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1
Widespread idioms in Europe and beyond: Toward a lexicon of common figurative units. New York: Peter Lang, 2012.
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2
Frijhoff, Willem, Marie-Christine Kok Escalle, and Karène Sanchez-Summerer, eds. Multilingualism, Nationhood, and Cultural Identity. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462980617.
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Before the modern nation-state became a stable, widespread phenomenon throughout northern Europe, multilingualism-the use of multiple languages in one geographical area-was common throughout the region. This book brings together historians and linguists, who apply their respective analytic tools to offer an interdisciplinary interpretation of the functions of multilingualism in identity-building in the period, and, from that, draw valuable lessons for understanding today's cosmopolitan societies.
3
Zorzi, Andrea, ed. Conflitti, paci e vendette nell'Italia comunale. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6453-117-5.
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This book is a collection of seven essays with an introduction by the editor. The contributions propose first-hand studies of some of the less researched aspects of the history of the Italian communes: the practices of conflict, vendetta and pacification. The variety of different ways of resolving conflicts brought to light by the studies for the various civic and rural contexts (Mantua, Parma, Pisa, Lucca, Florence and the Valdinievole), between the beginning of the thirteenth and the mid fourteenth century, indicate how normal such social relations were, the widespread nature of the feud and the legitimisation and centrality of the culture of the vendetta within the political arena of the commune. The book hence offers a precious contribution for a review of the prevalent narration of the vendetta in late mediaeval Italian society.
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Kuttikat, Anoop, and Nicholas Shenker. Fibromyalgia and chronic widespread pain syndromes—adult onset. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0160.
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Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is characterized by chronic widespread pain, excessive fatigue, unrefreshing sleep, and other associated somatic symptoms. FMS is common in the general population with an estimated prevalence of 2-4% and is about six times more common in females than males. FMS causes significant individual and societal costs. The precise aetiology of FMS remains unclear. Dysfunctional pain processing within the central nervous system is the primary abnormality. FMS is a clinical diagnosis based on pattern recognition and it can coexist with other conditions. A multidisciplinary approach, incorporating patient education, physical therapies, psychological therapies, and pharmacotherapy, is effective in managing these patients.
5
Johnson, Tom. Law in Common. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198785613.001.0001.
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There were tens of thousands of different local law-courts in late-medieval England, providing the most common forums for the working out of disputes and the making of decisions about local governance. While historians have long studied these institutions, there have been very few attempts to understand this complex institutional form of ‘legal pluralism’. Law in Common provides a way of apprehending this complexity by drawing out broader patterns of legal engagement. The first half of the book explores four ‘local legal cultures’ – in the countryside, towns and cities, the maritime world, and Forests – that grew up around legal institutions, landscapes, and forms of socio-economic practice in these places, and produced distinctive senses of law. The second half of the book turns to examine ‘common legalities’, widespread forms of social practice that emerge across these different localities, through which people aimed to invoke the power of law. Through studies of the physical landscape, the production of legitimate knowledge, the emergence of English as a legal vernacular, and the proliferation of legal documents, it offers a new way to understand how common people engaged with law in the course of their everyday lives. Drawing on a huge body of archival research from the plenitude of different local institutions, Law in Common offers a new social history of law that aims to explain how common people negotiated the transformational changes of the long fifteenth century through legality.
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Elsky, Stephanie. Custom, Common Law, and the Constitution of English Renaissance Literature. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198861430.001.0001.
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Custom, Common Law, and the Constitution of English Renaissance Literature argues that, ironically, custom was a supremely generative literary force for a range of Renaissance writers. Custom took on so much power because of its virtual synonymity with English common law, the increasingly dominant legal system that was also foundational to England’s constitutionalist politics. The strange temporality assigned to legal custom, that is, its purported existence since “time immemorial,” furnished it with a unique and paradoxical capacity—to make new and foreign forms familiar. This monograph shows that during a time when novelty was suspect, even insurrectionary, appeals to the widespread understanding of custom as a legal concept justified a startling array of fictive experiments. This is the first monograph to reveal fully the relationship between Renaissance literature and legal custom. It shows how writers were able to reimagine moments of historical and cultural rupture as continuity by appealing to the powerful belief that English legal custom persisted in the face of conquests by foreign powers. Custom, Common Law, and the Constitution of English Renaissance Literature thus challenges scholarly narratives in which Renaissance art breaks with a past it looks back upon longingly and instead argues that the period viewed its literature as imbued with the aura of the past. In this way, through experiments in rhetoric and form, literature unfolds the processes whereby custom gains its formidable and flexible political power. Custom, a key concept of legal and constitutionalist thought, shaped sixteenth-century literature, while this literature, in turn, transformed custom into an evocative mythopoetic.
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Mason, Elinor, and Alan T. Wilson, eds. Vice, Blameworthiness, and Cultural Ignorance. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779667.003.0004.
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Many have assumed that widespread cultural ignorance exculpates those who are involved in otherwise morally problematic practices, such as the ancient slaveholders, 1950s sexists, or contemporary meat eaters. This chapter argues that ignorance can be culpable even in situations of widespread cultural ignorance. It argues that moral ignorance often results from the exercise of vice, and that this renders subsequent acts blameworthy, regardless of whether the ignorance happens to be widespread. The chapter develops an account of moral-epistemic vice, and argues that two families of moral-epistemic vice may be common. Vices of arrogance involve the motivation to self-aggrandizement, while vices of laziness involve the motivation for comfort. If cases of cultural ignorance involve the operation of these moral-epistemic vices, then that ignorance ought to be viewed as culpable.
8
Holliday, Kate L., Wendy Thomson, and John McBeth. Genetics of chronic musculoskeletal pain. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0045.
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Chronic pain disorders are prevalent and a large burden on health care resources. Around 10% of the general population report chronic widespread pain, which is the defining feature of fibromyalgia. Fibromyalgia is a poorly understood idiopathic disorder which is also characterized by widespread tenderness and commonly occurs with comorbid mood disorders, fatigue, sleep disturbance, and cognitive dysfunction. A role for genetics in chronic pain disorders has been identified by twin studies, with heritability estimates of around 50%. Susceptibility genes for chronic pain are likely to be involved in pain processing or the psychological component of these disorders. A number of genes have been implicated in influencing how pain is perceived due to mutations causing monogenic pain disorders or an insensitivity to pain from birth. The role of common variation, however, is less well known. The findings from human candidate gene studies of musculoskeletal pain to date are discussed. However, the scope of these studies has been relatively limited in comparison to other complex conditions. Identifying susceptibility loci will help to determine the biological mechanisms involved and potentially new therapeutic targets; however, this is a challenging research area due to the subjective nature of pain and heterogeneity in the phenotype. Using more quantitative phenotypes such as experimental pain measures may prove to be a more fruitful strategy to identify susceptibility loci. Findings from these studies and other potential approaches are discussed.
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Holliday, Kate L., Wendy Thomson, John McBeth, and Nisha Nair. Genetics of chronic musculoskeletal pain. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0045_update_001.
Full textAbstract:
Chronic pain disorders are prevalent and a large burden on health care resources. Around 10% of the general population report chronic widespread pain, which is the defining feature of fibromyalgia. Fibromyalgia is a poorly understood idiopathic disorder which is also characterized by widespread tenderness and commonly occurs with comorbid mood disorders, fatigue, sleep disturbance, and cognitive dysfunction. A role for genetics in chronic pain disorders has been identified by twin studies, with heritability estimates of around 50%. Susceptibility genes for chronic pain are likely to be involved in pain processing or the psychological component of these disorders. A number of genes have been implicated in influencing how pain is perceived due to mutations causing monogenic pain disorders or an insensitivity to pain from birth. The role of common variation, however, is less well known. The findings from human candidate gene studies of musculoskeletal pain to date are discussed. However, the scope of these studies has been relatively limited in comparison to other complex conditions. Identifying susceptibility loci will help to determine the biological mechanisms involved and potentially new therapeutic targets; however, this is a challenging research area due to the subjective nature of pain and heterogeneity in the phenotype. Using more quantitative phenotypes such as experimental pain measures may prove to be a more fruitful strategy to identify susceptibility loci. Findings from these studies and other potential approaches are discussed.
10
Ishii, Makoto. Thyroid Disease. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0186.
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Thyroid diseases including hypothyroidism and thyrotoxicosis are common endocrine disorders that have widespread systemic and neurologic manifestations. The neurologic complications of thyroid diseases range from subtle muscle loss in chronic thyrotoxicosis to severely depressed consciousness in myxedema coma. Because many patients may not have overt systemic manifestations of thyroid disease, accurately identifying the thyroid disease as the underlying etiology and treating the underlying thyroid disease is critical, as restoring the patient to a euthyroid state can rapidly reverse the neurologic symptoms.
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Miriam, Goldby, and Mistelis Loukas, eds. The Role of Arbitration in Shipping Law. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198757948.001.0001.
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The financial crisis of 2007–08 saw a marked increase in global shipping disputes that is still being felt today. In recent decades, arbitration has emerged as the dominant choice of dispute resolution in the global shipping industry, with the establishment of major maritime arbitration centres in London and New York, and the recent emergence of new centres such as Singapore and China. At the same time, the immense advances that have been made and continue to be made in engineering, technology, and communications have led to the emergence of innumerable new trade practices, common understandings, and usages within which goods are carried by sea across the world, but which, because of the widespread use of alternative fora for dispute resolution, may be invisible to and unrecognized by domestic laws. This book asks: What are the implications of widespread use of arbitration for the continued development of shipping law? Are national laws on shipping destined to become ossified and obsolete? Is a new lex maritima emerging? And, most importantly, what is the role of the arbitral process in the evolution of shipping law?
12
Beattie, R. Mark, Anil Dhawan, and John W.L. Puntis. Coeliac disease. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569862.003.0033.
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Who to investigate 234How to investigate 236Diagnosis 238Treatment 240Follow-up and support 242Coeliac disease is an immune-mediated enteropathy caused by a permanent sensitivity to gluten which is present in wheat, barley, and rye. It occurs in genetically susceptible children and adults. The classical presentation is with chronic diarrhoea, abdominal distension, and failure to thrive. The widespread availability of antibody screening has considerably changed the clinical spectrum of cases seen. The testing of children with less classical symptoms and screening of children at high risk has brought increasing recognition of the varied presentation and increased prevalence of this now very common condition....
13
Accardo, Jennifer. Sleep Apnea. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0174.
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Sleep apnea is a common condition involving breathing during sleep, which nonetheless has consequences beyond the scope of either sleep or breathing. Repeated, reversible respiratory obstructions are related to abnormal ventilatory drives and decreased upper airway neuromuscular activation. They result in dysautonomia, sleep fragmentation, and increased cardiovascular risks. Obstructive sleep apnea classically presents with daytime sleepiness and snoring, and its effects on learning, cognition, and mood are pervasive. On a neuropathologic basis, corresponding damage to widespread brain structures is noted. Obstructive sleep apnea is considered treatable, but it is unclear whether its cognitive effects are fully reversible with treatment.
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Cavanna, Andrea E. Lamotrigine. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198791577.003.0007.
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Lamotrigine is a second-generation antiepileptic drug characterized by a wide range of antiepileptic indications, with an acceptable interaction profile in polytherapy. It has a good behavioural tolerability profile and a wide range of psychiatric uses. In patients with epilepsy, lamotrigine has shown antidepressant properties, as well as mixed effects on anxiety symptoms. Adverse behavioural effects (irritability, agitation, and aggression) are not very common and are usually observed in patients with learning disability. Lamotrigine has a licensed indication for the prevention of depressive episodes associated with bipolar disorder (a widespread use of this antiepileptic drug), whereas it is not indicated for manic phases.
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Jaggar, Siân, and Helen Laycock. Acute pain in the intensive cardiac care unit. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0073.
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◆ Cardiac intensive care units admit a heterogeneous patient group◆ Pain is common, occurring in up to 70% of medical and surgical patients◆ Effective analgesia is important◆ Pain is under-recognized and inadequately treated, particularly in medical patients◆ Consequences of pain are widespread, involving multisystem physiological changes◆ Pain causes significant psychological sequelae for patients, and ethical implications for physicians◆ Pain management should utilize a systematic approach. Ensuring optimal patient comfort requires:○ Understanding of the potential causes of pain in cardiac intensive care○ Using validated pain assessment tools to identify the presence of pain and evaluate treatment effects○ Employing a multimodal, multidisciplinary management strategy
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Jaggar, Siân, and Helen Laycock. Acute pain in the intensive cardiac care unit. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0073_update_001.
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◆ Cardiac intensive care units admit a heterogeneous patient group◆ Pain is common, occurring in up to 70% of medical and surgical patients◆ Effective analgesia is important◆ Pain is under-recognized and inadequately treated, particularly in medical patients◆ Consequences of pain are widespread, involving multisystem physiological changes◆ Pain causes significant psychological sequelae for patients, and ethical implications for physicians◆ Pain management should utilize a systematic approach. Ensuring optimal patient comfort requires:○ Understanding of the potential causes of pain in cardiac intensive care○ Using validated pain assessment tools to identify the presence of pain and evaluate treatment effects○ Employing a multimodal, multidisciplinary management strategy
17
Gloff, Marjorie, Melissa Kreso, and Richard Wissler. Neurologic Complications in Obstetric Anesthesia. Edited by Emma Ciafaloni, Cheryl Bushnell, and Loralei L. Thornburg. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190667351.003.0033.
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Neuraxial analgesia and anesthesia is routinely requested for women in the peripartum and postpartum period. Given that there is widespread knowledge of the benefits of obstetricians, mainstream media, and word-of-mouth communication, many patients expect to receive some form of neuaxial anesthesia during their peripartum experience. Neuraxial anesthesia can provide both pain relief during induction and labor and can provide surgical anesthesia for a variety of surgical procedures in the peripartum and postpartum period. While generally considered safe, neuraxial anesthesia is not without risk. This chapter discusses the most common neurologic complications associated with neuraxial anesthesia in the obstetric population.
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Pieth, Mark. What Is Corruption? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190458331.003.0004.
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After touching upon historical and legal definitions, this chapter defines corruption through a series of questions: Is there a common understanding what corruption means? Why has corruption been historically so ubiquitous, and why is it still nowadays such a widespread phenomenon? Is corruption really noxious? What made Western states and societies suddenly turn against corruption toward the end of the twentieth century? Are we successful in combatting bribery? Answers to these introductory questions will enable the reader to focus more on the different forms of corruption and their prevalence. It will also help to distinguish between problematic and less harmful forms of reciprocities.
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Oladeji, Bibilola D., and Kevin R. Robertson. Neuropsychological Evaluation for Persons with HIV and AIDS. Edited by Mary Ann Cohen, Jack M. Gorman, Jeffrey M. Jacobson, Paul Volberding, and Scott Letendre. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392742.003.0012.
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With recent developments in the classification and definitions for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND), neuropsychological assessments have become central to the diagnostic process. The pattern and manifestation of neurocognitive dysfunction associated with HIV have changed since the introduction of effective antiretroviral medications and their increasingly widespread use. Prior to the introduction of antiretroviral therapy, severe cognitive disorder presenting as HIV-associated dementia (HAD) was a common manifestation of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. In more recent times, however, milder forms of neurocognitive impairment have become more common, often being asymptomatic and difficult to recognize without formal neuropsychological testing. Hence, recognizing individuals at most risk for cognitive decline through neuropsychological testing will offer opportunities for developing targeted interventions that could delay disease progression and improve individual functioning and quality of life.
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Cohen, Jeffrey A., Justin J. Mowchun, Victoria H. Lawson, and Nathaniel M. Robbins. A 50-Year-Old Woman with Burning Feet. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190491901.003.0020.
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Small-fiber neuropathy typically presents with burning pain or with widespread brief stabbing pains, by atypical presentations including asymmetric sensory symptoms are common. Nerve conduction studies are usually normal, as this disorder test only interrogates large fiber function; in small-fiber neuropathy the pathology is restricted to smaller unmyelinated fibers. Autonomic neuropathy can accompany the painful peripheral neuropathy but can be difficult to recognize since the symptoms can be protean. In this chapter, clinical characteristics of small-fiber and autonomic neuropathy are discussed. Various diagnostic modalities are described, including the benefits and pitfalls of available options. The most common conditions causing small-fiber and autonomic neuropathy are reviewed. The controversy surrounding impaired glucose tolerance as an etiological factor is dicusssed. We discuss the available medications and outline a rational approach to treatment.
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Dunlop, Storm. 8. Localized weather. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199571314.003.0008.
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Although certain weather events, such as violent tornadoes, affect relatively small areas on the ground, there are a number of effects that are localized in their influence. ‘Localized weather’ first considers fog, which may be associated with widespread anticyclonic conditions leading to a significant drop in temperature at night, and relatively quiet, or windless, conditions. The two common forms of fog are radiation fog and advection fog. Haze and smog are also discussed along with local winds divided into two groups: sea, land, and lake breezes; and valley and mountain winds. Katabatic winds, föhn conditions, lake effect snow, ice storms, and glaze (or ‘black ice’) are also considered.
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Esdaile, Ben. Acne. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0248.
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Acne vulgaris is a common, chronic inflammatory disorder of the pilosebaceous unit (the hair follicle and accompanying sebaceous gland). It can be classified as mild, moderate, or severe. Mild acne is characterized by comedones (non-inflammatory lesions: ‘blackheads’ and ‘whiteheads’) being the predominant lesions. Papules and pustules may also be present but are few in number. Moderate acne is defined by more inflammatory lesions such as papules and pustules, with comedones also usually present. Severe acne is defined as widespread inflammatory lesions, nodules, cysts, and scarring. Moderate acne that has not settled within 6 months of treatment, or acne that is causing serious psychological effects, is also categorized as severe.
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Gluckman, Sir Peter, Mark Hanson, Chong Yap Seng, and Anne Bardsley. Vitamin B1 (thiamine) in pregnancy and breastfeeding. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198722700.003.0007.
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Vitamin B1 (thiamine) is involved in nervous system and muscle function and is essential for carbohydrate metabolism. Deficiency is common in Asia, where diets are often high in thiamine-depleted polished rice and can be low in other food sources. Pregnancy imposes an increasing requirement for thiamine over the course of gestation, and deficiency can lead to widespread metabolic disturbances affecting the placenta and fetus. Nutritional deficiency for thiamine is rare in people who consume a moderately varied diet that contains whole grains. However, excessive vomiting in pregnancy can cause thiamine depletion, in which case antenatal vitamins containing thiamine and other B vitamins may be beneficial.
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Bellamy, Alex J. Cataclysms. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198777939.003.0002.
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This chapter describes and explains the widespread practices of mass killing and persecution that characterized many parts of the region in the decades following the Second World War. During these years, mass atrocities were a common feature of political life in East Asia. This chapter provides a brief overview of some of the most serious of these atrocities. Some of those atrocities were unimaginably huge in scale—comparable to those committed by Hitler and Stalin. Some, especially those in China, accounted for millions of lives; others, such as those in Cambodia and East Timor decimated national populations—in both of these places, up to a quarter of the whole population was killed.
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Jenset, Gard B., and Barbara McGillivray. Corpora and quantitative methods in historical linguistics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198718178.003.0003.
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Chapter 3 provides an overview of the use of corpora and quantitative methods in historical linguistics over time. This chapter further substantiates the claims in Chapter 1 regarding the underuse of corpora and quantitative methods in historical linguistics, and traces some of the historical roots of the current situation. The chapter demonstrates that there has been a persistent underrepresentation of quantitative research in historical linguistics, but that various material (lack of cheap and accessible computing power) and conceptual factors (early quantitative methods that provoked a negative reaction) have held back a more widespread adoption of quantitative corpus methods. A number of common counterarguments to the use of quantitative methods are discussed and refuted.
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Bender, David A. 8. Functional foods, superfoods, and supplements. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199681921.003.0008.
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When a vitamin or mineral deficiency is widespread in a population, a common approach is to enrich or fortify a staple food. ‘Functional foods, superfoods, and supplements’ defines functional foods as foods that contain one or more added ingredients to provide a positive health benefit, over and above the normal functions of food to provide nutrients and satisfy hunger. Superfoods are ordinary foods that are especially rich in nutrients or antioxidants and other potentially protective compounds, including polyunsaturated fatty acids and dietary fibre. ‘Nutritional supplements’ covers a wide range of preparations which are regarded as foods rather than medicines, and in most countries are regulated under food rather than under medicinal legislation.
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Chhibber, Pradeep K., and Rahul Verma. The Myth of Vote Buying in India. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190623876.003.0006.
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A common view is that in Indian elections parties, politicians, and voters are engaged in a quid-pro-quo in which citizens vote for a politician who offers them individual benefits. We find no evidence that voters exchange votes for benefits. In fact, ideology is a better predictor of the vote than the receipt of private or club goods. The use of cash is indeed widespread in India during election time but money is needed to build the campaign, to mobilize votes and for candidates, and to establish candidates’ credibility as leaders of import. We show this using the survey data from national election studies, a case study, and the results of a small experiment in Tamil Nadu.
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Sabbagh, Michel, and John J. Freely Jr. Epiglottitis, Croup, and Stridor. Edited by Matthew D. McEvoy and Cory M. Furse. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190226459.003.0078.
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Stridor is a high-pitched sound representing partially obstructed or turbulent flow in the airway. Stridor can be part of the inspiratory or expiratory phase, depending on the origin of the flow disturbance. This chapter reviews the etiology of stridor and its subtypes. It also focuses on two important pediatric disease states where stridor is a defining characteristic: epiglottitis and croup. Epiglottitis has emerged as an uncommon cause of pediatric airway compromise, with the widespread use of Haemophilus influenza type b vaccination. Croup continues to be a significant cause of stridor, and is much more common, although less life-threatening. Current opinions on initial evaluation, anesthetic induction, intubation, and follow-up care for both diseases are discussed.
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Davies, Sara. Addressing the Gender Gap in R2P. Edited by Alex J. Bellamy and Tim Dunne. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198753841.013.26.
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Since its inception, the responsibility to protect (R2P) principle has been progressively narrowed in its scope and application in order to capture widespread support from governments and civil society. However, as this chapter will explore, R2P came perilously close to failing to recognize the gendered dimension of mass atrocity crimes and the prevention of these crimes. The chapter examines how R2P came to be characterized as ‘gender blind’, and details how, since 2006, the principle’s supporters have engaged and responded to this challenge. The author argues that there is a need to continually theorize and engage in areas of common discourse to collectively progress the mutual agenda of gender equitable human protection.
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van der Voort, Hein, and Peter Bakker. Polysynthesis and Language Contact. Edited by Michael Fortescue, Marianne Mithun, and Nicholas Evans. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199683208.013.23.
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Polysynthetic languages have been involved in a variety of language contact situations. In cases of occasional contacts, polysynthetic languages have been simplified, both by learners (approximate varieties) and native speakers (foreigner talk). Such simplified versions can be the source also of a number of pidgins based on polysynthetic languages. Those pidgins did not inherit the morphological complexity of the source languages, but instead use pronouns for person marking and largely analytic structures. Sometimes unanalyzed complex verbs are used, where the original meaning of the affixes does not play a role. The widespread idea that polysynthetic languages do not display lexical borrowings, but use internal word-building devices instead, should be qualified: loanwords are quite common in polysynthetic languages. In codeswitching, verbs stems rarely combine with foreign elements. Borrowing of pattern is more common than borrowing of matter, and areal diffusion of grammatical traits may lead to the proliferation of polysynthesis.
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Elkins, Nathan T. Nerva and the Roman Empire. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190648039.003.0004.
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While denotative images celebrating aspects of Nerva’s policy have attracted most scholarly study, their importance is overemphasized since the most common images on Nerva’s coinage are personifications of imperial ideals such as Libertas, Aequitas, and Fortuna. Many scholars have dismissed such images as generic and repetitive. There is a strong correspondence between the personifications and contemporary writers who ascribe the same qualities to Nerva. These coins thus visualize the written and spoken praise directed at Nerva by contemporaries. The frequency and widespread distribution of these images obviates the interpretation that the images were directed exclusively at the Senate. The generality of personifications allowed viewers to bring their own interpretation to them. Libertas, for example, is one of the most common images on Nerva’s coins, and could be understood in different ways by viewers. In addition to freedom from tyranny (a senator’s understanding), Libertas also could evoke freedom from taxation.
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Gendelman, Howard E., Igor Grant, Ian Paul Everall, Howard S. Fox, Harris A. Gelbard, Stuart A. Lipton, and Susan Swindells, eds. The Neurology of AIDS. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780195399349.001.0001.
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This resource discusses how neurological complications of progressive HIV-1 infection remain a common cause of morbidity even during widespread use of antiretroviral therapy (ART). It addresses how long-term resistance to ART, drug compliance, untoward drug side effects, a myriad of opportunistic infection, depression and other psychiatric disease manifestations, concomitant drug abuse, neuropathies, and an inability to clear viral reservoirs, explain, in large measure, disease progression and immune deterioration. It then covers the association with a number of psychiatric, muscle, nerve, infectious, as well as cognitive, behavioral, and motor disturbances seen in infected people, with a focus on the neurological complications, molecular and viral disease processes, cellular factors influencing viral replication therapeutic challenges, and the changing epidemiological patterns of disease.
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Levy, David. Technology, current and future. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198766452.003.0005.
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People with Type 1 diabetes benefit from appropriate use of technology when it is affordable. Insulin pump treatment, in increasing use from the 1970s, is becoming widespread, and in certain countries near-universal. The principles, indications for, and examples of available pump devices are outlined, and an approach to insulin dosing with pumps. Minor complications are still common, but hyperglycaemic emergencies rare, and overall quality of life broadly increases with pump treatment. Continuous glucose monitoring, in use since the late 1990s, is also increasing in sophistication. Blinded diagnostic systems are widely used in clinics, and more recently personal continuous monitoring devices have been shown to improve glycaemic control if worn most of the time. The ultimate aim – the closed-loop system, or artificial pancreas – is in sight.
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Martín-Vide, Carlos. Formal Grammars and Languages. Edited by Ruslan Mitkov. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199276349.013.0008.
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This article introduces the preliminaries of classical formal language theory. It outlines the main classes of grammars as language-generating devices and automata as language-recognizing devices. It offers a number of definitions and examples and presents the basic results. It classifies grammar according to several criteria. The most widespread one is the form of their productions. This article presents a systematic study of the common properties of language families has led to the theory of abstract families of languages. It shows that a context-free grammar generates not only a set of strings, but a set of trees too: each one of the trees is associated with a string and illustrates the way this string is derived in the grammar.
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Blocker, Jack S. Race, Sex, and Riot. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037467.003.0007.
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This chapter discusses racially motivated lynching and rioting in the Midwest, identifying the social coordinates of collective racial violence in Springfield, Ohio, in 1904 and 1906. Race riots represent only one form of antiblack violence. More common and widespread throughout the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was lynching, which is usually defined as an illegal group action causing the death of a person or persons under the pretext of service to justice or tradition. Lynching has been more intensively studied than race riots, strikes, political mobs, and other modes of violence and conflict across racial lines. Authors of lynching studies have portrayed this form of antiblack violence as arising from interaction between African American aspirations and behavior and white repression.
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Milloy, M.-J. Injecting While Incarcerated. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199374847.003.0003.
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Beginning approximately coincident with the advent of the global HIV pandemic, a growing number of qualitative and quantitative epidemiological studies have investigated the phenomenon of the injection of illicit psychoactive substances by individuals held within correctional settings. Empirical studies reveal that incarceration is a common experience for people who use illicit drugs, and injection while incarcerated (IWI) is an unintended if widespread consequence of the prohibition-based approach to regulating psychoactive drugs. Analyses of the spread of HIV, hepatitis C virus (HCV), and other blood-borne pathogens among injection drug users have identified IWI as an important risk factor. Although a number of evidence-based responses have been developed to mitigate the risks associated with IWI, they are unavailable to the vast majority of imprisoned people who use injection drugs.
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Prowle, John R. Renal injury biomarkers in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0302.
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Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication of critical illness and its occurrence has been independently associated with both short- and longer-term morbidity and mortality. However, conventional diagnosis of AKI, based on rises in serum creatinine, can be delayed and inaccurate, particularly in the context of critical illness. These diagnostic limitations potentially prevent timely intervention and appropriate follow-up of patients experiencing AKI. Recently, a number of novel urinary and serum biomarkers of AKI have been described that may provide earlier and more precise diagnosis. Importantly, a number of these substances are biologically-linked to the pathophysiology of acute tubular injury. However, true validation and widespread clinical uptake of these biomarkers is likely to require demonstration of improved patients’ outcomes as a consequence of biomarker-driven clinical interventions.
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Boudreau, Joseph F., and Eric S. Swanson. How to write a class. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198708636.003.0006.
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While there is no such thing as a “typical” C++ class, several common syntactical constructs lend themselves to extremely widespread use and must be mastered by C++ programmers. To motivate the discussion of software design at the level of the C++ class, examples from computer science and optics are introduced. Important syntactical elements such as constructors, destructors, copy constructors, assignment operators, cast operators, and const qualifiers, together with function overloading, operator overloading, and dynamic memory allocation are discussed. These concepts, illustrated with examples from physics, are presented and explained. Further examples from optical and quantum mechanical problems are left to the exercises. This chapter and its exercises gives the reader sufficient information to begin developing his or her own classes and to experiment with class design through trial and error.
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Moen, Vibeke. Neurological complications of neuraxial blockade. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198713333.003.0028.
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Neuraxial techniques for obstetric analgesia and anaesthesia are widespread, and serious complications are extremely rare. The most common of all complications following neuraxial blockade is postdural puncture headache, but headache may also be present in pathological conditions such as pre-eclampsia and sinus vein thrombosis. Headache may also be a symptom of cranial subdural haematoma, meningitis, and epidural abscess, all rare complications of central blockade, thus introducing a potential confounder in the newly delivered woman complaining of headache. Vertebral spinal haematomas are extremely rare in the healthy obstetric patient, but haemostatic disorders might develop following placement of an epidural catheter, thus increasing the possibility of spinal haematomas. Anaesthetists must be familiar with these rare complications, and perform neuraxial blockade avoiding traumatic damage, and using aseptic techniques. The anaesthetist will be involved in diagnosing a woman with neurological symptoms after labour and delivery, and must be familiar with common intrinsic obstetric neuropathies and clinical diagnostic procedures. This chapter describes complications following neuraxial blockade, as well as preventive and diagnostic procedures.
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Waldmann, Carl, Neil Soni, and Andrew Rhodes. Obstetric emergencies. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199229581.003.0031.
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Pre-eclampsia 518Eclampsia 520HELLP syndrome 522Postpartum haemorrhage 524Amniotic fluid embolism 526Pre-eclampsia is a common complication of pregnancy, UK incidence is 3–5%, with a complex hereditary, immunological and environmental aetiology.Abnormal placentation is characterized by impaired myometrial spiral artery relaxation, failure of trophoblastic invasion of these arterial walls and blockage of some vessels with fibrin, platelets and lipid-laden macrophages. There is a 30–40%, reduction in placental perfusion by the uterine arcuate arteries as seen by Doppler studies at 18–24 weeks gestation. Ultimately the shrunken, calcified, and microembolized placenta typical of the disease is seen. The placental lesion is responsible for fetal growth retardation and increased risks of premature labour, abruption and fetal demise. Maternal systemic features of this condition are characterized by widespread endothelial damage, affecting the peripheral, renal, hepatic, cerebral, and pulmonary vasculatures. These manifest clinically as hypertension, proteinuria and peripheral oedema, and in severe cases as eclamptic convulsions, cerebral haemorrhage (the most common cause of death due to pre-eclampsia in the UK), pulmonary oedema, hepatic infarcts and haemorrhage, coagulopathy and renal dysfunction....
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Allchin, Douglas. Sacred Bovines. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190490362.001.0001.
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Some assumptions about biology are so deeply rooted in our thinking that they seem beyond question. These concepts - expressed in playful jargon - are our sacred bovines. With a light-hearted spirit, Douglas Allchin sets out to challenge many of these common beliefs about science and life. Allchin draws on fascinating insights from science to illustrate the ironies in many widespread beliefs. Be prepared to challenge the notion that male and female are fixed natural categories. Or that evolution implies cutthroat competition in human society. Or that we struggle against a fundamental immoral nature. Or that genes establish our identity. Or that science progresses through rare leaps of genius. Or that politics and emotions inevitably taint good science. Sacred Bovines revels in revelations about the nature of science. Reflecting on the many errors in commonly accepted, everyday ideas also fosters creative thinking. How do we challenge assumptions? How do we "think outside the box"? The many examples here provide inspiration and guidance, further elaborated in a retrospective epilogue. An additional "Afterword for Teachers" highlights how the essays can foster learning about the nature of science and describes some practical classroom strategies.
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Gibbs, Margaret. The contribution of the clinical pharmacist in palliative care. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656097.003.0414.
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The inclusion of a pharmacist in the palliative care team is becoming appreciated and widespread. Effective medicines management can improve patient outcomes and have financial benefits for organizations. Most patients prefer to spend as much time as possible at home so pharmacist input in the community is especially crucial in ensuring they receive their medicines and have information to support them in taking them. Palliative care normally involves using strong opioids and the legal requirements surrounding their use can be complex. Pharmacists have detailed knowledge in this area so can advise services how to use them safely and legally. It is common practice to use medicines outside their licence in palliative care, for other indications and routes than originally designed and also when mixing them in syringes for continuous infusion. Information on these practices can be best provided by pharmacists.
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Jackson, Noel. Literature and the Senses. Edited by David Duff. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199660896.013.21.
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British Romantic writers were preoccupied with the senses and sensation to an unusually high degree. This chapter reconstructs some of the sources and consequences of this preoccupation. The notion that imagination depends on the senses derived both from a long-standing tradition of empiricist philosophy and from the contemporary physiology of the nerves. These intellectual contexts gave scientific validity and new impetus to conceptions of imaginative literature as, in William Wordsworth’s phrase, a ‘science of feelings’. Romantic writers routinely emphasize sensate as opposed to purely cogitative ways of knowing, and develop innovative accounts of embodied aesthetic response. Transmitting sensation from one person to another, the literature of sensation could facilitate more widespread social or political transformations. Less dramatically but no less significantly, the Romantics also pioneered some new and still relevant ways of understanding the most common, ordinary acts of sensation and perception.
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Messacar, Kevin, and Mark J. Abzug. Enterovirus and Parechovirus. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190604813.003.0003.
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Enteroviruses (EVs) comprise a genus in the Picornaviridae family. They are single-stranded RNA viruses and are common causes of human infection. Polioviruses, the prototypic EVs, were historically responsible for widespread outbreaks of paralytic poliomyelitis; now they are on the verge of global elimination through vaccination. More than 100 serotypes of nonpoliovirus EVs are described and are associated with a wide variety of diseases, ranging from respiratory infections, nonspecific febrile illnesses, herpangina, and hand-foot-and-mouth disease to meningitis, encephalitis, paralytic disease, myocarditis, chronic or disseminated infection in immunocompromised hosts (particularly those with defects in the humoral immune response), and severe disease in neonates. This chapter reviews disease manifestations during pregnancy and in neonates, with an emphasis on clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management. The newly emerging parechoviruses, important causes of central nervous system (CNS) disease, are also reviewed.
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Manuel, Peter. Chowtal and the Dantāl. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038815.003.0003.
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This chapter discusses two distinct traditional entities in Indo-Caribbean music culture—the antiphonal folksong genre called chowtal and the dantāl, a common metallophone—which have flourished in the diaspora. In fact, they have become considerably more widespread, on a per capita basis, than their counterparts in North India. In the process, they illustrate how the neotraditional stratum of the international Bhojpuri diaspora—including both the Caribbean and Fiji—can constitute an entity that shares features that, despite being of traditional Indian origin, nevertheless are distinct from the Bhojpuri ancestral culture. These phenomena illustrate how, in this sense, neotraditional Bhojpuri diasporic music culture is best seen not as a microcosm of its nineteenth-century Bhojpuri-region ancestor, but as an entity with its own distinctive features, in which inherited features may assume trajectories quite distinct from their North Indian counterparts.
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Raz, Gil. Buddhism Challenged, Adopted, and in Disguise. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190278359.003.0008.
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The arrival of Buddhism China during the first centuries of the common-era led to major changes in the Chinese religious landscape. Despite its foreign origins, Buddhism soon found Chinese adherents and by the fifth century was widespread and popular throughput China and among all social classes, from the royal courts to the aristocracy and the commoners. Some Chinese, however, viewed this popularity of Buddhism as challenging the fabric of Chinese society and culture. Indeed, many scholars explain the emergence of Daoism as a communal religion in medieval China as a response to Buddhism. The Chinese who rejected Buddhism emphasized that Buddhism was a religion of the foreign, and it was created by Laozi, the ancient Daoist sage, to “convert the barbarians.” This paper aims to examine a variety of interactions between Buddhists and Daoists in medieval China as they argued and debated their place in Chinese society.
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Stanev, Roger. Inductive Risk and Values in Composite Outcome Measures. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190467715.003.0009.
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Composite outcomes are becoming widespread in clinical trials. By combining individual outcome measures (e.g., death, non-fatal heart attack, non-fatal stroke, re-hospitalization) as a single composite measure, composites can increase statistical precision and trial efficiency, consequently enabling researchers to answer questions that could not otherwise be answered and providing more patient-relevant information. Critics, however, argue that a composite threatens the scientific objectivity of the trial by introducing new risks. This chapter examines common use of composites in cardiovascular trials and highlights the inductive risks involved in employing them. It shows that the inductive risk associated with a particular methodology (such as the use of a composite outcome) is not always clear in advance, so non-epistemic values are relevant to deciding whether or not it is worth using them. It also illustrates the importance of being explicit about which methodological choices were made and why.
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Fahrig, Lenore. Forty years of bias in habitat fragmentation research. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808978.003.0005.
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This chapter evaluates biases that contribute to the common misrepresentation of fragmentation as a major threat to biodiversity. The idea that habitat fragmentation seriously threatens biodiversity is so widespread that it might be considered a “conservation biology principle.” However, effects attributed to habitat fragmentation are usually confounded with effects of habitat loss. A recent review of the effects of habitat fragmentation per se (effects independent of habitat loss) indicated that 76% of significant effects of fragmentation were positive, and in no situation were most effects negative. Comparing the abstracts of papers with the actual results reported in the body of each paper revealed that fewer than half of the authors who found only positive fragmentation effects actually discuss these positive effects in their abstracts. Thus, authors themselves reinforce the misrepresentation of the fragmentation literature, potentially because authors fear that their results could be incorrectly used to justify habitat destruction.
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la Vecchia, Carlo, Cristina Bosetti, and Hans-Olov Adami. Thyroid Cancer. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190676827.003.0025.
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While thyroid cancer incidence has globally increased over the last few decades, mortality has been steadily declining. This is essentially due to increased diagnosis of papillary thyroid cancer, due to the widespread use of ultrasound scan. Thyroid cancer is one of the few neoplasms more common in women than in men. Familial and genetic factors account for 5% to 15% of papillary or follicular neoplasms, and the association is even stronger for medullary carcinomas. Thyroid cancer risk is strongly related to benign thyroid diseases, particularly nodules and adenomas and goiter. The other major recognized risk factor is ionizing radiation, in particular iodine 131. Aspects of diet related to thyroid cancer risk include iodine deficiency—particularly for follicular thyroid cancer. However, fish and cruciferous vegetables are not consistently related to thyroid cancer risk. Tobacco and alcohol do not materially influence thyroid cancer risk, whereas overweight/obesity and adult height might increase risk.
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Huggins, Mike. Early Modern Sport. Edited by Robert Edelman and Wayne Wilson. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199858910.013.16.
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The early modern, however defined, is a “sporting” period whose formal-structural characteristics and the extent of its continuity with modern sport are both still often debated. This chapter argues that it played a much more important role than is often recognized in the development of modern sports. Even though sport could sometimes be morally, religiously, and politically problematic, “sporting” material could then be found in a wide range of sources, from recreational guidebooks, manuals, and personal papers to fiction and newspapers. Such material was often linked to the lives of royal courts and the “better sort” rather than the common people, about whom, like women’s involvement, we know less. The more widespread development of rules was encouraged by their association with betting practices. The period also saw new sports lifestyles, better playing skills, new forms of associativity and institutionalization, slowly growing standardization, and the slow emergence of professionalism.