Journal articles: 'Wholesale system'

1

Das, Chandrasekhar, and Rajesh Tyagi. "WHOLESALER: A Decision Support System for Wholesale Procurement and Distribution." International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management 24, no. 10 (December 1994): 4–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09600039410074746.

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Atreya, PN, and A. Kafle. "Production practice, market and value chain study of organic apple of Jumla." Journal of Agriculture and Environment 17 (May 7, 2018): 11–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/aej.v17i0.19855.

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This study was undertaken to explore the market and value chain of apple in Jumla and Nepaljung in January 2014. Primary and secondary data were used for this study. All together 10 respondent farmers were selected for production related data, five retailers from Jumla and Nepaljung, one wholesaler from Nepaljung and 10 consumers for market study. Highest wholesale price was observed in May/June - June/July (NRs. 145/kg) while lowest was in Sept./Oct.-Oct./Nov. (NRs. 83/kg). Similarly highest retail price (NRs. 185/kg) was in the month of June/July and lowest (NRs. 115/Kg) was in Sept./Oct-Oct./Nov. The average farm gate price of apple is too low (NRs.26.93/kg) as compared to wholesale, retail and consumers prices. The producers, traders, transporters, wholesalers and retailers were the main marketing actors of apple. Contractual system before and during production were observed in marketing. Price spread of Jumla apple was assessed with the different actors (contractors, traders, wholesalers, retailers and consumers) in value chain. Apple is the major commodity for income generation so better knowledge on production marketing and value addition through processing should be imparted to the farmers.

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Mustaqimah, Mustaqimah, Rina Saputri, and Ali Rakhman Hakim. "Narrative Review: Implementasi Distribusi Obat yang Baik di Pedagang Besar Farmasi." Jurnal Surya Medika 6, no. 2 (February 15, 2021): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.33084/jsm.v6i2.2128.

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Distribution of pharmaceutical products from the pharmaceutical industry before reaching the pharmacy service point must be through wholesale. Good distribution practice methods are a set of standardized routine working methods, which ensure the quality, safety, and efficacy of pharmaceutical products remain intact from the very beginning to the end of the expiration period. Good distribution practice methods must be implemented by all wholesale in Indonesia so that wholesale operations can run effectively and efficiently. All pharmaceutical wholesalers must have standard operating procedures, personnel with integrity, and a good documentation system.

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Abassian, M., F. Shirani Bidabadi, and H. Ebrahimzadeh. "Efficiency of date marketing system in Sistan & Bluchestan of Iran; a marketing margin approach." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 56, No. 1 (January 29, 2010): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/7/2009-agricecon.

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As Sistan and Blouchistan province is one of the most important date producers in Iran, an attempt is made to estimate the economic function of factors affecting the date marketing margin in the province. The data required in this research have been collected through the field survey and document analysis. The results of the estimation of marketing margin functions was obtained through utilizing of the combination of models including the Price Increase Model, Relative Price and Marketing Margin. The data analysis indicates that the farm-gate price and the harvest margin of dates are among the highly influential factors on the entire marketing margin. The retail-margin function is influenced by the retail price and the retailer cost and the wholesale margin function is affected by the wholesale price and the wholesaler cost. Calculation of the market transparency determination criteria shows that due to the fact that the total of the farm-gate price and marketing costs are less than the retail sale, there is a lack of transparency in the studied marketing channels which in turn resulted in the declining market efficiency.

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Wu, Xiao Fang, Dan Dan Gong, Dong Qing Xie, and Yan Ting Lei. "Developing of Agricultural Product Traceability Information System Based on WebGIS." Applied Mechanics and Materials 380-384 (August 2013): 2344–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.380-384.2344.

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By using WebGIS technology and designing the traceability database of the production, wholesale and sale information of agricultural product, the agricultural product traceability information system based on ArcGIS server is developed and some functions are implemented. Firstly the production place, wholesale place and sale place of the agricultural product is visualized . Then the information of agricultural product is queried and analyzed quickly. At the same time, the shortest path analysis of production place, wholesale place and sale place is implemented. Finally, by using the relationship of production, wholesale and sale of agricultural product, the traceability of agricultural product is researched and implemented.

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Shrestha, Rudra Bahadur. "Factors Affecting Price Spread Of Rice In Nepal." Journal of Agriculture and Environment 13 (February 10, 2013): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/aej.v13i0.7587.

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Inefficient marketing service increases price spread, which is a common feature in developing countries. The study aimed to analyze factors affecting retail-price spread of rice in Nepal using the Relative Price Spread (RPS) model with cross section data collected from four districts namely Jhapa, Morang, Chitwan, and Rupandehi in 2008. The flow of the product was traced forward and backward from the selected wholesaler respondents for selecting the farmer and the retailor respondents randomly. The marketing margin is higher in the farm to wholesale market as compared to the wholesale to retail market. The result revealed that the marketing cost, wholesale price of rice, retail prices of rice, and market information to the farmer significantly influence the marketing margin. Reduction in the transportation cost, improving the market information system, and improving the role of farmer in price determination help reduce the marketing margin. The Journal of Agriculture and Environment Vol:13, Jun.2012, Page 47-52 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/aej.v13i0.7587

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Cricelli, Livio, Francesca Di Pillo, Massimo Gastaldi, and Nathan Levialdi. "Wholesale Competition in the International Telecommunications System." Networks and Spatial Economics 5, no. 3 (September 2005): 261–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11067-005-3035-1.

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NORTJÉ, G. L., L. NEL, E. JORDAAN, K. BADENHORST, G. GOEDHART, W. H. HOLZAPFEL, and R. J. GRIMBEEK. "A Quantitative Survey of a Meat Production Chain to Determine the Microbial Profile of the Final Product." Journal of Food Protection 53, no. 5 (May 1, 1990): 411–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-53.5.411.

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Samples from carcasses, personnel surfaces, equipment, and minced meat, packaged and displayed in cabinets were taken at a city abattoir, a wholesaler, and 10 different supermarkets. Bacteria enumerated were 1) psychrotrophs; 2) Enterobacteriaceae; 3) enterococci; 4) micrococci; 5) Pseudomonas spp; and 6) Brochothrix thermosphacta. The non integrated production system of abattoirs, wholesalers, and retailers yielded psychrotrophic and enterococci counts at retail which compared fairly well with those reported in literature, while the Enterobacteriaceae and micrococci counts were higher. Besides the psychrotrophs the pseudomonads were the most numerous group in the final product. Different surfaces were not sanitized with the same efficacy, while a general tendency towards lower counts at one supermarket group was monitored. The counts described 96% of the variation in the psychrotrophic count at the abattoir, while the success in using these counts in estimating the psychrotrophic count at the wholesaler and retailers was not as significant. At the abattoir the Enterobacteriaceae and psuedomonads were the biggest contributors to the psychrotrophic count, at the wholesaler the Enterobacteriaceae and micrococci counts, and at the retailers the micrococci and pseudomonads respectively. This indicates that Enterobacteriaceae might be common psychrotrophs in the meat production chain, maybe originating from the abattoir and wholesale environments.

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Kiisler, Ain, and Olli-Pekka Hilmola. "Modelling Wholesale Company’s Supply Chain Using System Dynamics." Transport and Telecommunication Journal 21, no. 2 (April 1, 2020): 149–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ttj-2020-0012.

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AbstractResearch is based on wholesale and distribution operations of real-life case company, and in this setting, the most critical part of company’s supply chain is the inventory replenishment to warehouse (Distribution Center) as well as fulfilling and delivering customers’ orders. Different Economic Order Quantity (EOQ)-based models have been considered (Reorder Point, Reorder Point with pipeline on order inventory, and “pulse train”). Simulation system evaluates annual total logistics costs. Results show that in an environment, where local warehouse inventory levels are rather high and replenishment order quantity is rather small, it is important have frequent shipments divided in suitable intervals. In simulation model, this could be done e.g. with the use of “pulse train” function or incorporating pipeline on order inventory in order decision. The research findings are valid for a small-scale supply chain servicing small and geographically limited markets with clients assuming high customer service levels (e.g. 24-hours lead time). For bigger markets, the cross-docking based supply chain models are worth considering in simulations.

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10

Hur, Tai-Sung. "Web-based Wholesale and Retail Business Management System." Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information 18, no. 12 (December 31, 2013): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.9708/jksci.2013.18.12.083.

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11

Tigar, Michael E. "2: A System of Wholesale Denial of Rights." Monthly Review 59, no. 4 (September 2, 2007): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.14452/mr-059-04-2007-08_2.

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12

Hernández-Rubio, Jesús, Juan Pérez-Mesa, Laura Piedra-Muñoz, and Emilio Galdeano-Gómez. "Determinants of Food Safety Level in Fruit and Vegetable Wholesalers’ Supply Chain: Evidence from Spain and France." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 10 (October 14, 2018): 2246. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102246.

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Food safety management in short supply chains of fruit and vegetables, controlled by large retailers, has been widely studied in the literature. However, when it comes to traditional long supply chains, which include a greater number of intermediaries and wholesalers who, in some cases, play a dual role as resellers and producers, the mechanisms which promote the use of safety certifications have yet to be clearly defined. The present study intended to fill this gap in the literature and shed light on the food safety level that exists in this channel. In addition, this work attempted to identify the existence of differences between both sales systems. For this purpose, the empirical research studied the most important variables that influence the food safety level of some of the main European fruit and vegetable wholesalers. A survey was thus designed and later applied to Spanish and French intermediaries working in key wholesale markets and in the southeast of Spain, which is the leading commercialization area of these products in Europe. The results revealed the positive influence of specific customers (big retailers) on establishing stricter safety controls within wholesale companies. It was also observed that specific wholesalers also play an important role in the system, namely those dedicated to importing, but which are also responsible for quality and safety inspection of agri-food products exported from third countries into the European Union.

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Choi, Byung Ok, and Masakazu Nagaki. "The Change of Pricing System of Wholesale Markets and Price Efficiency: the Case of Tokyo Central Wholesale Markets." Agricultural Information Research 15, no. 2 (2006): 91–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3173/air.15.91.

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Liu, Xiaojing, Wenyi Du, and Yijie Sun. "Green Supply Chain Decisions Under Different Power Structures: Wholesale Price vs. Revenue Sharing Contract." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 21 (October 22, 2020): 7737. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17217737.

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In the market, once consumers have a low-carbon preference, they will choose green low-carbon products. The market demand for green products is not only related to product price, but also consumers’ low-carbon preference. In this way, enterprise has to consider the cost of carbon emissions in the process of production and operation. In this paper, we consider a two-level supply chain system composed of a manufacturer and a retailer. The supply chain system can determine the price of products and the level of carbon emission reduction through different supply chain contracts: wholesale price contract and revenue sharing contract. However, the power control structure of a manufacturer and a retailer is different, which will further affect the decision-making strategy of the supply chain system. We set up four models (Wholesale Price—NM and NR, and Revenue-Sharing—SR and SM) of the supply chain with carbon emission reduction, and calculated and analyzed. The results show that firstly, regardless of whether the manufacturer’s power control structure or the retailer power structure is dominant, the manufacturer wholesale price with a contract on revenue-sharing is always higher than on wholesale price, and it is inversely proportional to the revenue-sharing proportion. Secondly, under the two power control structures, the carbon emission level of the manufacturer with a contract on revenue-sharing is always lower than on wholesale price, and it gradually decreases with the increase of the revenue-sharing proportion of the manufacturers. Thirdly, when the retailer dominates the supply chain, the retailer selling price with a contract on revenue-sharing is always higher than on wholesale price. Under the manufacturer’s power control structure, when the revenue-sharing ratio is small, the retailer selling price with a contract on revenue-sharing is higher than on wholesale price; when the revenue-sharing ratio is large, the retailer selling price with a contract on revenue-sharing is lower than on wholesale price. Finally, the validity of the model is verified by an example, and the sensitivity of the parameters is analyzed.

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15

Sueyoshi, Toshiyuki, and Gopalakrishna R. Tadiparthi. "An agent-based decision support system for wholesale electricity market." Decision Support Systems 44, no. 2 (January 2008): 425–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dss.2007.05.007.

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Ojedokun, Ajibola, Olufemi Yesufu, and Victoria Ayorinde. "Factors influencing tomato marketing in Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria." Journal on Processing and Energy in Agriculture 24, no. 2 (2020): 53–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/jpea24-26487.

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This study was conducted to identify the factors influencing tomato marketing in Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria. Primary data were collected from a total of 100 tomato marketers using a multistage sampling technique. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics, gross margin analysis and multiple regression analysis. The result obtained revealed that wholesalers had a higher gross margin than retailers. Gender, education level and transportation costs were found to influence the marketing margin of retailers, whereas household size and transportation costs influenced the marketing margin of wholesalers. The study therefore recommends that tomato marketers should be encouraged into wholesale marketing. This can be achieved by subsidization and the implementation of an efficient marketing system.

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De Ridder, John. "Pricing in Abundance." Journal of Telecommunications and the Digital Economy 8, no. 3 (September 21, 2020): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.18080/jtde.v8n3.344.

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Small island nations that have relied on satellites for international connectivity are now being connected by submarine cables that have infinitely more capacity. The hope is that these cables will lift the social and economic development of the economies connected. This hope is more likely to be realized with the adoption of wholesale traffic pricing based on the capacity abundance brought by the cable system rather than historical wholesale bandwidth pricing, which assumes capacity scarcity. Reductions in the wholesale cost of international connectivity are more likely to be passed on to end users if there is retail competition. The proposed wholesale pricing model facilitates increased retail competition. These ideas are explored in a case study of the Cook Islands, which is a member of the Manatua Cable Project.

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18

Burnett, James Wesley, and Xueting Zhao. "Spatially Explicit Prediction of Wholesale Electricity Prices." International Regional Science Review 40, no. 2 (July 27, 2016): 99–140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0160017615607055.

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Transmission constraints often limit the flow of electricity in a regional transmission network leading to strong interaction effects across different geographically distributed points within the system. In modern wholesale electricity markets, these transmission constraints lead to spatial patterns within the nodal electricity spot prices. This study exploits these spatial patterns to better predict spot prices within a wholesale electricity market. More specifically, we use the latest spatial panel data econometric models to compare within-sample and out-of-sample forecasts against nonspatial panel data models. The spatial panel data approach is explained by demonstrating a simple network optimization model. We find that a dynamic, spatial panel data model provides the best predictions within a forecasting error context. Our results may suggest that the spatial autocorrelation between node prices extends beyond the current market-defined zonal boundaries, which calls into question whether the zonal boundaries accurately reflect the congestion boundaries within the system.

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Qin, Zhaoqiong. "The Strategic Use of a Wholesale-Price Contract in a Decentralized Assembly System." International Journal of Operations Research and Information Systems 3, no. 4 (October 2012): 74–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/joris.2012100105.

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Increasing global competition provides the opportunity for companies to pursue cost reduction. Therefore, a decentralized assembly channel structure has been widely adopted by many manufacturing firms. The author studies an assembling system where one party needs to pay the wholesale price to order one component from the other party and assembles the final product. They assume that there is enough capacity for the two parties to provide the components and assemble the final product. Based on each party pursuing its own maximized profit, the author develops a model and analyzes different mechanisms of deciding the wholesale price of the component. The author’s objective is to optimize the whole supply chain for improving the customer service level. Results are derived for the author to recommend the optimal mechanism.

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Panapakidis, Ioannis P., Nikolaos Koltsaklis, and Georgios C. Christoforidis. "A Novel Integrated Profit Maximization Model for Retailers under Varied Penetration Levels of Photovoltaic Systems." Energies 14, no. 1 (December 26, 2020): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14010092.

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In contemporary energy markets, the Retailer acts as the intermediate between the generation and demand sectors. The scope of the Retailer is to maximize its profits by selecting the appropriate procurement mechanism and selling price to the consumers. The wholesale market operation influences the profits since the mix of generation plants determines the system marginal price (SMP). In the related literature, the SMP is treated as a stochastic variable, and the wholesale market conditions are not taken into account. The present paper presents a novel methodology that aims at connecting the wholesale and retail market operations from a Retailer’s perspective. A wholesale market clearing problem is formulated and solved. The scope is to examine how different photovoltaics (PV) penetration levels in the generation side influences the profits of the Retailer and the selling prices to the consumers. The resulting SMPs are used as inputs in a retailer profit maximization problem. This approach allows the Retailer to minimize economic risks and maximize profits. The results indicate that different PV implementation levels on the generation side highly influences the profits and the selling prices.

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Reese, Simon. "Inter-company learning: using the 5 E's to promote interaction." Industrial and Commercial Training 46, no. 6 (August 26, 2014): 338–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ict-04-2014-0023.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to illustrate steps that a manufacturer can deploy to improve social interaction, learning, and application while facilitating a system of learning across a wholesale distribution channel. Design/methodology/approach – The paper provides a model of how a manufacturer-improved social interaction, learning, and application with their wholesale distribution network using five simple and consistent steps: Excite, Engage, Experience, Execute, and Evaluate. Findings – The 5 E's provided a consistent method for the manufacturer to engage the wholesale distributor in social interactions centered around learning, the L&D practitioner should evaluate the use of the 5 E's as they integrate learning into sales and marketing initiatives. Practical implications – Using the 5 E's to create social interactions within the learning system allows the manufacturer to manage knowledge sharing and knowledge application with the wholesale distributor. Originality/value – The conceptual paper outlines the 5 E's utilized by a manufacturer and provides a checklist of practical elements in each step. The model and checklist provides the L&D professional methods which she can use to expand traditional learning environments across sales and marketing.

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Panfil, Michael, and Rama Zakaria. "Uncovering Wholesale Electricity Market Principles." Michigan Journal of Environmental & Administrative Law, no. 9.1 (2020): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.36640/mjeal.9.1.uncovering.

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This paper examines, enunciates, and makes explicit a set of market principles historically relied upon by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) to regulate wholesale electricity markets as required under the Federal Power Act (FPA). These identified competitive market principles are supported by policy and legal foundations that run through a myriad of FERC orders and court decisions. This paper seeks to make that history and those implicit market principles explicit by distilling and organizing Commission Orders and court decisions. It concludes that five market principles, each with multiple subprinciples, can be identified as elemental to how FERC understands and implements its statutory authority. Clear articulation of these foundational principles should help guide engaged entities as wholesale power markets continue to evolve. Market Principle 1 states that wholesale market revenues should predominantly flow from well-designed energy and ancillary services markets. Market structures generally are found to be preferable to non-market structures. Moreover, energy and ancillary services markets, in relationship to wholesale capacity markets, are better able to efficiently promote a least-cost resource. Market Principle 2 states that when altering market design, FERC and Independent System Operators (ISOs) should focus on only those services that are clearly needed, and ensure that any market design change does not unduly discriminate between resources. Market design changes focused on technology-neutral and well-defined granular services will help ensure that the design change does not lead to undue discrimination or preference that effectively favors certain resources. When such an impact still occurs, strong evidence showing that the rules are not unreasonable and arbitrary and that no non-unduly discriminatory and preferential alternative exists must support the change. Market Principle 3 states that interventions that distort transparent and accurate pricing should be minimized. Out-of-market interventions, in particular, have the potential to distort price signals and undermine competition. Market Principle 4 states that FERC’s just and reasonable standard strongly favors rate decreasing outcomes. Markets are premised on the economic presumption that competition reduces prices, in furtherance of the just and reasonable standard. Market Principle 5 states that FERC and ISOs should facilitate and not undermine state public policy preferences. FERC and ISOs are not well-situated to serve as decision-makers in determining which state public policy preferences should be given effect. State public policy preferences that do not run afoul of FERC’s authority under the FPA should thus be given full effect.

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Mishra, R., and DA Kumar. "Price behaviour of major vegetables in hill region of nepal: an econometric analysis." SAARC Journal of Agriculture 10, no. 2 (March 12, 2014): 107–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sja.v10i2.18332.

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An attempt has been made to study the price behaviour of major vegetables in hill region of Nepal. The study is based on secondary data on wholesale monthly/weekly arrivals and prices for the period of 2000-01 to 2009-10. The seasonality in wholesale price was analyzed using multiplicative model; the Fourier analysis was used to analyze cyclical variation in wholesale prices and Autoregressive model to study the relationship between market arrival and price of vegetables in market of hill region of Nepal. It was found that during the post-harvest period, the wholesale price ruled very low while during the lean period, the prices were quite high which is due to seasonal and perishable nature of the vegetables. The entire vegetables registered the positive and increasing trend and periodicities of 2 to 3 years in the wholesale price of vegetables. The effect of lagged price on current wholesale price was positively significant and high in magnitude and significant negative response was observed for the relationship between wholesale price and market arrival for all the vegetables in the market of hill region. Therefore, improved market information system is a need of efficient vegetable markets in Nepal in order to enable farmers to make proper production and marketing decisions. Further, Government is required to create market infrastructure facilities like warehousing, processing, transportation, etc. for reducing the variation in prices of vegetables in the market of hill region of Nepal. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sja.v10i2.18332 SAARC J. Agri., 10(2): 107-120 (2012)

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Tian, Yi, Junhai Ma, and Wandong Lou. "Research on Supply Chain Stability Driven by Consumer’s Channel Preference Based on Complexity Theory." Complexity 2018 (August 7, 2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/7812784.

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At present, most of the manufacturers are increasingly laying emphasis on dual-channel selling. The level of consumer’s preference is diverse with different channels. This study discusses a supply chain where one common manufacturer uses two different channels to sell product. The bounded rationality expectation has been applied to explore the decision-making mechanism in finalizing the wholesale prices and sales commissions for the manufacturer and retailers. In addition, the dynamic features of the system are simulated by 2D bifurcation diagram, the largest Lyapunov exponent, attractor variation, and time series. The simulation results suggest that if the adjustment speeds of the wholesale prices and sales commissions change drastically, the system would fall into a chaotic state. If the consumers prefer the online channel, the wholesale prices and sales commissions may be raised and vice versa. However, too strong preference of each channel will make the system appear to have a considerably periodic fluctuation, even chaos. In the meantime, the parameter adjustment method can help make the periodic or chaotic system go back to stability. Therefore, the significance of this study is with a practical meaning to make better pricing strategy for players in dual-channel selling supply chain system.

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Krutik, A. B. "Economy and business in system of service in the wholesale market." St. Petersburg State Polytechnical University Journal. Economics 233, no. 6 (January 2016): 150–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5862/je.233.15.

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Kashlikova, Inna. "System of Contracts in the Wholesale Electric Power And Capacity Market." Energy law forum 2015, no. 2 (May 5, 2015): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.18572/2410-4396-2015-2-34-39.

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Seokgon Yoon. "The Problems and Solutions of Distribution System of Agricultural Wholesale Market." Global Business Administration Review 9, no. 3 (September 2012): 91–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.17092/jibr.2012.9.3.91.

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Cho, Yong-Joon, and Yeong-Hwa Kim. "A Study on Establishing Survey System for Noryangjin Fisheries Wholesale Market." Korean Journal of Applied Statistics 23, no. 6 (December 31, 2010): 1023–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5351/kjas.2010.23.6.1023.

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Napitupulu, Togar A. "Marketing System of Fresh Friut and Vegetable: The Role of Modern and Wholesale Market in Jakarta and the Vicinity." Binus Business Review 1, no. 1 (May 30, 2010): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/bbr.v1i1.1064.

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Marketing system of fresh fruits and vegetable in the context of the rapidly growing dynamic markets in Jakarta and the vicinity was studied. Unstructured interviews and observations of key persons, and panels were conducted, primarily in three main wholesale markets in Jakarta and the vicinity and some supermarkets. It was found that the availability of management services and associated facilities are not yet fully compatible with modern markets. Their role, therefore, in catering to the supermarkets is limited, in particular for vegetables due to requirements on quality and delivery schedules. In general, supermarkets procure their supply directly from production centers through special/dedicated suppliers, which currently amounts to about 1% to 5% of total production from production centers. If policy and conducive economic incentive are available, wholesale markets are not only domain of public investment anymore, but also private investments alike. The newly established wholesale markets show that they now have a higher rate of utilization than in the years before. It is therefore for the local government and the central government to furthers devise conducive policy and regulatory measures, and for the private to take this opportunity in terms of investment in developing the economy of the region.

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Sharan, Girja, and Sandeep Kayastha. "A System Dynamic Study of Apple Movement from Orchards to Wholesale Market." Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers 22, no. 1 (January 1997): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0256090919970105.

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This paper presents a simulation model of fruit movement from orchards in Himachal Pradesh to the market of Agricultural Produce Market Committee (APMC) in Delhi. Daily arrivals in Delhi as predicted by the model are compared with the data on actual arrivals from records maintained at APMC. The comparisons appear satisfactory. The results suggest that the system dynamic modelling approach is promising and, with some refinement, can provide an analytical support for those engaged in formulation of policies to improve the post-harvest systems of fruit industry.

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Catizone, Carmen A. "Counterfeit Drugs and States’ Efforts to Combat the Problem." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 19, no. 3 (June 2006): 165–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0897190006292948.

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State boards of pharmacy strive to reshape state regulation of wholesale distributors to maintain the security and integrity of the US medication distribution system. Despite being faced with a complicated situation of illegal importation of drugs, erosion of state and national borders, and a complete disregard for US federal and state laws by entities engaged in the production and distribution of counterfeit drugs, the National Association of State Boards of Pharmacy (NABP) and state boards of pharmacy are working to develop and implement more stringent laws and regulations for the licensure and regulation of wholesale distributors. In citing incidences of counterfeit drugs from a global perspective and efforts that NABP has taken to implement the Prescription Drug Marketing Act of 1988, this discussion will highlight NABP’s recent efforts to monitor counterfeit and adulterated drugs entering the US drug distribution system, recommendations emanating from NABP’s Task Force on Counterfeit Drugs and Pedigree Requirements, and its Verified-Accredited Wholesale Distributors program.

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Wei, Hua, Feng Zhou Wang, and Chuan Hua Huang. "The Design of Drug Circulation Quality and Safety Control System Based on the Internet of Things." Advanced Materials Research 655-657 (January 2013): 1957–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.655-657.1957.

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This paper analyzes the main management problems in drug circulation quality among pharmaceutical wholesale enterprises, and provides the construction strategy for a comprehensive quality safety control system of medicine circulation from a macro perspective. Based on the characteristics and function requirements of drug circulation management, it depicts structure model of the system, which includes three parts: sub-system of production management, perception management, and the regulatory decision-making. This paper mainly illustrates the design and research idea of the sub-system of sensor network and multi sensor management to meet the demand for the drug monitoring in circulation among pharmaceutical wholesale enterprises, that is early monitoring and warning in advance, rapid response and post evaluation and summary. The research results herein can offer beneficial reference in the further development for the system.

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Ratnam, Setu, and Sanjay Kumar. "An economic study of Prayagraj markets and Lucknow market for banana : Arrival and price stability." INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS AND STATISTICS 11, no. 2 (September 15, 2020): 212–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/irjaes/11.2/212-216.

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Arrival in an existing market is major referral point for price determination in perishable agricultural commodity, this paper shows a comparative analysis of arrival, wholesale and retail price and their dependency and their stability in the banana marketing system. The two markets under consideration are Lucknow and Prayagraj wholesale markets. The information is collected from Mundera Mandi in Prayagraj and from APEDA site for Lucknow market. A trend analysis was done to access the market arrival and pricing accordingly, a significant relationship has been obtained and the overlapping seasonality of the fruit in the two market gives viable description about demand existence at different time zone in the year and thus exploitation of the wholesale market by the local growers.

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Faia, Ricardo, Tiago Pinto, Zita Vale, and Juan Manuel Corchado. "Prosumer Community Portfolio Optimization via Aggregator: The Case of the Iberian Electricity Market and Portuguese Retail Market." Energies 14, no. 13 (June 22, 2021): 3747. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14133747.

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The participation of household prosumers in wholesale electricity markets is very limited, considering the minimum participation limit imposed by most market participation rules. The generation capacity of households has been increasing since the installation of distributed generation from renewable sources in their facilities brings advantages for themselves and the system. Due to the growth of self-consumption, network operators have been putting aside the purchase of electricity from households, and there has been a reduction in the price of these transactions. This paper proposes an innovative model that uses the aggregation of households to reach the minimum limits of electricity volume needed to participate in the wholesale market. In this way, the Aggregator represents the community of households in market sales and purchases. An electricity transactions portfolio optimization model is proposed to enable the Aggregator reaching the decisions on which markets to participate to maximize the market negotiation outcomes, considering the day-ahead market, intra-day market, and retail market. A case study is presented, considering the Iberian wholesale electricity market and the Portuguese retail market. A community of 50 prosumers equipped with photovoltaic generators and individual storage systems is used to carry out the experiments. A cost reduction of 6–11% is achieved when the community of households buys and sells electricity in the wholesale market through the Aggregator.

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Polyakov, Ilya D., Stepan A. Dmitriev, and Pavel V. Chusovitin. "Study of Distributed Generation Units Impact on Pricing on the Wholesale Power Energy Market." Applied Mechanics and Materials 799-800 (October 2015): 1199–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.799-800.1199.

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This paper is devoted to the study of distributed generation units impact on pricing on the wholesale power energy market. The paper deals with results the analysis of the wholesale electricity market and power. This analysis is necessary for proper impact assessment of distributed generation units on a total optimization. Optimization calculations performed for the real power system, when distributed generation units operating the basic and peak modes, as well as the cost-effectiveness of this modes.

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Donovan, Mark. "The Referendum and the Transformation of the Party System." Modern Italy 1, no. 1 (1995): 53–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13532949508454758.

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Wholesale party system transformation is exceedingly rare. Indeed, in taking place within a broadly democratic framework and independently of constitutional change Italy's experience is probably unique. This paper argues that the referendums of 1991 and 1993, and the mobilization of the electorate from early 1990 associated with them, played a significant and not always well understood role in the transformation of the Italian party system.

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Datta, Tapan Kumar. "Effect of Green Technology Investment on a Production-Inventory System with Carbon Tax." Advances in Operations Research 2017 (2017): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/4834839.

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Carbon emissions play the central role in global warming. Manufacturing firms are significant contributors to carbon emissions. In many countries, regulatory authorities are taking actions to reduce emissions. Carbon taxation and cap-and-trade schemes are two mechanisms implemented in many countries. In the present paper, the author analyzes a production-inventory model under a carbon tax system. The production rate is assumed to be a decision variable and can be set at any level within machine limits. A proportion of items produced are defective, and this proportion depends on the production rate. Demand depends on the selling price. Unit price is a decreasing function of the production rate. Emissions can be reduced to some extent by capital investment on green technology, and this capital investment amount is a decision variable. Customers are categorized as retail customers and wholesale customers. A discount is offered to the wholesale customers on the regular selling price. The results are illustrated by a numerical example and a sensitivity analysis is performed.

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CHEGLOV, V. P., S. V. MKHITARYAN, L. A. DANCHENOK, O. V. RYKALINA, and T. A. TULTAEV. "Assessment of the Impact of State Regulation of Retail Trade Networks Development on the Wholesale Sector." Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics 9, no. 3 (June 15, 2020): 775. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505/jarle.v11.3(49).10.

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The article is dealing with the issues of state regulation of the consumer market, where the interests of producers, wholesale intermediaries, and retail trade are traditionally encountered. The authors consider the features of state regulation of the formation and development processes of multi-object and omnichannel trading systems in Russia in the context of the country's entry into the global economy, the opening of the domestic market for foreign business structures, and commodity imports in a situation with a small business that is not fully established. The results of the conducted study complement the experience of the international community in regulating system formation in trade. The article analyzes significant differences in the state intervention mechanisms in the economic relations of retail chains and their suppliers, as well as the impact of stricter legislation on wholesale trade, and its place and role in the commodity distribution system. The authors prove that excessive regulation of the retail market causes negative consequences in its adjacent segments, justify the upcoming redistribution of the market between large retail chains and specialized wholesale companies in favor of the former ones, show the development prospects of the distribution, and the impact of this process on small retail businesses, as well as formulate proposals for optimizing approaches to regulating the transformation of the trade sector in the transition economy.

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이병렬. "A Comparative Study on Wholesale Electronic Payment System Between U.S.A and EU." Journal of International Trade & Commerce 10, no. 2 (April 2014): 997–1017. http://dx.doi.org/10.16980/jitc.10.2.201404.997.

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Kim, Soung-Hun, Ji-Eun Park, and Dae-Soo Kim. "The analysis on the trading system of garlic at the wholesale market." CNU Journal of Agricultural Science 39, no. 2 (June 30, 2012): 291–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.7744/cnujas.2012.39.2.291.

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You, Wei. "The Economics of Speed: The Electrification of the Streetcar System and the Decline of Mom-and-Pop Stores in Boston, 1885–1905." American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 13, no. 4 (October 1, 2021): 285–324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.20180795.

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Small firms dominated the American economy in the nineteenth century, and they still dominate in many developing economies today. This paper tests whether geographic market segmentation due to underdeveloped intracity transportation technology precludes the emergence of large retail/wholesale stores. I exploit the natural experiment of Boston’s rapid electrification from its previous horse-drawn streetcar system, which occurred between 1889 and 1896. Analyzing newly digitized data, I find that rail-connected locations experienced a sharp decline in the share of sole proprietorships among food retail/wholesale establishments after the electrification relative to off-rail locations. Changes in market access due to streetcar electrification can explain this effect. (JEL L25, L81, L92, N71, N91, R41)

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Timotijevic, Branka. "Architectural aspect of solutions for ambiental conditions in the fresh fruit and vegetable wholesale market buildings." Facta universitatis - series: Architecture and Civil Engineering 9, no. 1 (2011): 177–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuace1101177t.

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Provision of healthy nutrition, continuous supply with fresh, quality and price acceptable food, along with the intensive increase in the number of citydwellers, shows that the planning and construction of fresh food wholesale markets is necessary. Modern wholesale markets are technological and commercial complexes with considerable size of built-up areas, roads and extensive infrastructure. Large number of factors affects the planning and design of wholesale markets. Important factor affecting the spatial and functional solution for fruit and vegetable promotion and sale facilities buildings, is ambiental condition requirements. Ambiental condition requirements include temperature and humidity, as well as hygienic and health requirements. Regulations and guidelines that exist in the agri-food system supply chain 'from farm to fork' are also valid for fresh food wholesale markets. The organizations that provide recommendations are Food Agriculture Organisation (FAO), World Health Organisation (WHO), and World Union of Wholesale Markets (WUWM). Respect of the cold chain, traceability and hygiene and health standards are recommended in their Guidelines. These recommendations are to be implemented in the national regulations. This research assumption is that changes in ambiental conditions, caused by regulations and guidelines, significantly contributed to the transformation of spatial and functional wholesale fruit and vegetables building solutions. By those regulations and guidelines and new technology solutions this spatial and functional transformation has been accelerated The paper also presents a comparative analysis of spatial and functional solutions by the basic parameters such as facility size, functional layout, type and size of premises. Spatial-functional solutions of the buildings in wholesale market in Halles-e in Paris, Rome and the CAR-Corbas Lyon in Lyon were analysed. The research results confirmed the assumptions that changes in ambiental conditions entail changes in the spatialfunctional solutions i.e. change of the complete geometry of buildings and premises. The results have important application for practical use in planning and design of modern fresh fruit and vegetable market buildings.

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Xabibullayev, Ibrokhim, Ruslana Zhovnovach, and Mariia Petrova. "MODEL OF ASSORTMENT OPTIMIZATION AND INVENTORY MANAGEMENT IN ENTERPRISE." Economics and Finance 9, no. 1 (2021): 31–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.51586/2311-3413.2021.9.1.31.46.

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The actual problems of work in the sphere of organization of supply and sale are considered, the existing developments in the sphere of modeling and optimization of commercial activity of the wholesale trading enterprises are analyzed. The necessity of a comprehensive approach to improving the commercial activities of wholesalers is substantiated. The composition of the solutions included in the integrated approach is determined by the sole purpose, practical possibilities of its implementation and implementation at the wholesale enterprises and is based on the analysis of actual problems of the industry as a whole, interdependence in the work of departments, development of a single optimization criterion. The effectiveness of the integrated approach is based on the fact that for the sake of maximum result it is important not to isolate the development of individual operations, but to improve the entire purchasing system of the wholesale enterprise as a whole. The scientific and methodological approach of carrying out the integrated ABC-XYZ analysis of a range of a trading enterprise by its combination with R/S analysis, which acts as a criterion for the effectiveness of the XYZ analysis and an indicator of the possibility of forecasting the dynamics of sales of individual product groups, has been improved. XYZ analysis, based on the calculation of the coefficient of variation, when there are deterministic factors such as seasonality, cyclicality or trend in a series of determinants, shows erroneous results. Therefore, it is suggested to use R/S analysis to evaluate the quality of the XYZ analysis and to pre-process the data. This will allow us to draw more adequate conclusions about the possibility of forecasting the dynamics of sales of certain product groups in the future.

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Nikulina, Yu V., and Galina N. Chernukhina. "Multi-channel sales strategy as a competitive advantage in wholesale trade." Journal of Modern Competition 14, no. 80 (December 31, 2020): 40–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.37791/1993-7598-2020-14-4-40-53.

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Relevance. The multi-channel sales strategy involves the simultaneous use of different sales channels by the trading company. This can be wholesale and retail sales, for example, online stores and regular offline stores located in shopping centers and pavilions. The use of multichannel requires the restructuring of the it infrastructure of the wholesale trade enterprise, which implements the processes of various sales channels in a single it environment. Due to the existence of a sales system at the enterprise, and not separate sales channels, a synergistic effect is achieved, which provides the company with an additional increase in sales. Currently, the problem of managing optimal sales channels and organizing product movement in wholesale trade determines the need for a systematic study that ensures the sustainable development of sales activities of modern wholesale enterprises based on the use of modern digital channels of interaction and diversification. Diversified approaches to sales channels provide security in the event that some sales decline. Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, we have seen a halt in offline retail purchases. This is an example of why digital online solutions and diversification are necessary to create a successful and sustainable business. The purpose of the study: based on the analysis of various aspects of the strategic direction of management of multi-channel sales in wholesale trade in modern conditions. Objectives of the study: to identify sources of receipt and channels of sale of goods in wholesale trade; to analyze modern software and information technology solutions necessary for managing multi-channel sales, for working with products and customer base in wholesale distribution; to specify strategic directions of multi-channel sales management in the tactical context of working with customers as anti-crisis measures, etc. Results of the study. The author identified the sources of receipt and channels of sale of goods in wholesale trade. The following strategic directions of managing multi-channel sales in wholesale trade are also identified: increasing and careful selection of intermediary channels; increasing attention to supply chain management; maintaining and maintaining a high degree of customer loyalty (customer orientation); consolidating all channels into one strong channel; diversifying sales channels; using modern software tools and technologies for working with products and customers. It is concluded that companies that have implemented a well-planned multi-channel strategy increase the number of potential buyers, provide additional income and sustainable business growth. According to the authors, the strategic directions of multichannel sales management developed by him work on the entire life cycle of a wholesale enterprise: from business strategy to specific solutions to increase sales. The author also believes that in the future, most companies will invest in multi-channel sales at the country and international levels.

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Stević, Željko, Fatima Ibrahimović, and Dejan Mirčetić. "Rationalization of processes in storage system using ABC analysis and multi-criteria decision-making." Tehnika 75, no. 6 (2020): 621–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/tehnika2005621s.

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Cost rationalization has become imperative in every economic system in order to create adequate foundations for its efficient and sustainable management. Competitiveness in the global market is extremely high and it is challenging to manage business and logistics systems, especially in regards to financial parameters. The presence of inventories is inevitability in every logistics system, and it tends to create adequate policies for their efficient and sustainable management. In order to be able to do this, it is necessary to determine which products represent the largest percentage share in the value of procurement, and which are the most represented quantitatively. In this paper, the warehouse of construction material that represents the wholesale system is considered. Taking into account that it is wholesale, it is necessary to determine what the procurement costs are and what the demand is for certain products. The grouping of products into three categories A, B and C was performed, after which it is necessary to identify appropriate suppliers for each category in order to rationalize procurement costs. Financial, logistical and quality parameters are taken into account. The FUCOM method has been used to determine the significance of these parameters and ARAS method is applied for supplier evaluation and selection.

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Huong, Pham T. T., Arij P. Everaarts, Jacques J. Neeteson, and Paul C. Struik. "Performance of Permanent Vegetable Production Systems Designed with the PermVeg Model for the Red River Delta, Vietnam." Sustainability 11, no. 10 (May 14, 2019): 2719. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11102719.

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The aim of the research described was to design permanent vegetable production systems for the Red River Delta in Vietnam. Permanent vegetable production systems better meet the increasing consumer demand for vegetables and may increase farmers’ income. Optimum crop sequences for permanent vegetable production in the Red River Delta were designed with the recently developed model PermVeg. The crop sequences designed were tested in a field experiment from May 2007 to May 2009. The production systems tested were five systems designed according to the scenarios of (i) high profitability, (ii) low labor requirement, (iii) low costs of pesticide use, (iv) high level of crop biodiversity, and (v) low perishable products, respectively. The five systems were compared with the traditional vegetable production system. At local prices, only the high profitability and low labor requirement systems yielded significantly higher profits than the traditional system. At city wholesale market prices, profits of all permanent vegetable production systems were significantly higher than that of the traditional system, except for the low perishability system. Permanent vegetable production systems required more labor than the traditional system. Labor-day incomes of permanent vegetable production systems generally were not higher than those of the traditional system. The labor-day income increased only with the low labor requirement system at city wholesale market prices. The model outcomes correlated reasonably well with the labor requirement and the length in days of production systems in the field. The model poorly predicted profits and costs of pesticide use. We concluded that permanent vegetable production systems can yield higher profits than the traditional system, and can contribute to enhancing employment opportunities and increasing household income.

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Grynko, T. V., and I. O. Androsova. "Approaches to the Implementation of Strategic Planning at Trade Enterprises." PROBLEMS OF ECONOMY 4, no. 46 (2020): 146–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-0712-2020-4-146-154.

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The current situation in the commercial sector of Ukraine’s economy and changes that have taken place in commercial enterprises in Ukraine have been analyzed. The principles and methodical approaches have been suggested to introduce a system of strategic planning at enterprises functioning under conditions of developed market relations and unsteady economic environment; and to reveal the most effective tools of planning economic activity in the modern economic system. Factors of external and internal environment influencing the activity of enterprises have been defined. Today, the trade industry is undergoing significant changes due to the introduction of restrictions caused by the pandemic. The trade turnover indices of wholesale and retail enterprises in Ukraine for 2018–2020 show that wholesale trade has decreased in many sales areas. The growth of wholesale trade has only occurred in the following categories: trade in food, beverages and tobacco products (+9.75 %), trade in household goods (+6.57 %) and non-specialized wholesale trade (+0.73 %). Other areas had to reduce their turnover due to declining demand during the pandemic constraints. Retail trade, in its turn, increased its performance and brought income to enterprises, the Transcarpathian region being the only one to reduce (-9.49 %) the indices compared to the same period in 2019. The activity of commercial enterprises has also been analyzed, and approaches to introducing strategic planning at modern Ukrainian enterprises have been substantiated. The external and internal environment factors for the trade sector have been determined, and recommendations for implementing changes have been given. To solve these problems, it is necessary to develop a set of strategic planning measures to improve the state of Ukraine's trade sector. One of the first steps should be changing the development strategy for wholesale and retail enterprises, which will ensure the maintenance and development of an enterprise. Given the unstable situation in Ukraine’s economy and politics, alternative business development options should be designed, with consideration to possible changes.

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Bottani, Eleonora, Piera Centobelli, Mosé Gallo, Mohamad Amin Kaviani, Vipul Jain, and Teresa Murino. "Modelling wholesale distribution operations: an artificial intelligence framework." Industrial Management & Data Systems 119, no. 4 (May 13, 2019): 698–718. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imds-04-2018-0164.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to propose an artificial intelligence-based framework to support decision making in wholesale distribution, with the aim to limit wholesaler out-of-stocks (OOSs) by jointly formulating price policies and forecasting retailer’s demand. Design/methodology/approach The framework is based on the cascade implementation of two artificial neural networks (ANNs) connected in series. The first ANN is used to derive the selling price of the products offered by the wholesaler. This represents one of the inputs of the second ANN that is used to anticipate the retailer’s demand. Both the ANNs make use of several other input parameters and are trained and tested on a real wholesale supply chain. Findings The application of the ANN framework to a real wholesale supply chain shows that the proposed methodology has the potential to decrease economic loss due to OOS occurrence by more than 56 percent. Originality/value The combined use of ANNs is a novelty in supply chain operation management. Moreover, this approach provides wholesalers with an effective tool to issue purchase orders according to more dependable demand forecasts.

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Tahmasebi, Hengameh, Junfang Yu, and Bhaba R. Sarker. "An Integrated Production-Supply System with Uncertain Demand, Nonlinear Lead Time and Allowable Shortages." International Journal of Operations Research and Information Systems 3, no. 4 (October 2012): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/joris.2012100101.

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A supply chain consisting of a single-supplier and a single-buyer is modeled and compared in two different modes: non-coordinated and coordinated. The model is established based on the fact that the demand is uncertain and shortages are considered as lost sales. The buyer’s order lead time is a nonlinear function of the buyer’s order size and the number of shipments from the supplier. Quantity discount offers are used as a tool to achieve the coordination between both parties. In non-coordinated mode the total annual profits of both parties are maximized using partial derivative and a lower and an upper bound are obtained for the supplier’s wholesale price. For the coordinated mode total annual profit of the whole supply chain system is maximized using partial derivatives and coordination may increase the total annual profit of the whole system is mathematically proved. In order to encourage the both parties to coordinate, a fair profit-sharing method is proposed based on the total costs that each party incurs. The supplier’s wholesale price is evaluated such that coordination seems appealing and profitable for both parties.

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Seungchang Lee and Ahn sung hyuck. "Channel Innovation through Online Transaction processing System in Floral Wholesale Distribution: FLOMARKET Case." Journal of Distribution Science 8, no. 1 (March 2010): 21–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.15722/jds.8.1.201003.21.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Wholesale system'

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