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1
Byrne, Gerard J. A., and Beverley Raphael. "Depressive Symptoms and Depressive Episodes in Recently Widowed Older Men." International Psychogeriatrics 11, no. 1 (March 1999): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610299005591.
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Older widowers have high rates of completed suicide but have rarely been the subject of systematic inquiry. We investigated the prevalence of depressive symptoms and major depressive episodes (MDEs) in recently widowed older men over the first 13 months after bereavement. We employed a matched-pairs longitudinal design and recruited subjects from a suburban community population. Fifty-seven recently widowed older men were identified from official death records and 57 matched married men were identified from the electoral roll. Subjects were assessed for the presence of current DSM-III-R MDEs using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI), a fully structured psychiatric interview. Widowers were assessed at 6 weeks after bereavement (T1) and 13 months after bereavement (T2). Married men were assessed at similar intervals. At T1, seven widowers (12.3%) and no married men were found to have CIDI cases of current MDE. At T2, one widower (1.9%) and no married men were found to have CIDI cases of current MDE. Current MDE was not predicted by a past history of dysphoria. At T1, 14.0% (8/57) of widowers reported specific suicidal thoughts or actions. At T2, 15.4% (8/52) of widowers reported suicidal thoughts or actions. We conclude that health workers should monitor closely the clinical course of MDEs in recently widowed older men. Routine inquiry about suicidal ideation should be an essential component of the clinical assessment of recently widowed older men.
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LUNDH, CHRISTER. "Remarriage, gender and social class: a longitudinal study of remarriage in southern Sweden, 1766–1894." Continuity and Change 22, no. 3 (December 2007): 373–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416007006443.
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ABSTRACTRemarriage was common in Sweden in pre-industrial times, especially among men, although over the nineteenth century the number of remarriages declined. This article analyses remarriages in southern Sweden between 1766 and 1894. Data are derived from family reconstitutions in five rural parishes in southern Sweden, which makes it possible to follow individual widows and widowers from the year of the death of the spouse. The focus here is on the influence of individual characteristics, household composition, food prices and time period on an individual widow's or widower's probability of remarriage. For some variables the effect was quite general, for example the negative effect on remarriage of the individual's age and the decrease in the likelihood of remarriage in the nineteenth century. The influence of other variables was not this straightforward. Socioeconomic status interacted with all variables, especially gender, food prices and the presence of minor or adult children in the household.
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McQuillan, Kevin. "Family Composition and Remarriage in Alsace, 1750–1850." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 33, no. 4 (April 2003): 547–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/00221950360536512.
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Data from a family reconstitution study of five villages in Alsace, France, point to the importance of family composition as a determinant of remarriage. For widows and widowers, the likelihood of remarriage increased with the number of children fourteen years of age or younger in their household, though the result was statistically significant only for men. Moreover, having an older daughter (fifteen to twenty-one years of age) was associated with a much lower likelihood of remarriage for widowers, and, surprisingly, for widows as well.
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KUEN-TAE, KIM. "Eighteenth-century Korean marriage customs: the Tansoˇng census registers." Continuity and Change 20, no. 2 (August 2005): 193–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416005005527.
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In this article the ages at marriage and remarriage of Tansoˇng men and women are examined through an analysis of census registers (hojoˇk) from between 1678 and 1789. It was discovered that the average age of Tansoˇng women at first marriage was 17.5, and that most women married between the ages of 15 and 20, much earlier than women in Europe in this period and slightly earlier than those in Japan, but at similar ages to Chinese women. Husbands were on average around 18 when they married. Roughly half of widowers remarried, with remarriage more likely for those of lower and middle status than for upper-status widowers. Many middle- and low-status widowers had probably also married widows despite the fact that there was a legal prohibition on the remarriage of widows.
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van Dijk, Ingrid K., and Jan Kok. "Kept in the Family: Remarriage, Siblings, and Consanguinity in the Netherlands." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 52, no. 3 (December 15, 2021): 313–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jinh_a_01730.
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Abstract Widowhood involves many practical challenges next to the emotional impact of bereavement. Remarriage to a blood relative of a deceased spouse can often help a bereaved spouse to solve issues related to inheritance, child care, and comfort in a stressful period. A study of 15,540 widowers and 18,837 widows in the Dutch province of Zeeland—of whom about 8,000 men and 5,000 women eventually remarried—which uses genealogical data about their partners and the links family-reconstitution database, finds that the relatively high likelihood of farmers’ widows remarrying and doing so with kin may have been a strategy to prevent property from falling into the hands of other families. Notwithstanding that the attractiveness of a widow or widower could also be a factor in opportunities to remarry, older widows and widows with many young children, whose chances on the remarriage market tended to be poor, did not usually have such recourse to kin in remarriage.
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Van Poppel, Frans. "Widows, Widowers and Remarriage in Nineteenth-Century Netherlands." Population Studies 49, no. 3 (November 1995): 421–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0032472031000148756.
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Mineau, Geraldine P., Ken R. Smith, and Lee L. Bean. "Historical trends of survival among widows and widowers." Social Science & Medicine 54, no. 2 (January 2002): 245–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0277-9536(01)00024-7.
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Blom, Ida. "Widows, widowers and the construction of the Norwegian welfare society,c.1900-1960s." Scandinavian Journal of History 29, no. 3-4 (December 2004): 263–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03468750410008806.
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Bradbury, Bettina. "Surviving as a Widow in 19th-century Montreal." Articles 17, no. 3 (August 5, 2013): 148–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1017628ar.
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This paper is a preliminary attempt to examine demographic and economic aspects of widowhood in 19th-century Montreal and the ways working-class widows in particular could survive. Although men and women lost spouses in roughly equal proportions, widows remarried much less frequently than widowers. In the reconstruction of their family economy that followed the loss of the main wage earner, some of these women sought work themselves, mostly in the sewing trades or as domestics or washerwomen. A few had already been involved in small shops, and some used their dower, inheritance, or insurance policies to set up a shop, a saloon, or a boarding-house. Children were the most valuable asset of a widow, and they were more likely to work and to stay at home through their teens and twenties than in father-headed families. Additional strategies, including sharing housing with other families, raising animals, or trading on the streets, were drawn upon; they established an economy of makeshift arrangements that characterized the world of many working-class widows.
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Eugercios, Bárbara A. Revuelta. "Releasing Mother's Burdens: Child Abandonment and Retrieval in Madrid, 1890–1935." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 42, no. 4 (February 2012): 645–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jinh_a_00308.
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In nineteenth-century Europe, the foundling hospital grew beyond its traditional purpose of mitigating the shame of unwed mothers by also permitting widows, widowers, and poor married couples to abandon their children there temporarily. In the Foundling Hospital of Madrid (fhm), this new short-term abandonment could be completely anonymous due to the implementation of a wheel—a device on the outside wall of the institution that could be turned to place a child inside—which remained open until 1929. The use of survival-analysis techniques to disentangle the determinants of retrieval in a discrete framework reveals important differences in the situations of the women who abandoned their children at the fhm, partly depending on whether they accessed it through the Maternity Hospital after giving birth or they accessed it directly. The evidence suggests that those who abandoned their children through the Maternity Hospital retrieved them only when they had attained a certain degree of economic stability, whereas those who abandoned otherwise did so just as soon as the immediate condition prompting the abandonment had improved.
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Gibbs, Levi S. "Going Beyond the Western Pass: Chinese Folk Models of Danger and Abandonment in Songs of Separation." Modern China 47, no. 2 (February 1, 2021): 178–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0097700419860417.
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From the early Qing dynasty (1644–1911) to the beginning of the People’s Republic, men in northern China from drought-prone regions of northwestern Shanxi province and northeastern Shaanxi province would travel beyond the Great Wall to find work in western Inner Mongolia, in a migration known as “going beyond the Western Pass” 走西口. This article analyzes anthologized song lyrics and ethnographic interviews about this migration to explore how songs of separation performed at temple fairs approached danger and abandonment using traditional metaphors and “folk models” similar to those of parents protecting children from life’s hazards and widows and widowers lamenting the loss of loved ones. I argue that these duets between singers embodying the roles of migrant laborers and the women they left behind provided a public language for audiences to reflect upon and contextualize private emotions in a broader social context, offering rhetorical resolutions to ambivalent anxieties.
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Gibbs, Levi S. "Going Beyond the Western Pass: Chinese Folk Models of Danger and Abandonment in Songs of Separation." Modern China 46, no. 5 (September 8, 2019): 490–520. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0097700419874888.
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From the early Qing dynasty (1644–1911) to the beginning of the People’s Republic, men in northern China from drought-prone regions of northwestern Shanxi province and northeastern Shaanxi province would travel beyond the Great Wall to find work in western Inner Mongolia, in a migration known as “going beyond the Western Pass” 走西口. This article analyzes anthologized song lyrics and ethnographic interviews about this migration to explore how songs of separation performed at temple fairs approached danger and abandonment using traditional metaphors and “folk models” similar to those of parents protecting children from life’s hazards and widows and widowers lamenting the loss of loved ones. I argue that these duets between singers embodying the roles of migrant laborers and the women they left behind provided a public language for audiences to reflect upon and contextualize private emotions in a broader social context, offering rhetorical resolutions to ambivalent anxieties.
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Bernardi, Teresa. "Control of marriage and (im)mobility in Venice (16th-17th centuries) in dialogue with Cultures of Vigilance." SOCIETÀ E STORIA, no. 177 (September 2022): 546–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ss2022-177006.
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This paper analyses the interactions between the control of marriage and human mobility in early modern Venice. It examines the role that ordinary people and local communities played in controlling migrants' mobility and marital unions. In particular, it shows the ways in which the religious authorities attempted to collect information about mobile actors in order to prevent the crime of bigamy. The research focuses particularly on the intermediaries and the networks through which oral testimonies and certificates were conveyed, both locally and trans-locally. To do so, the author uses a specific archival source, the so-called processetti matrimoniali: namely, pre-matrimonial enquiries aimed at attesting the marital status of foreigners, widows and widowers, and other mobile actors (i.e., merchants, sailors, and pilgrims) who wanted to get married in Venice. It is in this regard that the Venetian urban context will be analysed as a case study for discussing the historical perspectives of two recent books: The History and Cultures of Vigilance. Historicizing the Role of Private Attention in Society, edited by A. Brendecke and P. Molino; and Riferire all'autorità. Denuncia e delazione tra Medioevo ed Età moderna, edited by M.G. Muzzarelli. Using the perspective of the "cultures of vigilance", instead of the surveillance approach, will help to counter the idea that the control of marriage was simply a top-down process, or a centralized disciplinary action. It will reveal that local and trans-local communities were important means of control, able to influence the effectiveness of administrative and government practices.
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Żelazny, Jan W. "Chrześcijanie w otoczeniu szacha. Problem inkulturacji na podstawie ustawodawstwa synodalnego Kościoła orientalnego przełomu V i VI wieku." Vox Patrum 64 (December 15, 2015): 633–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.31743/vp.3735.
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In the late 5th century, disciplinary practices of the Assyrian Church of the East saw an unprecedented change in the scope of marriages of priests and those serving the God. Synods in Saliq in 486 and 497 agreed not only to consecrate married men but also to allow already consecrated priests and bishops to get married. The synods lifted restrictions on successive bigamy (marriages of widows and widowers) as well. Abstinence as such was limited and priests were allowed to maintain contacts with their wives and have children. This was the key issue for bishops participating in the debate although history remembered the assemblies as proclaiming the Nestorian confession of faith. The matter of adaptation to standards of the Persian society was very pressing, with both resolutions and the course of the debate showing clear intervention of Persian sovereigns. Adopted arrangements remained binding to a greater or lesser extent for over half a century and although they did not introduce any permanent change in the Church discipline, they represent an interesting example of an attempt to adjust the canon law to the social context of the life of Christians in the Persian Empire.
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McCAA, ROBERT. "The Nahua calli of ancient Mexico: household, family, and gender." Continuity and Change 18, no. 1 (May 2003): 23–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026841600300448x.
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The Nahua (Aztecs) of ancient Mexico lived in large, extended family households (calli). A fundamental tenet of family history is that in the past high mortality was a major obstacle to household complexity. This was not the case for the Nahua, whose life expectancy was probably worse than any seen in Europe since the Black Death. Nahua populations were characterized by patriarchy, child marriage and greater proportions of complex and more diverse households than in regions of Europe which historians have identified as containing many complex households. Among the Nahua, although relationships within the household could be either uxorilocal or virilocal (relationship through the wife or the husband), subordination of women to male patriarchs was extensive. Most girls were married (cohabiting) well before the age of puberty. Thus, childless couples were common, but males without children rarely attained headship. While neither polygamy nor abandonment was widespread, their significance for gender oppression should not be denied. Widowhood offered new opportunities for companionship, but only for widowers. For widows, remarriage was infrequent and subordination to a male relative was inevitable. In modern Mexico, few remnants of this pre-conquest household system remain. According to the 1990 census, fewer than 10 per cent of Mexicans live as extended kin or as non-relatives in a household, even in rural Morelos where four centuries ago the compound family was the norm. The few modern examples of multiple family households tend to be Hispanic-like virilocal, patrilineal extended families.
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Lanzinger, Margareth. "Widowers and their sisters-in-law: family crises, horizontally organised relationships and affinal relatives in the nineteenth century." History of the Family 23, no. 2 (June 24, 2016): 175–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1081602x.2016.1176586.
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Прохоров, Михаил, and Mikhail Prokhorov. "The peasant family of Moscow region during the Patriotic War of 1812: numbers, composition, and structure." Servis Plus 9, no. 2 (June 15, 2015): 91–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/11316.
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The article presents a demographic analysis of a peasant family in a village near Moscow hndin the period of the War of 1812. The subject hardly has been studied in the historical literature. Source base of this study were the documents extracted from the funds of the Central Historical Archive in Moscow. Statistical processing was performed for massive public documents and records of the church: revision lists, confessional and metric sheets (books). In them there is the nominal composition of residents of the yard, their age, family relationship. The object of the study was medium and large landed estates of Moscow and Zvenigorod district - the village of Fili and Mazilovo A.I. and D.I. Naryshkin and Selco Zakharovo of H.I. Kozlova. All three of the villages for nearly two months were occupied by French troops. On the basis of a systematic scientific approach addressed are issues such as the population of the yard, the composition and structure of the family, its human resources and typology, the moral values of the peasants in the extreme conditions of life. These issues are analyzed by comparing the key demographic indicators as the pre-war and post-war periods. These data indicate a deep demographic crisis peasant family near Moscow after the war of 1812, sharply increased mortality, reduced working capacity, the number of widows, widowers, orphans, deserted courtyards. According to the documents, only the preservation of spiritual and moral traditions, mutual aid, charity-related debt, aid from the rural world, the state and landowners have allowed farmers to survive and keep many families. But restoring the normal functioning of rural families in these settlements occurs only in the second half of the 20-s and early 30-s of 19 century. The results can be used in the formation of information base of research on Russian history and historical demography.
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Chatterjee, Ananya. "The Bengali Widow’s Kitchen: Looking Back at an Obscure Legacy." New Literaria 04, no. 01 (2023): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.48189/nl.2023.v04i1.004.
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The history of the widows in Bengal and their contributions to the Bengali household has been well documented by researchers till date. The widows were confined mostly to the andarmahal and they were forced to follow a rigorous vegetarian diet with frequent fasting rituals. The prescribed diet was supposed to ‘cool their ardour’ and thus help maintain their chastity (Ranjan 2001, p. 4089). However, creative people as they were, their spirit could not be contained within the confines of the binding norms meant to oppress them. The Bengali kitchen has traditionally been an area where women of the household reign supreme. But, after these women were widowed, their powers over the kitchen were also curtailed. The widows are thereby made to face a gap due to the lack of kitchen duties, something they have done forever, and by taking away the right to eat the non-vegetarian dishes as well in the name of normative practices and widow's rites. These concepts posit an ontological dilemma that occurs in widows’ lives. They, in turn, started creating magic with whatever vegetarian elements they are still entitled to and thus prepare enjoyable dishes that have indelibly contributed to Bengali cuisine. This paper shall trace the origins as well as display the contrapuntal nature of the vegetarian dishes which act as a locus of resistance for these widows during the colonial period
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Chetoui, Ahmed, Kamal Kaoutar, Abdesslam El Kardoudi, Kaltoum Boutahar, Soufiane Elmoussaoui, Fatiha Chigr, and Mohamed Najimi. "Physical activity and sedentary time levels among Moroccan type 2 diabetes patients." Mediterranean Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism 15, no. 1 (March 9, 2022): 117–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/mnm-211504.
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BACKGROUND: Meeting physical activity (PA) guidelines and decreasing sedentary time (SED-time) are cornerstones in the management of diabetes. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to assess the level of PA, SED-time, and related factors among Moroccan diabetes patients. METHODS: From February to June 2019, 1143 patients with type 2 diabetes took part in a cross-sectional survey. PA and SED-time were assessed through a face-to-face interview using International PA Questionnaire. RESULTS: The PA recommendations were achieved by 77.7% of participants and they were significantly higher in males using oral antidiabetic alone, in normal and overweight participants, and in those with duration less than 7 years. While in females, this level was significantly higher only in participants with a family history of diabetes. The mean SED-time was high (35.66±16.88 hours/week) and increased with age, BMI, duration of diabetes, among widowers and divorced, illiterate and among those with low level of PA. CONCLUSIONS: The PA level and SED-time were high. Furthermore, participants with high SED-time have low levels of PA, which represents a combined risk of sitting and inactivity in this subgroup. As a result, patients should be encouraged to participate regularly in PA and also to minimize their SED-time.
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Sharma, Santosh Kumar, Devaki Nambiar, and Arpita Ghosh. "Sex differences in non-communicable disease multimorbidity among adults aged 45 years or older in India." BMJ Open 13, no. 3 (March 2023): e067994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-067994.
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ObjectiveOlder male and female adults differ in key characteristics such as disease-specific life expectancy, health behaviours and clinical presentations and non-communicable disease multimorbidity (NCD-MM). Therefore, examining the sex differences in NCD-MM among older adults is vital, as this issue is understudied in low-income and middle-income country (LMIC) contexts such as India, and has been growing in the past few decades.DesignLarge scale nationally representative cross-sectional study.Settings and participantsLongitudinal Ageing Study in India (LASI 2017–2018) had data on 27 343 men and 31 730 women aged 45+, drawn from a sample of 59 073 individuals across India.Primary and secondary outcomes measuresWe operationalised NCD-MM based on prevalence of the presence of two or more long-term chronic NCD morbidities. Descriptive statistics and bivariate analysis along with multivariate statistics were used.ResultsWomen aged 75+ had a higher prevalence of multimorbidity as compared with men (52.1% vs 45.17%). NCD-MM was more common among widows (48.5%) than widowers (44.8%). The female-to-male ratios of ORs (RORs) for NCD-MM associated with overweight/obesity and prior history of chewing tobacco were 1.10 (95% CI: 1.01 to 1.20) and 1.42 (95% CI: 1.12 to 1.80), respectively. The female-to-male RORs show that the odds of NCD-MM were greater in formerly working women (1.24 (95% CI: 1.06 to 1.44)) relative to formerly working men. The effect of increasing NCD-MM on limitations in activities of daily living and instrumental ADL was greater in men than women but reversed for the hospitalisation.ConclusionsWe found significant sex differences in NCD-MM prevalence among older Indian adults, with various associated risk factors. The patterns underlying these differences warrant greater study, given existing evidence on differential longevity, health burdens and health-seeking patterns all of which operate in a larger structural context of patriarchy. Health systems in turn must respond to NCD-MM mindful of these patterns and aim to redress some of the larger inequities they reflect.
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KIM, Kyung-ok. "Widow's Movement and Mother and Child Protection in Postwar Japan." Korean Association For Japanese History 62 (December 31, 2023): 149–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.24939/kjh.2023.12.62.149.
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This paper examines the widow's movement and mother and child protection issues from immediately after the defeat to April 1952. The analysis until April 1952 is related to the political situation in Japan during this period. Japan was under Allied Occupation from immediately after the defeat until the San Francisco Peace Treaty took effect in April 1952. After this treaty went into effect, Japan became an independent government. During this period, Japanese widows could be divided into war widows and ordinary widows. The most distinctive feature of war widows is that the bereaved family, centered on men other than widows, took the initiative and proceeded with a bereaved movement focusing on mental treatment issues such as memorials and condolences. The feature of the widow's movement examined in this paper focuses on life problems. Therefore, it includes not only ordinary widows but also war widows in need due to livelihoods. In addition, unlike the bereaved movement, which is centered on male bereaved families, the widow's movement is centered on women. This article examines the reality of widows who lived in chaos during the occupation period, which began immediately after the defeat in World War II. Then, through the relationship between the mother-child dormitory and the widow's movement, it will examines the issue of mother-child protection. This analysis will provide implications for examining the changing social and mental awareness of widows based on life problems.
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EMIGH, REBECCA JEAN. "The gender division of labour: the case of Tuscan smallholders." Continuity and Change 15, no. 1 (May 2000): 117–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416099003501.
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What explains the gender division of labour in preindustrial economies? Although men and women frequently do different types of labour in any given society, men's and women's tasks vary considerably across different societies. In some societies, women engaged in trade and agriculture (in parts of Africa, for example); though these were men's duties in others (in parts of Europe, for example). At the same time, European historians discovered that women often engaged in tasks, such as agricultural labour and commerce, that were often assumed to be the domain of men, again suggesting a wide variation in the gender division of labour. Understanding the division of labour in preindustrial economies is important, because these historical cases often serve as implicit or explicit referents for understanding how much – or how little – has changed in contemporary societies.A number of excellent works, such as those by Barbara Hanawalt and Martha Howell, have explored women's roles in the economy. However, often missing from treatments that focus on women's history is an analysis of the gender division of labour, that is, an explicit comparison of men's and women's activities. Undoubtedly, such a comparison is hampered by the difficulties of finding documentary sources that provide the appropriate type of evidence.This article takes up this task in a particular way, by examining single-person households, composed of either males or females in fifteenth-century rural Tuscany. This empirical evidence is useful for several reasons. First, from an analytical perspective, it makes it possible to compare explicitly the activities of men and women who are in an identical position, that is, living alone. Second, as I discuss below, the documentary record from this period makes it possible to provide the evidence for this comparison. Third, this evidence provides historical information on a relatively under-researched group, rural widows and widowers. For example, there is generally more information available for Florentine women than for female rural inhabitants. Furthermore, little research explicitly compares men's and women's tasks to examine the gender division of labour. Although Piccinni and Mazzi and Raveggi provide much information about women's duties and activities in rural Tuscany, their work does not directly address the gender division of labour. While the archival evidence presented below cannot explain the division of labour at all points in individuals' life courses, it does provide explicitly comparative information about men and women.
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McGloshen, Thomas H., and Shirley L. O'Bryant. "The Psychological Well-Being of Older, Recent Widows." Psychology of Women Quarterly 12, no. 1 (March 1988): 99–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1988.tb00930.x.
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The impact of husband's death on the psychological well-being of 226 older widows was examined. Respondents were 60 to 89 years of age and had been widowed from 7 to 21 months at the time of interview. Using multiple regression analysis it was determined that 19 selected variables accounted for approximately 22% of the variance in positive affect and 18% of the variance in negative affect. Higher levels of positive affect were related to widows' religious involvement, number of siblings, and support from children and their families. Negative affect was more often associated with other deaths (in addition to that of husband), housing dissatisfaction, and a history of employment outside the home during marriage. Additional research is called for in light of the increasing numbers and potential vulnerabilities of older women who are recently widowed.
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Fernandez-Quintana, A., A. Novo-Ponte, C. Quiroga-Fernandez, and M. D. C. Garcia-Mahia. "Substance-induced Psychotic Disorders in an Emergency Department." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.2155.
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IntroductionSubstance abuse has been correlated with psychotic disorders albeit more accurate details on causality remain to be assessed. Furthermore, the prevalence and prognosis of substance-induced psychotic disorders have not been clearly established.MethodRetrospective study performed in 124 patients assessed in an Emergency Department (ED) due to psychotic symptoms over a 6-month period. Medical records were reviewed to obtain clinical and socio-demographic variables.Objectives(1) To analyse substance abuse patterns among ED psychotic patients; (2) to estimate the prevalence of substance-induced psychotic disorders in ED; (3) to underpin the socio-demographic and clinical variables associated.ResultsPersonal history of substance abuse: THC 31.5%, alcohol 29%, cocaine 18.5%, benzodiazepines 18.5%, opiates 6.5%, MDMA 4%, amphetamines 3.2%, hallucinogens 2.4%. Accumulated time interval of substance abuse prior to psychotic onset: 0–5 years 15% (3.9% developed psychosis during the first year of cannabis use), 5–10 years 9.2%, more than 10 years 20.8%. Urine testing for drug misuse undertaken in 80.6% of cases: positives 53%, negatives 47%. Among positive urine test results: THC 16.5%, benzodiazepines 16.5%, cocaine 6.1%, opiates 5.1%, alcohol 0.9%, amphetamines 0.8%, hallucinogens 0.8%. Substance-induced psychotic disorder (F19.15) was diagnosed among 20.4% of patients. This diagnosis was 1.5 times more prevalent among males. Forty-eight percent of patients were single, 36% married, 12% divorced, 4% widowers. Habitat: 68% urban, 34% rural. Highest prevalence group 36 – 50 year olds.ConclusionsBoth substance abuse and substance-induced psychotic disorders are highly prevalent in our sample. Their socio-demographic and clinical profile is similar to that found in schizophrenia. Further refinements of these findings are warranted.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Ullah, Kiramat, Hussain Ahmad, Qasim Riaz, Sher Ayub Dawar, Asif Kamal, and Ali Ahsan Mufti. "Frequency of Depression in Patients Suffering from Non-Epileptic Fits." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 17, no. 2 (February 5, 2023): 498–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs2023172498.
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Introduction: The most prevalent and severe type of mental disease, depression affects 60–70% of adults, primarily between the ages of 15 and 35. Not only are the patients affected by this terrible disorder, but also their care givers and families. It has long been known that depression often manifests as a variety of psychosomatic conditions, one of which is non-epileptic fits, which are typically more common in children and women than men. Therefore, the majority of patients who present to a psychiatric emergency room, outpatient department, or ward having non-epileptic fits have underlying depression. This was one of the few studies conducted on the prevalence of depression in patients experiencing non-epileptic fits in Pakistan, particularly in province, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Study Design and Study Area: In the psychiatry department of Khyber Teaching Hospital Peshawar, this descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted. Duration of Study: The duration of study was 06 months i.e. from 30th march, 2015 to 30th September, 2015. Materials and Methods: The study included 162 patients who presented to the hospital with non-epileptic fits and had ages ranging from 20 to 40 years. The study excluded non-consenting individuals, those with organic brain disorders, and those who had another psychiatric diagnosis already. On a proforma that was especially created, variables were recorded. The BDI depression scale was used to evaluate the depression screening process. Results: Of 193 patients, 162 met the requirements for study. The patients were estimated to have a mean age of 25.44 years, with a standard deviation of 14.25 years. Only 32 patients (20%) were female, while remaining 130 (80%) patient were male. Majority 88 (56%) individuals were uneducated. 46 people (32%) had education up to the primary level, 14 (8%) were matriculating, and 12 (4%) were graduates. 40 people (25%) were single, 94 people (58%) were wed, and 28 people (17%) were widows or widowers. 30 people (19%) were working and 132 (81%) were unemployed. 62 persons had been seeking care for more than 24 months, compared to 8 who had been doing so for less than 24 months, 20 persons for less than 18 months, 14 patients having duration of illness for less than 12 months and 12 patients of less than 6 months period of illness. Only when non-epileptic fits were linked to the depression (p value 0.004) was statistical significance observed. When depression was compared to the patient's gender, marital status, educational attainment, length of care, and occupation, there was no statistically significant difference. Conclusions: The majority of people who have non-epileptic fits also have depression. Age of onset of non-epileptic fits and depression are significantly correlated, whereas gender, educational level, marital status, occupation, length of illness, and patient's family history are not. Keyword: Psychological distress, depression, non-epileptic fits, KTH.
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Burger, Michael. "The date and authorship of Robert Grosseteste's Rules for Household and Estate Management*." Historical Research 74, no. 183 (February 1, 2001): 106–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2281.00119.
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Abstract Grosseteste's Rules is canonically dated 1240–2 arguing thus: the countess of Lincoln, for whom the work was written, was a widow since only widows needed a manual concerning matters not pertinent to married noble women. The one widowed countess of Lincoln during Grosseteste's episcopate (1235–53) was widowed in 1240 and remarried in 1242. Given, however, the activities of married noblewomen, and the appearance of other unmarried countesses of Lincoln during Grosseteste's pontificate, the treatise is datable only to 1235–53. Pace& Dr. Dorothea Oschinsky, Grosseteste also had the capacity to write the Rules, and so presumably wrote it.
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CHOI, NAMKEE G. "Correlates of the Economic Status of Widowed and Divorced Elderly Women." Journal of Family Issues 13, no. 1 (March 1992): 38–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019251392013001003.
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Past studies of the economic status of widowed and divorced elderly women have focused mostly on the timing, incidence, and duration of their poverty but have neglected the analysis of the correlates of their economic status. The ordinary least squares regression analysis in this article shows that their economic status is commonly associated with such factors as the level of education, work history, and the Social Security primary insurance amount. The article also analyzes the differences between widows and divorcees and between those with substantial work histories and those with less substantial work histories.
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Pérez González, Silvia María, and Alberto Ruiz-Berdejo Beato. "Estrategias de supervivencia de las viudas del Reino de Sevilla a finales de la Edad Media y comienzos de la Modernidad (siglos XIV-XVI)." Vínculos de Historia Revista del Departamento de Historia de la Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, no. 11 (June 22, 2022): 339–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.18239/vdh_2022.11.15.
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En el presente artículo pretendemos analizar las estrategias de supervivencia llevadas a cabo por las viudas del Reino de Sevilla en el período comprendido entre 1392 y 1550, fundamentalmente a través de los protocolos notariales disponibles para las ciudades de Sevilla y Jerez de la Frontera. Estudiaremos sus opciones vitales, su patrimonio y las diversas actividades financieras que llevaron a cabo para sacar adelante la economía familiar y preservar y aumentar los bienes heredados por sus hijos. Asimismo, reflexionaremos sobre los inconvenientes, pero también sobre las ventajas que la condición de viuda aportaba a las mujeres. De este modo, contribuiremos al conocimiento de la realidad socioeconómica de los grupos intermedios de la sociedad castellana de la Baja Edad Media y de los albores de la Modernidad. Palabras clave: viudas, actividades económicas, protocolos notarialesTopónimos: Sevilla, Jerez de la FronteraPeríodo: Baja Edad Media, siglo XVI ABSTRACTThe aim of this paper is to analyse the survival strategies employed by the widows of the Kingdom of Seville between 1392 and 1550. The article is based on the affidavits available for Seville and Jerez de la Frontera. The work examines their life choices, their patrimony and the financial activities they undertook for the sake of their own livelihood and their children’s futures. There is also a reflection upon the disadvantages but also the advantages implicit in widowhood for a woman. Thus, a contribution will be made to knowledge of the socio-economic reality of middle-class Castilian society in the Late Middles Ages and Early Modern Period. Keywords: widows, economic activities, affidavitsPlace names: Seville, Jerez de la FronteraPeriod: Late Middle Ages, Early Modern Period REFERENCIASAbellán Pérez, J. 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(2005), “Gender and Femininity in Medieval England”, en Writing Medieval History, London, Boolmsbury Publications, pp. 153-170.Carvajal, D. (2004), “La mujer castellana a fines de la Edad Media: una firme defensora del patrimonio familiar”, en La historia de las mujeres. Una revisión historiográfica, Valladolid, Universidad de Valladolid.Clavero Salvador, B. (1977), “Prohibición de la usura y constitución de rentas”, Moneda y crédito, 143, pp. 107-131.Collantes de Terán Sánchez, A. (1988), “Propiedad y mercado inmobiliario en la Edad Media. Sevilla: siglos XIII-XVI”, Hispania, 48, 169, pp. 493-528.— (1993), Diccionario histórico de las calles de Sevilla, Sevilla, Consejería de Obras Públicas y Transportes, Ayuntamiento de Sevilla, Delegación de Cultura, Gerencia Municipal de Urbanismo.— (2007), “El modelo meridional, Sevilla”, en Mercado inmobiliario y paisajes urbanos en el Occidente europeo (siglos XI-XV), Navarra, Gobierno de Navarra, pp. 591-630.Crane, S. (1994), Gender and Romance in Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales, Princeton Princeton University Press.Diamond, A. (1977), “Chaucer’s Women and Women’s Chaucer”, en The Authority of Experience: Essays in Feminist Criticism, Massachusetts, University of Massachusetts Press, Amherst, pp. 52-75.Equip Broida (1984), “La viudez, ¿triste o feliz estado? Las últimas voluntades de los barceloneses en torno a 1400”, en Las mujeres en las ciudades medievales, Actas de las III Jornadas de Investigación Interdisciplinaria, Madrid, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, pp. 27-41.Franco Silvia, A. (1979a), La esclavitud en Sevilla y su tierra a finales de la edad media, Sevilla, Diputación Provincial.— (1979b), “La esclavitud en Castilla durante la Baja Edad Media: una aproximación metodológica y estado de la cuestión”, Historia. Instituciones. Documentos, 6, pp. 113-128.— (1998), “La mujer esclava en la sociedad andaluza de finales del Medievo”, en El trabajo de las mujeres en la Edad Media hispana, Madrid, Asociación Cultural Al-Mudayna, pp. 287-301.— (2003), “La esclavitud en Andalucía en los siglos finales de la Edad Media”, Andalucía en la historia, pp. 72-79.García de la Borbolla, A. (2019), “Las relaciones entre las viudas urbanas y el cabildo de Pamplona en el siglo XIV”, Anuario de estudios medievales, 49, 2, pp. 589-617.García Herrero, M. C. (1990), Las mujeres en Zaragoza en el siglo XV. Zaragoza (tesis doctoral).— (1993), “Viudedad foral y viudas aragonesas a finales de la Edad Media”, Hispania, 53, 184, pp. 431-452.— (2009), Artesanas de vida. Mujeres de la Edad Media, Zaragoza, Institución Fernando el Católico, 2009.García Herrero, M. C. y Pérez Galán, C. (coords.) (2014), Mujeres de la Edad Media: actividades políticas, socioeconómicas y culturales, Zaragoza, Institución Fernando el Católico-Diputación de Zaragoza.García Rubio, L. y Rubio Hernández, L. (2000), La mujer murciana en la Baja Edad Media, Murcia, Universidad de Murcia.Goldberg, P. J. P. (2006), Women, Work, and Life Cycle in a Medieval Economy: Women in York and Yorkshire C.1300-1520, Oxford, Clarendon Press.González Arévalo, R. (2010), “La costa del reino de Sevilla en la documentación náutica italiana (Siglo XV)”, en Historia de Andalucía. VIII Coloquio, Granada, Universidad de Granada, pp. 302-317.González Ferrando, J. M. (2012), “La idea de ‘usura’ en la España del siglo XVI: consideración especial de los cambios, juros y asientos”, Pecvnia, 15, pp. 1-57. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18002/pec.v0i15.803Green, H. (2009), Women and Marriage in German Medieval Romance. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Hudacek, P. (2014), “The legal position of widows in Medieval Hungary up to 1222 and the question of dower”, Historicky Casopis, 62, pp. 1-37.James A. (1987), Law, Sex, and Christian Society in Medieval Europe, Chicago, The University of Chicago Press.Kowaleski M. y Bennett, J. M. (1989), “Crafts, Gilds and Women in the Middle Ages: Fifty Years after Marian K. Dale”, Signs, 14, pp. 324-335.Martín Gutiérrez, E. (2003), “Análisis de la toponimia y aplicación al estudio del poblamiento. El Alfoz de Jerez de la Frontera durante la Baja Edad Media”, Historia. Instituciones. Documentos, 20, pp. 257-300.Mingorance Ruiz, J. A. (2005-2006), “Los contratos de ahorramiento de esclavos en Jerez de la Frontera”, Hespérides: Anuario de Investigaciones, 13-14, pp. 93-112.— (2014), La colonia extranjera en Jerez a finales de la Edad Media, Jerez de la Frontera, Peripecias Libros, Jerez.Mingorance Ruiz, J. A. y Abril, J. M. (2013), La esclavitud en la Baja Edad Media. Jerez de la Frontera 1392-1550, Jerez de la Frontera, Peripecia Libros.Miura Andrades, J. M. (1998), Frailes, monjas y conventos. Las Órdenes Mendicantes y la sociedad sevillana bajomedieval, Sevilla, Diputación de Sevilla.Muldrew, C. (1998), The Economy of Obligation: The Culture of Credit and Social, New York, St. Martin’s Press.Muñoz y Gómez, A. (2002), Noticia histórica de las calles y plazas de Xerez de la Frontera: sus nombres y orígenes (ed. facs.). Jerez de la Frontera, Ayuntamiento.Pérez de Tudela, I. (1984), “La condición de viuda en el medievo castellano-leonés, en Las mujeres en las ciudades medievales” en Actas de las III Jornadas de Investigación Interdisciplinaria, Madrid, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, pp. 87-101.Pérez García, R. M., Fernández Chaves, M. F. y Belmonte Postigo, J. L. (2018), Los negocios de la esclavitud: tratantes y mercados de esclavos en el Atlántico ibérico, siglos XV-XVIII, Sevilla, Universidad de Sevilla.Pérez González, S. M. (2005a), Los laicos en la Sevilla bajomedieval. Sus devociones y cofradías, Huelva, Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Huelva.— (2005b), La mujer en la Sevilla de finales de la Edad Media. Solteras, casadas y vírgenes consagradas, Sevilla, Universidad de Sevilla.— (2010a), “Mujeres liberadas de la tutela masculina: de solteras y viudas a finales de la Edad Media”, Cuadernos Kóre, 2, pp. 31-54.— (2010b), “Mujeres en la Andalucía del ocaso medieval: algunas de sus opciones vitales”, en Historia de Andalucía: VII Coloquio ¿Qué es Andalucía? Una revisión histórica desde el Medievalismo”, Granada, Universidad de Granada, pp. 319-336.— (2017), “Benedictinos, cartujos y jerónimos en la Sevilla de finales de la Edad Media (1441-1504)”, Studia monastica, 59, 1, (2017), pp. 77-101.Puñal Fernández, T. (2000), Los artesanos de Madrid en la Edad Media (1200-1274), Madrid, UNED.Rosenthal, T. J. (2006), “Widows”, en Women and Gender in Medieval Europe: An Encyclopaedia, New York-London, Routledge.Rubin, M. (1991), “Medieval Women York” History Workshop Journal, 31, pp. 214-217. https://doi.org/10.1093/hwj/31.1.214Schmidt, A. (2010), “Generous provisions or legitimate shares? Widows and the transfer of property in 17th-century Holland”, History f Family, 15, pp. 13-24.Sharpe, P. (1999), “Survival strategies and stories: Poor widows and widowers in early industrial England”, en Widowhood in Medieval and early modern Europe, New York, Longman pp. 220-239.Segura Graiño, C. (1986), “Situación jurídica y realidad social de casadas y viudas”, en La condición de la mujer en la Edad Media: actas del coloquio celebrado en la Casa de Velázquez, del 5 al 7 de noviembre de 1984, Madrid, Casa de Velázquez.Solà Parera, A. (2008), “Las mujeres como productoras autónomas en el medio urbano (siglos XIV-XIX), en La historia de las mujeres: perspectivas actuales, Barcelona, Icaria, pp. 225-268.Solano Fernández-Sordo, A. (2015), “El papel de los monasterios asturianos en la configuración de la Villaviciosa bajomedieval desde una perspectiva documental. Contratos inmobiliarios en los ‘Forales’ de Valdediós”, en Construir la memoria de la ciudad: espacios, poderes e identidades en la Edad Media (XII-XVI), León, Universidad de León, pp. 227-245.Val Valdivieso, M. I. (2004), “Las mujeres en el contexto de la familia bajomedieval. La corona de Castilla”, en Mujeres, familias y linajes en la Edad Media, Granada, Universidad de Granada, pp. 105-136.
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Ryblova, Marina A. "Widows in a Traditional Family and the Don Cossack Community." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 66, no. 1 (2021): 279–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu02.2021.117.
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Based on the analysis of materials from the Don periodicals of the second half of the 19th century as well as data from field ethnographic studies of the late 20th — early 21th century collected in places of compact residence of the Don Cossacks, the article reveals the status and functions of widows in the Don Cossack community and family. The cardinal changes in the situation of widowed women in the family and community, in the economic and ceremonial spheres of life are shown, and the mechanisms for their adaptation to the new status are revealed. Features of the militarized way of life in the Don Cossack communities had an impact on the position of widows in the family and community. They determined their high status associated with the main social function — the guardians of the military glory of husbands. The special property rights of widows and their active participation in the life of the community, including Cossack self-government, were associated with this. The community secured widows’ rights to land allotment of the deceased husband and his property, defended the rights of the widow and her children, focusing not only on legislation, but also on customary law. In the Cossack milieu, there were also forms of psychological rehabilitation of widows: their inclusion in the ritual life of the family and community, support through the communities of odnosumy (fellow soldiers) and odnosumok (“female fellow soldiers”). These mechanisms enabled women who found themselves in difficult life situations to find a new place in society, opened opportunities for psychological rehabilitation, spiritual realization and continuation of an active social life.
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Blokhina, N. N. "To the history of «compassionate widows» activities and training in St. Petersburg and Moscow hospitals for the poor during the emperor Alexander I reign." Kazan medical journal 97, no. 2 (April 15, 2016): 306–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.17750/kmj2016-306.
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The article considers the «compassionate widows» activities and training at the beginning of the ХIХ century - the time of «Compassionate Widows’ Institute» formation in the Russian Empire. Empress Maria Fedorovna set up hospitals for the poor in St. Petersburg and Moscow, in each of which 200 patients in need of medical care were treated. Patients in the vast majority claimed to not only the close attention of the doctors who performed treatment at their time level, but also careful care. That is why in these hospitals quite many «khozhatyy» and «sidel’nitsa» worked. There should be quite intent control over them. In 1815, in St. Petersburg after a year of testing of «volunteered widows of the St. Petersburg Widows’ House», who cared for the sick at St. Petersburg hospital for the poor, after a solemn oath the title of «compassionate widow» was given to 16 of 24 widows. In January, 1818, Empress Maria Fedorovna ordered to engage «compassionate widows» to the patients care in the Moscow hospital for the poor, what was put into practice by this hospital main physician Kh.F. Oppel’. In the same year «compassionate widows» (two experienced and four under consideration) were taken to this hospital, sent to the two-week duty from Moscow Widow’s House. The probationary period lasted for a year, after which «compassionate widows» took the oath in the temple of the church. In the hospitals for the poor (in 1828 known as the «Marian») both in St. Petersburg and in Moscow «compassionate widows» who voluntarily devoted themselves to «look after the sick», were trained and instructed by clinicians. Evidence of «compassionate widows» extensive training in Moscow is a famous physician Kh.F. Oppel’ guidance «Guidelines and rules, how to look after the sick, for the benefit of everyone engaged in this duty, and in particular for compassionate widows, especially dedicated themselves to this title». This is the first Russian book, dedicated to the upbringing in female nursing staff the feelings of mercy and humanity when practicing their professional and civic duty. Kh.F. Oppels’ book is a remarkable historical and medical literary monument. It is the first medical guidance for the patients care, published in our country in Russian and addressed directly to the female medical staff.
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Sessiani, Lucky Ade. "Studi Fenomenologis tentang Pengalaman Kesepian dan Kesejahteraan Subjektif pada Janda Lanjut Usia." Sawwa: Jurnal Studi Gender 13, no. 2 (December 20, 2018): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.21580/sa.v13i2.2836.
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<p>Elderly women experience loneliness related to unexpected situations of partner loss (husband's death). Loneliness can have an impact on subjective well-being, life satisfaction, quality of life, mental and physical health, and even death. The purpose of this study was to describe and understand experiences related to loneliness for elderly widows. The subjects involved were 6 (six) widows due to the death of their husbands (widowed), widows of more than 1 year, and no history of psychological disorders. Methods of data collection using interviews and observation. This study resulted in the conclusion that an elderly widow can experience loneliness due to the loss of a spouse who is taken away by death. Subjective well-being and perceived life satisfaction are the results of a religious coping strategy that is effective in overcoming loneliness experienced. When feelings of losing a spouse can be overcome by religious behavior, enthusiasm for survival and re-establishing social interaction, the elderly can feel well-being and life satisfaction.</p>
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Macdonald, Charlotte. "Land, Death and Dower in the Settler Empire: the Lost Cause of "The Widow's Third" in Nineteenth-Century New Zealand." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 41, no. 3 (November 6, 2010): 493. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v41i3.5218.
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Exploration of dower right or the 'widow's third' in 1840s-70s New Zealand provides an additional perspective on marriage and property history to the better known story of late 19thC married women's property reform. New Zealand practice broadly followed the curtailed dower history of the 1833 Dower Act (England) with further acceleration driven by the desire to rapidly disencumber land title in order to free property in land for easy sale and exchange. Several dower cases are traced, revealing the circumstances of widows in the social and economic fabric of colonial communities. Debates in the settler parliament in the 1870s reveal increasingly divergent set of understandings around land as property, about inheritance and a concern for the situation of women within, but not beyond, marriage.
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Manungkalit, Maria, and Ni Putu Wulan Purnama Sari. "Tingkat Kebahagian dengan Kualitas Hidup Pada Lansia yang Tinggal di Panti Werdha Jambangan Surabaya." Malahayati Nursing Journal 4, no. 9 (September 3, 2022): 2493–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.33024/mnj.v4i9.7145.
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ABSTRACT Happiness in old age is slightly lower than happiness in youth regardless of the setting in which the elderly live, in the community or in a nursing home. Happiness contains the aspects of positive emotions and life satisfaction that contribute to the quality of an individual's life. This study aimed to analyze the correlation between the level of happiness and the quality of life in Panti Werdha. This study used a cross-sectional design. The population was all elderly who live in a nursing home of Jambangan Surabaya. Total sampling was applied in this study. The sample size was 150 elderly. The independent variable was the level of happiness as measured by the OHQ instrument, while the dependent variable was the quality of life as measured by the OPQOL instrument. The statistical test used was the Spearman Rank correlation test (α<0.05). Resulit 49.4% of respondents are elderly (75-90 years old), 52% of respondents are male, education level is 69.46%, 51.4% of respondents are widows/widowers and most of them have closeness to their children as much as 54, 35%. 38% of respondents have a history of working as private employees. Most of them have a moderate level of happiness (47.3%) but their quality of life was high (68.7%). There was a sufficient and significant correlation between the level of happiness and the quality of life in panti werdha (Rho = 0.456; p = 0.000). There is a strong and significant relationship between the level of happiness and the quality of life in the elderly living in panti werdha. Keywords: Elderly, Happiness, Nursing Home, Quality Of Life ABSTRAK Kebahagiaan di masa tua memang sedikit lebih rendah dari kebahagiaan di masa muda terlepas dari di setting mana lansia itu tinggal, di komunitas atau di panti werdha. Di dalam kebahagiaan ada aspek emosi positif dan kepuasan hidup yang berkontribusi terhadap kualitas hidup individu. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis hubungan tingkat kebahagiaan dengan kualitas hidup pada lansia yang tinggal di panti werdha. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain cross-sectional. Populasi adalah seluruh lansia yang tinggal di panti werdha Jambangan di Surabaya. Total sampling diterapkan dalam penelitian ini. Besar sampel 150 orang. Variabel independen adalah tingkat kebahagiaan yang diukur dengan instrumen OHQ, sedangkan variabel dependen adalah kualitas hidup yang diukur dengan instrumen OPQOL. Uji statistik yang digunakan adalah uji korelasi Rank Spearman (α<0,05). Hasil 49,4% responden adalah lansia usia tua (75-90 tahun), 52% responden adalah laki-laki, tingkat pendidikan sebanyak 69,46%, 51,4% responden adalah janda/duda dan kebanyakan memiliki kedekatan dengan anaknya sebanyak 54,35%. 38% responden memiliki riwayat pekerjaan sebagai pegawai swasta. Sebagian besar memiliki tingkat kebahagiaan yang sedang (47,3%) namun kualitas hidupnya tinggi (68,7%). Ada hubungan yang cukup kuat dan signifikan antara tingkat kebahagiaan dengan kualitas hidup lansia yang tinggal di panti werdha (Rho=0,456; p=0,000). Terdapat hubungan yang kuat dan signifikan antara tingkat kebahagiaan dengan kualitas hidup pada lansia yang tinggal dipanti. Kata Kunci: Bahagia, Kualitas Hidup, Lansia, Panti Werdha
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Barreira, David Alex Magalhães, and Milena Nunes Alves De Sousa. "Evaluation of The Risk of Falls in A Group of Older Adults: A Study in A Community in Paraíba." Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental 18, no. 1 (February 21, 2024): e04950. http://dx.doi.org/10.24857/rgsa.v18n1-095.
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Introduction: Falls become more common with each year of aging of the elderly population, often causing irreparable consequences and becoming a public health problem. Objective: To evaluate the sociodemographic profile and prevalence of falls, as well as their perception of the fear of falling, in members of a group of elderly people at UBS Metódio de Araújo Leitão.
Material and methods: To assess the risk of falls, the Downton and FES-I scales were used, analyzing intrinsic and extrinsic factors that contribute to this risk. Material and methods: Interviews were carried out to understand the situations and social contexts of this population, as well as assessment with relevant clinical information, such as medical history, comorbidities, and use of medications. The data was statistically analyzed to identify fall risk patterns and associated factors.
Results: The average age established was 72.3 years (SD=5.47), and the variable “age group” was dichotomized around the median (72 years), with a predominance of females 13/15 (86.7 %), widowers 7/15 (50.0%), of which 10/15 (66.7%) are retired, who have an average income of up to one minimum wage 8/15 (53.03%), and live alone 6/15 (40.0%). After applying the Downton Scale to the sample, it was found that 8/15 (53.7%) of the participants had a low risk of falls, while 7/15 (46.7%) were categorized as having a high risk, mainly due to conditions such as hypertension (use of hypotensive drugs) and vision problems (use of glasses). The FES-I tool showed that the majority of participants 10/15 (66.7%) had a mild limitation in relation to the fear of falling during activities of daily living. This suggests that these individuals have moderate concerns or occasionally think about the possibility of falling, but still maintain a reasonable ability to carry out their activities without major interference from fear. Final considerations: The profile of elderly people who have suffered falls involves multiple factors, demonstrating the need for constant changes in the environment in which the elderly person lives, as well as broad and comprehensive prevention on the part of themselves and their family members.
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Spichak, Alexandra V. "Features of Paperwork for Appointment of Widows as Prosphora Bakers in the Tobolsk Diocese in the 19th – Early 20th Century." Herald of an archivist, no. 3 (2021): 699–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2021-3-699-712.
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The article is devoted to studying the diocesan paperwork on appointment of widows of clergy as prosphora bakers in the 19th - early 20th centuries. It uses general scientific, historical, and special methods of document science. Despite an abundance of works devoted to the life of clergy in pre-revolutionary Russia, the issue of the Tobolsk Spiritual Consistory paperwork concerning request of the widows of clergy to appoint them prosphora bakers in the 19th - early 20th century remains unexplored. During the period of Church revival, it is of great importance to study the history of life of clergy and solution of their problems in the dioceses. The study is to identify the features of paperwork on appointment of widows of clergy as prosphora bakers in the Tobolsk diocese in the 19th - early 20th century. Having studied the previously unknown archival documents from the State Archive in Tobolsk, the author has found out what affected the duration of office-work processes and the number of their stages. Most quickly were solved problems of those women, who lived closest to the Tobolsk Spiritual Consistory, and of those, whose requests were uncontroversial. Thus, there was no need to collect the lacking data, to clarify the controversial points, to enter into correspondence, and the office work included the least number of stages — seven. The number of stages and, accordingly, time needed increased with the moteness of the widow’s place of residence from the city of Tobolsk, where the spiritual consistory was located. The main stages were nearly identical, however, sometimes additional documents were demanded. In case of appointment as prosphora bakers, these were, firstly, approvals expressing the consent of the parishioners and the clergy of churches in which women were to serve, or certificates of village councils, and secondly, tickets for travel to their places of service. These latter were not specific to this type of cases, but general for all personnel-related issues concerning placement in the service and transfer. Bureaucratization prevented widows from getting their desired place faster, but it contributed to a better preservation of documents, thus providing an opportunity for modern researchers to study valuable archival sources. The results of the research may interest archivists; they may be used in preparation of courses on records management, history of organization of office work, and of special courses on the history of office work in institutions.
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Poutanen, Mary Anne. "Inventories, Interiors, and Women’s Ambitions: Strategies of Property Ownership in Three Mid-19th Century Montreal Public Houses." Urban History Review 51, no. 1 (June 1, 2023): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/uhr-2022-0021.
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Notarized inventories provide an important window onto the interiors of public houses, the image that keepers sought to project of their businesses and of themselves, and the type of guests they wanted to attract. In this micro history, I examine the degree of differentiation amongst three widows operating modest businesses located in highly trafficked Montreal neighbourhoods, in particular, the composition of their domestic capital, the business strategies they employed, and if they achieved social mobility. We know from earlier studies that movables were significant assets for earning a living, often critical to the survival of a widowed, separated, or abandoned woman. My argument goes further. I contend that women attempted, and some were able, to convert movables into immovable property, assets that were more secure and versatile. While publicans displayed a wide array of skills, statuses, and achievements, these three cases focus on the critical threshold, that interesting set of people at the boundary, aware of and struggling to achieve property ownership.
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Collins, Kristin A. "“Petitions Without Number”: Widows' Petitions and the Early Nineteenth-Century Origins of Public Marriage-Based Entitlements." Law and History Review 31, no. 1 (February 2013): 1–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0738248012000727.
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In 1858, Catharine Barr wrote to the Pension Commissioner in Washington, D.C., seeking reinstatement of her widow's pension. Barr explained that she had been married to two men who had died in the service of the United States: first to George Bundick, “a young and beloved husband” who had died in the War of 1812; then to William Davidson in 1835, who had died in 1836 of injuries sustained while serving on the USSVandalia. She acknowledged that she was not, strictly speaking, a widow, as her current husband, James Barr, was still living and they were still married. She nevertheless sought reinstatement of the pension she had been granted as Davidson's widow. Pursuant to the terms of the relevant pension statute, Barr's pension had terminated upon her remarriage to James. However, as Barr explained to the commissioner, James “has neither been with me or given me one Dollar for my support since 1849, and I know not his whereabouts.” Having also lost her father in the War of 1812, Barr saw herself as particularly deserving of the federal government's assistance and believed that she and other widows in her position had a claim on the national coffers. “I for one,” she implored, “have no Dependence on Earth only what comes through my relations.”
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Brown, Jim. "Becoming widowed." History of the Family 7, no. 1 (January 2002): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1081-602x(01)00099-9.
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Mitter, Sreemati. "Pensioners, Orphans, and Widows versus Banks: Palestinian Financial History." Journal of Palestine Studies 50, no. 3 (July 2, 2021): 39–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0377919x.2021.1938482.
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Bauta, Sung. "Transformational Development: Empowering Christian Widows in Northern Nigeria." Mission Studies 37, no. 2 (June 19, 2020): 265–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15733831-12341718.
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Abstract Several developmental ventures have been used to empower African widows. Such development programs address the economic and social dimensions of the plight of African widows. However, most of these development initiatives tend to ignore religion in the development process. This article will argue that religion is pertinent towards empowering Christian widows in northern Nigeria. A case study of a non-profit initiative in a southern Kaduna village demonstrates that religion is necessary for empowering Christian widows in northern Nigeria. I explore the important role religion plays within Africa, and specifically in northern Nigeria. My assumption is that the wise use of religion to empower Christian widows is effective. I suggest that the implication for the wise use of religion to empower Christian widows would ensure that Christian widows draw from the religious sentiments towards personal and social transformation.
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Steinberg, Jennifer Weathersbee, and Gayle M. Roux. "Midwestern Farm Widows: Adaptation Following Spousal Loss." Nursing Science Quarterly 31, no. 3 (June 19, 2018): 296–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0894318418774949.
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The purpose of this descriptive study was to co-create oral histories of Midwestern farm widows. Rural widows constitute a vulnerable population due to issues of bereavement and depression compounded by emotional and geographical isolation. A farm widow is often forced to maintain viability of the farm for the family’s livelihood. Oral history interviews with nine Midwest farm widows were conducted and analyzed. Three overarching themes emerged: competence, industriousness, and inner strength. Women shared stories of overcoming insurmountable obstacles. This study contributes to the literature on grief and expanding inner strength among rural widows. Further research could inform theory related to inner strength following a challenging life event.
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Komandera, Aleksandra. "Entre l’absence et la présence de la Morte dans Bruges-la-Morte de Georges Rodenbach." Quêtes littéraires, no. 1 (December 30, 2011): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31743/ql.4645.
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In his short novel Bruges-la-Morte Georges Rodenbach presents an inconsolable widower, Hugues Vianne, who ties to immortalise his dead wife by the worship of her souvenirs and installing himself in Bruges, a “dead town”. The aim of the study is to examine how the absence changes into presence. Firstly, the Dead returns in Hugues Vian’s mind, the spouse appears in multiple portraits the widower contemplates every day and especially in the cult of her hair. Then, she reveals herself also in the history and the actual state of Bruges. Finally, the dead woman returns in her “double” – Jane Scott, a theatre dancer, who becomes for Hugues Vianes, his wife risen from the dead, unfortunately only for a while. Georges Rodenbach chooses absence as the main aspect of his novel but he joins it to all kind of attempts, especially related to the fantastique, to transform it into presence.
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Wister, Andrew V., and Pearl A. Dykstra. "Formal Assistance Among Dutch Older Adults: An Examination of the Gendered Nature of Marital History." Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement 19, no. 4 (2000): 508–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0714980800012496.
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ABSTRACTDrawing from life course theory, this article examines gender differences in formal assistance among functionally dependent Dutch older persons within five distinct marital history groups – first-married, never-married, divorced (not remarried), widowed (not remarried) and the remarried. Hierarchical logistic regression analyses are performed for each of the marital history groups to test hypotheses regarding the interrelationships among gender and three sets of variables: 1) measures of age and functional health; 2) measures of socio-economic status; and 3) measures of the social network. The results indicate gendered patterns of formal help use among the first-married, never-married and widowed. Consistent with other studies, older first-married women are approximately three times more likely to receive formal help than are men, a difference that remains robust after statistically controlling for other factors, including frailty of spouse. However, we also find that never-married women are about one-third as likely to use formal help than are never-married men, which may be reflective of different preferences regarding formal service use. Among the widowed, we find that men with poorer functional health are more likely to receive formal help than are their female counterparts, suggesting contrasting patterns of help-seeking behaviour and social vulnerability. Additional differences are observed among the marital history groups in terms of the other independent variables, which are also interpreted from a life course perspective.
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Oike, Machiko. "A Literary Analysis of Memory Books." Matatu 52, no. 2 (October 20, 2022): 416–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18757421-05202002.
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Abstract This study analyses, based on field research and textual analysis, memory book projects in Uganda as a folk-literary form. The memory book is a formatted workbook written by a parent, often a widowed mother living with HIV, for their child, about their family history, the parent’s life experiences, and their early memories of the child. This study first discusses the collective writing of memory books and how writers help each other in group writing sessions. It then analyses two memory books written by a 66-year old HIV-positive widowed farmer. It discusses her orality-imbued written narrative of history and daily life, and examines her representation of HIV. Instead of confronting her pain with a pen, like many literate writers, she contains the pain by embedding the passages on HIV within her broader life story. Thus, she surmounts and survives HIV and lives harmoniously amid her community, her family, and their history.
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Feinson, Marjorie Chary. "Where are the Women in the History of Aging?" Social Science History 9, no. 4 (1985): 429–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200015170.
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Many Historians of the social aging process have focused primarily on the experiences of aging white men. A prime example is provided in the seminal work of David Hackett Fischer, Growing Old in America (1978). In tracing the reversal in societal attitudes toward the aged, from gerontocratic to gerontophobic, Fischer argues that the authority of the elders in the eighteenth century was very great (1978: 220). Clearly, he was not referring to women for, as Fischer himself acknowledges, “no one would claim that colonial females exerted much political power.” And obviously, he was not including black male and female slaves or poor white men. Nor does his general theme of exultation apply to aging colonial widows who were treated with a contempt which deepened all the more by their womanhood. Some were actually driven away by their neighbors, who feared an increase in the poor rates. The legal records of the colonies contain many instances of poor widows who were … forced to wander from one town to another (Fischer, 1978: 63).
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Hegyi, Ádám. "Widows’ and Orphans’ Funds at the End of the 18th Century. An Attempt of the Békés Reformed Diocese to Establish a Widows’ and Orphan’ Fund." Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Theologia Reformata Transylvanica 68, no. 2 (December 30, 2023): 167–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbtref.68.2.11.
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The system of widows’ pension, orphans’ benefit, and old-age pension was established at the end of the 19th century; however, self-funding also had its antecedents in the early modern period. In Protestant churches, there is evidence that pastors tried to care for their widows and orphans from the 16th century onward. The first fund for the widows and orphans of ministers was established in the Reformed Diocese of Békés in the southeastern part of the Kingdom of Hungary in 1790. The institution, however, could not survive due to lack of capital. Keywords: pension, widow, orphan, Reformed Church, Hungarian Kingdom, pauperism, pension fund, history of pension
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Kettle, Ann. "Medieval london widows, 1300–1500." Women's History Review 4, no. 4 (December 1, 1995): 555–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09612029500200184.
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Bull, Ida. "Professions, absolutism and the role of widows." Scandinavian Journal of History 29, no. 3-4 (December 2004): 193–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03468750410003702.
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Moring, Beatrice. "Widows and economy." History of the Family 15, no. 3 (August 11, 2010): 215–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hisfam.2010.05.002.
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Pleskalová, Jana. "On the history of naming women in the Czech lands." Journal of Linguistics/Jazykovedný casopis 72, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 142–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jazcas-2021-0019.
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Abstract The study follows the development of naming women with names used in public during the period before surnames were introduced by law (i.e. before 1786). The analysis of anthroponyms proved that naming women reflects their social status. Daughters were most frequently identified by their first names and by their relations to their fathers, as well as wives and widows were most frequently identified by their first names and by their relations to their husbands. Naming units of a descriptive nature have originated in this way, with a tendency towards simplification during further development, e.g., Anna manželka Matěje Jírova … Anna Matěje Jíry … Anna Jírova (these are several stages of naming a person referred to as “Ann, the wife of Matěj Jíra”). Wealthy widows or wives of a more prominent social status than their husbands had the same complementary anthroponyms as men (Anna mlynářka skalická – “Ann, the miller of Skalice”) and their children or husbands were often referred to in the way the particular women were, e.g., Martin Evka (derived from Eva), Ondřejovi, Kateřininému synu (“to Andrew, the son of Catherine”). These facts prove that the way of naming women with names used in public was primarily determined by their social status, rather than by the gender.