Relevant bibliographies by topics / Whole trade

Academic literature on the topic 'Whole trade'

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Published: 27 July 2024
Last updated: 30 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Whole trade"

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Edwards, Shatiel, Matthew Cilli, Troy Peterson, Michael Zabat, Craig Lawton, and Liliana Shelton. "Whole Systems Trade Analysis." INCOSE International Symposium 25, no. 1 (October 2015): 1133–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2334-5837.2015.00120.x.

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Janzen, Joseph P., and Nathan P. Hendricks. "Are Farmers Made Whole by Trade Aid?" Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy 42, no. 2 (May 3, 2020): 205–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aepp.13045.

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Kolben, Kevin. "Compensation and its Limits: Can Trade’s Losers be Made Whole?" Journal of International Economic Law 24, no. 4 (November 29, 2021): 683–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jiel/jgab041.

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ABSTRACT Free trade and global economic integration has been under pressure from populist political movements across the globe. Many of the critiques of trade relate to the losses, both economic and non-economic, that trade’s losers suffer. Many economists and trade lawyers consider the case for free trade to be unassailable and rely on the compensation principle to argue that trade is welfare maximizing if trade’s losers could be compensated such that each is as least as well off as they were before. As a corollary, they will argue that the losers of trade should be compensated for their losses through, for example, direct payments, wage insurance, job retraining, or other supports. It is further assumed that such compensation will boost support for liberal trade policy. This article argues, however, that compensation is conceptually and practically limited in its ability to in fact make trade’s losers whole and is a poor tool to build support for free trade and address the plight of trade’s losers. Instead, it is suggested that broadly targeted non-trade specific programs are preferable, as well as perhaps a reconsideration of the purpose of safeguard measures such that they may be explicitly applied in order to mitigate political opposition to trade rather than only when industries are under threat.
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Lailvaux, Simon P., and Jerry F. Husak. "Predicting Life-History Trade-Offs with Whole-Organism Performance." Integrative and Comparative Biology 57, no. 2 (August 1, 2017): 325–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icx073.

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Oliveira, Gabriel Leão, and Wilson da Cruz Vieira. "The effects of tariffs on the whole milk powder trade between Brazil and Argentina: a game theoretic analysis." Revista de Economia Contemporânea 12, no. 2 (August 2008): 333–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1415-98482008000200006.

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In this paper we analyzed the effects of tariffs on the whole milk powder trade between Brazil and Argentina from 1990 to 2004. The methodology included estimation of whole milk powder demands for Brazil and Argentina as monopolists, members of Mercosul, and world exporters; and simulation of Cournot games considering the trade of this product under alternative tariff policies. The results show that although the tariff impositions create trade distortions, this kind of policy was important to protect Brazil against illegal practices of trade and to increase its competitiveness against traditional international competitors.
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Vanhooydonck, B., R. S. James, J. Tallis, P. Aerts, Z. Tadic, K. A. Tolley, G. J. Measey, and A. Herrel. "Is the whole more than the sum of its parts? Evolutionary trade-offs between burst and sustained locomotion in lacertid lizards." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1777 (February 22, 2014): 20132677. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.2677.

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Trade-offs arise when two functional traits impose conflicting demands on the same design trait. Consequently, excellence in one comes at the cost of performance in the other. One of the most widely studied performance trade-offs is the one between sprint speed and endurance. Although biochemical, physiological and (bio)mechanical correlates of either locomotor trait conflict with each other, results at the whole-organism level are mixed. Here, we test whether burst (speed, acceleration) and sustained locomotion (stamina) trade off at both the isolated muscle and whole-organism level among 17 species of lacertid lizards. In addition, we test for a mechanical link between the organismal and muscular (power output, fatigue resistance) performance traits. We find weak evidence for a trade-off between burst and sustained locomotion at the whole-organism level; however, there is a significant trade-off between muscle power output and fatigue resistance in the isolated muscle level. Variation in whole-animal sprint speed can be convincingly explained by variation in muscular power output. The variation in locomotor stamina at the whole-organism level does not relate to the variation in muscle fatigue resistance, suggesting that whole-organism stamina depends not only on muscle contractile performance but probably also on the performance of the circulatory and respiratory systems.
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Chou, Jieming, Fan Yang, Zhongxiu Wang, and Wenjie Dong. "The Impact on Carbon Emissions of China with the Trade Situation versus the U.S." Sustainability 13, no. 18 (September 15, 2021): 10324. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131810324.

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The China–US trade conflict will inevitably have a negative impact on China’s trade imports and exports, industrial development, and economic growth, and will affect the achievement of climate change goals. In the short term, the impact of the trade conflict on China’s import and export trade will cause the carbon emissions contained in traded commodities to change accordingly. To assess the impact of the trade conflict on China’s climate policy, this paper combines a model from the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) and the input–output analysis method and calculates the carbon emissions in international trade before and after the conflict. The conclusions are as follows: (1) The trade war has led to a sharp decline in China–US trade, but for China as a whole, imports and exports have not changed much; (2) China’s export emissions have changed little, its import emissions have dropped slightly, and its net emissions have increased; and (3) China’s exports are still concentrated in energy-intensive industries. Changes in trade will bring challenges to China’s balancing of climate and trade exigencies. China–US cooperation based on energy and technology will help China cope with climate change after the trade conflict.
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De León, Jason P., Kenneth G. Hirth, and David M. Carballo. "EXPLORING FORMATIVE PERIOD OBSIDIAN BLADE TRADE: THREE DISTRIBUTION MODELS." Ancient Mesoamerica 20, no. 1 (2009): 113–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956536109000091.

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AbstractObsidian prismatic blades were widely traded across Mesoamerica during the Early and Middle Formative periods. However, it was not until the Late Formative period (400b.c.—a.d. 100) that prismatic blade cores began to be exchanged extensively. Although it is generally accepted that the trading of blades preceded the trading of cores by almost 1,000 years, little is know about the structure of blade trading during the Early and Middle Formative periods. We describe three distributional models for the trade of obsidian prismatic blades: whole-blade trade, processed-blade trade, and local-blade production. These models were evaluated using obsidian consumption data from Oaxaca, the Basin of Mexico, and Tlaxcala. The results indicate that Formative period blade trade involved different forms over time and space.
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Wiersema, Annecoos. "CITES and the Whole Chain Approach to Combating Illegal Wildlife Trade." Journal of International Wildlife Law & Policy 20, no. 3-4 (October 2, 2017): 207–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13880292.2017.1409396.

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Jámbor, Attila. "Competitiveness of meat and associated products in international trade." Review on Agriculture and Rural Development 8, no. 1-2 (May 26, 2019): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/rard.2019.1-2.35-40.

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There has been considerable growth in global meat trade recently in line with globally increasing population and changing diets. The paper analyses competitiveness patterns in global meat trade between 1989 and 2018. The article applies the method of revealed comparative advantages on global meat trade data and reaches a number of conclusions. First, results show top 10 countries in global meat exports and imports as well as most traded products. Global meat exports are dominated by the United States, Brazil and the Netherlands, whole main meat importers were Japan, Germany and the United Kingdom. The paper shows that global meat trade is highly concentrated by country and product but this concentration has decreased considerably in the previous 20 years. By analysing specialisation in global meat trade, a diverse picture becomes apparent where export positions and comparative advantages are not always moving together. Last but not least, Hungarian positions are also analysed in context throughout the paper.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Whole trade"

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Gaillard, Camille [Verfasser], Simon [Gutachter] Scheiter, and Thomas [Gutachter] Hickler. "Process based modelling of ecosystem structure and dynamics with aDGVM2 : a case study of whole-plant trait trade-offs & shrubs in African savannas / Camille Gaillard ; Gutachter: Simon Scheiter, Thomas Hickler." Frankfurt am Main : Universitätsbibliothek Johann Christian Senckenberg, 2021. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hebis:30:3-613446.

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Gah, Dadehys Noellie Prisca. "How ECOWAS negotiating team can strenghen the legal provisions of Cote D'Ivoire EPA as to benefit the whole region : a legal analysis of the Cote D'Ivoire interim EPA." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/28472.

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The paper examines through a legal analysis of some articles of the Cote d’Ivoire Stepping Stone Agreement, how ECOWAS can strengthened its approach in negotiating a comprehensive EPA for the region. These articles are scrutinized with a special focus on market access as to point out fields that need to be re-thinked with regard objectives set out in the agreement. It is argue that current bilateral and multilateral Trade and Investment Agreements are shrinking in their legal framework the policy space need for development in countries that need it the most. This study, underlines the fact that the legal provisions contain in the Cote d’Ivoire IEPA do reduce actually its ability to set up policies tool aim at achieving development goals. It is the sustainability of the IEPA legal provisions that is questioned under this topic with regard to sensitive issues such as the safeguard measures, the stand still clause, the MFN clause, the Rules of Origin etc….. In so doing, the analysis reveals as well the ambiguity of the IEPA relationship with the Cotonou Agreement and the multilateral trade rules of the WTO. This ambiguity is highlighted in an attempt to drawn the attention of the region on the fact that; if there is indeed a need to update the Economic Partnership Agreement currently negotiating with the EC, this cannot be done without first of all updating the negotiating approach of the region. In fact, its weak bargaining approach coupled with that overwhelming of the EC has resulted in the agreement currently on the table. Substantial changes can be made with this regard by acknowledging the insufficiencies in the legal framework of the IEPA but also in learning lesson from mistakes the region itself and Cote d’Ivoire have done in negotiating EPAs and its Interim version. Thus, since EPAs often triggered the debate on liberalization and what it may carry in terms of consequences on developing countries’ economies, examples of countries that took a different step toward liberalization and whose current situation may be use as a testimony by ECOWAS are quoted. Finally, propositions are made to ECOWAS region as to enlarge current development space while battling for more flexibility under the EPA.
Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2010.
Centre for Human Rights
unrestricted
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Fischer, Mark. "WHILE AMERICA SLEPT." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2006. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/4037.

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This study briefly examined the terrorist attacks that occurred between the first bombing of the World Trade Center in 1993 and the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon that occurred on September 11, 2001. Specifically, this study examines the reactions of the public and press to the attacks on the military barracks in Riyadh, the bombings of the U.S. Embassies in Zambia and Kenya, and the attack on the U.S.S Cole in Yemen. This study examines the effect public opinion had on the President and Congress and their reactions to the public pressure. The primary purpose of this thesis is to briefly examine the reactions of Presidents and Congress to the attacks on Americans at home and abroad, and that effect on their efforts to prevent further attacks on the United States. Did the President use his office to activate and motivate public officials and the public to the dangers of terrorist attacks? Was the public effective in persuading Congress to enact legislation to increase funding for terrorist prevention? And, how effective was the press in its role to educate and define the issues surrounding terrorist attacks on Americans.
M.A.
Department of Political Science
Arts and Humanities
Political Science
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Casanova-Jimenez, Richard P. "Trade and investment disputes : whose business is it anyway ?" Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=78207.

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This thesis is a discussion on whether every sector of human activity really is or needs to be 'global'. It discusses the impact that economic globalization has on the role of the nation-state and on the concept of democracy, at both local and international levels. Particular emphasis is put on some of the democratic challenges associated with dispute settlement at the WTO and also under foreign investment international instruments. It is argued that increased participation by non-state actors, particularly NGOs, in state-to-state and in investor-state arbitration threatens to weaken the arbitration process and does little to remedy alleged democratic deficiencies. The author concludes that many democratic concerns regarding these types of dispute settlement processes may be better addressed by strengthening national democracies. Increased public information, consultation, and participation in the shaping of foreign policy could reduce much of the criticism concerning both, international dispute settlement and decision-making.
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Robin, Penelope Ann. "Determination of trace elements in serum and whole blood by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.400335.

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Sombers, Leslie A. "Determination of Trace Levels of Lead in Whole Blood by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy." W&M ScholarWorks, 1998. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626166.

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Wilkinson, Darren James. "Geochemistry of eclogites from Western Norway : implications from high-precision whole-rock and rutile analyses." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/10531.

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The Western Gneiss Region (WGR) in Norway is home to some of the world’s most spectacular exposures of high pressure (HP) and ultrahigh pressure (UHP) eclogites. Despite extensive petrological studies into their pressure, temperature and time (PTt) histories, relatively few have reported on their trace element compositions. Such data can be used to supplement our understanding of the provenance and history of Norwegian eclogites, as well as to further our understanding of trace element fluxes during HP to UHP metamorphism in subduction zone settings. In order to address this shortfall in data availability, the first step was to investigate and apply the best dissolution techniques for preparing eclogite samples for chemical analysis. Eclogites commonly contain up to a few weight percent rutile (TiO2), which is known to be an important host for a variety of major and trace elements (e.g. Ti, Nb and Ta). However, typical rock digestion procedures are incapable of dissolving rutile, and thus may lead to inaccurate measurements. It was found that that total dissolution of rutile can be achieved by dissolving samples in sealed pressure vessels at increased pressures and temperatures, ultimately leading to greatly increased data accuracy for analyses of any rutile-bearing lithology. The solutions were analysed by standard ICP-MS techniques and the results compared to analyses of powders by XRF spectrometry. Our high-accuracy and high-precision data were subjected to immobile trace element discriminant analyses that suggested eclogites belonged to three broad geochemical groups: eclogites with mid ocean ridge Basalt (MORB)-like composition; eclogites with arc-like composition; and eclogites with geochemical signatures significantly perturbed by metamorphism. The geochemistry of eclogites in the first two groups are shown to likely reflect protolith composition, and as such we used model protolith compositions to calculate estimated element mobilities (EMMs) for those elements considered relatively mobile during metamorphism. It was not possible to determine protoliths for eclogites in the third category using trace elements alone. Finally, the trace element geochemistry of a large number of separated eclogite-hosted rutiles was studied. The data collected were used to demonstrate that rutile contains significant amounts of the whole-rock’s high field strength element (HFSE) budget, and may exert significant control on the HFSE composition of passing hydrothermal fluids. Furthermore, Zr-in-rutile thermometry (ZRT) was applied to separated rutiles. This temperature information was used to better our understanding of the thermal history of the WGR, as well as to create a map of eclogite temperatures in the Nordfjord-Statlandet area. This high-resolution thermal map of arguably the most important area of the WGR, supports current interpretations that during the Caledonian Orogeny the leading edge of the Baltica plate was consumed in a northwest to north-northwest-dipping subduction zone under Laurentia. Furthermore, isotherms on this map mimic several major fold hinges in the region rather well, thus providing support to the hypothesis that such structures were most likely formed during the collapse of the Scandinavian Caledonian Orogen after the peak metamorphism of most eclogites.
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Gould, Simon R. "Integrated sedimentological and whole-rock trace element geochemical correlation of alluvial red-bed sequences at outcrop and in the subsurface." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2001. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=230625.

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Red-bed alluvial systems are becoming increasingly important as hydrocarbon plays in the UK Northern North Sea. Commonly such ephemeral systems are hard to define in terms of reservoir architecture, due to the difficulty in correlating such diverse and palaeontologically-barren sequences. This project aims to improve understanding of one such system, the Late Jurassic Cormorant Formation, of the Northern North Sea, through detailed sedimentological study of two outcrop analogues. The whole-rock trace element geochemical correlation technique in a variety of settings. The Lower Old Red Sandstone Moor Cliffs Formation of the Anglo-Welsh Basin provides ideal conditions for testing the whole-rock trace element geochemical correlation technique. The Moor Cliffs Formation is a low net:gross alluvial red bed suite, which by virtue of Variscan deformation, outcrops in a well-exposed, easily accessible cliff section at Priests Nose, near Manorbier, Pembrokeshire. A 100m section was sampled to determine variables that may affect whole-rock trace element geochemical correlation. The results prove that whole-rock trace element geochemical correlation can be applied to alluvial successions, despite pedogenic modification and deep burial. The Late Triassic Blomidon Formation of the Fundy Basin, Nova Scotia, provided a second outcrop example of an alluvial red-bed sequence, which was deposited in similar palaeo-climatic and tectonic conditions to the Northem North Sea Triassic. The Blomidon Formation contained a range of fluvial styles from confined channels to unconfined sheetfloods. Three sections were studied along the hanging-wall margin of the Fundy Basin, separated by up to 150km along strike. Each section provided a contrasting basinal setting, allowing comparison of facies along strike and down depositional dip. Sections were measured in detail to quantify bed geometries and facies variants, facilitating architectural analysis. Specific attention was paid to features that may be diagnostic in sub-surface cored sections of the Northern North Sea Triassic. Correlation was possible on a number of scales, using laterally continuous ephemeral marker beds within the Blomidon Formation. Detailed facies evaluation has allowed the division of the Blomidon Formation into four distinctive facies packages that vary considerably in sandstone net:gross. Each facies assemblage is defined by variations in fluvial style and occurrence of evaporite rich, ephemeral lacustrine and rare aeolian sediments. It was possible to produce a broad, basin-wide correlation scheme for the Blomidon Formation, based on these four facies packages. Detailed facies analysis of three cores from the Cormorant Formation, Tem Field, Northern North Sea allowed definition of reservoir architecture, based on models derived from outcrop analogues. The results suggest that correlation based on individual horizons and facies packages is possible in alluvial red-bed sequences through detailed sedimentological study. The whole-rock trace element geochemical correlation technique can also provide additional datasets to enhance correlation in the subsurface.
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Larter, Tamara, and University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. "More than 'whore' : a discourse analysis on the media coverage of the murders of sex trade workers in Edmonton, Canada, 2001-2008 / Tamara Larter." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Dept. of Sociology, c2011, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/2596.

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Twenty women linked with the sex trade in Edmonton, Canada went missing or were murdered between 2001 and 2008. In this study, I use Foucauldian and feminist theories, via discourse analysis, to examine the ways that Edmonton’s newspapers (re)present these murders. My findings show that the newspapers’ discourse deviantises these women, thereby minimising the tragedy of their disappearances and deaths. This deviantisation is deployed in three ways; by framing sex trade workers as criminally, medically, and morally deviant. Criminal deviance places sex trade workers firmly on the ‘wrong’ side of the law, making them undeserving of police protection; medical deviance implies that only women who are mentally ill in some way would take part in the sex trade, and, simultaneously, hyperbolises the role of sex workers in the spread of venereal diseases. Finally, discourses of moral deviance place sex workers on the ‘wrong’ side of morality and femininity. iv
ix, 126 leaves ; 29 cm
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Mesa, Rodolfo. "Simplifying Sample Preparation using Fabric Phase Sorptive Extraction: Analysis of Trace Targeted Pollutant Residues in Environmental, Biological and Food Samples." FIU Digital Commons, 2017. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3513.

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Sample preparation is an essential component of analytical methods in chemistry. It is not only necessary but also presents an opportunity to increase the effectiveness of the method significantly. There are various commercially available technologies for sample preparation, including numerous variations of LLE, SPE, and SPME. However, these technologies all present significant deficiencies, including the inability to extract directly from complex samples such as whole milk. Instrumental analysis has been improved greatly in the last two decades but still is not applicable to complex samples without sample preparation. This work presents the theory of FPSE, including the synthesis of sol-gel sorbents, coating of FPSE cellulose substrates and the mechanism of retention. Original research data presented herein introduce a comprehensive view on possible applications of FPSE in forensic chemistry and otherwise. Five distinct FPSE-based methods were rigorously developed for analysis of targeted pollutant residues. These methods were validated and compare to leading methods published in peer-reviewed literature quite favorably. Four of the methods were coupled to HPLC-UV and designed for trace or ultra-trace analysis of PAHs, BTEX, substituted phenols and nitroaromatic explosives, respectively. An additional FPSE-based method was developed and validated for direct analysis of BPA and five estrogenic EDCs in commercially purchased whole milk. This latter was coupled to both HPLC-UV and HPLC(QQQ)-MS/MS. The applicability of FPSE(PTHF) media was also tested for screening of aqueous samples and subsequent storage of analytes on the sorbent. My study included simultaneous extraction of a mixture of eight forensically significant compounds with various physicochemical properties and effective storage of each compound in frozen and ambient conditions for 32 weeks. These findings suggest that the storage ability of FPSE media can be extended as long as necessary, which is very significant in forensic laboratories where evidence often needs to be stored in a costly manner that may not be as effective in maintaining the chemical composition of the sample.
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Books on the topic "Whole trade"

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Renmei, Tōkyō Ton'ya. Ton'yagai no rekishi to yonjūnen no ayumi. Tōkyō: Kyōdō Kumiai Tōkyō Ton'ya Renmei, 1989.

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Hansen, Wendy L. Cumulation and ITC decision-making: The sum of the parts is greater than the whole. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1995.

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Rubin, Jeff. Why your world is about to get a whole lot smaller. Toronto: Random House Canada, 2009.

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Kaiser, Harry Mason. Impact of generic fluid milk advertising on whole, lowfat, and skim milk demand. Ithaca, N.Y: Dept. of Agricultural, Resource, and Managerial Economics, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, 1995.

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Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station. Dept. of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness. and Louisiana State University Agricultural Center., eds. Projected costs and returns and whole farm analysis for major agricultural enterprises Louisiana, 1998. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, 1998.

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Rubin, Jeff. Why Your World Is About to Get a Whole Lot Smaller. New York: Random House Publishing Group, 2009.

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Philippines. Congress (1987- ). Senate. Committee of the Whole on the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. Broadening the frontiers of Philippine trade: Committee report no. 702 : report of the Committee of the Whole on the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. Manila: Senate of the Philippines, 1994.

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Inc, Kilborn, Environmental Applications Group Ltd, Ontario. Ministry of the Environment. Metal Mining Sector., and Ontario. Municipal/Industrial Strategy for Abatement., eds. Best available pollution control technology. 2nd ed. [Toronto]: Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Metal Mining Sector, 1992.

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Rhodes, Raymond J. Mail survey of the U.S. seafood wholesale market channel with an emphasis on whole farmed marine shrimp. Charleston, S.C. (P.O. Box 12559, Charleston 29422-2559): S.C. Wildlife and Marine Resources Dept., 1992.

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Miles, Heiko. Identifying a reduced set of salient attributes that influence consumers' choice among whole, low-fat, and skim milk for beverage use. Ithaca, NY: Dept. of Agricultural, Resource, and Managerial Economics, New York State College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Whole trade"

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Spataru, Catalina. "Energy resource use and geopolitics of trade." In Whole Energy System Dynamics, 205–10. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge is an imprint of the: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315755809-17.

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Yuan, Tao. "China’s Trade Surplus: A Whole View." In SpringerBriefs in Business, 1–19. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38925-2_1.

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Dutch, Michael. "Quakers Will Soon Engross the Whole Trade of the Kingdom." In The Quaker World, 348–54. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429030925-47.

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Han, Feng-wu, and Xiang-song Meng. "The Whole Interaction of Trade Openness, Financial Openness and Scale Effect." In Proceedings of 20th International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management, 149–58. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40072-8_14.

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Zhou, Ye. "The Algorithm of Import and Export Trade Forecast Model Based on the Whole Network Analysis Method." In Cyber Security Intelligence and Analytics, 252–59. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97874-7_32.

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Masters, William A., and Amelia B. Finaret. "Food in the Macroeconomy: The Whole is More Than the Sum of its Parts." In Food Economics, 291–328. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-53840-7_9.

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AbstractThis chapter shows how the food system interacts with society and the economy as a whole. That larger macroeconomy involves the circular flow of goods and services exchanged among people within each country, including their trade and investment with other people in the rest of the world. The exchange of goods and services among households and businesses is facilitated by a supply of money from the government’s central bank, and a set of public services and goods provided through the government using tax revenue and additions to the money supply issued by the central bank. The government’s monetary and fiscal policies influence the pace of economic growth and development, by helping people save and invest to improve their living standards during periods of economic expansion, and by influencing the depth and duration of recessions when people cut back on investment and spending. Growth and fluctuations both have large impacts on agriculture, food and health.
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Kuismin, Anna. "“The Whole World Had the Sound of the Barrel Organ”: Representations of Fairs in Finnish Newspapers and Fiction from the 1870s to the 1910s." In Encounters and Practices of Petty Trade in Northern Europe, 1820–1960, 199–220. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98080-1_9.

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AbstractThe chapter investigates representations of popular amusements in Finnish newspapers, periodicals, and fiction from the 1870s to the 1910s. Besides the merry-go-rounds, panoramas and exhibitions of exotic animals attracting crowds from the countryside, the entertainers included sellers of broadside ballads. While the latter type of trade was predominantly in the hands of Finnish-speaking men, the barrel organ grinders came from other ethnic backgrounds. The focus of this chapter is on depictions of sellers of songs and on the ways in which they were seen by people who bought their commodities. The period has been called “the golden age of broadside ballads”, during which the culture of creating, selling, and consuming (singing, reading) these texts belonged to the unschooled common people, while the educated writers repeatedly attacked these activities.
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Vostokov, Dmitry. "Trace As a Whole." In Fundamentals of Trace and Log Analysis, 29–47. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-9896-1_4.

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Liefert, William M., and Olga Liefert. "Chapter 2: Russia’s Development as a Top Player in World Grain Trade." In Palgrave Advances in Bioeconomy: Economics and Policies, 69–94. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77451-6_3.

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AbstractDuring the late Soviet period, Russia (along with the Soviet Union as a whole) was a major importer of grain, as well as soybeans and soybean meal, which were used to help feed the country’s growing livestock sector. The substantial reform-driven contraction in the livestock sector during the 1990s largely eliminated the need for grain imports. Beginning around 2000, Russia began to export grain, and into the 2010s it became major supplier on the world market. During 2016–2019, Russia exported on average 44 million metric tonnes a year, 10–14 percent of total world grain exports. The country’s dominant grain export is wheat, with Russia providing in the late 2010s around 20 percent of world market sales, thereby supplanting the United States as the world’s top wheat supplier. This chapter examines how Russia has developed into a major grain exporter, with the focus on how growing grain production since 2000 has generated surpluses for foreign sale.
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"Three Trade Bites Make Up a Whole." In Stocks and Forex Trading, 77–81. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789811236877_0011.

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Conference papers on the topic "Whole trade"

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Liu, Dan, Xiulian Hu, and Chong Ye. "Analysis on the Import Strategy of the Whole Vehicle in Fuzhou Port of Fujian Free Trade Area." In 3rd International Conference on Contemporary Education, Social Sciences and Humanities (ICCESSH 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iccessh-18.2018.278.

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Başkol, Murat Ozan. "Intra-Industry Trade between Turkey and Central Asian Turkic Republics." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c01.00212.

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Intra-industry trade gained considerable importance in international economics literature in recent years. Today almost one forth of world trade has intra-industry trade nature, which is defined as trade within industries rather than between industries. In other words, intra-industry trade is the simultaneous export and import of goods within the same industry. The most widely used measure of intra-industry trade is Grubel-Lloyd (GL)Index. GL Index measures the extent of intra-industry trade in a particular industry or an economy as a whole. According to GL Index, an index of IIT in trade of industry i goods with country j is computed as : IIT = [ 1 - ( Xij - Mij ) / (Xij + Mij) ] * 100 Grubel-Lloyd Index for an economy, as a whole, is an arithmetic average of the index for individual sectors weighted by their share in the economy’s total trade. IIT = [ 1 - (Σ ( Xij - Mij ) / Σ (Xij + Mij) ] * 100 ( where X ij and M ij are home country’s exports of industry i goods to country j and imports of industry i goods from country j, respectively.) Grubel-Lloyd Index ranges from 0 to 100 and can be expressed as a percentage of the total trade. Higher index values are associated with greater intra-industry trade as a proportion of total trade. The aim of this study is to examine the share of intra-industry trade in Turkey’s foreign trade with Central Asian Turkic Republics within the period 1992 to present by using . For this purpose this paper calculates Grubel-Lloyd index by using the data SITC Rev.3 at 3 digit.
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Knight, Richard, Mitsuru Obana, Christer von Wowern, Athanasios Mitakakis, Erhard Perz, Mohsen Assadi, Bjo¨rn F. Mo¨ller, et al. "GTPOM: Thermo-Economic Optimization of Whole Gas Turbine Plant." In ASME Turbo Expo 2004: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2004-54200.

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Trends towards distributed power generation and the deregulation of energy markets are increasing the requirement for software tools that optimize power generation plant design and operation. In this context, this paper describes the GTPOM (thermo-economic optimization of whole gas turbine plant) European project, funded in part through the European Commission’s 5th Framework Programme, focusing on the development and demonstration of an original software tool for the thermo-economic analysis and optimization of conventional and advanced energy systems based on gas turbine plant. PSEconomy, the software tool developed during the GTPOM project, provides a thermo-economic optimization capability for advanced and more-conventional energy systems, enabling the complex trade-offs between system performance and installed costs to be determined for different operational duties and market scenarios. Furthermore, the code is capable of determining the potential benefits of innovative cycles or layout modifications to existing plants compared with current plant configurations. The economic assessment is performed through a complete through-life cycle cost analysis, which includes the total capital cost of the plant, the cost of fuel, O&M costs and the expected revenues from the sale of power and heat. The optimization process, carried out with a GA-based algorithm, is able to pursue different objective functions as specified by the User. These include system efficiency, through-life cost of electricity and through-life internal rate of return. Three case studies demonstrating the capabilities of the new tool are presented in this paper, covering a conventional combined cycle system, a biomass plant and a CO2 sequestration gas turbine cycle. The software code is now commercially available and is expected to provide significant advantages in the near and long-term development of energy cycles.
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Ibrahim, Yehia Zakaria Abdelkader, and Saoud Ali Al-Tamimi. "Flow of Activities: Utilizing Parade of Trade to Develop Visual Management Tool Tailored for Infrastructure Projects." In The 2nd International Conference on Civil Infrastructure and Construction. Qatar University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/cic.2023.0025.

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Parade of Trade (PoT) is a game used in Lean Construction to demonstrate the impact of variability on a production system and to promote the value of constraint management in an environment of dependent events. Infrastructure projects usually have a sequence of construction works to an extend matching with the PoT model. Different trades and activities distributed over a large-scale area combined with its arising particular issues, creates a challenging efficiency paradox. Therefore, there is a need to adapt a new tool that identifies pace maker of the production flow, shows the interactions between different construction stages and trades, and explains the impact of trade progress on one another. The PoT idea used to develop new Visual Management (VM) tool, tailored to bridge the gap in the current model of infrastructure construction management traditional tools, supports the effectiveness of resources utilization and optimizes the project as a whole. Starting from maximizing client's values and passing through selection methodology; this paper records the journey of developing and utilizing sustainable VM tool; tailored for infrastructure construction projects. It supports decision-making regarding resources allocation; adapting construction batch size; assist in determining takt time and takt zones. Furthermore, it opens the way for further studies from Lean researchers and practitioners to develop new Lean Construction tools tailored to serve infrastructure construction projects.
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Meier auf der Heide, Philipp, Carsten Bronskowski, Jakob M. Tomasik, and Dietmar Schroeder. "A CMOS Operational Amplifier with Constant 68° phase margin over its whole range of noise-power trade-off programmability." In ESSCIRC 2007 - 33rd European Solid-State Circuits Conference. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/esscirc.2007.4430340.

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Aydın, Hamdi. "The Place of Russia in the Economic and Trade Partners of Turkey." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c08.01841.

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In this study, it is mentioned that export and import figures of turkey and the amount of economic and trade relationship between the countries of Turkey and Russian. The trade between two countries have been analyzed by historical perspective and made comments about the future. As looking from regional, it is the fact that the trade between two greatest power countries in the region is also important in terms of the world’s trade. Cooperation between the two countries not only affects the two countries trade, but also affect the whole region countries. It can be seen that up to this time, time to time the two countries closer to each other, time to time moved away the area due to certain events in the region. When relationship of politics between countries is good, trade volume is high. Politics directly affects economics and trade relationship of countries. In this study, historically, which products is used in trade and how much is the export and import figures between two countries over years.
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Tai, Muyo, Keita Ishida, Kazuya Oizumi, and Kazuhiro Aoyama. "A Formal Process to Support Resolution of Functional Trade-Offs in Complex Product Development." In ASME 2018 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2018-86317.

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This paper proposes a method to resolve trade-off problems between functionalities, which hinders unconventional improvement of a product. As products have become increasingly complex, it becomes difficult to grasp the whole aspects of a product. In order to resolve trade-off problems of a complex product, it is required to model the product in an appropriate form and to gather knowledge of experts in each domain. Although there have been several models to tackle with this issue, modelling still poses difficulties due to lack of clear guideline. This paper classified models into three types: function-based, cognition-based and physics-based. Then, their roles and description guidelines are clarified. As a function-based model depicts functionality of a product in a rather simple description, it is employed to specify significant tradeoffs. A cognition-based model depicts the designers’ recognition of physical phenomena while a physics-based model rigorously depicts the physical phenomena. A cognition-based model is appropriate for ideation while physics-based model contributes to objectivity of a model. This paper proposes complimentary modelling and use of cognition-based and physics-based models. To support ideation of solution to the trade-offs, TRIZ is applied. The proposed method is demonstrated and validated by the case study of Continuously Variable Transmission.
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Artekin, Ayşe Özge, and Mahmut Sami Duran. "DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN TURKEY: TRENDS AND CHANGES." In 12th International Scientific Conference „Business and Management 2022“. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/bm.2022.713.

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Turkey, which is the connection point between Asia and Europe and is in a strategically important position, needs new markets where it can implement an effective commercial policy. According to the data of the Asian Devel-opment Bank, Asian countries, which are expected to meet more than half of the world production in 2050 with their rapid growth, and African countries, which are seen as a virgin market and advantageous in terms of cheap raw mate-rial import, offer Turkey a good market opportunity as an alternative to European region trade. On the other hand, it is expected that the agreements made by Turkey will increase the commercial potential of the country. The aim of this study is to show the cooperation with different international economic integrations, that is, the change in Turkey’s direction in trade, by reducing the risks and disadvantages of being tied to a certain region in terms of trade. The study deals with the Turkish foreign trade policy, competitiveness and trade data from the period of open-ing up after 1980 to the present, in certain periods. At the same time, it is stated in the study that with the change of Turkey’s trade policy, the share of EU countries in total foreign trade has decreased in the last twenty years, and the di-rection of Turkey’s European-intensive foreign trade has expanded to the whole world, especially to Asia. It is predicted that Turkey’s economic and political efficiency will increase with its new policies and strong commercial connections.
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Fedorciucova, Svetlana, Valentina Calmâş, and Olga Tabunșcic. "Dairy industry of Republic of Moldova: production, trade and conformity of products." In International Scientific Conference “30 Years of Economic Reforms in the Republic of Moldova: Economic Progress via Innovation and Competitiveness”. Academy of Economic Studies of Moldova, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53486/9789975155618.22.

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The dairy industry is one of the important branches of the agri-food sector. This branch aims to provide the population with safe, harmless and high quality dairy products. However, the dairy industry has declined steadily in recent decades. Official statistics for the last 10 years show a significant decrease in milk production: from 575 thousand tons in 2009 to 367 thousand tons in 2019 (-38%). During the same period, milk imports rose by 405%. On the other hand, dairy exports have decreased significantly in the last 4 years - by about 17%. Currently, the range of dairy products is very varied and mostly corresponds to the needs of the population. According to statistical information, at present, the dairy industry in the Republic of Moldova is represented by over 20 units for the industrialization of milk and dairy products, located in all geographical areas of the country. The aim of the paper is: studying of the current situation regarding the production, trade and conformity of dairy products. The research is performed using the methods: comparative analysis, expertise, etc. So this paper contains the results of production, consumption, trade and compliance of dairy products, as well as organoleptic, physico-chemical and microbiological research on the quality of domestic and imported whole milk (6 varieties). The research was conducted based on sensory and laboratory methods accepted in commodity science. The research results show that only 3 products out of 6 fully meet the prescribed requirements. The winner products of this competition are: Seven Mountains, Zuzu and Agronatura SRL. We also studied consumers' preferences through the sensory analysis of whole milk (20 points)."Zuzu" and "Seven Mountains" milks - products imported from Romania have accumulated the maximum score. In addition, we checked the correctness of the mandatory information presented on the product labels. In this respect, all 6 analyzed products correspond to the requirements of Law 279 on consumer information on food.
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Üre, Salim, Çağatay Karaköy, and Zekai Özdemir. "Evaluation of Logistics Performance Between Turkic Republics and Turkey." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c14.02654.

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Economic growth is an important concept that countries focus on and try to achieve by applying various strategies. Because a growing economy increases the welfare level of the people and enables countries to consolidate their existence. For this reason, many countries around the world are trying to develop their foreign trade activities, which is one of the most important driving forces of growth. In foreign trade, it is important that the movements of these products in the supply chain are carried out effectively and efficiently as much as the products produced. An effectively executed logistics system helps to reduce costs, increase efficiency, and gain competitive advantage. In other words, logistics, while providing the sectoral connection within the national economy, is the whole of the activities that connect the country's economy to the global economy, in other words, it is extremely necessary for the execution of foreign trade. A number of factors can affect the efficiency of logistics, including infrastructure, technology, and the regulatory environment. In our study, it is aimed to evaluate the competencies of Turkey and Turkic Republics, which have a common language, race, culture, and tradition, in the field of logistics and to reveal the relationship between logistics competency and economic growth. The logistics competence of the countries is represented by the Logistics Performance Index published by the World Bank. In addition, macroeconomic data consisting of GDP per capita, foreign trade and growth of these countries were obtained from the World Bank and compared between countries.
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Reports on the topic "Whole trade"

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Harris, Jeremy, Paolo Giordano, and Matthew Shearer. INTrade: Latin America Trade Trend Estimates: 2012. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008200.

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After posting double digit gains in 2010-2011, Latin America's export growth declined to just 1.5% in 2012 for a total value of slightly more than $1 trillion, according to figures just released by the Integration and Trade Sector of the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB). These results reflected uneven economic conditions in Latin America's major trade partners. In Europe, economic setbacks resulted in a 5% drop in demand for Latin American exports, while lower growth in the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Korea sharply slowed the region's export growth to Asia as a whole, from 25% in 2011 to only 1% this year. In one bright spot, incipient recovery in the United States fueled growth in Latin American exports to that country by an estimated 3%. The 2012 trade estimates, published in the IDB's Latin American Trade Trend Estimates 2012, are based on partial monthly and quarterly data of 16 Latin American countries from official national and international sources, as well as the Bank's INTrade Information System.
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Volpe Martincus, Christian, and Jerónimo Carballo. Export Promotion Activities in Developing Countries: What kind of Trade Do They Promote? Inter-American Development Bank, August 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011217.

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Information problems involved in trading differentiated goods are a priori acuter than those associated with trading more homogeneous products. The impact of export promotion activities intending to address these problems can be therefore expected to differ across goods with different degree of differentiation. Empirical evidence on this respect is virtually inexistent. This paper aims at filling this gap in the literature by providing estimates of the effect of these activities over firms trading different goods using highly disaggregated export data for the whole population of Costa Rican exporters over the period 2001-2006. We find that trade promotion actions favor an increase of exports along the extensive margin, in particular, in terms of destination countries, in the case of firms that are already selling differentiated goods. However, these actions do not seem to encourage exporter to start exporting these goods. Further, no significant impacts are observed for firms exporting reference-priced and homogeneous goods.
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Volpe Martincus, Christian, and Jerónimo Carballo. Entering New Country and Product Markets: Does Export Promotion Help? Inter-American Development Bank, August 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011215.

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Entering new export markets is primarily a discrete choice. Even though several empirical papers have used modeling strategies consistent with this fact, no study has examined the effects of public policies aimed at affecting this decision within this setting. In this paper we assess the impact of trade promotion activities on export outcomes using trade support and highly disaggregated export data for the whole population of exporters of a small developing country, Uruguay, over the period 2000-2007 to estimate a binary outcome model which allows for unobserved heterogeneity. We find that trade supporting activities have helped firms reach new destination countries and introduce new differentiated products.
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Hertel, Thomas, David Hummels, Maros Ivanic, and Roman Keeney. How Confident Can We Be in CGE-Based Assessments of Free Trade Agreements? GTAP Working Paper, June 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21642/gtap.wp26.

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With the proliferation of Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) over the past decade, demand for quantitative analysis of their likely impacts has surged. The main quantitative tool for performing such analysis is Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) modeling. Yet these models have been widely criticized for performing poorly (Kehoe, 2002) and having weak econometric foundations (McKitrick, 1998; Jorgenson, 1984). FTA results have been shown to be particularly sensitive to the trade elasticities, with small trade elasticities generating large terms of trade effects and relatively modest efficiency gains, whereas large trade elasticities lead to the opposite result. Critics are understandably wary of results being determined largely by the authors’ choice of trade elasticities. Where do these trade elasticities come from? CGE modelers typically draw these elasticities from econometric work that uses time series price variation to identify an elasticity of substitution between domestic goods and composite imports (Alaouze, 1977; Alaouze, et al., 1977; Stern et al., 1976; Gallaway, McDaniel and Rivera, 2003). This approach has three problems: the use of point estimates as “truth”, the magnitude of the point estimates, and estimating the relevant elasticity. First, modelers take point estimates drawn from the econometric literature, while ignoring the precision of these estimates. As we will make clear below, the confidence one has in various CGE conclusions depends critically on the size of the confidence interval around parameter estimates. Standard “robustness checks” such as systematically raising or lowering the substitution parameters does not properly address this problem because it ignores information about which parameters we know with some precision and which we do not. A second problem with most existing studies derives from the use of import price series to identify home vs. foreign substitution, for example, tends to systematically understate the true elasticity. This is because these estimates take price variation as exogenous when estimating the import demand functions, and ignore quality variation. When quality is high, import demand and prices will be jointly high. This biases estimated elasticities toward zero. A related point is that the fixed-weight import price series used by most authors are theoretically inappropriate for estimating the elasticities of interest. CGE modelers generally examine a nested utility structure, with domestic production substitution for a CES composite import bundle. The appropriate price series is then the corresponding CES price index among foreign varieties. Constructing such an index requires knowledge of the elasticity of substitution among foreign varieties (see below). By using a fixed-weight import price series, previous estimates place too much weight on high foreign prices, and too small a weight on low foreign prices. In other words, they overstate the degree of price variation that exists, relative to a CES price index. Reconciling small trade volume movements with large import price series movements requires a small elasticity of substitution. This problem, and that of unmeasured quality variation, helps explain why typical estimated elasticities are very small. The third problem with the existing literature is that estimates taken from other researchers’ studies typically employ different levels of aggregation, and exploit different sources of price variation, from what policy modelers have in mind. Employment of elasticities in experiments ill-matched to their original estimation can be problematic. For example, estimates may be calculated at a higher or lower level of aggregation than the level of analysis than the modeler wants to examine. Estimating substitutability across sources for paddy rice gives one a quite different answer than estimates that look at agriculture as a whole. When analyzing Free Trade Agreements, the principle policy experiment is a change in relative prices among foreign suppliers caused by lowering tariffs within the FTA. Understanding the substitution this will induce across those suppliers is critical to gauging the FTA’s real effects. Using home v. foreign elasticities rather than elasticities of substitution among imports supplied from different countries may be quite misleading. Moreover, these “sourcing” elasticities are critical for constructing composite import price series to appropriate estimate home v. foreign substitutability. In summary, the history of estimating the substitution elasticities governing trade flows in CGE models has been checkered at best. Clearly there is a need for improved econometric estimation of these trade elasticities that is well-integrated into the CGE modeling framework. This paper provides such estimation and integration, and has several significant merits. First, we choose our experiment carefully. Our CGE analysis focuses on the prospective Free Trade Agreement of the Americas (FTAA) currently under negotiation. This is one of the most important FTAs currently “in play” in international negotiations. It also fits nicely with the source data used to estimate the trade elasticities, which is largely based on imports into North and South America. Our assessment is done in a perfectly competitive, comparative static setting in order to emphasize the role of the trade elasticities in determining the conventional gains/losses from such an FTA. This type of model is still widely used by government agencies for the evaluation of such agreements. Extensions to incorporate imperfect competition are straightforward, but involve the introduction of additional parameters (markups, extent of unexploited scale economies) as well as structural assumptions (entry/no-entry, nature of inter-firm rivalry) that introduce further uncertainty. Since our focus is on the effects of a PTA we estimate elasticities of substitution across multiple foreign supply sources. We do not use cross-exporter variation in prices or tariffs alone. Exporter price series exhibit a high degree of multicolinearity, and in any case, would be subject to unmeasured quality variation as described previously. Similarly, tariff variation by itself is typically unhelpful because by their very nature, Most Favored Nation (MFN) tariffs are non-discriminatory in nature, affecting all suppliers in the same way. Tariff preferences, where they exist, are often difficult to measure – sometimes being confounded by quantitative barriers, restrictive rules of origin, and other restrictions. Instead we employ a unique methodology and data set drawing on not only tariffs, but also bilateral transportation costs for goods traded internationally (Hummels, 1999). Transportation costs vary much more widely than do tariffs, allowing much more precise estimation of the trade elasticities that are central to CGE analysis of FTAs. We have highly disaggregated commodity trade flow data, and are therefore able to provide estimates that precisely match the commodity aggregation scheme employed in the subsequent CGE model. We follow the GTAP Version 5.0 aggregation scheme which includes 42 merchandise trade commodities covering food products, natural resources and manufactured goods. With the exception of two primary commodities that are not traded, we are able to estimate trade elasticities for all merchandise commodities that are significantly different form zero at the 95% confidence level. Rather than producing point estimates of the resulting welfare, export and employment effects, we report confidence intervals instead. These are based on repeated solution of the model, drawing from a distribution of trade elasticity estimates constructed based on the econometrically estimated standard errors. There is now a long history of CGE studies based on SSA: Systematic Sensitivity Analysis (Harrison and Vinod, 1992; Wigle, 1991; Pagon and Shannon, 1987) Ho
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Volpe Martincus, Christian, and Jerónimo Carballo. Export Promotion: Heterogeneous Programs and Heterogeneous Effects. Inter-American Development Bank, August 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011216.

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Export promotion agencies provide exporters with a broad range of services, going from counseling to sponsoring their participation in international trade missions and fairs. These services may have heterogeneous effects and thus contribute differently to achieve the goals of these organizations. Empirical evidence on their relative effectiveness is rather limited. This paper aims at filling this gap in the literature. We compare the impact of different public trade promotion programs on the extensive and intensive margin of firms¿ exports, both to each other and with respect to no participation in these activities, by applying multiple treatment matching difference-in- differences on highly disaggregated export data for the whole population of Colombian exporters over the period 2003-2006. We find that the use of programs combining different services is associated with better export performance, primarily along the country-extensive margin, than their basic individual components.
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Volpe Martincus, Christian, and Jerónimo Carballo. Survival of New Exporters in Developing Countries: Does it Matter How They Diversify? Inter-American Development Bank, December 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011058.

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Recent studies have shown that developing countries might have significantly better export performance if they were able to increase the duration of their trade relationships. Evidence on duration of these relationships at the firm level is virtually absent. In this paper, we aim at filling this gap in the literature by analyzing what determines export survival using firm-level data for the whole population of Peruvian new exporters over the period 2000-2006. In particular, we address one question: Does it matter how firms diversify? We find that geographical diversification increases the probability of survival in export markets more than product diversification.
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Lall, Sanjaya, Manuel Albaladejo, and Mauricio Mesquita Moreira. Latin American Industrial Competitiveness and the Challenge of Globalization. Inter-American Development Bank, June 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0009186.

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Manufacturing in Latin America and the Caribbean region (LAC) faces severe competitive stresses as it integrates into the global economy. It is not, on the whole, coping well. Though it was the first region in the developing world - in the post-war era - to liberalize on international trade and investment flows and had the most advanced industrial base, it failed to tap fully the opportunities offered. As a result, it has steadily fallen behind the most competitive economies in the developing world, the Tigers of East Asia. What is behind LAC¿s under-performance? The dominant view in the region puts emphasis on the legacy of import substitution, macroeconomic mismanagement and on a costly "business environment". Although important, these factors do not seem to tell the whole story. The heavy emphasis on "government failures" has led policymakers to overlook key market failures that stand on the way to sustained productivity growth, increasing technological capability and greater competitiveness. This paper can be seen as a first step to redress the balance of the policy debate and focus on benchmarking competitive performance and capabilities in the 1990s in LAC and East Asia, letting the comparisons speak for themselves. While it is known in the region that its recent industrial record has been poor, the dimensions are not well analyzed or understood. This benchmarking exercise, using a simple framework to measure performance and capabilities, should prove instructive to policy analysis.
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Volpe Martincus, Christian, and Jerónimo Carballo. Beyond The Average Effects: The Distributional Impacts of Export Promotion Programs in Developing Countries. Inter-American Development Bank, August 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011214.

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Do all exporters benefit the same from export promotion programs? Surprisingly, not matter how obvious this question may a priori be when thinking of the effectiveness of these programs there is virtually no empirical evidence on how they affect export performance in different parts of the distribution of export outcomes. This paper aims at filling this gap in the literature. We assess the distributional impacts of trade promotion activities performing efficient semiparametric quantile treatment effect estimation on assistance, total sales, and highly disaggregated export data for the whole population of Chilean exporters over the period 2002-2006. We find that these activities have indeed heterogeneous effects over the distribution of export performance, along both the extensive and intensive margins. In particular, smaller firms as measured by their total exports seem to benefit more from export promotion actions.
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Cross, C. B. Alternative Trace Axioms for the WHILE Construct. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada200346.

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Cameron, C. E., C. J. Nye, K. F. Bull, and Rebecca-Ellen Woods. Jumbo Dome, Interior Alaska: Whole-rock, major- and trace-element analyses. Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, September 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.14509/29520.

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