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