Relevant bibliographies by topics / Widespread and common

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Widespread and common'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 8 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Widespread and common"

1

Malkin, Ida, Frances M. K. Williams, Genevieve LaChance, Timothy Spector, Alex J. MacGregor, and Gregory Livshits. "Low Back and Common Widespread Pain Share Common Genetic Determinants." Annals of Human Genetics 78, no. 5 (June 24, 2014): 357–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ahg.12074.

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Clark, Gregory. "Commons Sense: Common Property Rights, Efficiency, and Institutional Change." Journal of Economic History 58, no. 1 (March 1998): 73–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700019896.

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Common property rights were widespread in English agriculture for at least 600 years. Since privatizing common fields allegedly produced huge profits in the eighteenth century, common land owners seemingly squandered 15 percent of potential income for generations. Ingenious explanations have been produced for this market failure. This article argues for a simple, brutal resolution. Common fields survived because enclosure was generally unprofitable before 1750, when changing relative prices made private property rights marginally more efficient. Then people responded quickly to modest profits. The rich gains from enclosure existed only in the imaginings of wild-eyed eighteenth century agrarian reformers.
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Leon-Cortes, Jorge L., Matthew J. R. Cowley, and Chris D. Thomas. "Detecting decline in a formerly widespread species: how common is the common blue butterfly Polyommatus icarus?" Ecography 22, no. 6 (December 1999): 643–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0587.1999.tb00513.x.

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Crowe, Olivia, Andy J. Musgrove, and John O'Halloran. "Generating population estimates for common and widespread breeding birds in Ireland." Bird Study 61, no. 1 (January 2, 2014): 82–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00063657.2013.868401.

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Elliott, Graeme P., Peter R. Wilson, Rowley H. Taylor, and Jacqueline R. Beggs. "Declines in common, widespread native birds in a mature temperate forest." Biological Conservation 143, no. 9 (September 2010): 2119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2010.05.022.

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Gallaher, Sean D., Rory J. Craig, Iniyan Ganesan, Samuel O. Purvine, Sean R. McCorkle, Jane Grimwood, Daniela Strenkert, et al. "Widespread polycistronic gene expression in green algae." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 7 (February 12, 2021): e2017714118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2017714118.

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Polycistronic gene expression, common in prokaryotes, was thought to be extremely rare in eukaryotes. The development of long-read sequencing of full-length transcript isomers (Iso-Seq) has facilitated a reexamination of that dogma. Using Iso-Seq, we discovered hundreds of examples of polycistronic expression of nuclear genes in two divergent species of green algae: Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Chromochloris zofingiensis. Here, we employ a range of independent approaches to validate that multiple proteins are translated from a common transcript for hundreds of loci. A chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis using trimethylation of lysine 4 on histone H3 marks confirmed that transcription begins exclusively at the upstream gene. Quantification of polyadenylated [poly(A)] tails and poly(A) signal sequences confirmed that transcription ends exclusively after the downstream gene. Coexpression analysis found nearly perfect correlation for open reading frames (ORFs) within polycistronic loci, consistent with expression in a shared transcript. For many polycistronic loci, terminal peptides from both ORFs were identified from proteomics datasets, consistent with independent translation. Synthetic polycistronic gene pairs were transcribed and translated in vitro to recapitulate the production of two distinct proteins from a common transcript. The relative abundance of these two proteins can be modified by altering the Kozak-like sequence of the upstream gene. Replacement of the ORFs with selectable markers or reporters allows production of such heterologous proteins, speaking to utility in synthetic biology approaches. Conservation of a significant number of polycistronic gene pairs between C. reinhardtii, C. zofingiensis, and five other species suggests that this mechanism may be evolutionarily ancient and biologically important in the green algal lineage.
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Dreyer, Bo, Lisbeth Tranebjærg, Vigdis Brox, Thomas Rosenberg, Claes Möller, Magdalena Beneyto, Michael D. Weston, William J. Kimberling, and Øivind Nilssen. "A Common Ancestral Origin of the Frequent and Widespread 2299delG USH2A Mutation." American Journal of Human Genetics 69, no. 1 (July 2001): 228–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/321269.

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Lohr, Michael T., Siegfried L. Krauss, Peter B. S. Spencer, Janet M. Anthony, Allan H. Burbidge, and Robert A. Davis. "Widespread genetic connectivity in Australia’s most common owl, despite extensive habitat fragmentation." Emu - Austral Ornithology 120, no. 3 (July 2, 2020): 249–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01584197.2020.1794908.

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VAN DYCK, HANS, ARCO J. VAN STRIEN, DIRK MAES, and CHRIS A. M. VAN SWAAY. "Declines in Common, Widespread Butterflies in a Landscape under Intense Human Use." Conservation Biology 23, no. 4 (August 2009): 957–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01175.x.

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Turin, Lauretta, Silvia Russo, and Giorgio Poli. "BHV-1: New Molecular Approaches to Control a Common and Widespread Infection." Molecular Medicine 5, no. 5 (May 1999): 261–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03402063.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Widespread and common"

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Mugodo, James, and n/a. "Plant species rarity and data restriction influence the prediction success of species distribution models." University of Canberra. Resource, Environmental & Heritage Sciences, 2002. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20050530.112801.

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There is a growing need for accurate distribution data for both common and rare plant species for conservation planning and ecological research purposes. A database of more than 500 observations for nine tree species with different ecological and geographical distributions and a range of frequencies of occurrence in south-eastern New South Wales (Australia) was used to compare the predictive performance of logistic regression models, generalised additive models (GAMs) and classification tree models (CTMs) using different data restriction regimes and several model-building strategies. Environmental variables (mean annual rainfall, mean summer rainfall, mean winter rainfall, mean annual temperature, mean maximum summer temperature, mean minimum winter temperature, mean daily radiation, mean daily summer radiation, mean daily June radiation, lithology and topography) were used to model the distribution of each of the plant species in the study area. Model predictive performance was measured as the area under the curve of a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) plot. The initial predictive performance of logistic regression models and generalised additive models (GAMs) using unrestricted, temperature restricted, major gradient restricted and climatic domain restricted data gave results that were contrary to current practice in species distribution modelling. Although climatic domain restriction has been used in other studies, it was found to produce models that had the lowest predictive performance. The performance of domain restricted models was significantly (p = 0.007) inferior to the performance of major gradient restricted models when the predictions of the models were confined to the climatic domain of the species. Furthermore, the effect of data restriction on model predictive performance was found to depend on the species as shown by a significant interaction between species and data restriction treatment (p = 0.013). As found in other studies however, the predictive performance of GAM was significantly (p = 0.003) better than that of logistic regression. The superiority of GAM over logistic regression was unaffected by different data restriction regimes and was not significantly different within species. The logistic regression models used in the initial performance comparisons were based on models developed using the forward selection procedure in a rigorous-fitting model-building framework that was designed to produce parsimonious models. The rigorous-fitting modelbuilding framework involved testing for the significant reduction in model deviance (p = 0.05) and significance of the parameter estimates (p = 0.05). The size of the parameter estimates and their standard errors were inspected because large estimates and/or standard errors are an indication of model degradation from overfilling or effecls such as mullicollinearily. For additional variables to be included in a model, they had to contribule significantly (p = 0.025) to the model prediclive performance. An attempt to improve the performance of species distribution models using logistic regression models in a rigorousfitting model-building framework, the backward elimination procedure was employed for model selection, bul it yielded models with reduced performance. A liberal-filling model-building framework that used significant model deviance reduction at p = 0.05 (low significance models) and 0.00001 (high significance models) levels as the major criterion for variable selection was employed for the development of logistic regression models using the forward selection and backward elimination procedures. Liberal filling yielded models that had a significantly greater predictive performance than the rigorous-fitting logistic regression models (p = 0.0006). The predictive performance of the former models was comparable to that of GAM and classification tree models (CTMs). The low significance liberal-filling models had a much larger number of variables than the high significance liberal-fitting models, but with no significant increase in predictive performance. To develop liberal-filling CTMs, the tree shrinking program in S-PLUS was used to produce a number of trees of differenl sizes (subtrees) by optimally reducing the size of a full CTM for a given species. The 10-fold cross-validated model deviance for the subtrees was plotted against the size of the subtree as a means of selecting an appropriate tree size. In contrast to liberal-fitting logistic regression, liberal-fitting CTMs had poor predictive performance. Species geographical range and species prevalence within the study area were used to categorise the tree species into different distributional forms. These were then used, to compare the effect of plant species rarity on the predictive performance of logistic regression models, GAMs and CTMs. The distributional forms included restricted and rare (RR) species (Eucalyptus paliformis and Eucalyptus kybeanensis), restricted and common (RC) species (Eucalyptus delegatensis, Eucryphia moorei and Eucalyptus fraxinoides), widespread and rare (WR) species (Eucalyptus data) and widespread and common (WC) species (Eucalyptus sieberi, Eucalyptus pauciflora and Eucalyptus fastigata). There were significant differences (p = 0.076) in predictive performance among the distributional forms for the logistic regression and GAM. The predictive performance for the WR distributional form was significantly lower than the performance for the other plant species distributional forms. The predictive performance for the RC and RR distributional forms was significantly greater than the performance for the WC distributional form. The trend in model predictive performance among plant species distributional forms was similar for CTMs except that the CTMs had poor predictive performance for the RR distributional form. This study shows the importance of data restriction to model predictive performance with major gradient data restriction being recommended for consistently high performance. Given the appropriate model selection strategy, logistic regression, GAM and CTM have similar predictive performance. Logistic regression requires a high significance liberal-fitting strategy to both maximise its predictive performance and to select a relatively small model that could be useful for framing future ecological hypotheses about the distribution of individual plant species. The results for the modelling of plant species for conservation purposes were encouraging since logistic regression and GAM performed well for the restricted and rare species, which are usually of greater conservation concern.
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Samarasin-Dissanayake, Pasan. "Population Differentiation, Historical Demography and Evolutionary Relationships Among Widespread Common Chaffinch Populations (Fringilla coelebs ssp.)." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/24633.

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Widespread species that occupy continents and oceanic islands provide an excellent opportunity to study evolutionary forces responsible for population divergence. Here, I use multilocus coalescent based population genetic and phylogenetic methods to infer the evolutionary history of the common chaffinch (Fringilla coelebs), a widespread Palearctic passerine species. My results showed strong population structure between Atlantic islands. However, the two European subspecies can be considered one panmictic population based on gene flow estimates. My investigation of effects of sampling on concatenated and Bayesian estimation of species tree (BEST) methods demonstrated that concatenation is more sensitive to sampling than BEST. Furthermore, concatenation can provide incorrect evolutionary relationships with high confidence when sample size is small. In conclusion, my results suggest European ancestry for the common chaffinch and Atlantic islands appear to have been colonized sequentially from north to south via Azores.
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Books on the topic "Widespread and common"

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Widespread idioms in Europe and beyond: Toward a lexicon of common figurative units. New York: Peter Lang, 2012.

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Frijhoff, Willem, Marie-Christine Kok Escalle, and Karène Sanchez-Summerer, eds. Multilingualism, Nationhood, and Cultural Identity. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462980617.

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Before the modern nation-state became a stable, widespread phenomenon throughout northern Europe, multilingualism-the use of multiple languages in one geographical area-was common throughout the region. This book brings together historians and linguists, who apply their respective analytic tools to offer an interdisciplinary interpretation of the functions of multilingualism in identity-building in the period, and, from that, draw valuable lessons for understanding today's cosmopolitan societies.
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Zorzi, Andrea, ed. Conflitti, paci e vendette nell'Italia comunale. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6453-117-5.

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This book is a collection of seven essays with an introduction by the editor. The contributions propose first-hand studies of some of the less researched aspects of the history of the Italian communes: the practices of conflict, vendetta and pacification. The variety of different ways of resolving conflicts brought to light by the studies for the various civic and rural contexts (Mantua, Parma, Pisa, Lucca, Florence and the Valdinievole), between the beginning of the thirteenth and the mid fourteenth century, indicate how normal such social relations were, the widespread nature of the feud and the legitimisation and centrality of the culture of the vendetta within the political arena of the commune. The book hence offers a precious contribution for a review of the prevalent narration of the vendetta in late mediaeval Italian society.
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Kuttikat, Anoop, and Nicholas Shenker. Fibromyalgia and chronic widespread pain syndromes—adult onset. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0160.

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Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is characterized by chronic widespread pain, excessive fatigue, unrefreshing sleep, and other associated somatic symptoms. FMS is common in the general population with an estimated prevalence of 2-4% and is about six times more common in females than males. FMS causes significant individual and societal costs. The precise aetiology of FMS remains unclear. Dysfunctional pain processing within the central nervous system is the primary abnormality. FMS is a clinical diagnosis based on pattern recognition and it can coexist with other conditions. A multidisciplinary approach, incorporating patient education, physical therapies, psychological therapies, and pharmacotherapy, is effective in managing these patients.
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Johnson, Tom. Law in Common. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198785613.001.0001.

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There were tens of thousands of different local law-courts in late-medieval England, providing the most common forums for the working out of disputes and the making of decisions about local governance. While historians have long studied these institutions, there have been very few attempts to understand this complex institutional form of ‘legal pluralism’. Law in Common provides a way of apprehending this complexity by drawing out broader patterns of legal engagement. The first half of the book explores four ‘local legal cultures’ – in the countryside, towns and cities, the maritime world, and Forests – that grew up around legal institutions, landscapes, and forms of socio-economic practice in these places, and produced distinctive senses of law. The second half of the book turns to examine ‘common legalities’, widespread forms of social practice that emerge across these different localities, through which people aimed to invoke the power of law. Through studies of the physical landscape, the production of legitimate knowledge, the emergence of English as a legal vernacular, and the proliferation of legal documents, it offers a new way to understand how common people engaged with law in the course of their everyday lives. Drawing on a huge body of archival research from the plenitude of different local institutions, Law in Common offers a new social history of law that aims to explain how common people negotiated the transformational changes of the long fifteenth century through legality.
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Elsky, Stephanie. Custom, Common Law, and the Constitution of English Renaissance Literature. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198861430.001.0001.

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Custom, Common Law, and the Constitution of English Renaissance Literature argues that, ironically, custom was a supremely generative literary force for a range of Renaissance writers. Custom took on so much power because of its virtual synonymity with English common law, the increasingly dominant legal system that was also foundational to England’s constitutionalist politics. The strange temporality assigned to legal custom, that is, its purported existence since “time immemorial,” furnished it with a unique and paradoxical capacity—to make new and foreign forms familiar. This monograph shows that during a time when novelty was suspect, even insurrectionary, appeals to the widespread understanding of custom as a legal concept justified a startling array of fictive experiments. This is the first monograph to reveal fully the relationship between Renaissance literature and legal custom. It shows how writers were able to reimagine moments of historical and cultural rupture as continuity by appealing to the powerful belief that English legal custom persisted in the face of conquests by foreign powers. Custom, Common Law, and the Constitution of English Renaissance Literature thus challenges scholarly narratives in which Renaissance art breaks with a past it looks back upon longingly and instead argues that the period viewed its literature as imbued with the aura of the past. In this way, through experiments in rhetoric and form, literature unfolds the processes whereby custom gains its formidable and flexible political power. Custom, a key concept of legal and constitutionalist thought, shaped sixteenth-century literature, while this literature, in turn, transformed custom into an evocative mythopoetic.
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Mason, Elinor, and Alan T. Wilson, eds. Vice, Blameworthiness, and Cultural Ignorance. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779667.003.0004.

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Many have assumed that widespread cultural ignorance exculpates those who are involved in otherwise morally problematic practices, such as the ancient slaveholders, 1950s sexists, or contemporary meat eaters. This chapter argues that ignorance can be culpable even in situations of widespread cultural ignorance. It argues that moral ignorance often results from the exercise of vice, and that this renders subsequent acts blameworthy, regardless of whether the ignorance happens to be widespread. The chapter develops an account of moral-epistemic vice, and argues that two families of moral-epistemic vice may be common. Vices of arrogance involve the motivation to self-aggrandizement, while vices of laziness involve the motivation for comfort. If cases of cultural ignorance involve the operation of these moral-epistemic vices, then that ignorance ought to be viewed as culpable.
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Holliday, Kate L., Wendy Thomson, and John McBeth. Genetics of chronic musculoskeletal pain. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0045.

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Chronic pain disorders are prevalent and a large burden on health care resources. Around 10% of the general population report chronic widespread pain, which is the defining feature of fibromyalgia. Fibromyalgia is a poorly understood idiopathic disorder which is also characterized by widespread tenderness and commonly occurs with comorbid mood disorders, fatigue, sleep disturbance, and cognitive dysfunction. A role for genetics in chronic pain disorders has been identified by twin studies, with heritability estimates of around 50%. Susceptibility genes for chronic pain are likely to be involved in pain processing or the psychological component of these disorders. A number of genes have been implicated in influencing how pain is perceived due to mutations causing monogenic pain disorders or an insensitivity to pain from birth. The role of common variation, however, is less well known. The findings from human candidate gene studies of musculoskeletal pain to date are discussed. However, the scope of these studies has been relatively limited in comparison to other complex conditions. Identifying susceptibility loci will help to determine the biological mechanisms involved and potentially new therapeutic targets; however, this is a challenging research area due to the subjective nature of pain and heterogeneity in the phenotype. Using more quantitative phenotypes such as experimental pain measures may prove to be a more fruitful strategy to identify susceptibility loci. Findings from these studies and other potential approaches are discussed.
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Holliday, Kate L., Wendy Thomson, John McBeth, and Nisha Nair. Genetics of chronic musculoskeletal pain. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0045_update_001.

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Chronic pain disorders are prevalent and a large burden on health care resources. Around 10% of the general population report chronic widespread pain, which is the defining feature of fibromyalgia. Fibromyalgia is a poorly understood idiopathic disorder which is also characterized by widespread tenderness and commonly occurs with comorbid mood disorders, fatigue, sleep disturbance, and cognitive dysfunction. A role for genetics in chronic pain disorders has been identified by twin studies, with heritability estimates of around 50%. Susceptibility genes for chronic pain are likely to be involved in pain processing or the psychological component of these disorders. A number of genes have been implicated in influencing how pain is perceived due to mutations causing monogenic pain disorders or an insensitivity to pain from birth. The role of common variation, however, is less well known. The findings from human candidate gene studies of musculoskeletal pain to date are discussed. However, the scope of these studies has been relatively limited in comparison to other complex conditions. Identifying susceptibility loci will help to determine the biological mechanisms involved and potentially new therapeutic targets; however, this is a challenging research area due to the subjective nature of pain and heterogeneity in the phenotype. Using more quantitative phenotypes such as experimental pain measures may prove to be a more fruitful strategy to identify susceptibility loci. Findings from these studies and other potential approaches are discussed.
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Ishii, Makoto. Thyroid Disease. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0186.

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Thyroid diseases including hypothyroidism and thyrotoxicosis are common endocrine disorders that have widespread systemic and neurologic manifestations. The neurologic complications of thyroid diseases range from subtle muscle loss in chronic thyrotoxicosis to severely depressed consciousness in myxedema coma. Because many patients may not have overt systemic manifestations of thyroid disease, accurately identifying the thyroid disease as the underlying etiology and treating the underlying thyroid disease is critical, as restoring the patient to a euthyroid state can rapidly reverse the neurologic symptoms.
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Book chapters on the topic "Widespread and common"

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Reeskens, Tim, and Quita Muis. "A New Democratic Norm(al)? Political Legitimacy Amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic." In The New Common, 189–95. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65355-2_27.

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AbstractThe worldwide COVID-19 pandemic has granted national governments far-reaching political powers to implement drastic non-pharmaceutical interventions to curtail the spread of the virus. For these measures to be effective, governments should be granted widespread political legitimacy. This is established when populations’ expectations from governments are in line with public support for these governments. In this chapter, we investigate changes in political legitimacy during the coronavirus crisis in the Netherlands. Amidst of the pandemic, we collected unique, representative data among LISS-panel respondents that supplemented the European Values Study 2017. We demonstrate that the Dutch public (temporarily) lowered their democratic aspirations thereby longing for strong leadership while simultaneously increasing their trust in the incumbent Government, which, combined, resulted in more political legitimacy. Because of an outspoken period effect, expectations are, however, that this legitimacy will not be long-lived in the new common.
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Postma, Eric, and Marie Postma. "Can AI Help to Avert the Environmental Great Filter?" In The New Common, 175–81. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65355-2_25.

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AbstractWhile the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our lives is still evident on a daily basis, there is a much larger disaster looming in our future. We are faced with massive evidence that civilization is threatened by a climate disaster, and drastic measures are needed to avoid a point of no return. Will humankind succeed in adopting the necessary measures in time?In this essay, we explore the potential of present-day AI systems to mitigate the apparent human inability to respond timely and adequately to the imminent peril threatening the existence of our civilization. We will argue that contrary to focusing on the widespread concerns of AI superseding humanity, the role of AI in climate change solutions needs to be prioritized and appreciated. To illustrate the potential of AI, we first contemplate the suboptimal human response to the nonlinear dynamics of the COVID-19 crisis. Subsequently, we generalize our observations to the climate crisis.
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"COMMON and WIDESPREAD VANGAS." In Wildlife of Madagascar, 166–67. Princeton University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781400880676-055.

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"COMMON AND WIDESPREAD SNAKES." In Wildlife of Madagascar, 242–43. Princeton University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781400880676-092.

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Stasavage, David. "Early Democracy Was Widespread." In The Decline and Rise of Democracy, 29–61. Princeton University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691177465.003.0002.

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This chapter begins with the democratic history of Athens. It explains how early democracy was more likely to flourish in small-scale settings, in instances where rulers lacked the coercive potential provided by a state bureaucracy, and when rulers found it difficult to monitor economic production and population movements. The chapter draws attention to ancient Mesopotamia during the third and second millennia BCE as one of the oldest examples of early democracy. It mentions the Danish Assyriologist named Thorkild Jacobsen who asserted that governance by assemblies was common in Mesopotamia before centralizing rulers destroyed this pattern. It also discusses debates about the ancient Indian republics that became colored by the colonial context.
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Kuttikat, Anoop, Nicholas Shenker, and Maliha Shaikh. "Fibromyalgia and chronic widespread pain syndromes—adult onset." In Oxford Textbook of Rheumatology, 1373–79. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0160_update_001.

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Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is characterized by chronic widespread pain, excessive fatigue, unrefreshing sleep, and other associated somatic symptoms. FMS is common in the general population with an estimated prevalence of 2-4% and is about six times more common in females than males. FMS causes significant individual and societal costs. The precise aetiology of FMS remains unclear. Dysfunctional pain processing within the central nervous system is the primary abnormality. FMS is a clinical diagnosis based on pattern recognition and it can coexist with other conditions. A multidisciplinary approach, incorporating patient education, physical therapies, psychological therapies, and pharmacotherapy, is effective in managing these patients.
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Johnson, Tom. "Introduction." In Law in Common, 1–16. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198785613.003.0001.

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The introduction sets up the main arguments and problems of the book. It opens with three short case studies, through which we are introduced to the kinds of people who will be encountered in the book. It gradually builds up the complex picture of legal pluralism in late-medieval England, and draws this together with the broader problems facing the historiography of law and society, namely, the problem of differentiating ‘the legal’ from ‘the social’ in a model where they are mutually constitutive. It goes on to suggest two frameworks for doing this: first, through the concept of ‘local legal cultures’, as the distinctive senses of law produced within constellations of local environments, socio-economic patterns, and legal institutions; and second, through the notion of ‘common legalities’, widespread practices through which ordinary people differentiated law from the social, both inside and outside of legal institutions. Finally, it explains the extent and range of local sources used to ground the book’s arguments, and the methodology employed in reading them as texts.
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Price, Jonathan. "Treatment of fibromyalgia (chronic widespread pain) and chronic fatigue syndrome." In New Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry, edited by John R. Geddes, Nancy C. Andreasen, and Guy M. Goodwin, 1330–41. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198713005.003.0131.

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Fibromyalgia (FM), one of the chronic widespread pain syndromes, and chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) are important and common conditions. They are considered together here because they are commonly comorbid and because of their similarities—they are long-term conditions with a relatively poor prognosis; central nervous system mechanisms and deconditioning play an important role in aetiology; graded exercise and psychological treatments have an important role in management; and comorbid mental disorders are common and have an adverse impact on important outcomes, including disability and chronicity. The prevalence of FM is rising, while that of CFS is declining. There is increased acceptance of the pivotal role of central nervous system factors in FM, while in CFS, the positions of different aetiological ‘movements’ appear bitterly entrenched. The main focus of this chapter is on FM and, in particular, key aspects of aetiology and treatment, especially those relating to the central nervous system.
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Pearson, David. "Books for the common man." In Book Ownership in Stuart England, 68–95. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198870128.003.0004.

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The best-documented private libraries are typically those of the educated, professional, or wealthy classes in urban centres, but there is plentiful (if scattered) evidence of widespread ownership of books across society more widely. This chapter examines this, using particular examples such as Bibles, where inscriptions and other annotations testify to these kinds of ownership patterns. The annotations in a book owned and used in rural Cumbria in the seventeenth century are described. The tendency for books to circulate within geographical localities, and to move from better-off households to poorer ones, is observed. Relevant recent scholarship in this field is acknowledged and summarized.
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Nagasawa, Yujin. "3. Why do so many people believe in miracles?" In Miracles: A Very Short Introduction, 51–69. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198747215.003.0003.

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‘Why do so many people believe in miracles?’ considers why it is that the belief in miracles is so widespread. It addresses a number of remarkable recent findings in psychology that seem to support the miracle bias hypothesis. According to this hypothesis, belief in miracles is widespread because humans are cognitively and developmentally biased towards forming and transmitting such a belief. The minimal counterintuitiveness theory suggests concepts that deviate slightly from intuitive expectations can be transmitted more successfully than common concepts that are compatible with expectations. This theory applies across cultures, which may be why miracle episodes are common irrespective of geographical location or religious tradition.
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Conference papers on the topic "Widespread and common"

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Contin, Antonella, Patrizia Giordano, and Valentina Galiulo. "Ragusa Ibla_S. Paolo neighbourhood: regeneration cultural common." In Post-Oil City Planning for Urban Green Deals Virtual Congress. ISOCARP, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/umyb6761.

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In XX century Italy abandonment is a widespread phenomenon. In the case of S. Paolo – a neighbourhood in the periphery of Ragusa Ibla, a UNESCO site in Sicily -, abandonment is linked to 1) the fragility of its geographical position; 2) the contraction of economic growth; 3) the lack of "modern" urban services. These three factors are interlinked and active as circular causes of the present condition of abandonment of S. Paolo. The paper presents our proposal of intervention working on the three factors together through a two-steps method: first we clarify at different scales the issue (abandonment) and the processes that are producing it; then, we intervene on the three circular and non-linear causes, according to our vision of complexity. Our method also acts on the currently widespread development practices, which could entail the risk of manipulating the identity of a historical place in defining not a collective but only a private space (planning gentrification) and without producing a sustainable project in the long-term spam. We follow a Design Thinkers approach within a Practice of Metropolitan Discipline: every analysis is project oriented and evidence based.
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Henderson, Michael R. "An Overview of GMAW Including Applications, Common Problems and Solutions." In ASME 2006 Pressure Vessels and Piping/ICPVT-11 Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2006-icpvt-11-93706.

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Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) is said to be one of the easiest welding processes to learn and use. Because of its high deposition rates and little post-weld cleaning required, GMAW is a popular choice for a variety of applications including almost all commercially important metals. Another factor contributing to the widespread use of GMAW is the various modes of metal transfer including short circuit, spray, surface tension transfer (STT), etc. These different modes of transfer enable GMAW to be tailored to different situations. For instance, some applications may require deep penetration or other applications may be for welding very thin sections. However, these factors along with others may result in inferior welds if not monitored closely. Problems such as weld porosity, lack of fusion, and lack of shielding gas coverage can all lead to inadequate welds which can lead to larger problems if not corrected. Many common drawbacks to the GMAW process can be remedied quite easily with proper time and attention. Taking the time and effort to produce a sound weld may, however, negate the superior deposition rates of GMAW thereby limiting its use to fewer applications. This welding process can be extremely effective when used properly. However, the key is to not sacrifice weld quality for the sake of production. GMAW applications, modes of transfer, along with common problems and solutions associated with the process will all be discussed and detailed.
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Kobayashi, Hideo, Hiroshi Kobayashi, Takeru Sano, Takashi Maeda, Hiroaki Tamura, Ayumu Ishizuka, Mitsuo Kimura, et al. "Methods of Material Testing in High-Pressure Hydrogen Environment and Evaluation of Hydrogen Compatibility of Metallic Materials: Current Status in Japan." In ASME 2018 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2018-84112.

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In Japan, with regards to the widespread commercialization of 70 MPa-class hydrogen refueling stations and fuel cell vehicles, two national projects have been promoted on both the infrastructure and the automobile sides. These projects have been promoted to establish the criteria for determining hydrogen compatibility of materials and to expand the usable materials for high-pressure hydrogen environment. For these projects, establishing test methods to evaluate the hydrogen compatibility of materials is one of the most important tasks. This paper describes the status of common standardization of testing methods. Two projects share a common database for the testing results, which is currently put to practical use.
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Button, Keith D., Kevin M. Leikert, Ryan S. Fajardo, Tammy L. Haut Donahue, and Roger C. Haut. "Development of a Traumatic Anterior Cruciate Ligament and Meniscal Rupture Model to Study Osteoarthritis." In ASME 2013 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2013-14287.

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Participation in sports, recreation, and exercise is progressively gaining more popularity in American culture and, along with it, the risk of acute and chronic injuries. People who injure a knee before the age of 22 have a greater than 3-fold risk of developing osteoarthritis (OA) in the injured joint by their mid 50s 5. Specifically, anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and meniscal injuries are strongly associated with the development of OA 4, a common and widespread musculoskeletal disease 1.
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Prasad, Biren. "A Concurrent Structure for a Model-Based Information Management System." In ASME 1995 15th International Computers in Engineering Conference and the ASME 1995 9th Annual Engineering Database Symposium collocated with the ASME 1995 Design Engineering Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/edm1995-0842.

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Abstract Tools for modeling the physics of complex engineering devices and for simulation of their behavior are widely available. But, despite advances in requisite hardware and software, their use in CE has not become widespread. On a critical level, the missing ingredient is the array of models that is required to adequately capture the variability of the problems and their environment. The role of classifying the various types of models which capture the CE phenomena is crucial in accomplishing CE benefits. Such classification leads to a common set of CE process templates. This paper discusses this classification and CE process templates.
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Ngaile, Gracious, and Chen Yang. "Analytical Model for the Characterization of the Guiding Zone Tribotest for Tube Hydroforming." In ASME 2008 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference collocated with the 3rd JSME/ASME International Conference on Materials and Processing. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec_icmp2008-72250.

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Common part failures in tube hydroforming include wrinkling, premature fracture, and unacceptable part surface quality. Some of these failures are attributed to the inability to optimize tribological conditions. There has been an increasing demand for the development of effective lubricants for tube hydroforming, due to widespread application of this process. This paper presents an analytical model of the guiding zone tribotest commonly used to evaluate lubricant performance for tube hydroforming. Through a mechanistic approach, a closed-form solution for the field variables contact pressure, effective stress/strain, longitudinal stress/strain, and hoop stress can be computed. The analytical model was validated by the finite element method. In addition to determining friction coefficient, the expression for local state of stress and strain on the tube provides an opportunity for in-depth study of the behavior of lubricant and associated lubrication mechanisms. The model can aid as a quick tool for iterating geometric variables in the design of a guiding zone, which is an integral part of tube hydroforming tooling.
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Bonta, Purnima V. S., Chad B. O’Neal, and Sathiya Muthusami. "Micro Fuel Cell Technologies, Advancements, and Challenges." In ASME 2005 3rd International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2005-74026.

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Compact fuel cells are gaining widespread recognition as the next generation power sources for portable and micro-scale electronics. Fuel cells are being implemented at the macro as well as microscale to provide pollution-free, high-density energy for various electronic applications. Micro fuel cells have been an innovative step in the direction of fuel cell miniaturization, and technologies are currently being developed for their commercialization. This paper is a review of micro fuel cell technologies based on an extensive study of the existing literature with the objective of identifying common components, designs, and fabrication methods for silicon based fuel cells, and compiling that information into a single location. This paper also evaluates the potential prospects for silicon micro fuel cells and various approaches employed to overcome several technical challenges.
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Barone, William R., Rouzbeh Amini, Spandan Maiti, Pamela Moalli, and Steven Abramowitch. "The Impact of Boundary Conditions on Surface Curvature Measurements of Polypropylene Mesh in Response to Uniaxial Loading." In ASME 2013 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2013-14598.

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Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is defined as the descent of the pelvic organs into the vaginal canal. POP is a widespread condition among women, with a 7% lifetime risk for a single operation1. For surgical treatment, polypropylene mesh is often implanted to restore support to the pelvic organs. However, up to 20% of those who undergo surgery with mesh will require repeat operations for recurrent symptoms or complications2. One of the most common complications is mesh erosion3. Erosion is characterized by degeneration of the native vaginal tissue in contact with the mesh, resulting in the mesh migrating through the vagina. Though the cause of mesh erosion is undefined, surgeons have described this complication by the appearance of mesh “contraction”, “buckling”, “wrinkling”, and/or “bunching”. Some have even described this as an “accordion effect”.
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Brittell, Megen. "Seeking a Reference Frame for Cartographic Sonification." In The 24th International Conference on Auditory Display. Arlington, Virginia: The International Community for Auditory Display, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21785/icad2018.020.

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Sonification of geospatial data must situate data values in two (or three) dimensional space. The need to position data values in space distinguishes geospatial data from other multi-dimensional data sets. While cartographers have extensive experience preparing geospatial data for visual display, the use of sonification is less common. Beyond availability of tools or visual bias, an incomplete understanding of the implications of parameter mappings that cross conceptual data categories limits the application of sonification to geospatial data. To catalyze the use of audio in cartography, this paper explores existing examples of parameter mapping sonification through the framework of the geographic data cube. More widespread adoption of auditory displays would diversify map design techniques, enhance accessibility of geospatial data, and may also provide new perspective for application to non-geospatial data sets.
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Boliev, E. Sh, and Sh A. Makhamadaminova. "RHINOPLASTY OF POSTTRAUMATIC NOSE INJURIES." In SCIENCE, CULTURE, EDUCATION: CURRENT ISSUES, ACHIEVEMENTS AND INNOVATIONS. INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC AND CURRENT RESEARCH CONFERENCES, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/iscrc-intconf06-01.

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The aesthetic and functional significance of the external nose gives particular relevance to the treatment of its injuries. The social importance of the problem is caused by the widespread prevalence of nasoseptal injuries, the frequency of development ofserious post-traumatic disorders of the appearance and normal physiology of patients, and unsatisfactory results of treatment of this pathology. The pyramid of the nose is the most vulnerable and fragile part of the facial skull, therefore, fractures of the nasal bones constitute a significant proportion of all injuries of the musculoskeletal system and occupy the third place among the total number of fractures of the human skeleton, are the most common among emergency conditions of ENT organs. In the general population, patients with this pathology account for up to 0.021%.
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Reports on the topic "Widespread and common"

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Ndhlovu, Lewis, Catherine Searle, and Johannes van Dam. Strengthening STI treatment and HIV/AIDS prevention services in Carletonville, South Africa. Population Council, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/hiv15.1001.

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Although knowledge about HIV/AIDS is widespread in South Africa, adult HIV prevalence is high, indicating high levels of risky sexual behavior. Understanding the gap between knowledge and behavior requires an examination of the social context in which the epidemic occurs. The Horizons Program conducted an intervention study in the Carletonville area to study the social determinants of the HIV epidemic and to assess the impact of a targeted program of HIV and STI prevention and service delivery. In 1998, the Mothusimpilo (“Working together for health”) Intervention Project (MIP) was launched to reduce community prevalence of HIV and other STIs and to sustain those reductions through enhanced prevention and STI treatment services. Carletonville includes many migrant mine workers and is characterized by significant poverty and unemployment, the presence of sex work, and high rates of STIs. MIP targets population groups where high-risk sexual behavior is thought to be common. This brief focuses on sex workers because of their vulnerability to STIs and HIV infection and their link to miners and men in the broader community.
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Fehey, Kristina, and Dustin Perkins. Invasive exotic plant monitoring in Capitol Reef National Park: 2019 field season, Scenic Drive and Cathedral Valley Road. Edited by Alice Wondrak Biel. National Park Service, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2286627.

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Invasive exotic plant (IEP) species are a significant threat to natural ecosystem integrity and biodiversity, and controlling them is a high priority for the National Park Service. The North-ern Colorado Plateau Network (NCPN) selected the early detection of IEPs as one of 11 monitoring protocols to be implemented as part of its long-term monitoring program. From May 30 to June 1, 2019, network staff conducted surveys for priority IEP species along the Scenic Drive and Cathedral Valley Road monitoring routes at Capitol Reef National Park. We detected 119 patches of six priority IEP species along 34 kilometers of the two monitor-ing routes. There were more patches of IEPs, and a higher percentage of large patches, than in previous years. This indicates that previously identified infestations have expanded and grown. The most common (47.1%) patch size among priority species was 1,000–2,000 m2 (0.25–0.5 acre). The vast majority (93.2%) of priority patches ranked either low (58.8%) or very low (34.4%) on the patch management index scale. Tamarisk (Tamarix sp., 72 patches) was the most prevalent priority IEP species. African mustard (Malcolmia africana, 32 patch-es), field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis, 9 patches), and Russian olive (Elaeagnus angusti-folia, 3 patches) occurred less commonly. Together, these four species represented 97.5% of all patches recorded in 2019. Four IEP species were found on the monitored routes for the first time: Russian olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia), quackgrass (Elymus repens), Siberian elm (Ulmus pumila), and African mustard (Malcolmia africana, not on the priority species list before 2019). Cathedral Valley Road had higher IEP priority patches per kilometer (5.68) than the Scenic Drive (2.05). IEP species were found on 37.9% (25 of 66) of monitored transects. Almost all these detections were Russian thistle (Salsola sp.). Russian thistle was widespread, present in 33.3% of transects, with an estimated cover of 0.2% across all transects sampled. Across routes monitored in all three rotations (2012, 2015, and 2019), Russian thistle has increased in frequency. However, its frequency remained about the same from 2015 to 2019, and percent cover remains low. Tamarisk and field bindweed have both increased in preva-lence since monitoring began, with tamarisk showing a dramatic increase in the number and size of patches. Immediate control of tamarisk and these other species is recommended to reduce their numbers on these routes. The NCPN plans to Capitol Reef in 2020 to monitor Oak and Pleasant creeks, completing the third rotation of invasive plant monitoring.
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Mudge, Christopher R., and Kurt D. Getsinger. Comparison of Generic and Proprietary Aquatic Herbicides for Control of Invasive Vegetation : Part 2. Emergent Plants. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/39679.

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Aquatic herbicides are one of the most effective and widespread ways to manage nuisance vegetation in the US After the active ingredient is selected, often there are numerous proprietary and generic branded products to select from. To date, limited efforts have been made to compare the efficacy of brand name and generic herbicides head to head; therefore, at tot al of 20 mesocosm trials were conducted to evaluate various 2,4 -D, glyphosate, imazapyr, and triclopyr products against alligatorweed (Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb.), southern cattail (hereafter referred to as cattail, Typha domingensis Pers.), and creeping water primrose (hereafter referred as primrose, Ludwigia peploides (Kunth) P.H. Raven). All active ingredients were applied to foliage at broadcast rates commonly used in applications to public waters. Proprietary and generic 2,4 -D, glyphosate, imazapyr, and triclopyr were efficacious and provided 39 to 99% control of alligatorweed, cattail and primrose in 19 of the 20 trials. There were no significant differences i n product performance except glyphosate vs. alligatorweed (trial 1, Rodeo vs. Roundup Custom) and glyphosate vs. cattail (trial 1, Rodeo vs. Glyphosate 5.4). These results demonstrate under small -scale conditions, the majority of the generic and proprietary herbicides provided similar control of emergent vegetation, regardless of active ingredient
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Ruiz de Gauna, Itziar, Anil Markandya, Laura Onofri, Francisco (Patxi) Greño, Javier Warman, Norma Arce, Alejandra Navarrete, et al. Economic Valuation of the Ecosystem Services of the Mesoamerican Reef, and the Allocation and Distribution of these Values. Inter-American Development Bank, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003289.

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Coral reefs are one of the most diverse and valuable ecosystems on Earth. The Mesoamerican Reef contains the largest barrier reef in the Western Hemisphere. However, its health is threatened, so there is a need for a management and sustainable conservation. Key to this is knowing the economic value of the ecosystem. “Mainstreaming the value of natural capital into policy decision-making is vital” The value of environmental and natural resources reflects what society is willing to pay for a good or service or to conserve natural resources. Conventional economic approaches tended to view value only in terms of the willingness to pay for raw materials and physical products generated for human production and consumption (e.g. fish, mining materials, pharmaceutical products, etc.). As recognition of the potential negative impacts of human activity on the environment became more widespread, economists began to understand that people might also be willing to pay for other reasons beyond the own current use of the service (e.g. to protect coral reefs from degradation or to know that coral reefs will remain intact in the future). As a result of this debate, Total Economic Value (TEV) became the most widely used and commonly accepted framework for classifying economic benefits of ecosystems and for trying to integrate them into decision-making. This report estimates the economic value of the following goods and services provided by the MAR's coral reefs: Tourism & Recreation, Fisheries, Shoreline protection. To our knowledge, the inclusion of non-use values in the economic valuation of the Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System is novel, which makes the study more comprehensive.
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