Relevant bibliographies by topics / Whole words

Academic literature on the topic 'Whole words'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Whole words"

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de Kok, Ingrid. "‘Whole Words, Whole Worlds?’." Wasafiri 31, no. 2 (April 2, 2016): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02690055.2016.1145436.

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Strother, Lars, Alexandra M. Coros, and Tutis Vilis. "Visual Cortical Representation of Whole Words and Hemifield-split Word Parts." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 28, no. 2 (February 2016): 252–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00900.

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Reading requires the neural integration of visual word form information that is split between our retinal hemifields. We examined multiple visual cortical areas involved in this process by measuring fMRI responses while observers viewed words that changed or repeated in one or both hemifields. We were specifically interested in identifying brain areas that exhibit decreased fMRI responses as a result of repeated versus changing visual word form information in each visual hemifield. Our method yielded highly significant effects of word repetition in a previously reported visual word form area (VWFA) in occipitotemporal cortex, which represents hemifield-split words as whole units. We also identified a more posterior occipital word form area (OWFA), which represents word form information in the right and left hemifields independently and is thus both functionally and anatomically distinct from the VWFA. Both the VWFA and the OWFA were left-lateralized in our study and strikingly symmetric in anatomical location relative to known face-selective visual cortical areas in the right hemisphere. Our findings are consistent with the observation that category-selective visual areas come in pairs and support the view that neural mechanisms in left visual cortex—especially those that evolved to support the visual processing of faces—are developmentally malleable and become incorporated into a left-lateralized visual word form network that supports rapid word recognition and reading.
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Beyersmann, Elisabeth, Max Coltheart, and Anne Castles. "Parallel Processing of Whole Words and Morphemes in Visual Word Recognition." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 65, no. 9 (September 2012): 1798–819. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2012.672437.

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Dobkin, Patricia Lynn. "weight of words in whole person care." International Journal of Whole Person Care 8, no. 2 (June 3, 2021): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.26443/ijwpc.v8i2.307.

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Law, Sam-Po, Winsy Wong, and Karen M. Y. Chiu. "Whole-Word Phonological Representations of Disyllabic Words in the Chinese Lexicon: Data From Acquired Dyslexia." Behavioural Neurology 16, no. 2-3 (2005): 169–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2005/597581.

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This study addresses the issue of the existence of whole-word phonological representations of disyllabic and multisyllabic words in the Chinese mental lexicon. A Cantonese brain-injured dyslexic individual with semantic deficits, YKM, was assessed on his abilities to read aloud and to comprehend disyllabic words containing homographic heterophonous characters, the pronunciation of which can only be disambiguated in word context. Superior performance on reading to comprehension was found. YKM could produce the target phonological forms without understanding the words. The dissociation is taken as evidence for whole-word representations for these words at the phonological level. The claim is consistent with previous account for discrepancy of the frequencies of tonal errors between reading aloud and object naming in Cantonese reported of another case study of similar deficits. Theoretical arguments for whole-word form representations for all multisyllabic Chinese words are also discussed.
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Mason, Glenda K. "School-Aged Children's Phonological Accuracy in Multisyllabic Words on a Whole-Word Metric." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 61, no. 12 (December 10, 2018): 2869–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2018_jslhr-s-17-0137.

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Marmurek, Harvey H. C. "Whole and part comparisons of words and nonwords." Memory & Cognition 14, no. 2 (March 1986): 113–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03198371.

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Adams, Anne. "A whole picture is worth a thousand words." ACM SIGCHI Bulletin - a supplement to interactions 2003 (May 2003): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/761919.761934.

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Nation, Paul. "Reading a whole book to learn vocabulary." Approaches to learning, testing, and researching L2 vocabulary 169, no. 1 (April 16, 2018): 30–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/itl.00005.nat.

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Abstract This paper investigates whether it is a good idea to choose a book that interests you and read it through from the beginning to the end learning all the new words you meet. For the analysis, it is assumed that learners already know the most frequent 3,000 words of English. The criteria used to guide this investigation include the number of unknown words met, the usefulness of the unknown words, the density of the unknown words, and the number of repetitions of the unknown words. Reading a whole book intensively is not a good idea unless the book is a graded reader, a technical text in a relevant subject area, or a set text that would be examined as a part of assessment. Where learners need to do such reading of unsimplified texts, they should be strategic in dealing with unknown vocabulary.
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INGRAM, DAVID. "The measurement of whole-word productions." Journal of Child Language 29, no. 4 (November 2002): 713–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000902005275.

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Attempts to measure phonological acquisition have largely focused on segments, with less effort made to examine whole-word productions. This article proposes four measures designed to estimate a child's whole-word abilities: 1. the PHONOLOGICAL MEAN LENGTH OF UTTERANCE, a measure of whole-word complexity for both child and target words, 2. the PROPORTION OF WHOLE-WORD PROXIMITY, a measure of the proximity between the child's word and its target form, 3. the PROPORTION OF WHOLE-WORD CORRECTNESS, a measure of the number of words produced correctly relative to the sample size, and 4. the PROPORTION OF WHOLE-WORD VARIABILITY, a measure of how often a child produces words in distinct phonological shapes. The central measure is the Phonological Mean Length of Utterance, which can be used to identify a child's stage of acquisition, to assess proximity to target words, and to evaluate the complexity of words. The value of the new measures will be demonstrated through preliminary applications to a range of contexts; i.e. monolingual children acquiring English (five children, 0;11 to 1;5), Cantonese (one child, 1;7), and Spanish (5 children, 2;2 to 2;11), bilingual children acquiring Hungarian-English (one child, 2;0) and Spanish-English (3 children, 2;4 to 2;11), children with phonological impairment (eighteen children, 2;11 to 5;3), and children with cochlear implants (six children, 4;5 to 7;11).
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Whole words"

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Quigley, Holly Anne. "Effects of whole word and individual letter self-correction on the acquisition, maintenance, and generalization of spelling words with elementary students." The Ohio State University, 1995. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1299265327.

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Sharp, J. C. "The in-woods cleaning of whole-tree-chips." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/74534.

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This research examined Whole-Tree-Chip cleaning methods applicable to field operations in Pinus taeda L. (Loblolly pine) on the coastal plain of South Carolina. Objectives were: 1) to examine current and potential cleaning methods, and 2) develop and test two cleaning approaches suggested by past research. An open top chip van was modified to: a) determine the dispersion and composition of whole-tree-chip fractions by the installation of sampling buckets and floor pans and b) provide a platform for testing two cleaning systems. System one consisted of anti-clogging screens which pre-screened chips as they were discharged at the mill. It also allowed floor pans to sample the load for fines. System two utilized a radial blade blower which altered chip stream composition during loading by the Whole-Tree-Chipper. Eight trials were conducted over a six month period using a Morbark 22 chipper. Results indicated floor screens could have been more effectively positioned at the chip dump. As installed, and pin they successfully removed 1% of the load in fines chips. The best chip stream treatment involved double deflection: first from a vacuum assisted primary screen located in the van roof, and then from a passive screen located below and behind the first. This design reduced bark and fines by one-third.
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Mellen, Brad. "Teaching reading in China : phonics versus whole word /." Thesis, Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2002. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B25262774.

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Kavanaugh, Ashley A., Michael W. Ramsey, William A. Sands, G. Gregory Haff, and Michael H. Stone. "Acute Whole-Body Vibration Does Not Affect Static Jump Performance." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2011. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4118.

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Currently, whole-body vibration is being used to promote enhanced performance. Many coaches and athletes believe that it can acutely enhance explosive performance and power output. However, the scientific literature is unclear as to whether this enhancement occurs. The purpose of this study was to examine the acute effects of whole-body vibration on static jump performance, including jump height, peak force, rate of force development, and peak power. Fourteen recreationally active individuals (5 females, 9 males) participated in three separate randomized treatment sessions. Treatment 1 consisted of no vibration while treatment 2 and treatment 3 incorporated whole-body vibration. The whole-body vibration protocol consisted of three 30-s bouts of vibration performed at 30 Hz and low amplitude ( 3 mm) with a 30-s rest between bouts. Treatment 1 was identical in duration to both treatments 2 and 3, but did not contain any vibration. Five minutes after each treatment, the participants performed the static jump protocols. Two (data averaged) non-weighted static jumps and two 20 kg weighted jumps were performed. Treatments 1 vs. 2, 1 vs. 3, and 2 vs. 3 were calculated for each variable at both 0 kg and 20 kg. Jump height, peak force, rate of force development, and peak power were analysed using a one-way analysis of variance with repeated measures. The intra-class correlations comparing the two trials of each jump for each of the three treatments were ≥0.92. Compared with the no-vibration condition, jump height showed a non-significant increase as a result of whole-body vibration for both unweighted and weighted jumps; peak force, rate of force development, and peak power were not statistically different. The results indicate that whole-body vibration has no effect on jump height, peak force, rate of force development or peak power during static jumping.
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Kavanaugh, Ashley A., H. Birdsell, L. Kowalyk, T. Livingston, H. Nowell, T. Patton, Michael W. Ramsey, William A. Sands, and Michael H. Stone. "Acute Effects of Whole Body Vibration on Static Jump Performance." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2009. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4520.

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Carroll, Tahira. "Eye Behavior While Reading Words of Sanskrit and Urdu Origin in Hindi." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2017. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/6293.

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Hindi and Urdu are two branches of the same language sometimes known as Hindustani. They are divided by orthography and geography but when spoken are sometimes indistinguishable. Both have contributed loanwords that have now been completely assimilated into the language. The question of how the eye behaves during Hindi reading when it encounters Urdu loanwords has not been focused on extensively in prior research. The main purpose of this thesis is to document the eye behavior during reading Sanskrit-based words and Urdu loanwords in Hindi. We place fifteen word pairs consisting of one target Hindi Sanskrit-based word and its Urdu loanword equivalent in different sentences. Native Hindi speakers participate to read Hindi sentences containing either Urdu loanwords or the Sanskrit root word in Hindi. To quantify the differences in reading Hindi and Urdu loanwords in Devanagari (Hindi script) sentences we use an eye tracking methodology, which is used to measure eye movements of a participant during reading. We discover very distinctive eye behavior during reading of Urdu loanwords in comparison to reading Hindi Sanskrit-based words. Analysis also shows an interaction in eye behavior due to language and frequency.
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Carail, Emilie. "Modélisation bayésienne et étude expérimentale du rôle de l'attention visuelle dans l'acquisition des connaissances lexicales orthographiques Modeling the length effect for words in lexical decision : The role of visual attention Lexical orthographic knowledge acquisition in adults : the whole-word visual processing impact Comprendre l’apprentissage orthographique et ses difficultés : apports et critiques des dernières modélisations computationnelles Variety of cognitive profiles in poor readers : Evidence for a VAS-impaired subtype. Incidental learning of novel words in adults : Effects of exposure and visual attention on eye movements The role of attention in visual word recognition : A Bayesian modeling approach From the eye to the page : Where we look when we’re reading." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAS032.

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Dans cette thèse, nous étudions le rôle de l’attention visuelle lors de l’acquisition, par un lecteur expert, de nouvelles connaissances lexicales orthographiques. Notre contribution est double. D'une part, nous développons un nouveau modèle computationnel, probabiliste d’apprentissage orthographique. Notre modèle, nommé BRAID-Learn, est une extension de BRAID, un modèle probabiliste hiérarchique de la reconnaissance visuelle de mots et de décision lexicale. D'autre part, nous apportons des données expérimentales originales sur l’évolution des mouvements oculaires lors de l’apprentissage incident de formes orthographiques nouvelles et démontrons la capacité du modèle à rendre compte de ces observations. Notre contribution est décrite dans trois articles.Dans le premier article, nous simulons l’effet de longueur tel qu'observé expérimentalement pour les mots en décision lexicale dans le French Lexicon Project. À travers 5 simulations, nous montrons que l’attention visuelle module l’effet de longueur et que réaliser plusieurs fixations attentionnelles lors du traitement des mots longs (à partir de 7 lettres) réduit l’effet de longueur au lieu de l’accentuer. Cette étude nous permet de calibrer les paramètres du sous-module de décision lexicale de notre modèle d’apprentissage.Le second article porte sur l'étude expérimentale du comportement oculomoteur de lecteurs adultes experts lors de l’apprentissage incident de mots nouveaux. Nous montrons que le nombre de fixation et la durée de traitement évoluent en fonction du nombre d'exposition avec un nouveau mot, témoignant du renforcement progressif de sa représentation orthographique en mémoire. Des données exploratoires suggèrent qu’apprentissage orthographique et comportements oculomoteurs sont également modulés par les capacités visuo-attentionnelles des participants.Dans le troisième et dernier article, nous présentons le modèle d’apprentissage BRAID-Learn et testons sa capacité à rendre compte des données oculomotrices précédemment décrites en condition d’apprentissage orthographique. Le modèle repose sur deux hypothèses originales. La première est que le système contrôle les paramètres visuo-attentionnels afin d'optimiser l'accumulation d'informations perceptives sur l’identité des lettres du stimulus et, donc, de construire efficacement une nouvelle trace orthographique pendant l’apprentissage. La seconde hypothèse est que la familiarité lexicale, c'est-à-dire, la probabilité que le stimulus présenté soit un mot connu, module l’influence descendante des représentations lexicales sur la perception des lettres. Nous montrons que le modèle reproduit avec succès les observations, c'est-à-dire la diminution du nombre de fixations et du temps de traitement pour les mots nouveaux au fil des répétitions.BRAID-Learn est le premier modèle d’apprentissage orthographique à établir un lien explicite entre acquisition orthographique et mouvements oculomoteurs en condition d’apprentissage incident. Une autre contribution importante de cette thèse est de montrer et préciser le rôle de l’attention visuelle dans l’apprentissage orthographique, suggérant que cette dimension pourrait être fortement impliquée dans le passage du mode de lecture analytique caractéristique de l’apprenant au mode de lecture global qui caractérise le lecteur expert
In this thesis, we study the role of visual attention when an expert reader acquires new orthographic lexical knowledge. Our contribution is twofold. On the one hand, we develop an original computational, probabilistic model of orthographic learning. Our model, named BRAID-Learn, is an extension of BRAID, a hierarchical probabilistic model of visual word recognition and lexical decision. On the other hand, we gather original experimental data on the evolution of eye movements during incidental learning of new orthographic forms and demonstrate the ability of the model to account for these observations. Our contribution is described in three articles.In the first article, we simulate the length effect as experimentally observed for words in lexical decision in the French Lexicon Project. Through 5 simulations, we show that visual attention modulates the length effect and that several attentional fixations during the processing of long words (7 letters or more) reduces the length effect, instead of accentuating it. This study allows us to calibrate the parameters of the lexical decision sub-model of our learning model.The second article focuses on the experimental study of oculomotor behavior of expert adult readers during the incidental learning of new words. We show that the number of fixations and processing duration vary according to the number of exposures to a novel word, testifying to the progressive strengthening of its orthographic representation in memory. Exploratory data suggest that orthographic learning and oculomotor behaviors are also modulated by the visual-attentional abilities of the participants.In the third and final article, we present the learning model BRAID-Learn and test its ability to account for previously described oculomotor data in orthographic learning conditions. The model is based on two original hypotheses. The first is that the system controls the visual-attentional parameters in order to optimize the accumulation of perceptual information on letters of the stimulus and, therefore, to efficiently build a new orthographic trace during learning. The second hypothesis is that lexical familiarity, that is, the probability that the stimulus presented is a known word, modulates the top-down influence of lexical representations on letter perception. We show that the model successfully reproduces the observations, namely the decrease of the number of fixations as well as processing duration for novel words across exposures.BRAID-Learn is the first orthographic learning model to establish an explicit link between orthographic learning and eye movements observed during the incidental orthographic learning. Another contribution of this thesis is to show and clarify the role of visual attention in orthographic learning, suggesting that this dimension could be strongly involved in the transition from serial reading, that characterizes learning readers, to global reading, that characterizes expert readers
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Nyarambi, Arnold. "Teaching and Testing the Whole Class: Effective Strategies That Work for Diverse Learners." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2014. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/8245.

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Kavanaugh, Ashley A., Michael W. Ramsey, D. A. Williams, G. Gregory Haff, William A. Sands, and Michael H. Stone. "The Acute Effect Of Whole Body Vibration On 30 Meter Fly Sprint Performance." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2010. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4091.

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Hornsby, W. Guy, Mark A. South, Ashley Kavanaugh, Andrew S. Layne, G. Gregory Haff, William A. Sands, Marco Cardinale, Michael W. Ramsey, and Michael H. Stone. "The Acute Effects of Whole Body Vibration on Isometric Mid-Thigh Pull Performance." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2009. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4110.

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Acute exposure to vibration has been suggested to produce transient increases in muscular strength (1,2,8), vertical jump displacement (4,8), and power output (2,6,7) recorded while performing various tasks. It has been hypothesized that the reported acute vibration induced increases in performance occur as a result of alterations in neuromuscular stimulation (1,3,4). Specifically, most studies have ascribed the observed improvements to the likeliness of Whole Body Vibration (WBV) in producing a “tonic vibration reflex” (TVR) in which the primary nerve endings of the Ia afferents of the muscle spindle are activated. This is thought to result in the excitation of the alpha-motor neurons and activation of the extrafusal fibers (4) which likely leads to a greater synchronization of motor units as a result of homonymous motor unit contraction. However, not all investigations report improvements in muscular strength (4), vertical jump (7), and power production in response to acute vibration (4). While the current body of scientific knowledge offers conflicting evidence on the effectiveness of WBV in augmenting neuromuscular performance it is possible that WBV may result in alterations to specific aspects of the force-time curve during the performance of a maximal isometric contraction. Therefore, the primary purpose of this investigation was to examine the effects of WBV performed using 30 Hz frequency and 2-4 mm amplitude on the force-time curves of an isometric mid-thigh pull.
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Books on the topic "Whole words"

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Sight words in a flash: Word searches. Fort Atkinson, WI: Highsmith Inc., 2005.

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Hughes, Susan Elaine. The whole spectacle of life:women and words in Chaucer's Canterbury Tales. Salford: University of Salford, 1993.

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What to say in a whole new way: New words for witnessing. Hagerstown, MD: Review and Herald Pub. Association, 1994.

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Seeing stars: Symbol imagery for phonemic awareness, sight words and spelling. San Luis Obispo, CA: Gander Pub., 1997.

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Glenn, Jon. Whole Bunch of Words. Lulu Press, Inc., 2014.

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BELL, L. E. E. 100 Words: The Whole Generation. Independently Published, 2021.

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Browne, Ryan, and Charles Soule. Curse Words: The Whole Damned Thing Omnibus. Image Comics, 2022.

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Rogers, Brendon. #Brexit the Whole Story in Simple Words. Independently Published, 2016.

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Learning Sight Words. Sara Jordan Publishing, 2009.

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Rankie, Barbara. Learning Sight Words. Jordan Publishing, Sara, 2009.

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Book chapters on the topic "Whole words"

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Kim, Jin-Dong, and Jun’ichi Tsujii. "Word Folding: Taking the Snapshot of Words Instead of the Whole." In Natural Language Processing – IJCNLP 2004, 406–15. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-30211-7_43.

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Otchakovsky-Laurens, François. "The Universitas Massilie, an Assembly of the Whole City?: Power Struggles and Social Tensions in Marseille During the 14th Century." In Words and Deeds, 33–51. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols Publishers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/m.seuh-eb.5.119789.

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Chambers, Robert. "7. What Works and Why." In Whose Reality Counts?, 130–61. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Practical Action Publishing, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780440453.007.

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Yu, Xiu-bao. "What Is an Organizational Strategic Decision?" In Management for Professionals, 45–59. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4713-7_4.

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AbstractBased on military strategies, the chapter details the three elements of strategy, which represents an integrated decision-making on three core questions concerning a company’s development. First, is the decision on determining long-term development goals; second is that on identifying key development problems and main challenges; third is that on formulating guiding principles for solutions to the main challenges, making it an interdependent whole indispensable to each other. In other words, an overall strategy decision is composed of three sub-decisions, which are related and are matched with the three core elements of the strategy concept.
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El-Ali, Leena. "Domestic Violence: The Qur’an Does Not Instruct Husbands to Hit Their Wives for “Disobedience” or Anything Else." In Sustainable Development Goals Series, 263–72. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83582-8_20.

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AbstractWhen the famous verse 4:34 is read all the way to the end and the ensuing verse 4:35 which continues the narrative is read together with it, the problematic phrase “strike them but not if they heed your counsel” is obviously revisiting the question of adultery discussed in Chap. 10.1007/978-3-030-83582-8_19, where a repentant unfaithful wife (or husband) is to be forgiven by society (25:68–71) and not flogged to cause shame even if there are witnesses to the fact. In other words, the whole of verse 4:34 is addressing society as a whole, the last part dealing specifically with adultery and not just any husband-wife conflict. Moreover in 4:35, God explicitly supports reconciliation between the couple if they so wish despite the wife’s infidelity, surely a move that would be contradictory if He had just told the husband to hit his wife!
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"Magic Words." In Symposium of the Whole, 1–3. University of California Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/9780520966345-002.

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"Reading whole words." In Spotlight on Reading, 42–66. Routledge, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203060735-6.

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"Talking the Whole Way." In Words as Grain, 60. Yale University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1mgmd7p.51.

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"The Man Made of Words." In Symposium of the Whole, 414–16. University of California Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/9780520966345-064.

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"The whole soldier doesn’t suffer." In Words for War, edited by Oksana Maksymchuk and Max Rosochinsky, 76. Boston, USA: Academic Studies Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781618116673-040.

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Conference papers on the topic "Whole words"

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Hofstätter, Sebastian, Omar Khattab, Sophia Althammer, Mete Sertkan, and Allan Hanbury. "Introducing Neural Bag of Whole-Words with ColBERTer." In CIKM '22: The 31st ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3511808.3557367.

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Goel, Vibhor, Anand Mishra, Karteek Alahari, and C. V. Jawahar. "Whole is Greater than Sum of Parts: Recognizing Scene Text Words." In 2013 12th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icdar.2013.87.

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Магомадова, Алиса Иналовна. "SUBJECT AND OBJECTIVES OF THE LEXICOLOGY OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE." In Высокие технологии и инновации в науке: сборник избранных статей Международной научной конференции (Санкт-Петербург, Июль 2020). Crossref, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37539/vt186.2020.96.18.011.

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Выступая в языке в качестве его основной значимой единицы, слово предстает перед нами всегда как определенное структурное целое. В лексикологии слова изучаются для познания самих слов, словарного состава языка как такового. Для лексикологии в слове вздор будет важным, что это слово синонимично в определенной степени словам нелепость, чепуха, бессмыслица, бред, чушь, ахинея и т. д., в стилистическом отношении является разговорно-фамильярным, по происхождению исконно русским. Acting in the language as its main significant unit, the word always appears before us as a definite structural whole. In lexicology, words are studied to learn the words themselves, the vocabulary of the language as such. For lexicology in the word nonsense it will be important that this word is synonymous to a certain extent with the words absurdity, nonsense, nonsense, nonsense, nonsense, nonsense, etc. Russian.
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Huang, Ting, Gehui Shen, and Zhi-Hong Deng. "Leap-LSTM: Enhancing Long Short-Term Memory for Text Categorization." In Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-19}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2019/697.

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Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) are widely used in the field of natural language processing (NLP), ranging from text categorization to question answering and machine translation. However, RNNs generally read the whole text from beginning to end or vice versa sometimes, which makes it inefficient to process long texts. When reading a long document for a categorization task, such as topic categorization, large quantities of words are irrelevant and can be skipped. To this end, we propose Leap-LSTM, an LSTM-enhanced model which dynamically leaps between words while reading texts. At each step, we utilize several feature encoders to extract messages from preceding texts, following texts and the current word, and then determine whether to skip the current word. We evaluate Leap-LSTM on several text categorization tasks: sentiment analysis, news categorization, ontology classification and topic classification, with five benchmark data sets. The experimental results show that our model reads faster and predicts better than standard LSTM. Compared to previous models which can also skip words, our model achieves better trade-offs between performance and efficiency.
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Shvedsky, M. S., V. V. Matvienko, and D. A. Vagina. "The effect of hypoxia on the surfactant system of the lungs." In VIII Vserossijskaja konferencija s mezhdunarodnym uchastiem «Mediko-fiziologicheskie problemy jekologii cheloveka». Publishing center of Ulyanovsk State University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.34014/mpphe.2021-224-226.

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The study was conducted on mongrel male rats 120-180 g. Physical activity was performed by swimming for 40 minutes for 3 consecutive days. After three days, the development of insufficiency of the surfactant respiratory system was established, which will be characterized by moderate destruction of alveolocytes, violation of the entire aerogematic barrier as a whole, edema of alveolocytes, and, of course, POL. Key words: surfactant system of the lungs, physical activity, lipid peroxidation, respiratory organs.
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"A Data Science Enhanced Framework for Applied and Computational Math." In InSITE 2018: Informing Science + IT Education Conferences: La Verne California. Informing Science Institute, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/3961.

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[This Proceedings paper was revised and published in the 2018 issue of the journal Issues in Informing Science and Information Technology, Volume 15] The primary objective of this research was to build an enhanced framework for Applied and Computational Math. This framework allows a variety of applied math concepts to be organized into a meaningful whole. The framework can help students grasp new mathematical applications by comparing them to a common reference model. In this research, we measured the most frequent words used in a sample of Math and Computer Science books. We integrated these words with those obtained in an earlier study, from which we had constructed the original Computational Math scale. The enhanced framework improves our Computational Math scale by integrating selected concepts from the field of Data Science. The resulting enhanced framework better explains how abstract mathematical models and algorithms are tied to real world applications and computer implementations.
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Zhou, Yan, Longtao Huang, Tao Guo, Jizhong Han, and Songlin Hu. "A Span-based Joint Model for Opinion Target Extraction and Target Sentiment Classification." In Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-19}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2019/762.

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Target-Based Sentiment Analysis aims at extracting opinion targets and classifying the sentiment polarities expressed on each target. Recently, token based sequence tagging methods have been successfully applied to jointly solve the two tasks, which aims to predict a tag for each token. Since they do not treat a target containing several words as a whole, it might be difficult to make use of the global information to identify that opinion target, leading to incorrect extraction. Independently predicting the sentiment for each token may also lead to sentiment inconsistency for different words in an opinion target. In this paper, inspired by span-based methods in NLP, we propose a simple and effective joint model to conduct extraction and classification at span level rather than token level. Our model first emulates spans with one or more tokens and learns their representation based on the tokens inside. And then, a span-aware attention mechanism is designed to compute the sentiment information towards each span. Extensive experiments on three benchmark datasets show that our model consistently outperforms the state-of-the-art methods.
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Lisina, L. M. "COMPOSITION OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE." In INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN SCIENCE AND EDUCATION. DSTU-Print, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/itno.2020.487-491.

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Any language is in constant flux. They are especially susceptible to the lexical composition, which reacts to any innovations and phenomena of modern society: science, technology, the media and the Internet space as a whole are actively developing. Some words disappear from use, and new concepts and expressions come to replace them. As you know, it is the very process of replenishing the language system with new vocabulary that has always been of particular interest to linguists. This article is devoted to the study of modern ways of developing and replenishing the vocabulary of the English language.
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Ismailova, A. A., and N. A. Nurbaeva. "Forecasting the radiation background in the territories of Kazakhstan located near the uranium mining industries." In VIII Vserossijskaja konferencija s mezhdunarodnym uchastiem «Mediko-fiziologicheskie problemy jekologii cheloveka». Publishing center of Ulyanovsk State University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.34014/mpphe.2021-99-102.

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A significant part of the territory of Kazakhstan is characterized by a high natural background radiation of soils and rocks, the spread of natural ground and underground waters with high concentrations of radionuclides in the regions of uranium, thorium and rare metal ore provinces and regions. Therefore, conducting high-quality radio monitoring of the state of the environment using modern information systems will make it possible to predict the background radiation in a timely manner and outline measures to reduce environmental risks to the health of the nation as a whole. Key words: radioecology, monitoring, life safety, radionuclides, national health.
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GOLYASH, Iryna. "HAPPINESS AS A KEY FACTOR OF THE CREATIVE ECONOMY FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT." In Happiness And Contemporary Society : Conference Proceedings Volume. SPOLOM, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31108/7.2021.26.

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People are the most important resource of the new era, and the creative economy and happiness are interdependent elements necessary for the balanced development of the economic, social and environmental spheres. By helping to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals, the creative economy influences living standards and provides a sense of happiness. If people are positive and happy, then they are able to produce creative ideas and strive for an active life with an emphasis on achieving goals. For the sake of profitability, the creative sectors of the economy constantly encourage people to be creative, but the ability to generate ideas is unstable, because everything depends on the state of man and the environment in which he lives and works. Therefore, the main task of any country should be to ensure happiness for everyone, which is the basis for the existence of a creative economy. Otherwise, the country will automatically stop its development and begin to degrade rapidly. Human happiness must be not only a key factor in the creative economy for sustainable development, but also a mission for the development of each country and society as a whole. KEY WORDS: Creative economy, Happiness, Sustainable Development Goals.
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Reports on the topic "Whole words"

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Tritten, James J. Naval Arms Control: A Poor Choice of Words and an Idea Whose Time Has Yet to Come. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada226710.

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Afsaruddin, Asma. NEGOTIATING VIRTUE AND REALPOLITIK IN ISLAMIC GOOD GOVERNANCE. IIIT, October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47816/01.002.20.

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These words of John Lewis represent a scathing criticism of the contemporary failures of the United States, the oldest and possibly most vibrant democratic nation-state in the world. The words also express a deep disappointment that the principles of equality and justice enshrined in the US constitution have been honored more in the breach when they pertain to African-Americans, many of whose ancestors arrived on these shores long before those of their Euro-American compatriots.
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Chornodon, Myroslava. FEAUTURES OF GENDER IN MODERN MASS MEDIA. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2021.49.11064.

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The article clarifies of gender identity stereotypes in modern media. The main gender stereotypes covered in modern mass media are analyzed and refuted. The model of gender relations in the media is reflected mainly in the stereotypical images of men and woman. The features of the use of gender concepts in modern periodicals for women and men were determined. The most frequently used derivatives of these macroconcepts were identified and analyzed in detail. It has been found that publications for women and men are full of various gender concepts that are used in different contexts. Ingeneral, theanalysisofthe concept-maximums and concept-minimum gender and their characteristics is carried out in the context of gender stereotypes that have been forme dand function in the society, system atizing the a ctual presentations. The study of the gender concept is relevant because it reveals new trends and features of modern gender images. Taking into account the special features of gender-labeled periodicals in general and the practical absence of comprehensive scientific studies of the gender concept in particular, there is a need to supplement Ukrainian science with this topic. Gender psychology, which is served by methods of various sciences, primarily sociological, pedagogical, linguistic, psychological, socio-psychological. Let us pay attention to linguistic and psycholinguistic methods in gender studies. Linguistic methods complement intelligence research tasks, associated with speech, word and text. Psycholinguistic methods used in gender psychology (semantic differential, semantic integral, semantic analysis of words and texts), aimed at studying speech messages, specific mechanisms of origin and perception, functions of speech activity in society, studying the relationship between speech messages and gender properties participants in the communication, to analyze the linguistic development in connection with the general development of the individual. Nowhere in gender practice there is the whole arsenal of psychological methods that allow you to explore psychological peculiarities of a person like observation, experiments, questionnaires, interviews, testing, modeling, etc. The methods of psychological self-diagnostics include: the gender aspect of the own socio-psychological portrait, a gender biography as a variant of the biographical method, aimed at the reconstruction of individual social experience. In the process of writing a gender autobiography, a person can understand the characteristics of his gender identity, as well as ways and means of their formation. Socio-psychological methods of studying gender include the study of socially constructed women’s and men’s roles, relationships and identities, sexual characteristics, psychological characteristics, etc. The use of gender indicators and gender approaches as a means of socio-psychological and sociological analysis broadens the subject boundaries of these disciplines and makes them the subject of study within these disciplines. And also, in the article a combination of concrete-historical, structural-typological, system-functional methods is implemented. Descriptive and comparative methods, method of typology, modeling are used. Also used is a method of content analysis for the study of gender content of modern gender-stamped journals. It was he who allowed quantitatively to identify and explore the features of the gender concept in the pages of periodicals for women and men. A combination of historical, structural-typological, system-functional methods is also implemented in the article. Descriptive and comparative methods, method of typology, modeling are used. A method of content analysis for the study of gender content of modern gender-labeled journals is also used. It allowed to identify and explore the features of the gender concept quantitatively in the periodicals for women and men. The conceptual perception and interpretation of the gender concept «woman», which is highlighted in the modern gender-labeled press in Ukraine, requires the elaboration of the polyfunctionality of gender interpretations, the comprehension of the metaphorical perception of this image and its role and purpose in society. A gendered approach to researching the gender content of contemporary periodicals for women and men. Conceptual analysis of contemporary gender-stamped publications within the gender conceptual sphere allows to identify and correlate the meta-gender and gender concepts that appear in society.
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Chen, Liming, David Raitzer, Rana Hasan, Rouselle Lavado, and Orlee Velarde. What Works to Control COVID-19? Econometric Analysis of a Cross-Country Panel. Asian Development Bank, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps200354-2.

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The paper examines the effects of nonpharmaceutical interventions on transmission of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) as captured by its reproduction rate 𝑅t. Using cross-country panel data, the paper finds that while lockdown measures have strong effects on 𝑅t, gathering bans appear to be more effective than workplace and school closures. Ramping up the testing and tracing of COVID-19 cases is found to be especially effective in controlling the spread of the disease where there is greater coverage of paid sick leave benefits. Workplace and school closures are found to have large negative effects on gross domestic product compared with other measures, suggesting that a more targeted approach can be taken to keep the epidemic controlled at lower cost.
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MacFarlane, Andrew. 2021 medical student essay prize winner - A case of grief. Society for Academic Primary Care, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37361/medstudessay.2021.1.1.

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As a student undertaking a Longitudinal Integrated Clerkship (LIC)1 based in a GP practice in a rural community in the North of Scotland, I have been lucky to be given responsibility and my own clinic lists. Every day I conduct consultations that change my practice: the challenge of clinically applying the theory I have studied, controlling a consultation and efficiently exploring a patient's problems, empathising with and empowering them to play a part in their own care2 – and most difficult I feel – dealing with the vast amount of uncertainty that medicine, and particularly primary care, presents to both clinician and patient. I initially consulted with a lady in her 60s who attended with her husband, complaining of severe lower back pain who was very difficult to assess due to her pain level. Her husband was understandably concerned about the degree of pain she was in. After assessment and discussion with one of the GPs, we agreed some pain relief and a physio assessment in the next few days would be a practical plan. The patient had one red flag, some leg weakness and numbness, which was her ‘normal’ on account of her multiple sclerosis. At the physio assessment a few days later, the physio felt things were worse and some urgent bloods were ordered, unfortunately finding raised cancer and inflammatory markers. A CT scan of the lung found widespread cancer, a later CT of the head after some developing some acute confusion found brain metastases, and a week and a half after presenting to me, the patient sadly died in hospital. While that was all impactful enough on me, it was the follow-up appointment with the husband who attended on the last triage slot of the evening two weeks later that I found completely altered my understanding of grief and the mourning of a loved one. The husband had asked to speak to a Andrew MacFarlane Year 3 ScotGEM Medical Student 2 doctor just to talk about what had happened to his wife. The GP decided that it would be better if he came into the practice - strictly he probably should have been consulted with over the phone due to coronavirus restrictions - but he was asked what he would prefer and he opted to come in. I sat in on the consultation, I had been helping with any examinations the triage doctor needed and I recognised that this was the husband of the lady I had seen a few weeks earlier. He came in and sat down, head lowered, hands fiddling with the zip on his jacket, trying to find what to say. The GP sat, turned so that they were opposite each other with no desk between them - I was seated off to the side, an onlooker, but acknowledged by the patient with a kind nod when he entered the room. The GP asked gently, “How are you doing?” and roughly 30 seconds passed (a long time in a conversation) before the patient spoke. “I just really miss her…” he whispered with great effort, “I don’t understand how this all happened.” Over the next 45 minutes, he spoke about his wife, how much pain she had been in, the rapid deterioration he witnessed, the cancer being found, and cruelly how she had passed away after he had gone home to get some rest after being by her bedside all day in the hospital. He talked about how they had met, how much he missed her, how empty the house felt without her, and asking himself and us how he was meant to move forward with his life. He had a lot of questions for us, and for himself. Had we missed anything – had he missed anything? The GP really just listened for almost the whole consultation, speaking to him gently, reassuring him that this wasn’t his or anyone’s fault. She stated that this was an awful time for him and that what he was feeling was entirely normal and something we will all universally go through. She emphasised that while it wasn’t helpful at the moment, that things would get better over time.3 He was really glad I was there – having shared a consultation with his wife and I – he thanked me emphatically even though I felt like I hadn’t really helped at all. After some tears, frequent moments of silence and a lot of questions, he left having gotten a lot off his chest. “You just have to listen to people, be there for them as they go through things, and answer their questions as best you can” urged my GP as we discussed the case when the patient left. Almost all family caregivers contact their GP with regards to grief and this consultation really made me realise how important an aspect of my practice it will be in the future.4 It has also made me reflect on the emphasis on undergraduate teaching around ‘breaking bad news’ to patients, but nothing taught about when patients are in the process of grieving further down the line.5 The skill Andrew MacFarlane Year 3 ScotGEM Medical Student 3 required to manage a grieving patient is not one limited to general practice. Patients may grieve the loss of function from acute trauma through to chronic illness in all specialties of medicine - in addition to ‘traditional’ grief from loss of family or friends.6 There wasn’t anything ‘medical’ in the consultation, but I came away from it with a real sense of purpose as to why this career is such a privilege. We look after patients so they can spend as much quality time as they are given with their loved ones, and their loved ones are the ones we care for after they are gone. We as doctors are the constant, and we have to meet patients with compassion at their most difficult times – because it is as much a part of the job as the knowledge and the science – and it is the part of us that patients will remember long after they leave our clinic room. Word Count: 993 words References 1. ScotGEM MBChB - Subjects - University of St Andrews [Internet]. [cited 2021 Mar 27]. Available from: https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/subjects/medicine/scotgem-mbchb/ 2. Shared decision making in realistic medicine: what works - gov.scot [Internet]. [cited 2021 Mar 27]. Available from: https://www.gov.scot/publications/works-support-promote-shared-decisionmaking-synthesis-recent-evidence/pages/1/ 3. Ghesquiere AR, Patel SR, Kaplan DB, Bruce ML. Primary care providers’ bereavement care practices: Recommendations for research directions. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2014 Dec;29(12):1221–9. 4. Nielsen MK, Christensen K, Neergaard MA, Bidstrup PE, Guldin M-B. Grief symptoms and primary care use: a prospective study of family caregivers. BJGP Open [Internet]. 2020 Aug 1 [cited 2021 Mar 27];4(3). Available from: https://bjgpopen.org/content/4/3/bjgpopen20X101063 5. O’Connor M, Breen LJ. General Practitioners’ experiences of bereavement care and their educational support needs: a qualitative study. BMC Medical Education. 2014 Mar 27;14(1):59. 6. Sikstrom L, Saikaly R, Ferguson G, Mosher PJ, Bonato S, Soklaridis S. Being there: A scoping review of grief support training in medical education. PLOS ONE. 2019 Nov 27;14(11):e0224325.
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Longhurst, Daniel, and Rachel Slater. Shock-Responsive Social Protection: What is Known About What Works in Fragile and Conflict-Affected Situations? Institute of Development Studies (IDS), March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/basic.2022.005.

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While shock-responsive social protection (SRSP) has become popular in global and national development discourses, its operationalisation in fragile and conflict-affected situations (FCAS) remains more limited, yet it is arguably here where it could meaningfully contribute to wider nexus approaches. By exploring experiences in a range of countries, the paper explores what is known about the use of SRSP in FCAS, and identifies further areas of potential research for the BASIC Research programme. It also assesses the state of knowledge regarding a number of key questions being raised among stakeholders, namely: What is known about navigating the ethical and political dilemmas around attempting SRSP in FCAS? What is known about the specific requirements for displaced populations and other excluded or vulnerable groups? What is known about when it might be ill-advised to attempt SRSP in FCAS?
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RUDENKO, V., and E. KRASNOVA. FEATURES OF THE FORMATION OF THE TERM SYSTEM IN ASTROPHYSICS. Science and Innovation Center Publishing House, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/2077-1770-2021-13-4-3-117-125.

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This article is devoted to the study of the features of the development of astrophysical terminology in the diachronic aspect. The process of formation and subsequent development of the terminosystem was systematized, which led to an accurate understanding of the principles of the existence of the terminosystem in science. Consideration of lexical units based on the most famous works in this field of scientific knowledge, allowed us to consider in detail the principles of their functioning and the impact on the development of science as a whole.
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Tobin, Daniel, Erin Lane, and Ron Hoover. Climate Change and Agriculture in the Northeast: Teamwork, Responses, and Results. USDA Northeast Climate Hub, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.6965353.ch.

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Not everyone may agree on the best adaptation practices all the time, but as opposed to rigid guidelines, a whole suite of options are being developed that will allow individuals to pick and choose what best works for them. But being proactive in ways that have both an economic and environmental outlook will determine agriculture’s success in responding to changes in climate. With collaboration and cooperation, the northeast can meet the challenge to maintain and improve production. The biggest risk is not climate change itself; it is being passive as these changes occur.
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Savedoff, William, Pedro Bernal, Marcella Distrutti, Laura Goyoneche, and Carolina Bernal. Open configuration options Going Beyond Normal Challenges for Health and Healthcare in Latin America and the Caribbean Exposed by Covid-19. Inter-American Development Bank, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004242.

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This technical note describes how the COVID-19 pandemic has affected Latin America and the Caribbean, and considers the implications for future population health, health spending, healthcare service reforms, and investments to prepare for future health emergencies. It provides a summary of the few existing empirical studies and then contributes original analysis using administrative data from hospitals and vital registration systems in five countries. It shows substantial declines in health and healthcare delivery during the first year of the pandemic, especially for preventive and elective care. Some countries were able to return healthcare to historical levels, while others were still below average in 2021. The study concludes with reflections on how the pandemic has altered health policy recommendations for the region, generating a greater sense of urgency to make progress on long-standing agendas such as eliminating fragmentation, integrating care, and pursuing digital transformation while reordering priorities toward investments in emergency preparedness, disease surveillance, resilience, and self-sufficiency. In other words, going beyond normal.
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Wickenden, Mary, Brigitte Rohwerder, Jackie Shaw, Stephen Thompson, and Eric Wakoko. “The Situation has Exposed Persons with Disabilities to Double Edged Pain”: People with Disabilities’ Experiences of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Uganda. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/if.2021.009.

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This qualitative study was undertaken as part of the work of the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO) funded Inclusion Works programme which aims to improve inclusive employment for people with disabilities in four countries: Uganda, Kenya, Nigeria, Bangladesh. When the COVID-19 pandemic emerged early in 2020 the work of this consortium programme was adapted to focus on pandemic relief and research activities, while some other planned work was not possible.
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